Dryland grasslands are vast and globally important and, as in all terrestrial ecosystems, soil microbial communities play fundamental roles in regulating dryland ecosystem function. A typical characteristic of drylands is the spatial mosaic of vascular plant cover surrounded by interspace soils, where biological soil crusts (biocrusts)—a complex community of organisms including bacteria, fungi, algae, mosses, and lichens—are common. The implications of this heterogeneity, where plants and biocrust cover co-occur, are often explored in the context of soil fertility and hydrology, but rarely has the impact of these multiple microhabitat types been simultaneously explored to determine the influence on bacterial and fungal communities, key biological players in these ecosystems. Further, our understanding of the temporal dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities in grasslands, and of how these dynamics depend on the microhabitat within the ecosystem, is notably poor. Here we used a temporally and spatially explicit approach to assess bacterial and fungal communities in a grassland on the Colorado Plateau, and to link variation in these communities to edaphic characteristics. We found that microhabitat (e.g., vascular plant rhizosphere, biocrust, and below biocrust) was the strongest driver of differences in bacterial and fungal community richness, diversity, and composition. Microhabitat type also significantly mediated the impact of temporal change in shaping community composition. Taken together, 29% of the variation in bacterial community composition could be explained by microhabitat, date, and microhabitat-by-date interactions, while only 11% of the variation in fungal community composition could be explained by the same factors, suggesting important differences in community assembly processes. Soil microbial communities dictate myriad critical ecosystem functions, thus understanding the factors that control their compostition is crucial to considering and forecasting how terrestrial ecosystems work. Overall, this case study provides insights for future studies on the spatial and temporal dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities in dryland grasslands.
Informed management of American black bears (Ursus americanus) requires knowledge of the distribution and pathology of diseases affecting the species. Little information is available on pathogen prevalence from black bear populations in the Southwest, US, and it is unknown how these infections may influence black bear populations or disease transmission. We captured New Mexico black bears (Ursus americanus amblyceps) during 2016–17 as part of a long-term monitoring project and opportunistically collected 36 blood samples from 12 female and 17 male black bears. We wanted to determine prior exposure to canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, West Nile virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and the tick-borne pathogens, Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia spp., and Babesia spp. Approximately half (55%, 16/29) of the individuals sampled had antibodies to Y. pestis, and 37% (10/27) had antibodies to T. gondii. Prevalence of antibodies to West Nile virus, F. tularensis, and canine parvovirus were lower (i.e., 11, 10, and 3%, respectively). We detected no antibodies to canine distemper, B. burgdorferi, Rickettsia spp., or Babesia spp. We documented changes in antibody titer levels for both sexes of several recaptured black bears. Our data will inform managers of pathogen prevalence and distribution in black bears in north-central New Mexico and provide a vital baseline dataset for future pathogen monitoring. Additionally, these data support actions to minimize exposure through handling wild individuals or through hunter harvest activities.
U.S. Geological Survey
National Water Use Science Project Team
An assessment of groundwater/surface-water interactions along Ellerbe Creek, a major tributary to upper Falls Lake in Durham County, North Carolina, was conducted from July 2016 to March 2018 to determine if groundwater is a likely source of elevated nitrate input to the stream. Groundwater/surface-water interactions were characterized by synoptic streamflow measurements, groundwater-level monitoring, hydrograph-separation methods, and a continuous streambed temperature survey to aid in the collection and interpretation of water-quality data. A streamflow gain-loss survey identified gaining and losing reaches within the stream and found that surface-water inflow, including that from a treated wastewater outfall, provided much of the streamflow gain within the study reach. Through the use of two hydrograph-separation methods, base flow for the Ellerbe Creek study reach was estimated to be between 14.0 and 17.7 cubic feet per second during the study period, contributing up to 57 percent of mean streamflow, with the remaining contributions coming from surface runoff to the stream. The effluent discharge accounted for most of the estimated base-flow contribution to the stream below the North Durham Water Reclamation Facility outfall. Hydraulic gradients within the groundwater were determined to flow upward and toward the stream during base-flow conditions and reverse during storm events. Nitrate concentrations ranged from below the method detection level to 2.69 milligrams per liter, with the highest concentrations just downstream from the wastewater outfall. Bank seeps and groundwater samples had lower nitrate concentrations than surface-water samples, ranging from below the method detection level to 1.04 milligrams per liter, with the highest concentration at the piezometer within the stream. Results indicate that groundwater is not a large component of streamflow within Ellerbe Creek nor a major source of nitrate within the study reach.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195097","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Durham Public Works Department, Stormwater and GIS Services Division","usgsCitation":"Antolino, D.J., 2019, Groundwater/surface-water interactions along Ellerbe Creek in Durham, North Carolina, 2016–18: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5097, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195097.","productDescription":"viii, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-097853","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437312,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YFET78","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in Ellerbe Creek in Durham, North Carolina, 2016-2018"},{"id":368078,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b6630abe4b006a11f75221b","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in Ellerbe Creek in Durham, North Carolina, 2016-2018"},{"id":368058,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5097/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":368059,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5097/sir20195097.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019-5097"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Durham County, Wake County","city":"Durham","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-78.8019,36.2361],[-78.8059,36.0928],[-78.8059,36.0878],[-78.7986,36.085],[-78.7957,36.0858],[-78.7923,36.0854],[-78.7919,36.0772],[-78.7879,36.0758],[-78.7852,36.0703],[-78.7749,36.0707],[-78.7498,36.0718],[-78.7088,36.0768],[-78.6895,36.0752],[-78.5922,36.0378],[-78.5465,36.0218],[-78.4307,35.9795],[-78.3969,35.9387],[-78.3567,35.9318],[-78.351,35.909],[-78.3385,35.9052],[-78.3347,35.8997],[-78.3302,35.896],[-78.3245,35.896],[-78.3177,35.8963],[-78.3137,35.8976],[-78.3081,35.8935],[-78.2948,35.8797],[-78.292,35.8792],[-78.2893,35.8741],[-78.2859,35.8713],[-78.2831,35.8681],[-78.2782,35.8631],[-78.2749,35.8567],[-78.2756,35.8494],[-78.2707,35.843],[-78.2657,35.8361],[-78.2652,35.8325],[-78.2613,35.8315],[-78.2591,35.826],[-78.2599,35.8183],[-78.3731,35.7523],[-78.4635,35.7072],[-78.4686,35.7087],[-78.4709,35.7078],[-78.4732,35.7046],[-78.4778,35.7011],[-78.5716,35.6255],[-78.708,35.5191],[-78.9196,35.5857],[-78.9956,35.6104],[-78.9796,35.6656],[-78.9439,35.7515],[-78.9421,35.756],[-78.9403,35.7615],[-78.9337,35.7859],[-78.9191,35.8216],[-78.9096,35.8506],[-78.9076,35.8678],[-78.9144,35.8674],[-78.9332,35.8667],[-78.9587,35.866],[-78.986,35.8644],[-78.9985,35.8641],[-79.011,35.8633],[-79.0161,35.8633],[-79.0142,35.8755],[-79.0124,35.886],[-78.9507,36.2393],[-78.8019,36.2361]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Durham\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Stephenson Center, Suite 129
Columbia, SC 29210
Do you ever wonder where your water comes from? If you live in Nassau or Suffolk County, the answer is, groundwater. Groundwater is water that started out as precipitation (rain and snow melt) and seeped into the ground. This seepage recharges the freshwater stored underground, in the spaces between the grains of sand and gravel in what are referred to as aquifers. Long Island has three primary aquifers—the upper glacial, Magothy, and Lloyd—which are part of the Long Island aquifer system. Currently [2019], this aquifer system contains about 50 trillion gallons of freshwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J.P., and Breault, R., 2019, Water for Long Island—Now and for the future: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2019–3052, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193052.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-111757","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368088,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3052/fs20193052.pdf","text":"Report","size":"703 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2019-3052"},{"id":367575,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3052/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.0423583984375,\n 40.588928169693745\n ],\n [\n -73.9324951171875,\n 40.52423878069866\n ],\n [\n -73.39691162109375,\n 40.5930995321649\n ],\n [\n -73.2403564453125,\n 40.61186744303007\n ],\n [\n -72.872314453125,\n 40.70979201243495\n ],\n [\n -72.257080078125,\n 40.89482963261175\n ],\n [\n -71.8011474609375,\n 41.0565730874647\n ],\n [\n -72.2735595703125,\n 41.168316941075766\n ],\n [\n -72.66632080078125,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -73.2073974609375,\n 40.994410999439516\n ],\n [\n -73.212890625,\n 40.94048973170136\n ],\n [\n -73.41064453125,\n 40.97160353279909\n ],\n [\n -73.68255615234375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -73.79241943359375,\n 40.79925662005228\n ],\n [\n -73.87138366699219,\n 40.79613778833378\n ],\n [\n -73.90159606933594,\n 40.79717741518766\n ],\n [\n -73.93867492675781,\n 40.7737818731648\n ],\n [\n -73.96614074707031,\n 40.73529128534676\n ],\n [\n -73.97420883178711,\n 40.709141393000124\n ],\n [\n -73.99944305419922,\n 40.70471701226026\n ],\n [\n -74.00733947753906,\n 40.692483371144434\n ],\n [\n -74.02399063110352,\n 40.67686269237614\n ],\n [\n -74.02090072631836,\n 40.662800951382906\n ],\n [\n -74.03841018676758,\n 40.643265836603\n ],\n [\n -74.04544830322264,\n 40.63089063912002\n ],\n [\n -74.04356002807617,\n 40.605742384748446\n ],\n [\n -74.0423583984375,\n 40.588928169693745\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180
The association of seismic‐wave arrivals with causative earthquakes becomes progressively more challenging as arrival detection methods become more sensitive, and particularly when earthquake rates are high. For instance, seismic waves arriving across a monitoring network from several sources may overlap in time, false arrivals may be detected, and some arrivals may be of unknown phase (e.g., P or S waves). We propose an automated method to associate arrivals with earthquake sources and obtain source locations applicable to such situations. To do so, we use a pattern detection metric based on the principle of backprojection to reveal candidate sources followed by graph‐theory‐based clustering and an integer linear optimization routine to associate arrivals with the minimum number of sources necessary to explain the data. This method solves for all sources and phase assignments simultaneously, rather than in a sequential greedy procedure as is common in other association routines. We demonstrate our method on both synthetic and real data from the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile seismic network of northern Chile. For the synthetic tests, we report results for cases with varying complexity, including rates of 500 earthquakes/day and 500 false arrivals/station/day, for which we measure true positive detection accuracy of >95%. For the real data, we develop a new catalog between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2017 containing 817,548 earthquakes, with detection rates on average 279 earthquakes/day and a magnitude‐of‐completion of M∼1.8. A subset of detections are identified as sources related to quarry and industrial site activity, and we also detect thousands of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1 April 2014 Mw 8.2 Iquique earthquake. During the highest rate of aftershock activity, >600 earthquakes/day are detected in the vicinity of the Iquique earthquake rupture zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120190081","usgsCitation":"McBrearty, I., Gomberg, J.S., Delorey, A., and Johnson, P., 2019, Earthquake arrival association with backprojection and graph theory: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 109, no. 6, p. 2510-2531, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120190081.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"2510","endPage":"2531","ipdsId":"IP-106212","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.00980","text":"External Repository"},{"id":379299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-10-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McBrearty, Ian","contributorId":242933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McBrearty","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48588,"text":"Los Alamos National Lab","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":801143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, Joan S. 0000-0002-0134-2606 gomberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-2606","contributorId":1269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","email":"gomberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":801144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delorey, Andrew","contributorId":189149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Delorey","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":801145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Paul","contributorId":189150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":801146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70215092,"text":"70215092 - 2019 - Spatial and temporal variation in river corridor exchange across a 5th order mountain stream network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-07T20:21:30.905358","indexId":"70215092","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-07T15:14:05","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variation in river corridor exchange across a 5th order mountain stream network","docAbstract":"Although most field and modeling studies of river corridor exchange have been conducted a scales ranging from 10’s to 100’s of meters; results of these studies are used to predict their ecological and hydrological influences at the scale of river networks. Further complicating prediction, exchanges are expected to vary with hydrologic forcing and the local geomorphic setting. While we desire predictive power, we lack a complete spatiotemporal relationship relating discharge to the variation in geologic setting and hydrologic forcing that are expected across a river basin. Indeed, Wondzell’s (2011) conceptual model predicts systematic variation in river corridor exchange as a function of (1) variation in baseflow over time at a fixed location, (2) variation in discharge with location in the river network, and (3) local geomorphic setting. To test this conceptual model we conducted more than 60 solute tracer studies including a synoptic campaign in the 5th order river network of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (Oregon, USA) and replicate-in-time experiments in four watersheds. We interpret the data using a series of metrics describing river corridor exchange and solute transport, testing for consistent direction and magnitude of relationships relating these metrics to discharge and local geomorphic setting. We confirmed systematic decrease in river corridor exchange space through the river networks, from headwaters to the larger mainstem. However, we did not find systematic variation with changes in discharge through time, nor with local geomorphic setting. While interpretation of our results is complicated by problems with the analytical methods, they are sufficiently robust for us to conclude that space-for-time and time-for-space substitutions are not appropriate in our study system. Finally, we suggest two strategies that will improve the interpretability of tracer test results and help the hyporheic community develop robust data sets that will enable comparisons across multiple sites and/or discharge conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/hess-23-5199-2019","usgsCitation":"Ward, A.S., Wondzell, S., Schmadel, N., Herzog, S., Zarnetske, J.P., Baranov, V., Blaen, P.J., Brekenfeld, N., Chu, R., Derelle, R., Drummond, J.D., Fleckenstein, J., Garayburu-Caruso, V., Graham, E.B., Hannah, D., Harman, C., Hixson, J., Knapp, J., Krause, S., Kurz, M., Lewandowski, J., Li, A., Martí, E., Miller, M., Milner, A., Neil, K., Orsini, L., Packman, A.I., Plont, S., Renteria, L., Roche, K., Royer, T.V., Segura, C., Stegen, J., Toyoda, J., Wells, J., and Wisnoski, N., 2019, Spatial and temporal variation in river corridor exchange across a 5th order mountain stream network: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 23, no. 12, p. 5199-5225, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-5199-2019.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"5199","endPage":"5225","ipdsId":"IP-111385","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-5199-2019","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":379198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Adam S","contributorId":191363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wondzell, Steven","contributorId":242771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wondzell","given":"Steven","affiliations":[{"id":37019,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmadel, Noah 0000-0002-2046-1694","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-1694","contributorId":219105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmadel","given":"Noah","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":800778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herzog, Skuyler","contributorId":242772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herzog","given":"Skuyler","affiliations":[{"id":48520,"text":"O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zarnetske, Jay P.","contributorId":210073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zarnetske","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baranov, Viktor","contributorId":242773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baranov","given":"Viktor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48521,"text":"LMU Munich Biocenter, Department of Biology II","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Blaen, Phillip J","contributorId":242774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blaen","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":48522,"text":"School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Brekenfeld, Nicolai","contributorId":242775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brekenfeld","given":"Nicolai","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48522,"text":"School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Chu, Rosalie","contributorId":242776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chu","given":"Rosalie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48523,"text":"Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Derelle, Romain","contributorId":242777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Derelle","given":"Romain","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48524,"text":"Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, the University of Birmingham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Drummond, Jennifer D.","contributorId":191390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drummond","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Fleckenstein, Jan 0000-0001-7213-9448","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7213-9448","contributorId":215173,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fleckenstein","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39192,"text":"Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung UFZ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Garayburu-Caruso, Vanessa","contributorId":242778,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garayburu-Caruso","given":"Vanessa","affiliations":[{"id":48525,"text":"Earth and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Graham, Emily B.","contributorId":202683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graham","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hannah, David","contributorId":242779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hannah","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":48522,"text":"School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Harman, Ciaran 0000-0002-3185-002X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-002X","contributorId":242780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harman","given":"Ciaran","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48526,"text":"Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Hixson, Jase","contributorId":242781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hixson","given":"Jase","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48520,"text":"O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Knapp, Julia L.A.","contributorId":191389,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knapp","given":"Julia L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Krause, Stefan","contributorId":242782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krause","given":"Stefan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48522,"text":"School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Kurz, Marie","contributorId":242783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kurz","given":"Marie","affiliations":[{"id":38143,"text":"The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Lewandowski, Jorg","contributorId":195317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lewandowski","given":"Jorg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Li, Angang","contributorId":242784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Angang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48527,"text":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Martí, Eugènia","contributorId":242785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martí","given":"Eugènia","affiliations":[{"id":48528,"text":"Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Miller, Melinda","contributorId":242786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Melinda","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48520,"text":"O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Milner, Alexander","contributorId":242787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milner","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[{"id":48522,"text":"School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Neil, Kerry","contributorId":242788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neil","given":"Kerry","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48520,"text":"O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Orsini, Luisa","contributorId":209651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orsini","given":"Luisa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7157,"text":"University of Birmingham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Packman, Aaron I.","contributorId":124517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Packman","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":5041,"text":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Plont, Stephen","contributorId":242789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plont","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[{"id":48529,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Renteria, Lupita","contributorId":242790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Renteria","given":"Lupita","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38914,"text":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Roche, Kevin","contributorId":242791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roche","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48530,"text":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Royer, Todd V","contributorId":217761,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Royer","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"V","affiliations":[{"id":37145,"text":"Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32},{"text":"Segura, Catalina","contributorId":192222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segura","given":"Catalina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":33},{"text":"Stegen, James","contributorId":242792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stegen","given":"James","affiliations":[{"id":48525,"text":"Earth and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":34},{"text":"Toyoda, Jason","contributorId":242793,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Toyoda","given":"Jason","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48523,"text":"Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":35},{"text":"Wells, Jacqueline","contributorId":242794,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wells","given":"Jacqueline","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38914,"text":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":36},{"text":"Wisnoski, Nathan","contributorId":242795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wisnoski","given":"Nathan","affiliations":[{"id":48531,"text":"Department of Biology, Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":800812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":37}]}} ,{"id":70205296,"text":"fs20193042 - 2019 - Hydrologic conditions in Kansas, water year 2018","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T07:58:21","indexId":"fs20193042","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-07T14:46:46","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-3042","displayTitle":"Hydrologic Conditions in Kansas, Water Year 2018","title":"Hydrologic conditions in Kansas, water year 2018","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies, maintains a long-term network of hydrologic monitoring stations in Kansas. In water year 2018, this network included 219 real-time streamgages. A water year is the 12-month period from October 1 through September 30 and is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. Real-time data are calibrated and validated by U.S. Geological Survey personnel throughout the year with regular measurements of streamflow, streamgage height, and lake levels. These data and accompanying analyses provide an overview of hydrologic conditions in Kansas and help advance the understanding of water resources in the State. Annual assessments of hydrologic conditions are made by comparing statistical analyses of current and past water year data for the period of record. Long-term monitoring of hydrologic conditions in Kansas provides imperative information for protecting human life and property, managing water supplies, forecasting floods, operating reservoirs, designing bridges and culverts, processing interstate and intrastate water rights claims, forecasting ecological conditions, and many other uses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193042","usgsCitation":"Unrein, A.H., 2019, Hydrologic conditions in Kansas, water year 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2019–3042, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193042.\n","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-106493","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368023,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3042/fs20193042.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.29 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2019–3042"},{"id":368022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3042/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-99.541116,36.999573],[-99.648652,36.999604],[-99.657658,37.000197],[-99.875409,37.001659],[-99.995201,37.001631],[-100.115722,37.002206],[-100.193754,37.002133],[-100.552683,37.000735],[-100.734517,36.999059],[-100.756894,36.999357],[-100.855634,36.998626],[-100.904274,36.998745],[-100.945469,36.998153],[-101.012641,36.998176],[-101.359674,36.996232],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-102.041749,37.034397],[-102.041809,37.111973],[-102.042092,37.125021],[-102.041963,37.258164],[-102.041664,37.29765],[-102.042089,37.352819],[-102.041524,37.375018],[-102.042016,37.535261],[-102.041574,37.680436],[-102.042158,37.760164],[-102.042953,37.803535],[-102.044644,38.045532],[-102.044255,38.113011],[-102.044589,38.125013],[-102.044251,38.141778],[-102.044944,38.384419],[-102.044442,38.415802],[-102.044936,38.41968],[-102.045324,38.453647],[-102.045074,38.669617],[-102.045334,38.799463],[-102.046571,39.047038],[-102.04937,39.41821],[-102.049554,39.538932],[-102.050422,39.646048],[-102.050099,39.653812],[-102.050594,39.675594],[-102.051569,39.849805],[-102.051744,40.003078],[-101.904176,40.003162],[-101.841025,40.002784],[-101.409953,40.002354],[-101.324036,40.002696],[-100.937427,40.002145],[-100.75883,40.002302],[-100.66023,40.002162],[-100.645445,40.001883],[-100.196959,40.001494],[-99.990926,40.001503],[-99.948167,40.001813],[-99.930433,40.001516],[-99.813401,40.0014],[-99.772121,40.001804],[-99.756835,40.001342],[-99.746628,40.00182],[-99.49766,40.001912],[-99.423565,40.00227],[-99.412645,40.001868],[-99.282967,40.001879],[-99.018701,40.002333],[-98.710404,40.00218],[-98.690287,40.002548],[-98.652494,40.002245],[-98.64071,40.002493],[-98.560578,40.002274],[-98.274017,40.002516],[-98.250008,40.002307],[-98.193483,40.002614],[-98.099659,40.002227],[-97.838379,40.00191],[-97.777155,40.002167],[-97.510264,40.001835],[-97.369199,40.00206],[-97.20231,40.001442],[-97.142448,40.001495],[-97.137866,40.001814],[-97.049663,40.001323],[-96.916093,40.001506],[-96.622401,40.001158],[-96.610349,40.000881],[-96.467536,40.001035],[-96.125937,40.000432],[-96.02409,40.000719],[-95.30829,39.999998],[-95.308404,39.993758],[-95.30778,39.990618],[-95.307111,39.989114],[-95.302507,39.984357],[-95.289715,39.977706],[-95.274757,39.972115],[-95.269886,39.969396],[-95.261854,39.960618],[-95.257652,39.954886],[-95.250254,39.948644],[-95.241383,39.944949],[-95.236761,39.943931],[-95.231114,39.943784],[-95.220212,39.944433],[-95.21644,39.943953],[-95.213737,39.943206],[-95.204428,39.938949],[-95.201277,39.934194],[-95.20069,39.928155],[-95.20201,39.922438],[-95.205745,39.915169],[-95.206326,39.912121],[-95.206196,39.909557],[-95.205733,39.908275],[-95.201935,39.904053],[-95.199347,39.902709],[-95.193816,39.90069],[-95.189565,39.899959],[-95.179453,39.900062],[-95.172296,39.902026],[-95.159834,39.906984],[-95.156024,39.907243],[-95.149657,39.905948],[-95.146055,39.904183],[-95.143802,39.901918],[-95.142563,39.897992],[-95.142445,39.89542],[-95.143403,39.889356],[-95.142718,39.885889],[-95.140601,39.881688],[-95.137092,39.878351],[-95.134747,39.876852],[-95.128166,39.874165],[-95.105912,39.869164],[-95.090158,39.86314],[-95.085003,39.861883],[-95.081534,39.861718],[-95.052535,39.864374],[-95.042142,39.864805],[-95.037767,39.865542],[-95.032053,39.868337],[-95.027931,39.871522],[-95.025422,39.876711],[-95.025119,39.878833],[-95.025947,39.886747],[-95.02524,39.8897],[-95.024389,39.891202],[-95.018743,39.897372],[-95.013152,39.899953],[-95.00844,39.900596],[-95.003819,39.900401],[-94.990284,39.89701],[-94.986975,39.89667],[-94.977749,39.897472],[-94.963345,39.901136],[-94.959276,39.901671],[-94.95154,39.900533],[-94.943867,39.89813],[-94.934493,39.893366],[-94.929574,39.888754],[-94.927897,39.886112],[-94.927359,39.883966],[-94.927252,39.880258],[-94.928466,39.876344],[-94.931463,39.872602],[-94.938791,39.866954],[-94.940743,39.86441],[-94.942407,39.861066],[-94.942567,39.856602],[-94.939767,39.85193],[-94.937655,39.849786],[-94.92615,39.841322],[-94.916918,39.836138],[-94.909942,39.834426],[-94.903157,39.83385],[-94.892677,39.834378],[-94.889493,39.834026],[-94.886933,39.833098],[-94.881013,39.828922],[-94.878677,39.826522],[-94.877044,39.823754],[-94.876544,39.820594],[-94.875944,39.813294],[-94.876344,39.806894],[-94.880932,39.797338],[-94.884084,39.794234],[-94.890292,39.791626],[-94.892965,39.791098],[-94.925605,39.789754],[-94.929654,39.788282],[-94.932726,39.786282],[-94.935206,39.78313],[-94.935782,39.778906],[-94.935302,39.77561],[-94.934262,39.773642],[-94.929653,39.769098],[-94.926229,39.76649],[-94.916789,39.760938],[-94.912293,39.759338],[-94.906244,39.759418],[-94.899156,39.761258],[-94.895268,39.76321],[-94.883924,39.770186],[-94.88146,39.771258],[-94.871144,39.772994],[-94.869644,39.772894],[-94.867143,39.771694],[-94.865243,39.770094],[-94.863143,39.767294],[-94.860743,39.763094],[-94.859443,39.753694],[-94.860371,39.74953],[-94.862943,39.742994],[-94.870143,39.734594],[-94.875643,39.730494],[-94.884143,39.726794],[-94.891744,39.724894],[-94.899316,39.724042],[-94.902612,39.724202],[-94.910068,39.725786],[-94.918324,39.728794],[-94.930005,39.73537],[-94.939221,39.741578],[-94.944741,39.744377],[-94.948726,39.745593],[-94.95263,39.745961],[-94.955286,39.745689],[-94.960086,39.743065],[-94.965318,39.739065],[-94.970422,39.732121],[-94.971206,39.729305],[-94.971078,39.723146],[-94.968453,39.707402],[-94.968981,39.692954],[-94.969909,39.68905],[-94.971317,39.68641],[-94.976325,39.68137],[-94.981557,39.678634],[-94.984149,39.67785],[-94.993557,39.67657],[-95.001379,39.676479],[-95.009023,39.675765],[-95.01531,39.674262],[-95.018318,39.672869],[-95.024595,39.668485],[-95.027644,39.665454],[-95.037464,39.652905],[-95.039049,39.649639],[-95.044554,39.64437],[-95.049518,39.637876],[-95.053367,39.630347],[-95.054925,39.624995],[-95.055152,39.621657],[-95.053012,39.613965],[-95.047911,39.606288],[-95.046445,39.601606],[-95.046361,39.599557],[-95.047165,39.595117],[-95.049277,39.589583],[-95.054804,39.582488],[-95.056897,39.580567],[-95.059519,39.579132],[-95.064519,39.577115],[-95.069315,39.576218],[-95.07216,39.576122],[-95.076688,39.576764],[-95.089515,39.581028],[-95.095736,39.580618],[-95.099095,39.579691],[-95.103228,39.577783],[-95.106406,39.575252],[-95.107454,39.573843],[-95.113077,39.559133],[-95.113557,39.553941],[-95.109304,39.542285],[-95.106596,39.537657],[-95.102888,39.533347],[-95.092704,39.524241],[-95.082714,39.516712],[-95.077441,39.513552],[-95.059461,39.506143],[-95.05638,39.503972],[-95.052177,39.499996],[-95.050552,39.497514],[-95.049845,39.494415],[-95.04837,39.48042],[-95.047133,39.474971],[-95.045716,39.472459],[-95.04078,39.466387],[-95.0375,39.463689],[-95.033408,39.460876],[-95.028498,39.458287],[-95.015825,39.452809],[-94.995768,39.448174],[-94.990172,39.446192],[-94.982144,39.440552],[-94.978798,39.436241],[-94.976606,39.426701],[-94.972952,39.421705],[-94.966066,39.417288],[-94.954817,39.413844],[-94.951209,39.411707],[-94.947864,39.408604],[-94.946293,39.405646],[-94.946662,39.399717],[-94.946227,39.395648],[-94.945577,39.393851],[-94.942039,39.389499],[-94.937158,39.386531],[-94.933652,39.385546],[-94.92311,39.384492],[-94.919225,39.385174],[-94.915859,39.386348],[-94.909581,39.388865],[-94.901823,39.392798],[-94.894979,39.393565],[-94.891845,39.393313],[-94.888972,39.392432],[-94.885026,39.389801],[-94.880979,39.383899],[-94.879281,39.37978],[-94.879088,39.375703],[-94.88136,39.370383],[-94.885216,39.366911],[-94.890928,39.364031],[-94.896832,39.363135],[-94.899024,39.362431],[-94.902497,39.360383],[-94.907297,39.356735],[-94.909409,39.354255],[-94.910017,39.352543],[-94.910641,39.348335],[-94.908065,39.323663],[-94.905329,39.311952],[-94.903137,39.306272],[-94.900049,39.300192],[-94.895217,39.294208],[-94.887056,39.28648],[-94.882576,39.283328],[-94.87832,39.281136],[-94.867568,39.277841],[-94.857072,39.273825],[-94.84632,39.268481],[-94.837855,39.262417],[-94.831471,39.256273],[-94.827487,39.249889],[-94.825663,39.241729],[-94.826111,39.238289],[-94.827791,39.234001],[-94.834896,39.223842],[-94.835056,39.220658],[-94.833552,39.217794],[-94.831679,39.215938],[-94.823791,39.209874],[-94.820687,39.208626],[-94.811663,39.206594],[-94.799663,39.206018],[-94.787343,39.207666],[-94.783838,39.207154],[-94.781518,39.206146],[-94.777838,39.203522],[-94.775543,39.200609],[-94.770338,39.190002],[-94.763138,39.179903],[-94.752338,39.173203],[-94.741938,39.170203],[-94.736537,39.169203],[-94.723637,39.169003],[-94.714137,39.170403],[-94.696332,39.178563],[-94.687236,39.183503],[-94.680336,39.184303],[-94.669135,39.182003],[-94.663835,39.179103],[-94.660315,39.168051],[-94.662435,39.157603],[-94.650735,39.154103],[-94.640035,39.153103],[-94.623934,39.156603],[-94.615834,39.160003],[-94.608834,39.160503],[-94.601733,39.159603],[-94.596033,39.157703],[-94.591933,39.155003],[-94.589933,39.140403],[-94.592533,39.135903],[-94.600434,39.128503],[-94.605734,39.122204],[-94.607034,39.119404],[-94.607354,39.113444],[-94.607234,39.065704],[-94.608334,38.981806],[-94.608134,38.940006],[-94.607866,38.937398],[-94.608033,38.847207],[-94.607625,38.82756],[-94.611602,38.635384],[-94.611465,38.625011],[-94.611858,38.620485],[-94.611887,38.580139],[-94.612176,38.576546],[-94.612157,38.549817],[-94.613365,38.403422],[-94.613312,38.364407],[-94.612673,38.314832],[-94.612658,38.217649],[-94.613856,38.149769],[-94.614212,37.992462],[-94.614465,37.987799],[-94.614612,37.944362],[-94.617721,37.77297],[-94.617975,37.722176],[-94.617651,37.687671],[-94.617885,37.682214],[-94.616789,37.52151],[-94.618505,37.181184],[-94.617875,37.056798],[-94.61808,36.998135],[-94.625224,36.998672],[-94.83128,36.998812],[-95.049499,36.99958],[-95.80798,36.999124],[-95.91018,36.999336],[-96.00081,36.99886],[-96.394272,36.999221],[-96.500288,36.998643],[-96.73659,36.999286],[-96.749838,36.998988],[-96.79206,36.99918],[-96.795199,36.99886],[-96.822791,36.999182],[-96.87629,36.999233],[-97.46228,36.998685],[-97.606549,36.998682],[-97.637137,36.99909],[-98.219499,36.997824],[-98.354073,36.997961],[-98.408991,36.998513],[-98.544872,36.998997],[-98.714512,36.99906],[-98.761597,36.999425],[-98.880009,36.999263],[-99.029337,36.999595],[-99.049695,36.999221],[-99.277506,36.999579],[-99.375391,37.000177],[-99.407015,36.999579],[-99.541116,36.999573]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kansas\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
The Monte Blanco borate deposits are located along the southern margin of Death Valley’s Furnace Creek Wash, south of Twenty Mule Team Canyon road in California. Topographic and geologic mapping by S. Muessig and F.M. Byers, Jr., in 1954 documented these deposits’ geologic settings, geometries, mineralogies, and chemical characteristics. They estimated borate resources at the time to be in excess of 550,000 tons B2O3.
The borate bodies are composed of predominantly ulexite and colemanite. They lie beneath Monte Blanco itself and along a northwest-trending series of conspicuous, white hills and mounds formed by northeasterly dipping, fine-grained sedimentary beds and basaltic volcanic rocks of the Miocene and Pliocene Furnace Creek Formation.
Geologic data suggest that in Miocene and Pliocene time, fine-grained sediments, volcanic debris and flows, and volcanically associated, boron-rich fluids gradually filled a fairly flat playa-like environment. At times, thick beds of felty crystals of ulexite developed and were interlayered as lenses in a thick series of mudstones as is seen today at the Eagle Borax works. After burial, the exterior of the ulexite deposit was altered to massive colemanite by ground water, which produced the “shell” of colemanite that typically surrounds the presently outcropping ulexite bodies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191111","usgsCitation":"Muessig, S.J., Pennell, W.M, Knott, J.R., and Calzia, J.P., 2019, Geology of the Monte Blanco borate deposits, Furnace Creek Wash, Death Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1111, 35, p., 2 plates, scales 1:2,400 and 1: 2,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191111.","productDescription":"Report: v, 30 p.; 2 Plates: 28.00 x 29.75 and 18.11 x 24.96 inches","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-088268","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368047,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1111/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":368050,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1111/ofr20191111_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2019-1111"},{"id":368048,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1111/ofr20191111_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2019-1111"},{"id":368049,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1111/ofr20191111_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"6.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2019-1111"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.76245117187499,\n 35.60818490437746\n ],\n [\n -116.06506347656251,\n 35.60818490437746\n ],\n [\n -116.06506347656251,\n 37.19095471582605\n ],\n [\n -117.76245117187499,\n 37.19095471582605\n ],\n [\n -117.76245117187499,\n 35.60818490437746\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
Menlo Park, California
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
The key to Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) management is providing large areas of contiguous grassland of moderate height with significant grass cover and moderate forb density. Eastern Meadowlarks have been reported to use habitats with 10–187 centimeters (cm) average vegetation height, 6–88 cm visual obstruction reading, 53–86 percent grass cover, 4–50 percent forb cover, less than or equal to (≤) 4 percent shrub cover, less than 38 percent bare ground, 6–23 percent litter cover, and ≤13 cm litter depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1842MM","usgsCitation":"Hull, S.D., Shaffer, J.A., and Igl, L.D., 2019, The effects of management practices on grassland birds—Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), chap. MM of Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Shaffer, J.A., and DeLong, J.P., eds., The effects of management practices on grassland birds: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1842, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1842MM.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/mm/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":367880,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/mm/pp1842mm.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1842–MM"}],"contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
Keys to Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) management are providing suitable nest sites, protecting active nest areas from human disturbance, and providing suitable habitat for prey.
Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
The key to Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) management is providing open grasslands that contain patches of trees for nesting and perching, sometimes near cultivated areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1842M","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, J.A., Igl, L.D., Johnson, D.H., Dinkins, M.F., Goldade, C.M., Wooten, T.L., and Euliss, B.R., 2019, The effects of management practices on grassland birds—Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni), chap. M of Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Shaffer, J.A., and DeLong, J.P., eds., The effects of management practices on grassland birds: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1842, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1842M.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-093865","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/m/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":367871,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/m/pp1842m.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.04 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1842–M"}],"contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
The key to Northern Harrier (Circus hudsonius) management is providing tall, dense vegetation in extensive mesic or xeric grasslands or in wetlands. Northern Harriers have been reported to use habitats with 15–106 centimeter (cm) average vegetation height, 28–75 cm visual obstruction reading, 24–53 percent grass cover, 18–25 percent forb cover, less than or equal to 2 percent shrub cover, 3–5 percent bare ground, 23–30 percent litter cover, and 2–6 cm litter depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1842L","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, J.A., Igl, L.D., Johnson, D.H., Sondreal, M.L., Goldade, C.M., Nenneman, M.P., Thiele, J.P., and Euliss, B.R., 2019, The effects of management practices on grassland birds—Northern Harrier (Circus hudsonius), chap. L of Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Shaffer, J.A., and DeLong, J.P., eds., The effects of management practices on grassland birds: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1842, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1842L.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-093911","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/l/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":367869,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/l/pp1842l.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.70 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1842–L"}],"contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
Keys to Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) management are maintenance of expansive stands of sagebrush (Artemisia species [spp.]), especially varieties of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) with abundant forbs in the understory, particularly during spring; undisturbed and somewhat open sites for leks; and healthy perennial grass and forb stands intermixed with sagebrush for brood rearing. Within suitable habitats, areas should have 15–25 percent canopy cover of sagebrush 30–80 centimeters (cm) tall for nesting and 10–25 percent canopy cover 40–80 cm tall for brood rearing. In winter habitats, shrubs should be exposed 25–35 cm above snow and have 10–30 percent canopy cover exposed above snow. In nesting and brood-rearing habitats, the understory should have at least 15 percent cover of grasses and at least 10 percent cover of forbs greater than or equal to 18 cm tall. Greater Sage-Grouse have been reported to use habitats with 5–110 cm average vegetation height, 5–160 cm visual obstruction reading, 3–51 percent grass cover, 3–20 percent forb cover, 3–69 percent shrub cover, 7–63 percent sagebrush cover, 14–51 percent bare ground, and 0–18 percent litter cover. Unless otherwise noted, this account refers to habitat requirements and environmental factors affecting Greater Sage-Grouse but not Gunnison Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus minimus). Habitats used by Gunnison Sage-Grouse are generally similar to habitats used by Greater Sage-Grouse, but some differences have been reported. The Greater Sage-Grouse is a game bird and is hunted throughout most of its current range. This account does not address harvest or its effects on populations; rather, this account focuses on the effects of habitat management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1842B","usgsCitation":"Rowland, M.M., 2019, The effects of management practices on grassland birds—Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), chap. B of Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Shaffer, J.A., and DeLong, J.P., eds., The effects of management practices on grassland birds: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1842, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1842B.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367863,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/b/pp1842b.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1842–B"},{"id":367862,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/b/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Iroquois River Conservancy District, deployed continuous water-quality monitors and began collecting representative discrete water-quality samples at the Iroquois River near Foresman, Indiana, streamflow-gaging station (U.S. Geological Survey station 05524500). By relating continuously monitored water-quality data and discrete water-quality samples collected from April 2015 through July 2018, regression models that estimate concentrations of suspended sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were developed. Developed regression models indicated a strong correlation between turbidity and streamflow with suspended-sediment concentration (adjusted coefficient of determination equals 0.84, predicted residual error sum of squares equals 0.493), nitrate plus nitrite and streamflow with total nitrogen (adjusted coefficient of determination equals 0.99, predicted residual error sum of squares equals 0.0202), and specific conductance and turbidity with total phosphorus (adjusted coefficient of determination equals 0.84, predicted residual error sum of squares equals 0.0935).
Daily loads of suspended sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were computed as the product of daily mean regression model concentrations and daily mean streamflow. During periods when regression model concentrations could not be computed, rloadest models, the R programming language version of the LOADEST FORTRAN program, were used to compute daily loads of each constituent. For 2016 and 2017, the estimated annual suspended-sediment loads were 25,000 and 32,100 tons; estimated total nitrogen loads were 4,260 and 5,780 tons; and estimated total phosphorus loads were 104 and 128 tons, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iroquois River Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Lathrop, T.R., Bunch, A.R., Downhour, M.S., and Perkins, D.M., 2019, Regression models for estimating sediment and nutrient concentrations and loads at the Iroquois River near Foresman, Indiana, March 2015 through July 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Report 2019–5087, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195087.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 14 p.; Data Releases","numberOfPages":"24","ipdsId":"IP-107470","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368030,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YCAELC","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Data and regression models for total nitrogen and total phosphorus for the Iroquois River near Foresman, Indiana, March 20, 2015, to July 19, 2018"},{"id":368029,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RFLONI","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Data and regression model for suspended sediment for Iroquois River near Foresman, Indiana, March 20, 2015, to July 19, 2018"},{"id":368028,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91FL2GY","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Suspended sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus loads for Iroquois River near Foresman, Indiana, April 2015 to July 2018"},{"id":368027,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5087/sir20195087.pdf","text":"Report","size":"855 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019–5087"},{"id":368026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5087/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Newton County","city":"Foresman","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-87.5263,41.1661],[-87.4801,41.1701],[-87.4587,41.1702],[-87.4484,41.1744],[-87.4466,41.174],[-87.4411,41.1731],[-87.4147,41.1619],[-87.4055,41.1625],[-87.4,41.1625],[-87.394,41.1625],[-87.38,41.1726],[-87.3448,41.1824],[-87.3405,41.1824],[-87.3313,41.1829],[-87.3241,41.1862],[-87.2859,41.2154],[-87.2762,41.2187],[-87.2757,41.1733],[-87.2754,41.0866],[-87.275,40.9991],[-87.2768,40.9405],[-87.2759,40.9133],[-87.268,40.9134],[-87.2664,40.8249],[-87.2655,40.7383],[-87.3807,40.738],[-87.4905,40.7381],[-87.5263,40.7378],[-87.5263,40.741],[-87.5265,40.839],[-87.5262,40.981],[-87.5262,40.9832],[-87.5265,41.0142],[-87.5264,41.1231],[-87.5263,41.1661]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Newton\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46278
Razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) and flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) live in sympatry in the Colorado River basin. Although morphological intermediates have been described since 1889, hybrids were seemingly rare. Rarity of hybrids was likely attributed to razorback suckers' ability to find conspecific mates throughout the basin. Dams have segmented the Colorado River, altering habitat and isolating native fish populations. As a result, razorback suckers became endangered. Razorback suckers are uncommon in the Colorado River and hybridization could increase because of limited conspecific mates. To understand the impacts of hybridization on recovery of the razorback sucker, information on hybrid viability is needed. We compared hatch success and larval survival of artificially spawned razorback sucker, flannelmouth sucker, and their hybrids. We were able to successfully spawn and rear all combinations, implying that there are limited pre- and postzygotic isolation mechanisms, and hybrids are likely to survive in the wild.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-63-4-280","usgsCitation":"Wolters, P.N., Rogowski, D.L., Ward, D., and Gibb, A.C., 2019, Viability of Razorback-Flannelmouth Sucker hybrids: The Southwestern Naturalist, v. 63, no. 4, p. 280-283, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-63-4-280.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"280","endPage":"283","ipdsId":"IP-088815","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":377620,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, Baja California, California, Colorado, Nevada, Sonora, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.79919815063477,\n 40.253459534064625\n ],\n [\n -105.83782196044922,\n 40.256996734279234\n ],\n [\n -105.88605880737305,\n 40.209425576233414\n ],\n [\n -105.89395523071289,\n 40.18726672309203\n ],\n [\n -105.90837478637695,\n 40.16339524470609\n ],\n [\n -105.89395523071289,\n 40.13177228919705\n ],\n [\n -105.89859008789062,\n 40.12494714800568\n ],\n [\n -105.9572982788086,\n 40.1136579106022\n ],\n [\n -105.97034454345703,\n 40.106962244943645\n ],\n [\n -105.985107421875,\n 40.113395347895825\n ],\n [\n -106.01428985595703,\n 40.11221380317288\n ],\n [\n -106.12621307373047,\n 40.076757917084194\n ],\n [\n -106.14217758178711,\n 40.057052221322\n ],\n [\n -106.14732742309569,\n 40.05153360503148\n ],\n [\n -106.17015838623047,\n 40.05757778051925\n ],\n [\n -106.18492126464844,\n 40.0680881132379\n ],\n [\n -106.23865127563477,\n 40.06769400502247\n ],\n [\n -106.2846565246582,\n 40.063621419947914\n ],\n [\n -106.31641387939453,\n 40.05757778051925\n ],\n [\n -106.35538101196289,\n 40.05205920678842\n ],\n [\n -106.38439178466795,\n 40.05337319344778\n ],\n [\n -106.4113426208496,\n 40.05311039814253\n ],\n [\n -106.44224166870117,\n 40.04312342569046\n ],\n [\n -106.50043487548828,\n 40.00605371552562\n ],\n [\n -106.5150260925293,\n 39.9890895809455\n ],\n [\n -106.5244674682617,\n 39.97067412395105\n ],\n [\n -106.55553817749023,\n 39.96212240336062\n ],\n [\n -106.5732192993164,\n 39.946463404576804\n ],\n [\n -106.58437728881836,\n 39.92843137829837\n ],\n [\n -106.58506393432617,\n 39.915661304356085\n ],\n [\n -106.5984535217285,\n 39.914607996070856\n ],\n [\n -106.60995483398438,\n 39.91052627346005\n ],\n [\n -106.61476135253906,\n 39.90144027573221\n ],\n [\n -106.614933013916,\n 39.89485546645597\n ],\n [\n -106.64308547973633,\n 39.87536072295246\n ],\n [\n -106.64342880249023,\n 39.86007718438717\n ],\n [\n -106.66797637939453,\n 39.86099956341943\n ],\n [\n -106.7127799987793,\n 39.90881451094423\n ],\n [\n -106.74093246459961,\n 39.9147396604924\n ],\n [\n -106.78693771362305,\n 39.91645127493918\n ],\n [\n -106.85766220092773,\n 39.8974894660923\n ],\n [\n -106.86212539672852,\n 39.8870845777293\n ],\n [\n -106.88547134399414,\n 39.88563567053391\n ],\n [\n -106.92890167236328,\n 39.861526631585534\n ],\n [\n -107.01696395874023,\n 39.7752972152002\n ],\n [\n -107.03756332397461,\n 39.73821434813576\n ],\n [\n -107.05387115478516,\n 39.71128047076723\n ],\n [\n -107.0753288269043,\n 39.701771884645666\n ],\n [\n -107.07773208618164,\n 39.66055287066961\n ],\n [\n -107.07035064697264,\n 39.64680773260988\n ],\n [\n -107.105712890625,\n 39.635703895181194\n ],\n [\n -107.21986770629883,\n 39.58399471532369\n ],\n [\n -107.24458694458008,\n 39.56308849067672\n ],\n [\n -107.27788925170897,\n 39.57023436522896\n ],\n [\n -107.31599807739256,\n 39.56348550302678\n ],\n [\n -107.32629776000977,\n 39.556868333799734\n ],\n [\n -107.34792709350585,\n 39.56348550302678\n ],\n [\n -107.39908218383789,\n 39.564014849291304\n ],\n [\n -107.43701934814452,\n 39.579761052399334\n ],\n [\n -107.48336791992186,\n 39.57579175852258\n ],\n [\n -107.5283432006836,\n 39.574733241766396\n ],\n [\n -107.57640838623047,\n 39.55832416519747\n ],\n [\n -107.6634407043457,\n 39.54945635477016\n ],\n [\n -107.73983001708984,\n 39.54535295443352\n ],\n [\n -107.81124114990233,\n 39.52999614229506\n ],\n [\n -107.82583236694336,\n 39.524964723682494\n ],\n [\n -107.88419723510742,\n 39.50682210911273\n ],\n [\n -107.88711547851562,\n 39.49556336059472\n ],\n [\n -107.90582656860352,\n 39.50457050531535\n ],\n [\n -107.94479370117188,\n 39.50165655681177\n ],\n [\n -107.97603607177734,\n 39.477943071261365\n ],\n [\n -108.01998138427734,\n 39.47608804424341\n ],\n [\n -108.06564331054688,\n 39.442158828311705\n ],\n [\n -108.13362121582031,\n 39.39083600272448\n ],\n [\n -108.17447662353516,\n 39.35832527895588\n ],\n [\n -108.20880889892577,\n 39.33894434324266\n ],\n [\n -108.22975158691406,\n 39.32128442901788\n ],\n [\n -108.24983596801758,\n 39.29259416348295\n ],\n [\n -108.24726104736328,\n 39.285154026653785\n ],\n [\n -108.26786041259766,\n 39.258442739942964\n ],\n [\n -108.26734542846678,\n 39.24554857613059\n ],\n [\n -108.28039169311523,\n 39.23331686919235\n ],\n [\n -108.27747344970703,\n 39.204856605830805\n ],\n [\n -108.28983306884766,\n 39.1898238685281\n ],\n [\n -108.30888748168945,\n 39.16946468278697\n ],\n [\n -108.32450866699219,\n 39.14523888896102\n ],\n [\n -108.34716796875,\n 39.12140428580387\n ],\n [\n -108.46973419189453,\n 39.06478143695525\n ],\n [\n -108.56002807617186,\n 39.061982423418584\n ],\n [\n -108.59264373779297,\n 39.08703630823101\n ],\n [\n -108.67538452148438,\n 39.12872862578194\n ],\n [\n -108.7533187866211,\n 39.163475564968095\n ],\n [\n -108.79039764404297,\n 39.18317118841102\n ],\n [\n -108.85459899902344,\n 39.17279175010029\n ],\n [\n -108.88189315795898,\n 39.19487948427053\n ],\n [\n -108.9158821105957,\n 39.21217226106903\n ],\n [\n -108.93785476684569,\n 39.21097520599528\n ],\n [\n -108.94798278808594,\n 39.181574451485815\n ],\n [\n -108.97150039672852,\n 39.17239251033374\n ],\n [\n -108.9678955078125,\n 39.15988184949157\n ],\n [\n -109.00531768798828,\n 39.16107977504876\n ],\n [\n -109.04737472534178,\n 39.1203388638175\n ],\n [\n -109.07072067260741,\n 39.12566581262266\n ],\n [\n -109.09011840820311,\n 39.11367961136075\n ],\n [\n -109.12221908569336,\n 39.06678066439203\n ],\n [\n -109.13286209106444,\n 39.065181286972404\n ],\n [\n -109.13629531860352,\n 39.05931659306458\n ],\n [\n -109.14161682128906,\n 39.03078590800604\n ],\n [\n -109.15792465209961,\n 39.01838346715566\n ],\n [\n -109.1488265991211,\n 38.9991753950833\n ],\n [\n -109.17921066284178,\n 38.993438640018944\n ],\n [\n -109.20427322387695,\n 38.965682189687335\n ],\n [\n -109.24135208129881,\n 38.986233684227955\n ],\n [\n -109.26246643066406,\n 38.96901887678791\n ],\n [\n -109.2509651184082,\n 38.94485771208191\n ],\n [\n -109.237060546875,\n 38.93751428984747\n ],\n [\n -109.25542831420898,\n 38.91694866167226\n ],\n [\n -109.24633026123045,\n 38.90372475251103\n ],\n [\n -109.26538467407225,\n 38.89143365883688\n ],\n [\n -109.29834365844727,\n 38.850269734014205\n ],\n [\n -109.29508209228516,\n 38.81590367184344\n ],\n [\n -109.31877136230469,\n 38.81603742408423\n ],\n [\n -109.324951171875,\n 38.801858288760066\n ],\n [\n -109.33799743652344,\n 38.81028585091164\n ],\n [\n -109.34383392333984,\n 38.807610542357594\n ],\n [\n -109.34537887573242,\n 38.79423249261199\n ],\n [\n -109.3311309814453,\n 38.76760270222326\n ],\n [\n -109.3330192565918,\n 38.760374812650916\n ],\n [\n -109.3476104736328,\n 38.75502034834591\n ],\n [\n -109.39962387084961,\n 38.71739391426523\n ],\n [\n -109.4267463684082,\n 38.69596075470557\n ],\n [\n -109.44442749023438,\n 38.68644773215067\n ],\n [\n -109.4842529296875,\n 38.69100342192158\n ],\n [\n -109.50794219970703,\n 38.667954013340356\n ],\n [\n -109.5088005065918,\n 38.636047823248774\n ],\n [\n -109.48871612548828,\n 38.642215673667934\n ],\n [\n -109.52699661254883,\n 38.626795052441736\n ],\n [\n -109.56304550170898,\n 38.61901643727865\n ],\n [\n -109.59720611572264,\n 38.60292007223949\n ],\n [\n -109.59102630615234,\n 38.570313873479556\n ],\n [\n -109.6109390258789,\n 38.535678743743254\n ],\n [\n -109.62209701538086,\n 38.54198948702892\n ],\n [\n -109.62793350219727,\n 38.588296077595025\n ],\n [\n -109.65969085693358,\n 38.58131844337577\n ],\n [\n -109.66192245483398,\n 38.55407234380121\n ],\n [\n -109.66569900512695,\n 38.503713714224666\n ],\n [\n -109.66896057128906,\n 38.47737891485453\n ],\n [\n -109.68441009521484,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -109.7039794921875,\n 38.44606023000308\n ],\n [\n -109.71101760864258,\n 38.4593689721489\n ],\n [\n -109.73213195800781,\n 38.45896571300021\n ],\n [\n -109.74483489990233,\n 38.44915237890254\n ],\n [\n -109.74809646606444,\n 38.46084756974038\n ],\n [\n -109.76526260375977,\n 38.46313261549388\n ],\n [\n -109.77144241333008,\n 38.44404353977619\n ],\n [\n -109.7405433654785,\n 38.42508389732895\n ],\n [\n -109.75324630737305,\n 38.40934764858384\n ],\n [\n -109.75273132324217,\n 38.396029684120315\n ],\n [\n -109.75101470947266,\n 38.38513134266913\n ],\n [\n -109.74002838134766,\n 38.361041528596026\n ],\n [\n -109.74071502685547,\n 38.357810999675664\n ],\n [\n -109.76114273071289,\n 38.359291676658884\n ],\n [\n -109.7673225402832,\n 38.37409678084607\n ],\n [\n -109.7834587097168,\n 38.37315472808378\n ],\n [\n -109.78998184204102,\n 38.361041528596026\n ],\n [\n -109.77333068847656,\n 38.30825817353996\n ],\n [\n -109.78843688964844,\n 38.308392873871306\n ],\n [\n -109.79822158813477,\n 38.297077173973065\n ],\n [\n -109.81830596923828,\n 38.28899345054516\n ],\n [\n -109.80234146118164,\n 38.271475627428444\n ],\n [\n -109.82105255126953,\n 38.252875159715835\n ],\n [\n -109.84766006469727,\n 38.247482829572604\n ],\n [\n -109.84628677368164,\n 38.2272580285688\n ],\n [\n -109.88285064697266,\n 38.20203656603225\n ],\n [\n -109.94207382202148,\n 38.16074622944304\n ],\n [\n -109.94138717651367,\n 38.14225245037633\n ],\n [\n -109.99460220336914,\n 38.11105889102871\n ],\n [\n -110.00387191772461,\n 38.1164613273278\n ],\n [\n -110.01794815063477,\n 38.1164613273278\n ],\n [\n -110.07339477539062,\n 38.04552255952417\n ],\n [\n -110.09159088134766,\n 38.00360259722888\n ],\n [\n -110.11871337890624,\n 38.01591062130842\n ],\n [\n -110.16077041625977,\n 37.996297957692235\n ],\n [\n -110.17621994018555,\n 37.966666128085365\n ],\n [\n -110.21295547485352,\n 37.944874367025136\n ],\n [\n -110.21329879760742,\n 37.89896871678171\n ],\n [\n -110.26342391967772,\n 37.90357411607749\n ],\n [\n -110.28848648071289,\n 37.891247253777074\n ],\n [\n -110.32041549682617,\n 37.89707229213177\n ],\n [\n -110.38066864013672,\n 37.897749592258684\n ],\n [\n -110.41414260864258,\n 37.88745395776324\n ],\n [\n -110.45242309570312,\n 37.89720775265573\n ],\n [\n -110.42409896850586,\n 37.85804928797244\n ],\n [\n -110.45019149780272,\n 37.82551432799189\n ],\n [\n -110.48143386840819,\n 37.848968055726274\n ],\n [\n -110.5056381225586,\n 37.83934343961261\n ],\n [\n -110.48641204833984,\n 37.81453053995718\n ],\n [\n -110.50083160400389,\n 37.7897092979573\n ],\n [\n -110.48332214355469,\n 37.779669924659004\n ],\n [\n -110.50168991088867,\n 37.77071473849609\n ],\n [\n -110.47508239746094,\n 37.76284413400416\n ],\n [\n -110.45654296875,\n 37.76284413400416\n ],\n [\n -110.49705505371094,\n 37.708541298593325\n ],\n [\n -110.52400588989258,\n 37.71180059181106\n ],\n [\n -110.53018569946289,\n 37.70419535131696\n ],\n [\n -110.5015182495117,\n 37.68382032669382\n ],\n [\n -110.5063247680664,\n 37.663983259695975\n ],\n [\n -110.5282974243164,\n 37.66833156378343\n ],\n [\n -110.54117202758789,\n 37.641014553770816\n ],\n [\n -110.55404663085938,\n 37.653790923826456\n ],\n [\n -110.60314178466795,\n 37.6377521496498\n ],\n [\n -110.61721801757812,\n 37.617494852086566\n ],\n [\n -110.70716857910156,\n 37.58934300154206\n ],\n [\n -110.68588256835938,\n 37.498150462761515\n ],\n [\n -110.75763702392578,\n 37.5945117724346\n ],\n [\n -110.79214096069336,\n 37.60879203604432\n ],\n [\n -110.81428527832031,\n 37.58485404085001\n ],\n [\n -110.79368591308594,\n 37.53586597792038\n ],\n [\n -110.80793380737305,\n 37.54199124714955\n ],\n [\n -110.85222244262695,\n 37.536954951447285\n ],\n [\n -110.775146484375,\n 37.46681984855146\n ],\n [\n -110.75592041015625,\n 37.44896914870114\n ],\n [\n -110.72690963745117,\n 37.42797890822844\n ],\n [\n -110.71283340454102,\n 37.43138681508927\n ],\n [\n -110.72193145751953,\n 37.41052799460727\n ],\n [\n -110.74579238891602,\n 37.41761791871185\n ],\n [\n -110.76519012451172,\n 37.40534647182906\n ],\n [\n -110.76519012451172,\n 37.385435182627226\n ],\n [\n -110.77428817749023,\n 37.34423203339252\n ],\n [\n -110.79214096069336,\n 37.33495138262083\n ],\n [\n -110.8572006225586,\n 37.368383643358435\n ],\n [\n -110.88329315185545,\n 37.35364799202858\n ],\n [\n -110.88277816772461,\n 37.33058362073965\n ],\n [\n -110.86080551147461,\n 37.31529445440705\n ],\n [\n -110.85943222045898,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -110.89874267578124,\n 37.27787748952485\n ],\n [\n -110.95985412597656,\n 37.17126017626408\n ],\n [\n -110.99830627441406,\n 37.13240311980751\n ],\n [\n -111.09100341796875,\n 37.143350789580275\n ],\n [\n -111.17958068847655,\n 37.1986123165983\n ],\n [\n -111.30592346191406,\n 37.21392518793643\n ],\n [\n -111.35604858398438,\n 37.18274928171886\n ],\n [\n -111.31210327148436,\n 37.13459278049613\n ],\n [\n -111.35261535644531,\n 37.10119357072203\n ],\n [\n -111.48513793945312,\n 37.106669860700045\n ],\n [\n -111.47964477539062,\n 37.03270654844353\n ],\n [\n -111.64100646972656,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -111.50848388671875,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -111.49749755859375,\n 36.93507434788673\n ],\n [\n -111.55105590820312,\n 36.89389967838269\n ],\n [\n -111.62727355957031,\n 36.85599935443738\n ],\n [\n -111.86004638671875,\n 36.53060536411363\n ],\n [\n -111.86279296875,\n 36.486453054741816\n ],\n [\n -111.85867309570312,\n 36.46988944681576\n ],\n [\n -111.90673828125,\n 36.37872634140947\n ],\n [\n -111.84013366699219,\n 36.22821185289679\n ],\n [\n -111.81541442871094,\n 36.19995805932895\n ],\n [\n -111.83738708496094,\n 36.12068224829002\n ],\n [\n -111.88133239746092,\n 36.09571873655538\n ],\n [\n -111.895751953125,\n 36.06686213257888\n ],\n [\n -111.9342041015625,\n 36.055760619006755\n ],\n [\n -112.0330810546875,\n 36.08795069273044\n ],\n [\n -112.14431762695312,\n 36.11125252076156\n ],\n [\n -112.22190856933594,\n 36.11458078918906\n ],\n [\n -112.24044799804688,\n 36.14508334310362\n ],\n [\n -112.29469299316405,\n 36.15838983302817\n ],\n [\n -112.33863830566406,\n 36.24981081019096\n ],\n [\n -112.42446899414062,\n 36.25202575042051\n ],\n [\n -112.44369506835938,\n 36.21713314983094\n ],\n [\n -112.45124816894531,\n 36.236519850396775\n ],\n [\n -112.5164794921875,\n 36.262545859065625\n ],\n [\n -112.44369506835938,\n 36.33780631461915\n ],\n [\n -112.45536804199219,\n 36.37319786530341\n ],\n [\n -112.554931640625,\n 36.41244153535644\n ],\n [\n -112.64419555664062,\n 36.40028364332349\n ],\n [\n -112.67784118652344,\n 36.36269267819595\n ],\n [\n -112.69638061523438,\n 36.366010258936925\n ],\n [\n -112.73963928222656,\n 36.351080031803\n ],\n [\n -112.74513244628906,\n 36.33172177145511\n ],\n [\n -112.88658142089842,\n 36.28856319836237\n ],\n [\n -112.95799255371094,\n 36.25202575042051\n ],\n [\n -112.98820495605467,\n 36.24482696512167\n ],\n [\n -113.03695678710938,\n 36.24593451371542\n ],\n [\n -113.22303771972656,\n 36.154509006695\n ],\n [\n -113.23883056640625,\n 36.10459556076901\n ],\n [\n -113.34251403808594,\n 36.10459556076901\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 35.98967423640588\n ],\n [\n -113.34869384765625,\n 35.94299166369471\n ],\n [\n -113.33633422851562,\n 35.85455268869835\n ],\n [\n -113.39813232421875,\n 35.76322914549896\n ],\n [\n -113.52859497070312,\n 35.792753726181914\n ],\n [\n -113.60893249511719,\n 35.86456960744962\n ],\n [\n -113.8128662109375,\n 36.06408690102963\n ],\n [\n -113.91380310058594,\n 36.10681461011844\n ],\n [\n -113.92066955566406,\n 36.13343831245866\n ],\n [\n -113.97439956665038,\n 36.13648836849194\n ],\n [\n -113.97886276245117,\n 36.12789245231783\n ],\n [\n -113.98658752441405,\n 36.139954197352566\n ],\n [\n -113.98246765136719,\n 36.16989258244813\n ],\n [\n -113.98693084716797,\n 36.18402617945056\n ],\n [\n -113.99808883666991,\n 36.18942952802744\n ],\n [\n -113.99877548217773,\n 36.198988385375806\n ],\n [\n -114.00564193725585,\n 36.20134328699848\n ],\n [\n -114.03156280517578,\n 36.19663341291529\n ],\n [\n -114.03997421264648,\n 36.1902607793376\n ],\n [\n -114.04478073120116,\n 36.1987113334689\n ],\n [\n -114.05387878417969,\n 36.19691047217554\n ],\n [\n -114.08117294311523,\n 36.17792964637453\n ],\n [\n -114.08048629760742,\n 36.16213187650611\n ],\n [\n -114.09215927124023,\n 36.1535387700998\n ],\n [\n -114.09765243530273,\n 36.14369712056496\n ],\n [\n -114.10417556762695,\n 36.13066543137375\n ],\n [\n -114.10966873168945,\n 36.13759745038377\n ],\n [\n -114.14176940917967,\n 36.10223775215315\n ],\n [\n -114.15447235107422,\n 36.071996052851304\n ],\n [\n -114.1508674621582,\n 36.04215913043758\n ],\n [\n -114.15876388549805,\n 36.03230352275607\n ],\n [\n -114.18004989624023,\n 36.03230352275607\n ],\n [\n -114.21575546264647,\n 36.02786115552759\n ],\n [\n -114.24579620361328,\n 36.061450340379864\n ],\n [\n -114.2778968811035,\n 36.07671341388517\n ],\n [\n -114.29162979125977,\n 36.106259853657704\n ],\n [\n -114.38278198242188,\n 36.186935721158335\n ],\n [\n -114.38020706176756,\n 36.261715375680424\n ],\n [\n -114.37299728393555,\n 36.299355081191216\n ],\n [\n -114.35445785522461,\n 36.37153924584892\n ],\n [\n -114.33076858520508,\n 36.42017738514984\n ],\n [\n -114.33540344238281,\n 36.432055939882105\n ],\n [\n -114.35806274414062,\n 36.42887929513257\n ],\n [\n -114.38003540039062,\n 36.40884962890406\n ],\n [\n -114.38209533691406,\n 36.38674193377115\n ],\n [\n -114.39376831054688,\n 36.38466901495552\n ],\n [\n -114.39926147460936,\n 36.36614848839828\n ],\n [\n -114.41556930541992,\n 36.35398335582326\n ],\n [\n -114.42363739013672,\n 36.33296637576506\n ],\n [\n -114.41316604614258,\n 36.309177163757816\n ],\n [\n -114.4171142578125,\n 36.29921673316598\n ],\n [\n -114.41350936889648,\n 36.27846175061363\n ],\n [\n -114.42346572875977,\n 36.26669814353587\n ],\n [\n -114.45127487182617,\n 36.17072404108096\n ],\n [\n -114.45247650146484,\n 36.171971212490185\n ],\n [\n -114.5541000366211,\n 36.175989740901365\n ],\n [\n -114.56216812133789,\n 36.160884548525836\n ],\n [\n -114.61400985717772,\n 36.14411298989871\n ],\n [\n -114.62482452392578,\n 36.15991439082061\n ],\n [\n -114.65417861938475,\n 36.15894422111003\n ],\n [\n -114.67357635498047,\n 36.1430040001095\n ],\n [\n -114.75494384765626,\n 36.13607245874093\n ],\n [\n -114.77657318115233,\n 36.1280311035974\n ],\n [\n -114.77949142456055,\n 36.15852843041614\n ],\n [\n -114.78446960449217,\n 36.1574196444523\n ],\n [\n -114.79030609130858,\n 36.140092827322654\n ],\n [\n -114.79150772094727,\n 36.11652221396643\n ],\n [\n -114.82549667358398,\n 36.12692188650319\n ],\n [\n -114.84403610229492,\n 36.12137556591547\n ],\n [\n -114.80953216552736,\n 36.0825403515514\n ],\n [\n -114.80764389038086,\n 36.049515329329886\n ],\n [\n -114.76507186889648,\n 36.01966988421055\n ],\n [\n -114.74138259887695,\n 36.02494571588829\n ],\n [\n -114.73588943481447,\n 36.03049884128392\n ],\n [\n -114.73176956176756,\n 36.025778709651185\n ],\n [\n -114.74636077880858,\n 36.01064461642722\n ],\n [\n -114.74395751953125,\n 35.99425764330234\n ],\n [\n -114.74756240844725,\n 35.98286808034572\n ],\n [\n -114.73451614379881,\n 35.95841663781429\n ],\n [\n -114.7353744506836,\n 35.939656138194636\n ],\n [\n -114.71168518066406,\n 35.926868653041375\n ],\n [\n -114.71031188964844,\n 35.900314117953286\n ],\n [\n -114.67306137084961,\n 35.871942363773066\n ],\n [\n -114.71305847167969,\n 35.85135257289994\n ],\n [\n -114.70035552978517,\n 35.830339909801715\n ],\n [\n -114.72095489501953,\n 35.80472755249522\n ],\n [\n -114.7049903869629,\n 35.7896903644686\n ],\n [\n -114.70293045043944,\n 35.75682142111113\n ],\n [\n -114.71323013305664,\n 35.712649812239555\n ],\n [\n -114.70447540283203,\n 35.69410994928452\n ],\n [\n -114.69022750854492,\n 35.68365323838704\n ],\n [\n -114.69760894775389,\n 35.668872082782215\n ],\n [\n -114.69589233398438,\n 35.641952194669976\n ],\n [\n -114.66894149780273,\n 35.610557452433156\n ],\n [\n -114.68971252441405,\n 35.58194262312404\n ],\n [\n -114.6982955932617,\n 35.573286367432836\n ],\n [\n -114.67700958251953,\n 35.554295175300965\n ],\n [\n -114.68250274658202,\n 35.528594046864725\n ],\n [\n -114.69520568847656,\n 35.504282143299655\n ],\n [\n -114.68559265136719,\n 35.45172093634465\n ],\n [\n -114.68696594238281,\n 35.394647571120544\n ],\n [\n -114.64096069335936,\n 35.36329598397908\n ],\n [\n -114.61692810058594,\n 35.33921417681412\n ],\n [\n -114.61074829101561,\n 35.28430323585091\n ],\n [\n -114.59632873535155,\n 35.250105158539355\n ],\n [\n -114.59701538085936,\n 35.20579439829525\n ],\n [\n -114.58534240722656,\n 35.13956365524747\n ],\n [\n -114.63958740234375,\n 35.13001749255741\n ],\n [\n -114.65881347656249,\n 35.09631620868229\n ],\n [\n -114.62310791015625,\n 35.07159307658134\n ],\n [\n -114.64851379394531,\n 35.03224538129597\n ],\n [\n -114.64508056640624,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -114.64645385742189,\n 34.866778207689634\n ],\n [\n -114.51393127441406,\n 34.70944470408129\n ],\n [\n -114.45213317871094,\n 34.591389093621565\n ],\n [\n -114.41299438476562,\n 34.51617531312872\n ],\n [\n -114.42192077636719,\n 34.459012676670085\n ],\n [\n -114.25025939941406,\n 34.36214310607188\n ],\n [\n -114.15687561035155,\n 34.29579932143427\n ],\n [\n -114.14794921875,\n 34.27140338330196\n ],\n [\n -114.2962646484375,\n 34.18056563083384\n ],\n [\n -114.42260742187499,\n 34.119763245290784\n ],\n [\n -114.4500732421875,\n 34.07996230865873\n ],\n [\n -114.45899963378906,\n 34.020794936018724\n ],\n [\n -114.5551300048828,\n 33.945638452963024\n ],\n [\n -114.5269775390625,\n 33.71234581495444\n ],\n [\n -114.5551300048828,\n 33.6283419913718\n ],\n [\n -114.65538024902344,\n 33.4343064734184\n ],\n [\n -114.73365783691406,\n 33.4142485223105\n ],\n [\n -114.71305847167969,\n 33.33511774753217\n ],\n [\n -114.68971252441405,\n 33.265101632548216\n ],\n [\n -114.73091125488281,\n 33.10132061417708\n ],\n [\n -114.67185974121092,\n 33.01499720819903\n ],\n [\n -114.54071044921875,\n 33.010390916131215\n ],\n [\n -114.49676513671875,\n 32.94760622243483\n ],\n [\n -114.49539184570312,\n 32.919943762979564\n ],\n [\n -114.51255798339844,\n 32.87266705436184\n ],\n [\n -114.55238342285156,\n 32.74916761318449\n ],\n [\n -114.55143928527832,\n 32.72779751164969\n ],\n [\n -114.58817481994629,\n 32.731552089718086\n ],\n [\n -114.63109016418456,\n 32.73566750323132\n ],\n [\n -114.68447685241698,\n 32.74267048938444\n ],\n [\n -114.70207214355469,\n 32.749023237803335\n ],\n [\n -114.72352981567383,\n 32.72786971656535\n ],\n [\n -114.73580360412596,\n 32.70844448652966\n ],\n [\n -114.76953506469727,\n 32.66401775523134\n ],\n [\n -114.84025955200194,\n 32.617906185883854\n ],\n [\n -114.83845710754393,\n 32.58934557606564\n ],\n [\n -114.84326362609863,\n 32.52734860073218\n ],\n [\n -114.85819816589357,\n 32.49912109782025\n ],\n [\n -114.89896774291994,\n 32.4935469277599\n ],\n [\n -114.93990898132324,\n 32.48623483035961\n ],\n [\n -114.94746208190917,\n 32.47363635803076\n ],\n [\n -114.94093894958495,\n 32.45632868555564\n ],\n [\n -114.93398666381836,\n 32.439597188720455\n ],\n [\n -114.9520969390869,\n 32.42047167481325\n ],\n [\n -114.9628257751465,\n 32.40344365780038\n ],\n [\n -114.95801925659178,\n 32.394022523492325\n ],\n [\n -114.96651649475096,\n 32.39547199275488\n ],\n [\n -114.97235298156738,\n 32.38960149854932\n ],\n [\n -114.96703147888184,\n 32.37684454152323\n ],\n [\n -114.96591567993163,\n 32.359808296551584\n ],\n [\n -114.96780395507811,\n 32.34516180956195\n ],\n [\n -114.96977806091307,\n 32.3392155291814\n ],\n [\n -114.9964714050293,\n 32.31847300564476\n ],\n [\n -115.04891395568846,\n 32.26920861494661\n ],\n [\n -115.04556655883788,\n 32.26078963553136\n ],\n [\n -115.05741119384764,\n 32.24656268895895\n ],\n [\n -115.06127357482909,\n 32.225072871384945\n ],\n [\n -115.08925437927246,\n 32.21664980001124\n ],\n [\n -115.10702133178711,\n 32.212002254169306\n ],\n [\n -115.13637542724608,\n 32.195661340574276\n ],\n [\n -115.16727447509764,\n 32.19667819416594\n ],\n [\n -115.19765853881836,\n 32.1711081413214\n ],\n [\n -115.20469665527342,\n 32.13913547853819\n ],\n [\n -115.19765853881836,\n 32.09348234743124\n ],\n [\n -115.18203735351562,\n 32.08715598904519\n ],\n [\n -115.17148017883301,\n 32.07981104658546\n ],\n [\n -115.17233848571776,\n 32.076901995312426\n ],\n [\n -115.16907691955565,\n 32.07450195832265\n ],\n [\n -115.17431259155272,\n 32.071956395698116\n ],\n [\n -115.17620086669922,\n 32.05493567064681\n ],\n [\n -115.1598072052002,\n 32.049115892881595\n ],\n [\n -115.15525817871092,\n 32.049406890560356\n ],\n [\n -115.14573097229004,\n 32.04707888322257\n ],\n [\n -115.14427185058592,\n 32.04140411725814\n ],\n [\n -115.13319969177246,\n 32.02859822473255\n ],\n [\n -115.12410163879395,\n 32.028016096157465\n ],\n [\n -115.12255668640135,\n 32.033764453703746\n ],\n [\n -115.12092590332031,\n 32.02350447425658\n ],\n [\n -115.1150894165039,\n 32.02168520901314\n ],\n [\n -115.10238647460938,\n 32.01266111944032\n ],\n [\n -115.09646415710449,\n 32.01615442082858\n ],\n [\n -115.08436203002928,\n 32.01200611060548\n ],\n [\n -115.07389068603514,\n 32.00378171243469\n ],\n [\n -115.07534980773926,\n 31.99715798815511\n ],\n [\n -115.06693840026855,\n 31.997958683546912\n ],\n [\n -115.06316184997559,\n 31.999268897289205\n ],\n [\n -115.06024360656738,\n 31.98929624394306\n ],\n [\n -115.05166053771973,\n 31.990388193159056\n ],\n [\n -115.04616737365721,\n 31.979977748599858\n ],\n [\n -115.04651069641113,\n 31.974662870441566\n ],\n [\n -115.03372192382811,\n 31.974298826428072\n ],\n [\n -115.05011558532713,\n 31.95500242768782\n ],\n [\n -115.04359245300292,\n 31.950705696441695\n ],\n [\n -115.02659797668458,\n 31.956823015897207\n ],\n [\n -115.02479553222656,\n 31.95092417915142\n ],\n [\n -115.03981590270996,\n 31.948812157858953\n ],\n [\n -115.02977371215819,\n 31.929073336469756\n ],\n [\n -115.00960350036621,\n 31.92324556778423\n ],\n [\n -115.00831604003906,\n 31.904229904681586\n ],\n [\n -114.99157905578612,\n 31.90262687225397\n ],\n [\n -114.962739944458,\n 31.91647032247141\n ],\n [\n -114.94857788085938,\n 31.90663440097138\n ],\n [\n -114.95690345764162,\n 31.890238862119347\n ],\n [\n -114.91433143615723,\n 31.853866783543868\n ],\n [\n -114.89270210266113,\n 31.86611389596518\n ],\n [\n -114.87424850463867,\n 31.85736612453245\n ],\n [\n -114.85433578491211,\n 31.85955314521086\n ],\n [\n -114.83716964721681,\n 31.835638902412732\n ],\n [\n -114.81365203857422,\n 31.66448621725264\n ],\n [\n -114.62860107421874,\n 31.721158542898483\n ],\n [\n -114.7576904296875,\n 31.861229825930895\n ],\n [\n -114.90600585937499,\n 31.912536080050494\n ],\n [\n -115.0103759765625,\n 32.010404958190534\n ],\n [\n -115.17517089843749,\n 32.136082956202074\n ],\n [\n -115.0103759765625,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 32.368363067704706\n ],\n [\n -114.88677978515625,\n 32.44952057251957\n ],\n [\n -114.79888916015624,\n 32.52828936482526\n ],\n [\n -114.72473144531251,\n 32.669436832605314\n ],\n [\n -114.697265625,\n 32.72490926707168\n ],\n [\n -114.5928955078125,\n 32.697177359290635\n ],\n [\n -114.52423095703124,\n 32.72837514933744\n ],\n [\n -114.5050048828125,\n 32.759562025650126\n ],\n [\n -114.43222045898438,\n 32.81959486923976\n ],\n [\n -114.43222045898438,\n 32.901497317924765\n ],\n [\n -114.43771362304686,\n 32.991387418340494\n ],\n [\n -114.53933715820311,\n 33.06162236089505\n ],\n [\n -114.64508056640624,\n 33.065075094158765\n ],\n [\n -114.68490600585938,\n 33.109948297894285\n ],\n [\n -114.64645385742189,\n 33.24098472320831\n ],\n [\n -114.65469360351562,\n 33.30987251398259\n ],\n [\n -114.67803955078126,\n 33.390172864722466\n ],\n [\n -114.6038818359375,\n 33.42112605618064\n ],\n [\n -114.50912475585936,\n 33.55512901742288\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 33.716343950060214\n ],\n [\n -114.50637817382812,\n 33.8430453147447\n ],\n [\n -114.48028564453125,\n 33.89207743274474\n ],\n [\n -114.50775146484374,\n 33.93652406150093\n ],\n [\n -114.41436767578124,\n 34.00599664251842\n ],\n [\n -114.40338134765625,\n 34.0833745509365\n ],\n [\n -114.22622680664062,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -114.07379150390625,\n 34.301471780404476\n ],\n [\n -114.40475463867188,\n 34.608345207315786\n ],\n [\n -114.46380615234375,\n 34.77884377746835\n ],\n [\n -114.5050048828125,\n 34.856636719051735\n ],\n [\n -114.56130981445312,\n 34.84198569469109\n ],\n [\n -114.61349487304686,\n 34.87579181441272\n ],\n [\n -114.54757690429686,\n 35.1861553147444\n ],\n [\n -114.56954956054688,\n 35.38121266833199\n ],\n [\n -114.63958740234375,\n 35.504282143299655\n ],\n [\n -114.65744018554686,\n 35.72756221127198\n ],\n [\n -114.64508056640624,\n 35.88237433729238\n ],\n [\n -114.72198486328124,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -114.67941284179688,\n 36.067972197786474\n ],\n [\n -114.55581665039061,\n 36.12567399853604\n ],\n [\n -114.50225830078125,\n 36.06686213257888\n ],\n [\n -114.46380615234375,\n 36.023557373379276\n ],\n [\n -114.38140869140625,\n 36.089060460282006\n ],\n [\n -114.35943603515625,\n 36.02688935430189\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 36.02022525154813\n ],\n [\n -114.27291870117188,\n 35.98467385243838\n ],\n [\n -114.21936035156249,\n 35.985785076263035\n ],\n [\n -114.12322998046875,\n 36.01133890448606\n ],\n [\n -114.07791137695312,\n 36.117908916563685\n ],\n [\n -114.01885986328125,\n 36.17446549576358\n ],\n [\n -114.00238037109375,\n 36.11458078918906\n ],\n [\n -113.9501953125,\n 36.10681461011844\n ],\n [\n -113.895263671875,\n 36.05465038150424\n ],\n [\n -113.83071899414061,\n 36.02244668175846\n ],\n [\n -113.79638671875,\n 35.98467385243838\n ],\n [\n -113.7579345703125,\n 35.934652585994556\n ],\n [\n -113.6865234375,\n 35.80444911191491\n ],\n [\n -113.61236572265624,\n 35.78105661888156\n ],\n [\n -113.59725952148438,\n 35.81669957403484\n ],\n [\n -113.53271484375,\n 35.756542812691876\n ],\n [\n -113.3953857421875,\n 35.72756221127198\n ],\n [\n -113.2965087890625,\n 35.80222155213377\n ],\n [\n -113.30062866210936,\n 35.9146352101371\n ],\n [\n -113.31161499023438,\n 36.00022956178002\n ],\n [\n -113.30749511718749,\n 36.07463226007395\n ],\n [\n -113.21136474609375,\n 36.06908224732973\n ],\n [\n -113.16879272460938,\n 36.15007354140755\n ],\n [\n -112.92160034179688,\n 36.22987352301491\n ],\n [\n -112.78427124023438,\n 36.27527883184338\n ],\n [\n -112.68951416015625,\n 36.32508354600387\n ],\n [\n -112.61672973632812,\n 36.37485644939407\n ],\n [\n -112.53158569335938,\n 36.38149043210595\n ],\n [\n -112.4725341796875,\n 36.34942094089192\n ],\n [\n -112.55355834960938,\n 36.26420679934512\n ],\n [\n -112.50686645507812,\n 36.20993115142725\n ],\n [\n -112.43820190429688,\n 36.1822249804225\n ],\n [\n -112.38052368164061,\n 36.2165791734887\n ],\n [\n -112.33932495117188,\n 36.18555023858626\n ],\n [\n -112.28851318359375,\n 36.11125252076156\n ],\n [\n -112.14157104492188,\n 36.071302299422406\n ],\n [\n -112.049560546875,\n 36.06353184297193\n ],\n [\n -111.93145751953125,\n 36.02688935430189\n ],\n [\n -111.829833984375,\n 36.067972197786474\n ],\n [\n -111.77627563476562,\n 36.19220033141526\n ],\n [\n -111.851806640625,\n 36.3693276982337\n ],\n [\n -111.81747436523438,\n 36.40802070382984\n ],\n [\n -111.84356689453125,\n 36.417967220975065\n ],\n [\n -111.62246704101562,\n 36.779592342620816\n ],\n [\n -111.52633666992188,\n 36.848856608486905\n ],\n [\n -111.45355224609375,\n 36.91915611148194\n ],\n [\n -111.28738403320312,\n 36.97074107796435\n ],\n [\n -111.09649658203125,\n 36.95537899585952\n ],\n [\n -110.88775634765625,\n 37.13404537126446\n ],\n [\n -110.79025268554686,\n 37.27733111863006\n ],\n [\n -110.6597900390625,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -110.59524536132811,\n 37.501010429493284\n ],\n [\n -110.445556640625,\n 37.650121340384764\n ],\n [\n -110.33981323242188,\n 37.83473402375478\n ],\n [\n -110.2093505859375,\n 37.86401247373357\n ],\n [\n -109.97039794921874,\n 38.0729603768343\n ],\n [\n -109.808349609375,\n 38.21336707443818\n ],\n [\n -109.73968505859375,\n 38.28778081436417\n ],\n [\n -109.71771240234375,\n 38.32657512192453\n ],\n [\n -109.51995849609375,\n 38.55890491799819\n ],\n [\n -109.21234130859375,\n 38.81831117374662\n ],\n [\n -109.04205322265625,\n 39.0831721934762\n ],\n [\n -108.896484375,\n 39.15136267949029\n ],\n [\n -108.71246337890625,\n 39.10022600175347\n ],\n [\n -108.4625244140625,\n 39.01278165162774\n ],\n [\n -108.24005126953124,\n 39.17691709496078\n ],\n [\n -108.06152343749999,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -107.7154541015625,\n 39.51039803578193\n ],\n [\n -107.50671386718749,\n 39.53158493558714\n ],\n [\n -107.20458984375,\n 39.54217596171196\n ],\n [\n -107.03704833984375,\n 39.62896140981413\n ],\n [\n -106.907958984375,\n 39.8401771327549\n ],\n [\n -106.74591064453125,\n 39.86969567045658\n ],\n [\n -106.65252685546875,\n 39.80220607474971\n ],\n [\n -106.43829345703125,\n 40.002371935876475\n ],\n [\n -106.23504638671875,\n 40.042334918180536\n ],\n [\n -106.116943359375,\n 40.03182061333687\n ],\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 40.07807142745009\n ],\n [\n -105.84503173828125,\n 40.10118506258701\n ],\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 40.197757023665446\n ],\n [\n -105.79919815063477,\n 40.253459534064625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolters, Pilar N.","contributorId":238811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolters","given":"Pilar","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":47790,"text":"Arizona Game and Fish Department, 5000 West Carefree Highway, Phoenix, AZ 85086; Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, South San Francisco Street, Flagstaff, AZ 86011","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":796579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogowski, David L.","contributorId":175084,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rogowski","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":27527,"text":"AZ Game and FIsh Department","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":796580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, David 0000-0002-3355-0637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3355-0637","contributorId":216231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gibb, Alice C.","contributorId":207521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibb","given":"Alice","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":7202,"text":"NAU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":796582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70206364,"text":"70206364 - 2019 - Deer do not affect short-term rates of vegetation recovery in overwash fans on Fire Island after Hurricane Sandy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-31T11:49:12","indexId":"70206364","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-06T11:41:28","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deer do not affect short-term rates of vegetation recovery in overwash fans on Fire Island after Hurricane Sandy","docAbstract":"1. Coastal resilience is threatened as storm-induced disturbances become more frequent and intense with anticipated changes in weather patterns. After severe storms, rapid recovery of vegetation, especially that of dune-stabilizing plants, is a fundamental property of coastal resilience. Herbivores may affect resilience by selectively foraging palatable plant species in disturbed areas. Knowledge of herbivore impacts to dune recovery after storm events is crucial to management of coastal properties.\n2. We combined imagery classification, wildlife monitoring, and trend analysis to investigate effects of white-tailed deer on recovery rates of vegetation over four years post-storm in nine areas overwashed. We estimated local deer density with trail cameras, coupled deer density with primary productivity, and assessed the relationship between deer density and rates of vegetation recovery in overwash fans.\n3. Pre-storm vegetation cover consisted of shrubs and sporadic patches of beachgrass. Post-storm cover was dominated by beachgrass. At current recovery rates, vegetation coverage will return to pre-storm conditions within the decade, though community transition from grasses to shrubs will take longer and will vary by site with the rate of dune formation.\n4. The effect of deer on rates of vegetation recovery was negative, but not statistically significant nor biologically compelling. Although effects of trampling are evident in classified imagery, deer foraging on beachgrass had little effect on rates of spread throughout overwash fans.\n5. Our research provides perhaps the first assessment of the effects of deer on post-storm vegetation recovery. While the rate of spread of the primary dune-building plant species was not deleteriously affected by deer, locally high deer densities will likely affect the establishment and development of more palatable herbs and shrubs.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.5674","collaboration":"NPS, SUNY-ESF","usgsCitation":"Kilheffer, C.R., Underwood, H.B., Raphael, J., Ries, L., Farrell, S., and Leopold, D.J., 2019, Deer do not affect short-term rates of vegetation recovery in overwash fans on Fire Island after Hurricane Sandy: Ecology and Evolution, v. 9, no. 20, p. 11742-11751, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5674.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"11742","endPage":"11751","ipdsId":"IP-103790","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5674","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":368821,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368796,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.5674"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.004150390625,\n 40.69521661351714\n ],\n [\n -72.98629760742188,\n 40.677513627085034\n ],\n [\n -72.84484863281249,\n 40.72332345541451\n ],\n [\n -72.872314453125,\n 40.73893324113601\n ],\n [\n -73.004150390625,\n 40.69521661351714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-10-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilheffer, Chellby R.","contributorId":177173,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kilheffer","given":"Chellby","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, H. Brian 0000-0002-2064-9128 hbunderw@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":140185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.","email":"hbunderw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raphael, Jordan","contributorId":218631,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raphael","given":"Jordan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39877,"text":"National Park Service, Fire Island National Seashore","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":774291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ries, Lindsay","contributorId":218632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ries","given":"Lindsay","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39877,"text":"National Park Service, Fire Island National Seashore","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":774292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farrell, Shannon","contributorId":220141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farrell","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13404,"text":"SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":774293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leopold, Donald J.","contributorId":220142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leopold","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13404,"text":"SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":774294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70224541,"text":"70224541 - 2019 - Abundance-occupancy patterns in a riverine fish assemblage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T14:21:10.501092","indexId":"70224541","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-06T09:16:29","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundance-occupancy patterns in a riverine fish assemblage","docAbstract":"The interspecific relationships between abundance and site occupancy have been widely studied in plants and animals, but principally in terrestrial systems. With few exceptions, a positive abundance–occupancy relationship has been reported. Few publications have included freshwater fish, possibly suggesting a general lack of abundance–occupancy patterns for this taxonomic group.
We examined the relationship between abundance and the extent of site occupancy by 145 species of freshwater fish, including nine non-indigenous species, sampled over 85 sites spread across the Duck River Basin, Tennessee, U.S.A.
A distinct (r2 = 0.79) positive abundance–occupancy curve was observed, with curves differing relative to feeding and size guilds, but not relative to environmental tolerance, conservation status (i.e. listed/non-listed), or origin (i.e. indigenous/non-indigenous).
The patterns observed are consistent with those reported in many studies of terrestrial taxa.
The existence of positive abundance–occupancy relationships in stream fish has at least two major implications for fish conservation. First, species that decrease in occupancy due to anthropogenic disturbances are likely to decrease in abundance, facing inflated prospects for local extinction. Second, occupancy alone may be used to index community status and the need for, or success of, conservation activities.
Understanding how biotic and abiotic interactions influence community assembly and composition is a fundamental goal in community ecology. Addressing this issue is particularly tractable along elevational gradients in tropical mountains that feature substantial abiotic gradients and rates of species turnover. We examined elevational patterns of avian community structure on 2 mountains in Malaysian Borneo to assess changes in the relative strength of biotic interactions and abiotic constraints. In particular, we used metrics based on (1) phylogenetic relatedness and (2) functional traits associated with both resource acquisition and tolerance of abiotic challenges to identify patterns and causes of elevational differences in community structure. High elevation communities were composed of more phylogenetically and functionally similar species than would be expected by chance. Resource acquisition traits, in particular, were clustered at high elevations, suggesting low resource and habitat diversity were important drivers of those communities. Traits typically associated with tolerance of cold temperatures and low atmospheric pressure showed no elevational patterns. All traits were neutral or overdispersed at low elevations suggesting an absence of strong abiotic filters or an increased influence of interspecific competition. However, relative bill size, which is important for thermoregulation, was larger in low elevation communities, suggesting abiotic factors were also influential there. Regardless of metric, clustered and neutral communities were more frequent than overdispersed communities overall, implying that interspecific competition among close relatives may not be a pervasive driver of elevational distribution and community structure of tropical birds. Overall, our analyses reveal that a diverse set of predominantly biotic factors underlie elevational variation in community structure on tropical mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukz054","usgsCitation":"Boyce, A., Shakya, S., Sheldon, F.H., Moyle, R., and Martin, T.E., 2019, Biotic interactions are the dominant drivers of phylogenetic and functional structure in bird communities along a tropical elevational gradient: The Auk, v. 136, no. 4, ukz054, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukz054.","productDescription":"ukz054, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-103732","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukz054","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388690,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Malaysia","otherGeospatial":"Kinabalu Park, Mt. Kinabalu, Mt. Tambuyukon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 116.41250610351562,\n 5.961656095137535\n ],\n [\n 116.82037353515625,\n 5.961656095137535\n ],\n [\n 116.82037353515625,\n 6.479067290763031\n ],\n [\n 116.41250610351562,\n 6.479067290763031\n ],\n [\n 116.41250610351562,\n 5.961656095137535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"136","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-10-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyce, Andy J.","contributorId":264918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyce","given":"Andy J.","affiliations":[{"id":54582,"text":"cec","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":822186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shakya, Subir","contributorId":264919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shakya","given":"Subir","affiliations":[{"id":16154,"text":"LSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":822187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheldon, Frederick H.","contributorId":264920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sheldon","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":54583,"text":"ku","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":822188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moyle, Robert G.","contributorId":264921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moyle","given":"Robert G.","affiliations":[{"id":54583,"text":"ku","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":822189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, Thomas E. 0000-0002-4028-4867 tmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-4867","contributorId":1208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Thomas","email":"tmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":822190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70223320,"text":"70223320 - 2019 - Predicting fish species richness and habitat relationships using Bayesian hierarchical multispecies occupancy models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-23T23:16:06.9798","indexId":"70223320","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-04T18:11:32","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6455,"text":"Canadian Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting fish species richness and habitat relationships using Bayesian hierarchical multispecies occupancy models","docAbstract":"Understanding how stream fishes respond to changes in habitat availability is complicated by low occurrence rates of many species, which in turn reduces the ability to quantify species–habitat relationships and account for imperfect detection in estimates of species richness. Multispecies occupancy models have been used sparingly in the analysis of fisheries data, but address the aforementioned deficiencies by allowing information to be shared among ecologically similar species, thereby enabling species–habitat relationships to be estimated for entire fish communities, including rare species. Here, we highlight the utility of hierarchical multispecies occupancy models for the analysis of fish community data and demonstrate the modeling framework on a stream fish community dataset collected in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, USA. In particular, we demonstrate the ability of the modeling framework to make inferences at the species-, guild-, and community-levels, thereby making it a powerful tool for understanding and predicting how environmental variables influence species occupancy probabilities and structure fish assemblages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2019-0125","collaboration":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"White, S., Faulk, E., Tzilkowski, C., Weber, A., Marshall, M., and Wagner, T., 2019, Predicting fish species richness and habitat relationships using Bayesian hierarchical multispecies occupancy models: Canadian Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 77, no. 3, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0125.","productDescription":"9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-101955","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388400,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York New Jersey, Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.12451171875,\n 40.96330795307353\n ],\n [\n -74.15771484375,\n 40.96330795307353\n ],\n [\n -74.15771484375,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -75.12451171875,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -75.12451171875,\n 40.96330795307353\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"77","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Shannon","contributorId":264595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Shannon","affiliations":[{"id":36985,"text":"Penn State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faulk, Evan","contributorId":264596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faulk","given":"Evan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36985,"text":"Penn State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tzilkowski, Caleb","contributorId":264597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tzilkowski","given":"Caleb","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weber, Andrew","contributorId":264598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weber","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marshall, Matt","contributorId":264599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marshall","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wagner, Tyler 0000-0003-1726-016X twagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-016X","contributorId":1050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Tyler","email":"twagner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70205928,"text":"70205928 - 2019 - Standardizing a non-lethal method for characterizing the reproductive status and larval development of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-10T13:50:07","indexId":"70205928","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-04T13:48:53","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2498,"text":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standardizing a non-lethal method for characterizing the reproductive status and larval development of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida)","docAbstract":"Actively monitoring the timing, development, and reproductive patterns of endangered species is critical when managing for population recovery. Freshwater mussels are among the most imperiled organisms in the world, but information about early larval (glochidial) development and brooding periods is still lacking for many species. Previous studies have focused on the complex life history stage when female mussels are ready to parasitize host fish, but few studies have focused on the brooding period and timing of larval development. The protocol described here allows researchers to non-lethally evaluate the state of gravidity for female mussels. The results of this study show that this method does not affect a female mussel’s ability to stay gravid or become gravid again after sampling has been performed. The advantage of this method may permit its use on federally threatened or endangered species or other populations of high conservation concern. This protocol can be adapted for use on both preserved or live individuals and was tested on a variety of mussel species. The database provided is a repository for a breadth of information on timing of reproductive habits and will facilitate future freshwater mussel research, conservation, and recovery efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"JoVE","doi":"10.3791/60244","usgsCitation":"Beaver, C., Geda, S., and Johnson, N., 2019, Standardizing a non-lethal method for characterizing the reproductive status and larval development of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida): Journal of Visualized Experiments, v. 152, e60244, https://doi.org/10.3791/60244.","productDescription":"e60244","ipdsId":"IP-108167","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3791/60244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":368239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-10-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaver, Caitlin 0000-0002-9269-7604","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9269-7604","contributorId":219705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaver","given":"Caitlin","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geda, Susan","contributorId":219706,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geda","given":"Susan","affiliations":[{"id":12556,"text":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Nathan 0000-0001-5167-1988","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5167-1988","contributorId":216876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nathan","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70205846,"text":"70205846 - 2019 - Decline of the North American avifauna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T13:07:48","indexId":"70205846","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-04T13:06:31","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decline of the North American avifauna","docAbstract":"Species extinctions have defined the global biodiversity crisis, but extinction begins with loss in abundance of organisms that can result in extreme compositional and functional changes of ecosystems. Using multiple and independent monitoring networks, we report major population losses across much of the North American avifauna, including in once common species and from nearly every biome. Integration of trend and population size estimates indicates a net loss approaching three billion birds, or 29% of 1970 abundance. Continent-wide weather radar also reveals a comparable decline in biomass passage of migrating birds over a recent 10-year period. Our estimates of abundance and biodiversity loss signals an urgent need to address ongoing threats, in order to avert future avifaunal collapse and associated loss of ecosystem integrity and function.","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.aaw1313","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J.R., Rosenberg, K.V., Dokter, A.M., Blancher, P.J., Smith, A.C., Smith, P.A., Stanton, J.C., Panjabi, A.O., Helft, L., Parr, M.J., and Marra, P.P., 2019, Decline of the North American avifauna: Science, v. 366, no. 6461, p. 120-124, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1313.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"120","endPage":"124","ipdsId":"IP-105405","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1313","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":368105,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"366","issue":"6461","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, John R. 0000-0002-4557-3019 jrsauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":146917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberg, Kenneth V.","contributorId":171463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosenberg","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":27615,"text":"Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Conservation Science Program","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dokter, Adriaan M.","contributorId":219578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dokter","given":"Adriaan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40028,"text":"Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blancher, Peter J.","contributorId":175182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blancher","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Adam C.","contributorId":195234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Paul A.","contributorId":219579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":40029,"text":"Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stanton, Jessica C. 0000-0002-6225-3703 jcstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6225-3703","contributorId":5634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jessica","email":"jcstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Panjabi, Arvind O.","contributorId":169967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Panjabi","given":"Arvind","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":25644,"text":"Bird Conservancy of the Rockies","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Helft, Laura","contributorId":219580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helft","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40030,"text":"Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Parr, Michael J.","contributorId":147503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parr","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Marra, Peter P.","contributorId":190140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marra","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70206734,"text":"70206734 - 2019 - Commentary: Variability in shelf sedimentation in response to fluvial sediment supply and coastal erosion over the past 1,000 Years in Monterey Bay, CA, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-19T12:02:40","indexId":"70206734","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-04T12:00:40","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5232,"text":"Frontiers in Earth Science","onlineIssn":"2296-6463","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Commentary: Variability in shelf sedimentation in response to fluvial sediment supply and coastal erosion over the past 1,000 Years in Monterey Bay, CA, United States","docAbstract":"A commentary on:\n\nVariability in Shelf Sedimentation in Response to Fluvial Sediment Supply and Coastal Erosion Over the Past 1,000 Years in Monterey Bay, CA, United States.\n\nby Carlin J., Addison J., Wagner A., Schwartz V., Hayward J., Severin V. (2019)\nFront. Earth Sci., 7:113. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00113","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers ","doi":"10.3389/feart.2019.00256","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J.A., East, A.E., Storlazzi, C.D., and Conrad, J.E., 2019, Commentary: Variability in shelf sedimentation in response to fluvial sediment supply and coastal erosion over the past 1,000 Years in Monterey Bay, CA, United States: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 7, 256, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00256.","productDescription":"256","ipdsId":"IP-109988","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00256","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":369332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-10-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814 jwarrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":167736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan","email":"jwarrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, Amy E. 0000-0002-9567-9460 aeast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9567-9460","contributorId":196364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Amy","email":"aeast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490 cstorlazzi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":140584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt","email":"cstorlazzi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Conrad, James E. 0000-0001-6655-694X jconrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-694X","contributorId":2316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"James","email":"jconrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}