Hydro-Eco Interactions Branch
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination related to boat use is one of the most important water-quality issues affecting Lake Powell. High concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water are common around marinas and other areas with extensive motorboat activity because of releases of uncombusted or partially combusted oil and gasoline from boat engines. The fate of these compounds in Lake Powell is of serious environmental concern because of their toxicity and carcinogenicity and their moderate persistence once they enter the aquatic ecosystem. In 2016–17, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessed the presence and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Powell at seven sites where concentrations have historically been elevated and one site where concentrations have historically been relatively low. Semipermeable membrane devices were used to collect samples that represent time-weighted averages of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in water over one-month deployment periods. Samples were collected from the epilimnion of the lake at each of the eight sampling sites during two periods of relatively high boat use (summer), and one period of relatively low boat use (spring). Twenty-eight out of 33 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analyzed were detected in Lake Powell during the three sampling events. During the two summer sampling events, concentrations were generally higher, and more compounds were detected, than during the spring sampling event. Twenty-two of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analyzed in 2016–17 had previously been analyzed by the USGS in the summer of 2010 at the same 8 sites using the same collection method. Eleven of 22 compounds were detected in the summer 2010, summer 2016, and summer 2017 sampling events, and 1 was detected in the summer 2010 and summer 2017 samplings, but not in the summer 2016 sampling event. During both the current and previous sampling events, concentrations were generally higher, and more compounds were detected, at the high-use marina sites located most downstream on the lake. The consistent presence of a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water of Lake Powell indicates chronic and (or) recent anthropogenic sources of contamination. The results from this study will provide the National Park Service with information necessary to determine if the current regulations on emission standards for personal watercraft used on Lake Powell are effective in lowering polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the lake.
Director,
Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
Calcium (Ca) is an essential element for almost all living organisms. Here, we examined global variation and controls of freshwater Ca concentrations, using 440 599 water samples from 43 184 inland water sites in 57 countries. We found that the global median Ca concentration was 4.0 mg L−1 with 20.7% of the water samples showing Ca concentrations ≤ 1.5 mg L−1, a threshold considered critical for the survival of many Ca-demanding organisms. Spatially, freshwater Ca concentrations were strongly and proportionally linked to carbonate alkalinity, with the highest Ca and carbonate alkalinity in waters with a pH around 8.0 and decreasing in concentrations towards lower pH. However, on a temporal scale, by analyzing decadal trends in >200 water bodies since the 1980s, we observed a frequent decoupling between carbonate alkalinity and Ca concentrations, which we attributed mainly to the influence of anthropogenic acid deposition. As acid deposition has been ameliorated, in many freshwaters carbonate alkalinity concentrations have increased or remained constant, while Ca concentrations have rapidly declined towards or even below pre-industrial conditions as a consequence of recovery from anthropogenic acidification. Thus, a paradoxical outcome of the successful remediation of acid deposition is a globally widespread freshwater Ca concentration decline towards critically low levels for many aquatic organisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-46838-w","usgsCitation":"Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Hartmann, J., Hessen, D.O., Kopáček, J., Hejzlar, J., Jacquet, S., Hamilton, S.K., Verburg, P., Leach, T.H., Schmid, M., Flaim, G., Nõges, T., Nõges, P., Wentzky, V.C., Rogora, M., Rusak, J.A., Kosten, S., Paterson, A.M., Teubner, K., Higgins, S.N., Lawrence, G.B., Kangur, K., Kokorite, I., Cerasino, L., Funk, C., Harvey, R.G., Moatar, F., Wit, H.D., and Zechmeister, T., 2019, Widespread diminishing anthropogenic effects on calcium in freshwaters: Scientific Reports, v. 9, 10450, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46838-w.","productDescription":"10450, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-101396","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46838-w","text":"Publisher Index 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Norway","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":801368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Zechmeister, Thomas","contributorId":243026,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zechmeister","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48617,"text":"Biological Station Lake Neusiedl, Austria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":801369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29}]}} ,{"id":70208461,"text":"70208461 - 2019 - Seismic loss and damage in light-frame wood buildings from sequences of induced earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-11T07:58:54","indexId":"70208461","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-18T07:56:39","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1434,"text":"Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic loss and damage in light-frame wood buildings from sequences of induced earthquakes","docAbstract":"Activities related to oil and gas production, especially deep disposal of wastewater, have led to sequences of induced earthquakes in the central U.S. This study aims to quantify damage to and seismic losses for light-frame wood buildings when subjected to sequences of induced, small to moderate magnitude, events. To conduct this investigation, one and two-story multifamily wood frame buildings are designed, and their seismic response dynamically simulated using three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear models, subjected to ground motion sequences recorded in induced events. Damage is quantified through seismic losses, which are estimated using the FEMA P-58 methodology. Results show that at levels of shaking experienced in recent earthquakes, minor damage, consisting of cracking of interior finishes and nonstructural damage to plumbing and HVAC systems is expected, which is consistent with observed damage in these events. The study also examines how expected losses and building fragility will accumulate and/or change over a sequence of earthquakes. Results indicate that damage quantified in terms of absorbed hysteretic energy tended to accumulate over the sequences; this damage corresponds to elongation or widening of cracks. However, fragility is not significantly altered by damage in a preceding event, meaning structures are not becoming more vulnerable due to existing damage. In addition, sequences of events do not change losses if the building is only repaired once at the end of the sequence, as the worsening of damage does not alter repair actions. If repairs are conducted after each event, though, total seismic losses can increase greatly from the sequence.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eqe.3189","usgsCitation":"Chase, R.E., Liel, A.B., Luco, N., and Baird, B.W., 2019, Seismic loss and damage in light-frame wood buildings from sequences of induced earthquakes: Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, v. 48, no. 12, p. 1365-1383, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3189.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1365","endPage":"1383","ipdsId":"IP-107935","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma 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nluco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5763-9847","contributorId":145730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luco","given":"Nico","email":"nluco@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baird, Bridger W","contributorId":222366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baird","given":"Bridger","email":"","middleInitial":"W","affiliations":[{"id":13693,"text":"University of Colorado Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":781986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70205950,"text":"70205950 - 2019 - Twenty-first century California, USA, wildfires: Fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated fires","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-11T06:44:55","indexId":"70205950","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-18T06:43:40","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1636,"text":"Fire Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Twenty-first century California, USA, wildfires: Fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated fires","docAbstract":"Since the beginning of the twenty-first century California, USA, has experienced a substantial increase in the frequency of large wildfires, often with extreme impacts on people and property. Due to the size of the state, it is not surprising that the factors driving these changes differ across this region. Although there are always multiple factors driving wildfire behavior, we believe a helpful model for understanding fires in the state is to frame the discussion in terms of bottom-up vs. top-down controls on fire behavior; that is, fires that are clearly dominated by anomalously high fuel loads from those dominated by extreme wind events. Of course, this distinction is somewhat artificial in that all fires are controlled by multiple factors involving fuels, winds, and topography. However, we believe that fires clearly recognizable as fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated provide interesting case studies of factors behind these two extremes. These two types of fires differ greatly in their (1) geographical distribution in the state, (2) past fire history, (3) prominent sources of ignition, (4) seasonal timing, (5) resources most at risk, and (6) requirement for different management responses.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/s42408-019-0041-0","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., and Syphard, A.D., 2019, Twenty-first century California, USA, wildfires: Fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated fires: Fire Ecology, v. 15, 24, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0041-0.","productDescription":"24, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-104751","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0041-0","text":"Publisher Index 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\"}}]}","volume":"15","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":216485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Syphard, Alexandra D.","contributorId":8977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Syphard","given":"Alexandra","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70204335,"text":"70204335 - 2019 - An introduction to the “Oceans and Society: Blue Planet” Initiative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-28T09:58:53","indexId":"70204335","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-17T14:47:42","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5621,"text":"Journal of Operational Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An introduction to the “Oceans and Society: Blue Planet” Initiative","docAbstract":"We live on a blue planet, and Earth’s waters benefit many sectors of society. The future of our blue planet is increasingly reliant on the services delivered by marine, coastal and inland waters and on the advancement of effective, evidence-based decisions on sustainable development. “Oceans and Society: Blue Planet” (hereafter denoted as “GEO Blue Planet”) is an initiative of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) that aims to ensure the sustained development and use of ocean and coastal observations for the benefit of society. GEO Blue Planet works to advance and exploit synergies among the many observational programmes devoted to ocean and coastal waters; to improve engagement with a variety of stakeholders for enhancing the timeliness, quality and range of information delivered; and to raise awareness of the societal benefits of ocean observations at the public and policy levels. This paper summarizes the role of GEO Blue Planet, current activities and considerations for future directions.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/1755876X.2019.1634959","usgsCitation":"Smail, E.A., DiGiacomo, P., Seeave, S., Djavidnia, S., Celliers, L., Le Traon, P., Gault, J., Escobar-Briones, E., Plag, H., Pequignet, C., Bajona, L., Zhang, L., Pearlman, J., Steven, A., Hodge, J., Racault, F., Storlazzi, C.D., and Skirving, W., 2019, An introduction to the “Oceans and Society: Blue Planet” Initiative: Journal of Operational Oceanography, v. 12, no. suppl 2, p. s1-s11, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2019.1634959.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"s1","endPage":"s11","ipdsId":"IP-100533","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":460327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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Lenore","contributorId":217228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bajona","given":"Lenore","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39579,"text":"Dalhouise University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Zhang, Lin","contributorId":200219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Lin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Pearlman, Jay","contributorId":214693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pearlman","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39107,"text":"Four Bridges","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Steven, 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cstorlazzi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":140584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt","email":"cstorlazzi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Skirving, Willam","contributorId":217232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skirving","given":"Willam","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36803,"text":"NOAA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70227969,"text":"70227969 - 2019 - Linking demographic and food-web models to understand management trade-offs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T18:33:36.936323","indexId":"70227969","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-17T12:25:29","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking demographic and food-web models to understand management trade-offs","docAbstract":"Alternatives in ecosystem-based management often differ with respect to trade-offs between ecosystem values. Ecosystem or food-web models and demographic models are typically employed to evaluate alternatives, but the approaches are rarely integrated to uncover conflicts between values. We applied multi-state models to a capture-recapture dataset on common guillemots Uria aalge breeding in the Baltic Sea to identify factors influencing survival. The estimated relationships were employed together with Ecopath-with-Ecosim food-web model simulations to project guillemot survival under six future scenarios incorporating climate change. The scenarios were based on management alternatives for eutrophication and cod fisheries, issues considered top priority for regional management, but without known direct effects on the guillemot population. Our demographic models identified prey quantity (abundance and biomass of sprat Sprattus sprattus) as the main factor influencing guillemot survival. Most scenarios resulted in projections of increased survival, in the near (2016-2040) and distant (2060-2085) future. However, in the scenario of reduced nutrient input and precautionary cod fishing, guillemot survival was projected to be lower in both future periods due to lower sprat stocks. Matrix population models suggested a substantial decline of the guillemot population in the near future, 24% per 10 years; and a smaller reduction, 1.1% per 10 years, in the distant future. To date, many stakeholders and Baltic Sea governments have supported reduced nutrient input and precautionary cod fishing and implementation is underway. Negative effects on non-focal-species have previously not been uncovered, but our results show that the scenario is likely to negatively impact the guillemot population. Linking model results allowed identifying trade-offs associated with management alternatives. This information is critical to thorough evaluation by decision-makers, but not easily obtained by food-web models or demographic models in isolation. Appropriate datasets are often available, making it feasible to apply a linked approach for better-informed decisions in ecosystem-based management.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.5385","usgsCitation":"Kadin, M., Frederiksen, M., Niiranen, S., and Converse, S.J., 2019, Linking demographic and food-web models to understand management trade-offs: Ecology and Evolution, v. 9, no. 15, p. 8587-8600, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5385.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"8587","endPage":"8600","ipdsId":"IP-095999","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5385","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Baltic Sea","volume":"9","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kadin, Martina","contributorId":274509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kadin","given":"Martina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":833082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frederiksen, Morten","contributorId":96404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"Morten","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":833083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Niiranen, Susa","contributorId":274510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Niiranen","given":"Susa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":833084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Converse, Sarah J. 0000-0002-3719-5441 sconverse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3719-5441","contributorId":173772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"Sarah","email":"sconverse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70215402,"text":"70215402 - 2019 - Developing and testing physically based triggering thresholds for runoff‐generated debris flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-18T15:11:44.549573","indexId":"70215402","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-17T10:08:59","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing and testing physically based triggering thresholds for runoff‐generated debris flows","docAbstract":"Runoff in steep channels is capable of transitioning into debris flows with hazardous implications for downstream communities and infrastructure, particularly in alpine landscapes with minimal vegetation and areas recently disturbed by wildfire. Here, we derive thresholds for the initiation of runoff‐generated debris flows based on critical values of dimensionless discharge and Shields stress. These thresholds are derived by using a numerical model to estimate the hydrodynamic conditions coinciding with the timing of debris flow activity in a recently burned basin. A benefit of hydrodynamic thresholds is that they can be used to assess debris flow likelihood based on measurable hydrologic and geomorphic parameters and therefore provide more universal criteria for quantifying the runoff‐to‐debris flow transition in landscape evolution studies and hazard assessments. We then demonstrate how hydrodynamic thresholds can be used to estimate rainfall intensity‐duration thresholds for runoff‐generated debris flows without the need for historic debris flow observations.
Selective harvest regimes that create female-biased sex ratios can potentially lead to delayed breeding, reduced breeding synchrony, reduced productivity, and a female-biased sex ratio of offspring. These resulting changes in breeding behavior and population dynamics have potential to adversely affect population growth. In 2002, Pennsylvania implemented harvest regulation changes that reduced deer density (increased harvest of antlerless deer) and increased the number and age of antlered deer (implemented antler point restriction regulations) that resulted in a less female-biased sex ratio. We monitored date of conception, productivity (embryos/female), and sex ratio of embryos during 1999–2006 to test if timing of breeding occurred earlier and with greater synchrony, if productivity of females increased, and if the sex ratio of offspring would shift towards more males. Deer density decreased 23% and the adult (≥1.5 yr old) sex ratio declined from 2.30 to 1.95 females/male. The ratio of ≥2.5-year-old to 1.5-year-old males shifted towards more older males (1:3.7 in 2002 to 1:1.59 in 2006) and the ≥2.5-year-old male population increased from 41,853 during 1999–2001 to 54,064 by 2006. We found no evidence of any change in the timing or variability of date of conception, productivity, or offspring sex ratio. We conclude that harvest regulation changes implemented in Pennsylvania, USA, were insufficient to affect timing of breeding or population dynamics and that efforts by managers to identify a desired sex ratio or manipulate sex ratios to achieve management goals on a statewide scale will be challenging.
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North American temperate shrub steppe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T13:38:53","indexId":"70205184","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-17T09:22:55","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil texture and precipitation seasonality influence plant community structure in North American temperate shrub steppe","docAbstract":"In drylands, the coexistence of grasses and woody plants has been attributed to soil‐water resource partitioning. Soil texture and precipitation seasonality can influence the amount and distribution of water in the soil, and their interaction may play an important role in determining the relative importance of grasses and woody plants. We investigated the influence of this interaction on plant functional types across a broad range of precipitation regimes and soil textures in western North America by analyzing plant‐cover data collected at 2,084 plots that included the widespread shrub big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.). We characterized how the significance of the inverse‐texture effect varies across soil conditions by quantifying relationships between precipitation and foliar cover on finer‐ vs. coarser‐textured soils across a range of potential texture divisions represented by sand content. We found evidence of the inverse‐texture effect for every plant functional type (except for cheatgrass) that we examined with at least one component of precipitation (annual, warm, or cold season), and provide the first evidence for this effect in locations with cold‐season‐dominated precipitation regimes. The texture and precipitation combinations that exhibited the inverse‐texture effect varied with plant functional type, presumably because of effects of soil texture on water availability at different soil depths with season. Furthermore, we found an inverse‐texture effect that was remarkably similar for shrub cover with cold‐season precipitation and grass cover with warm‐season precipitation. These results provide new insight into how the inverse‐texture effect interacts with precipitation seasonality to influence plant functional type composition in drylands, and further suggest that quantifying the soil‐texture division at which the inverse‐texture effect is relevant under a given set of environmental conditions may provide support for the effect across dryland plant communities.
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The objectives of the effort are presented along with an overview of the coverage of eddy covariance (EC) CH4 flux measurements globally, initial results comparing CH4 fluxes across the sites, and future research directions and needs. Annual estimates of net CH4 fluxes across sites ranged from −0.2 ± 0.02 g C m–2 yr–1 for an upland forest site to 114.9 ± 13.4 g C m–2 yr–1 for an estuarine freshwater marsh, with fluxes exceeding 40 g C m–2 yr–1 at multiple sites. Average annual soil and air temperatures were found to be the strongest predictor of annual CH4 flux across wetland sites globally. Water table position was positively correlated with annual CH4 emissions, although only for wetland sites that were not consistently inundated throughout the year. The ratio of annual CH4 fluxes to ecosystem respiration increased significantly with mean site temperature. Uncertainties in annual CH4 estimates due to gap-filling and random errors were on average ±1.6 g C m–2 yr–1 at 95% confidence, with the relative error decreasing exponentially with increasing flux magnitude across sites. Through the analysis and synthesis of a growing EC CH4 flux database, the controls on ecosystem CH4 fluxes can be better understood, used to inform and validate Earth system models, and reconcile differences between land surface model- and atmospheric-based estimates of CH4 emissions.
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The family of SAR satellite sensors orbits the Earth at an altitude ranging from 500 to 800 km, following sun-synchronous, near-polar orbits, slightly inclined with respect to Earth meridians. The most commonly used bands in SAR applications are the C-band (5–6 GHz, ~5,6 cm wavelength), the X-band (8–12 GHz, ~3,1 cm wavelength) and the L-band (1–2 GHz ~23 cm wavelength) with a temporal resolution depending on the satellite revisiting time. The availability of SAR has made a new spectrum of measurements possible on a global and spatial scale not attainable by ground-based studies, revealing critical insights into remote or poorly understood areas (e.g., Biggs et al., 2014). This Research Topics presents a review of articles on the state-of-art in the application of SAR sensors to study surface deformation in different geologic environments and triggered by a variety of processes. The topics discussed range from the analysis of co-seismic deformation (Marryman Boncori) to studies of volcanic unrest (Dzurisin et al., Garthwaite et al.), monitoring of landslides (Bianchini et al.) and ground subsidence in urban areas (Solari et al.).","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/feart.2019.00191","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Di Traglia, F., Ciampalini, A., Pezzo, G., and Battaglia, M., 2019, Editorial: Synthetic Aperture Radar and natural hazards: Applications and outlooks: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 7, no. 191, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00191.","productDescription":"2 p.","ipdsId":"IP-108432","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00191","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"191","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Di Traglia, Federico","contributorId":150264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Di Traglia","given":"Federico","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17947,"text":"Università di Firenze","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ciampalini, Andrea","contributorId":224665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ciampalini","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40907,"text":"Università degli Studi di Pisa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pezzo, Giuseppe","contributorId":224666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pezzo","given":"Giuseppe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39118,"text":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Battaglia, Maurizio 0000-0003-4726-5287 mbattaglia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4726-5287","contributorId":204742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglia","given":"Maurizio","email":"mbattaglia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216391,"text":"70216391 - 2019 - Improved implementation of rupture location uncertainty in fault displacement hazard assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-13T22:58:59.112024","indexId":"70216391","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-16T16:58:45","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved implementation of rupture location uncertainty in fault displacement hazard assessment","docAbstract":"This short note proposes an improvement to the implementation of uncertainty associated with rupture location from future earthquakes in probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis. Location uncertainty leads to nonzero primary fault displacement near a mapped fault. With the improved implementation of location uncertainty, estimated fault displacement hazard at a given site is affected strongly by the dimension of the area considered (or the footprint size of the structure). A larger area near a mapped fault has greater potential of exhibiting primary fault displacement than does a smaller area at the same location. In addition, fault displacement hazard is affected by fault‐map quality and fault‐trace complexity. For a more accurately mapped fault with simpler geometry, larger fault displacement is expected directly over and in close proximity of the mapped fault. If fault location is highly uncertain and fault traces are complex, expected displacement is spread out in a wider zone along the mapped fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120180305","usgsCitation":"Chen, R., and Petersen, M.D., 2019, Improved implementation of rupture location uncertainty in fault displacement hazard assessment: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 109, no. 5, p. 2132-2137, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120180305.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2132","endPage":"2137","ipdsId":"IP-106912","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380522,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Rui","contributorId":187504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Rui","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":804885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70204288,"text":"70204288 - 2019 - Hydroacoustic, meteorologic and seismic observations of the 2016 Nansen Ice Shelf calving event and iceberg formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-22T14:32:42","indexId":"70204288","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-16T14:04:27","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5232,"text":"Frontiers in Earth Science","onlineIssn":"2296-6463","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydroacoustic, meteorologic and seismic observations of the 2016 Nansen Ice Shelf calving event and iceberg formation","docAbstract":"On 7 April 2016, the Nansen Ice Shelf (NIS) front calved into two icebergs, the first large-scale calving event in >30 years. Three hydrophone moorings were deployed seaward of the NIS in December 2015 and over the following months recorded hundreds of short duration, broadband (10-400 Hz) cryogenic signals, likely caused by fracturing of the ice-shelf. The majority of these icequakes occur between January and early March 2016, several weeks prior to the calving observed by satellite on 7 April. Barometric pressure and wind speed records show the day the icebergs drifted from the NIS coincided with the largest low-pressure storm system recorded in the previous 7 months. A nearby seismic station also shows an increase in low-frequency energy, harmonic tremor, and microseisms on 7 April. Our interpretation is the northern segment of the NIS leading edge broke free during mid-January to February, producing high acoustic energy, but the icebergs remained stationary until the combination of a strong low-pressure system, with high winds freed the icebergs. As the unpinning of Antarctic ice shelves is not a well-documented process, our observations show that storm systems may play an under-appreciated role in Antarctic ice shelf break-up.","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/feart.2019.00183","usgsCitation":"Dziak, R., Lee, W.S., Haxel, J., Matsumoto, H., Tepp, G., Lau, T., Roche, L., Yun, S., Lee, C.K., Lee, J.Y., and Yoon, S., 2019, Hydroacoustic, meteorologic and seismic observations of the 2016 Nansen Ice Shelf calving event and iceberg formation: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 7, 183, 12p., https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00183.","productDescription":"183, 12p.","ipdsId":"IP-101623","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00183","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":365680,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Nansen Ice Shelf","volume":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dziak, Robert","contributorId":217088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dziak","given":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":39567,"text":"NOAA/PMEL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, W. S.","contributorId":217089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":39310,"text":"Korea Polar Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haxel, Joe","contributorId":217090,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haxel","given":"Joe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39568,"text":"Oregon State University/CIMRS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Matsumoto, Haru","contributorId":217091,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matsumoto","given":"Haru","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39568,"text":"Oregon State University/CIMRS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tepp, Gabrielle 0000-0001-5388-5138","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-5138","contributorId":206305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tepp","given":"Gabrielle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lau, T-K","contributorId":217092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lau","given":"T-K","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39568,"text":"Oregon State University/CIMRS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roche, Lauren","contributorId":217093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roche","given":"Lauren","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39568,"text":"Oregon State University/CIMRS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Yun, S H","contributorId":131062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yun","given":"S H","affiliations":[{"id":7218,"text":"California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lee, C. 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Y.","contributorId":195962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Yoon, S.T.","contributorId":217095,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoon","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39310,"text":"Korea Polar Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70205794,"text":"70205794 - 2019 - Northern forest winters have lost cold, snowy conditions that are important for ecosystems and human communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T14:25:59.788884","indexId":"70205794","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-16T13:40:57","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Northern forest winters have lost cold, snowy conditions that are important for ecosystems and human communities","docAbstract":"Winter is an understudied but key period for the socio-ecological systems of northeastern North American forests. A growing awareness of the importance of the winter season to forest ecosystems and surrounding communities has inspired several decades of research, both across the northern forest and at other mid- and high-latitude ecosystems around the globe. Despite these efforts, we lack a synthetic understanding of how winter climate change may impact hydrological and biogeochemical processes and the social and economic activities they support. Here we take advantage of 100 years of meteorological observations across the northern forest region of the northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada to develop a suite of indicators that enable a cross-cutting understanding of\n1) how winter temperatures and snow cover have been changing and 2) how these shifts may impact both ecosystems and surrounding human communities. We show that cold and snow-covered conditions have generally decreased over the past 100 years. These trends suggest positive outcomes for tree health as related to reduced fine root mortality and nutrient loss associated with winter frost but negative outcomes as related to the northward advancement and proliferation of forest insect pests. In addition to effects on vegetation, reductions in cold temperatures and snow cover are likely to have negative impacts on the ecology of the northern forest through impacts on water, soils, and wildlife. The overall loss of coldness and snow cover may also have negative consequences for logging and forest products, vector-borne diseases and human health, recreation and tourism, and cultural practices, which together represent important social and economic dimensions for the northern forest region. These findings advance our understanding of how our changing winters may transform the socio- ecological system of a region that has been defined by the contrasting rhythm of the seasons. Our research also identifies a trajectory of change that informs our expectations for the future as the climate continues to warm.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eap.1974","usgsCitation":"Contosta, A.R., Casson, N.J., Garlick, S., Nelson, S.J., Ayers, M.P., Buralkowski, E.A., Campbell, J., Creed, I., Eimers, C., Evans, C., Fernandez, I., Fuss, C., Huntington, T., Pate, K., Sanders-DeMott, R., Son, K., Templer, P.H., and Thornbrugh, D., 2019, Northern forest winters have lost cold, snowy conditions that are important for ecosystems and human communities: Ecological Applications, v. 29, no. 7, e01974, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1974.","productDescription":"e01974, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-103560","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1974","text":"Publisher Index 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J.","contributorId":169271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Casson","given":"Nora","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garlick, Sarah","contributorId":219485,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garlick","given":"Sarah","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40010,"text":"Hubbard Brook Research Foundation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, Sarah J.","contributorId":167269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ayers, Matthew 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Ivan","contributorId":178215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Ivan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Fuss, Collin","contributorId":219491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fuss","given":"Collin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36248,"text":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":218737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas G.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Pate, Kaizad","contributorId":219492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pate","given":"Kaizad","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40016,"text":"Ecology and Environmental Science, University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Sanders-DeMott, Rebecca","contributorId":219493,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanders-DeMott","given":"Rebecca","affiliations":[{"id":40012,"text":"Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Son, Kyongo","contributorId":219494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Son","given":"Kyongo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40017,"text":"Research Foundation of the City University of New York","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Templer, Pamela H.","contributorId":167457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Templer","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13570,"text":"Boston University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Thornbrugh, Darren","contributorId":184193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thornbrugh","given":"Darren","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70204992,"text":"70204992 - 2019 - Intensity and impact of the New York Railroad superstorm of May 1921","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-16T12:40:57","indexId":"70204992","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-16T12:17:52","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3456,"text":"Space Weather","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intensity and impact of the New York Railroad superstorm of May 1921","docAbstract":"Analysis is made of low‐latitude ground‐based magnetometer data recording the magnetic superstorm of May 1921. By inference, the storm was driven by a series of interplanetary coronal mass ejections, one of which produced a maximum pressure on the magnetopause of ~64.5 nPa, sufficient to compress the subsolar magnetopause radius to ~5.3 Earth radii. Over the course of the storm, low‐latitude geomagnetic disturbance exhibited extreme local time (longitude) asymmetry that can be attributed to substorm disturbance extending to low latitudes. The storm attained an estimated maximum −Dst on 15 May of 907 ± 132 nT, an intensity comparable to that of the Carrington event of 1859. The May 1921 storm brought spectacular aurorae to the nighttime sky. It also interfered with and damaged telephone and telegraph systems associated with railroad systems in New York City and State. These later effects were due to a combination of three factors: the localized details of geomagnetic vector disturbance, the geographic expression of the Earth's surface impedance tensor, and the configurations and physical parameters of the electrical networks of the day.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2019SW002250","usgsCitation":"Love, J.J., Hayakawa, H., and Cliver, E.W., 2019, Intensity and impact of the New York Railroad superstorm of May 1921: Space Weather, v. 17, no. 8, p. 1281-1292, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019SW002250.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1292","ipdsId":"IP-109181","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":460329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019sw002250","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":367013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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Campus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":769478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cliver, Edward W.","contributorId":215232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cliver","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":39212,"text":"National Solar Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":769479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206023,"text":"70206023 - 2019 - Geographic context affects the landscape change and fragmentation caused by wind energy facilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T12:11:36","indexId":"70206023","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-16T11:31:07","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3840,"text":"PeerJ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic context affects the landscape change and fragmentation caused by wind energy facilities","docAbstract":"Wind energy generation causes transformation of landscapes as new roads, pads, and transmission lines are constructed. Limiting the landscape change and fragmentation caused by these facilities likely minimizes impacts to biodiversity and sensitive wildlife species. We examined the effects of wind energy facilities’ geographic context on changes in landscape patterns. We digitized the footprints of 39 wind facilities and the surrounding land cover using high-resolution imagery. We then measured landscape pattern before and after facility construction using 3 metrics associated with species responses to habitat loss and fragmentation (amount, core area, and connectivity of undeveloped land) within 1km around newly constructed turbines and roads. New facilities decreased the amount of undeveloped land, on average, by just 1.8% while changes in metrics of landscape pattern were relatively much larger (50 to 140%). Statistical models indicated levels of pre-construction development were a key factor explaining the impact of new wind facilities on landscape metrics, with pre-construction road networks, turbine spacing, and topography having smaller influences. As the proportion of developed land around facilities increased, a higher proportion of the facility utilized pre-construction developed land and a lower density of new roads were built, resulting in smaller impacts to undeveloped landscapes. Building of new road networks was also a predictor of landscape fragmentation. Density of new roads was higher in places with little pre-existing development and may be influenced by facility design. Utilizing existing development and carefully placing turbines may provide opportunities to minimize the impacts of new wind energy facilities.","language":"English","doi":"10.7717/peerj.7129","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Diffendorfer, J., Dorning, M., Keen, J., Kramer, L., and Taylor, R., 2019, Geographic context affects the landscape change and fragmentation caused by wind energy facilities: PeerJ, v. 7, e7129, 23p., https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7129.","productDescription":"e7129, 23p.","ipdsId":"IP-092054","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7129","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":437385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7639NZB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data release for Geographic context affects the 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PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diffendorfer, James E. 0000-0003-1093-6948 jediffendorfer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1093-6948","contributorId":3208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diffendorfer","given":"James E.","email":"jediffendorfer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorning, Monica 0000-0002-7576-1256 mdorning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-1256","contributorId":191772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorning","given":"Monica","email":"mdorning@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keen, Jolene 0000-0003-4962-6613","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4962-6613","contributorId":219835,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keen","given":"Jolene","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37814,"text":"Former USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":773322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kramer, Louisa 0000-0002-6776-9768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6776-9768","contributorId":204878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kramer","given":"Louisa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taylor, Robert 0000-0001-5137-6874","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5137-6874","contributorId":219836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70204748,"text":"70204748 - 2019 - Individual behaviour and resource use of thermally stressed brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis portend the conservation potential of thermal refugia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-28T10:09:54","indexId":"70204748","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-16T10:17:32","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Individual behaviour and resource use of thermally stressed brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis portend the conservation potential of thermal refugia","title":"Individual behaviour and resource use of thermally stressed brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis portend the conservation potential of thermal refugia","docAbstract":"Individual aggression and thermal refuge use were monitored in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in a controlled laboratory to determine how fish size and personality influence time spent in forage and thermal habitat patches during periods of thermal stress. On average, larger and more exploratory fish initiated more aggressive interactions and across all fish there was decreased aggression at warmer temperatures. Individual personality did not explain changes in aggression or habitat use with increased temperature; however, larger individuals initiated comparatively fewer aggressive interactions at warmer temperatures. Occupancy of forage patches generally declined as ambient stream temperatures approached critical maximum and fish increased thermal refuge use, with a steeper decline in forage patch occupancy observed in larger fish. These findings suggest that larger individuals may be more vulnerable to stream temperature rise. Importantly, even at thermally stressful temperatures, all fish periodically left the thermal refuge to forage. This indicates that the success of refugia at increasing population survival during periods of stream temperature rise may depend on the location of thermal refugia relative to forage locations within the larger habitat mosaic. These results provide insights into the potential for thermal refugia to improve population survival and can be used to inform predictions of population vulnerability to climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/jfb.14099","usgsCitation":"White, S.L., Kline, B., Hitt, N., and Wagner, T., 2019, Individual behaviour and resource use of thermally stressed brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis portend the conservation potential of thermal refugia: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 95, no. 4, p. 1061-1071, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14099.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1061","endPage":"1071","ipdsId":"IP-103472","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14099","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":366562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Shannon L.","contributorId":205430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Shannon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":768295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kline, B.C.","contributorId":218090,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kline","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":768296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hitt, Nathaniel 0000-0002-1046-4568","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1046-4568","contributorId":218089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Nathaniel","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":768294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wagner, Tyler 0000-0003-1726-016X twagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-016X","contributorId":218091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Tyler","email":"twagner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70203977,"text":"ofr20191077 - 2019 - Triangle area water supply monitoring project, North Carolina-Summary of monitoring activities, quality assurance, and data, October 2015–September 2017","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T11:27:46","indexId":"ofr20191077","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-16T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-1077","displayTitle":"Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project, North Carolina—Summary of Monitoring Activities, Quality Assurance, and Data, October 2015–September 2017","title":"Triangle area water supply monitoring project, North Carolina-Summary of monitoring activities, quality assurance, and data, October 2015–September 2017","docAbstract":"Surface-water supplies are important sources of drinking water for residents in the Triangle area of North Carolina, which is located within the upper Cape Fear and Neuse River Basins. Since 1988, the U.S. Geological Survey and a consortium of local governments have tracked water-quality conditions and trends in several of the area’s water-supply lakes and streams. This report summarizes data collected through this cooperative effort, known as the Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project, during October 2015 through September 2016 (water year 2016) and October 2016 through September 2017 (water year 2017). Major findings for this period include the following:
Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Stephenson Center, Suite 129
Columbia, SC 29210
Multiple environmental stressors impact wildlife populations, but we often know little about their cumulative and combined influences on population outcomes. We generally know more about past effects than potential future impacts, and direct influences such as changes of habitat footprints than indirect, long-term responses in behavior, distribution, or abundance. Yet, an understanding of all these components is needed to plan for future landscapes that include human activities and wildlife. We developed a case study to assess how spatially explicit individual-based modeling could be used to evaluate future population outcomes of gradual landscape change from multiple stressors. For Greater Sage-grouse in southwest Wyoming, USA, we projected oil and gas development footprints and climate-induced vegetation changes 50 years into the future. Using a time-series of planned oil and gas development and predicted climate-induced changes in vegetation, we recalculated habitat selection maps to dynamically modify future habitat quantity, quality, and configuration. We simulated long-term Sage-grouse responses to habitat change by allowing individuals to adjust to shifts in habitat availability and quality. The use of spatially explicit individual-based modeling offered a useful means of evaluating delayed indirect impacts of landscape change on wildlife population outcomes. The inclusion of movement and demographic responses to oil and gas infrastructure resulted in substantive changes in distribution and abundance when cumulated over several decades and throughout the regional population. When combined, additive development and climate-induced vegetation changes reduced abundance by up to half of the original size. In our example, the consideration of only a single population stressor the final possible population size by as much as 50%. Multiple stressors and their cumulative impacts need to be broadly considered through space and time to avoid underestimating the impacts of multiple gradual changes and overestimating the ability of populations to withstand change.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quantitatively assessed the potential for undiscovered, technically recoverable continuous oil and gas resources in the Eastern Great Basin Province (Anna and others, 2007) of Nevada, Utah, and Idaho (fig. 1). The assessment focused on the area of the province between the Roberts Mountains and Sevier thrust systems (Peterson, 1994). The major petroleum source rocks within this area are the Upper Devonian–Lower Mississippian Pilot Shale and the Mississippian Chainman Formation (Gutschick and Rodriquez, 1979; Poole and Claypool, 1984; Giles, 1994; Trexler and others, 1995). The geologic model applied to the Pilot Shale and shales in the Chainman Formation is for these shales to have achieved generative maturity for oil by burial to at least 8,700 feet (2,652 meters) within some of the Neogene extensional basins (Grabb, 1994; Anna and others, 2007). Areas that satisfy this depth requirement were defined using modeled gravity data that were calibrated to the petroleum system in Railroad Valley and Pine Valley in Nevada (Barker and Peterson, 1991; Ïnan and Davis, 1994; Meissner, 1995; Anna and others, 2007).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193002","usgsCitation":"Schenk, C.J., Mercier, T.J., Woodall, C.A., Finn, T.M., Gaswirth, S.B., Marra, K.R., Le, P.A., Brownfield, M.E., Leathers-Miller, H.M., Drake, R.M., II, and Kinney, S.A., 2019, Assessment of continuous oil resources in the Eastern Great Basin Province of Nevada, Utah, and Idaho, 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2019–3002, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193002.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-101431","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3002/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":365364,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3002/fs20193002.pdf","text":"Report","size":"660 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2019-3002"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Great Basin Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 36.77409249464195\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -114.697265625,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -114.62585449218749,\n 36.14231087352999\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 36.146746777814364\n ],\n [\n -114.3731689453125,\n 36.13343831245866\n ],\n [\n -114.2303466796875,\n 36.01800375871416\n ],\n [\n -114.1204833984375,\n 36.04021586880111\n ],\n [\n -111.22558593749999,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -111.939697265625,\n 41.261291493919884\n ],\n [\n -111.76391601562499,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -111.456298828125,\n 42.73894375124377\n ],\n [\n -111.412353515625,\n 43.14909399920127\n ],\n [\n -112.8076171875,\n 43.15710884095329\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver, CO 80225-0046