Before the advent of intensive forest management and fire suppression, western North American forests exhibited a naturally occurring resistance and resilience to wildfires and other disturbances. Resilience, which encompasses resistance, reflects the amount of disruption an ecosystem can withstand before its structure or organization qualitatively shift to a different basin of attraction. In fire-maintained forests, resilience to disturbance events arose primarily from vegetation pattern-disturbance process interactions at several levels of organization. Using evidence from 15 ecoregions, spanning forests from Canada to Mexico, we review the properties of forests that reinforced qualities of resilience and resistance. We show examples of multi-level landscape resilience, of feedbacks within and among levels, and how conditions have changed under climatic and management influences. We highlight geographic similarities and important differences in the structure and organization of historical landscapes, their forest types, and in the conditions that have changed resilience and resistance to abrupt or large-scale disruptions. We discuss the role of the regional climate in episodically or abruptly reorganizing plant and animal biogeography and forest resilience and resistance to disturbances. We give clear examples of these changes and suggest that managing for resilient forests is a construct that strongly depends on scale and human social values. It involves human communities actively working with the ecosystems they depend on, and the processes that shape them, to adapt landscapes, species, and human communities to climate change while maintaining core ecosystem processes and services. Finally, it compels us to embrace management approaches that incorporate ongoing disturbances and anticipated effects of climatic changes, and to support dynamically shifting patchworks of forest and non-forest. Doing so could make these shifting forest conditions and wildfire regimes less disruptive to individuals and society.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2019.00239","usgsCitation":"Hessburg, P.F., Miller, C., Parks, S.A., Povak, N., Taylor, A.H., Higuera, P., Prichard, S., North, M.P., Collins, B.M., Hurteau, M., Larson, A.J., Allen, C.D., Stephens, S.L., Rivera-Huerta, H., Stevens-Rumann, C., Daniels, L.D., Gedalof, Z., Gray, R.W., Kane, V., Churchill, D., Hagmann, R.K., Spies, T.A., Cansler, C.A., Belote, R.T., Veblen, T.T., Battaglia, M.A., Hoffman, C., Skinner, C.N., Safford, H.D., and Salter, R.B., 2019, Climate, environment, and disturbance history govern resilience of western North American Forests: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, v. 7, 239, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00239.","productDescription":"239, 27 p.","ipdsId":"IP-108577","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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Litter can account for a substantial portion of carbon and nutrient pools in these systems, with litter decomposition exerting important controls over biogeochemical cycling. Dryland decomposition is typically treated as a spatially static process in which litter is retained and decomposed where it is initially deposited. Although this assumption is reasonable for mesic systems with continuous plant canopy cover and a stable subcanopy litter layer, dryland pools generally reflect discontinuous inputs from heterogeneous canopy cover followed by substantial litter transport. In the present article, we review horizontal and vertical transport processes that move litter from the initial deposition point and retention elements that influence litter accumulation patterns. Appreciation of the spatially dynamic litter cycle, including quantitative assessment of transport patterns, will improve estimates of the fate and distribution of organic matter in current and future drylands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/biosci/biz061","usgsCitation":"Throop, H.L., and Belnap, J., 2019, Connectivity dynamics in dryland litter cycles: Moving decomposition beyond spatial stasis: BioScience, v. 69, no. 8, p. 602-614, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz061.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"602","endPage":"614","ipdsId":"IP-108107","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":460339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz061","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":378008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Throop, Heather L. 0000-0002-7963-4342","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7963-4342","contributorId":139051,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Throop","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12633,"text":"Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":797544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216032,"text":"70216032 - 2019 - Nest structure affects auditory and visual detectability, but not predation risk, in a tropical songbird community","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T00:44:04.554247","indexId":"70216032","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-09T18:36:51","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1711,"text":"Functional Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest structure affects auditory and visual detectability, but not predation risk, in a tropical songbird community","docAbstract":"Both the abundance of greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) and the area of grassland enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in northwestern Minnesota, USA, have recently declined. Although wildlife conservation is a stated objective of the CRP, the impact of the CRP on greater prairie-chicken populations has not been quantified. To address that information need, we evaluated the association between greater-prairie chicken lek density (leks/km2), the number of males at leks (males/lek), and CRP enrollments in the context of landscape structure and composition in northwestern Minnesota. Using data from standardized prairie-chicken surveys and land cover in 17 41-km2 survey blocks during 2004–2016, we used a mixed-effect model and a layered approach in an information-theoretic framework at multiple spatial scales to identify covariates related to prairie-chicken abundance. At the landscape scale, lek density was best explained by the amount of CRP grassland and wetland, grassland and wetland with long-term conservation goals (state, federal, and The Nature Conservancy owned); other wetlands managed with variable or no continuity in conservation goals; the contiguity of grasslands; and the number of patches of grasslands and wetlands in each survey block each year. Increasing the amount of CRP grassland in 41-km2 survey blocks by 1 km2 (2.4%) resulted in a corresponding increase of 6% in lek density. At the lek scale, the number of males per lek was best explained by the amount of CRP grassland and other grassland, CRP wetland and other wetland, forests, developed areas, shrubland, and the contiguity of CRP grassland. Increasing the amount of CRP grassland in the 2-km breeding-cycle habitat radius around a lek by 25% (3 km2) corresponded to a 5% increase in males per lek. Our results suggest that both increasing the quantity of grassland CRP and wetland CRP enrollments and aggregating CRP grassland enrollments may increase greater prairie-chicken abundance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.21724","usgsCitation":"Adkins, K., Roy, C.L., Andersen, D.E., and Wright, R.G., 2019, Landscape-scale greater prairie-chicken–habitat relations and the Conservation Reserve Program: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 83, no. 6, p. 1415-1426, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21724.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1415","endPage":"1426","ipdsId":"IP-102230","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.152099609375,\n 45.805828539928356\n ],\n [\n -95.0537109375,\n 45.805828539928356\n ],\n [\n -95.0537109375,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n -97.152099609375,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n -97.152099609375,\n 45.805828539928356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adkins, Kalysta","contributorId":274612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adkins","given":"Kalysta","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roy, Charlotte L.","contributorId":274613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roy","given":"Charlotte","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6964,"text":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andersen, David E. 0000-0001-9535-3404 dea@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9535-3404","contributorId":199408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"David","email":"dea@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":833158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, Robert G.","contributorId":274614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6964,"text":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70203965,"text":"sir20195032 - 2019 - Hydrologic study at Farm Creek Marsh, Dorchester County, Maryland, from April 2015 to April 2016","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-07T16:06:36","indexId":"sir20195032","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-09T11:50:00","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-5032","displayTitle":"Hydrologic Study at Farm Creek Marsh, Dorchester County, Maryland, from April 2015 to April 2016","title":"Hydrologic study at Farm Creek Marsh, Dorchester County, Maryland, from April 2015 to April 2016","docAbstract":"In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey began a 1-year hydrologic study to investigate the extent and cause of inundation at Farm Creek Marsh, in Dorchester County, Maryland. In combination with a tide and precipitation gage, a representative section of the marsh was instrumented with surface-water monitors and shallow groundwater piezometers to capture the spatial and temporal extent of inundation. In addition, water-quality data (major ions and nutrients) were collected to help discern the cause of inundation. Results indicate that during the year-long study, all sites were periodically inundated, ranging from a total of 108 days to the entire study period of 353 days. The depth of inundation was typically between 0 and 0.2 feet (ft) (above land surface), with the exception of large storm events. Less than 0.5 ft of elevation was the difference between a site being inundated during the entire study period of 353 days and a site being inundated for 36 consecutive days out of 108 total days of inundation during the study period. Water-quality data showed a large difference in pH between marsh surface water (6.1 to 6.9 standard pH units) and shallow groundwater (3.0 to 3.6 standard pH units), with differences also observed in concentrations of silica, iron, manganese, and potassium. Collectively, the combination of water-quality, hydrologic, and soils data indicate that inundation is caused by tide and storm events rather than groundwater discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195032","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Conservation Fund and Audubon Maryland-DC","usgsCitation":"Walker, C.W., Lester, T.R., and Nealen, C.W., 2019, Hydrologic study at Farm Creek Marsh, Dorchester County, Maryland, from April 2015 to April 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5032, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195032.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-084533","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365336,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5032/sir20195032.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019-5032"},{"id":365333,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5032/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Dorchester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.343994140625,\n 38.10754709314396\n ],\n [\n -75.69168090820312,\n 38.10754709314396\n ],\n [\n -75.69168090820312,\n 38.70694605159386\n ],\n [\n -76.343994140625,\n 38.70694605159386\n ],\n [\n -76.343994140625,\n 38.10754709314396\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, MD-DE-DC Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5522 Research Park Drive
Baltimore, MD 21228
The Pahranagat roundtail chub (Gila robusta jordani; hereinafter “chub”) was federally listed as endangered in 1970 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1970). In the decades following the listing, the chub has declined to extremely low numbers (Tuttle and others, 1990; Guadalupe, 2014). Loss of available habitat appears to be one of the main reasons for the decline of this species. Historically, the chub are assumed to have had approximately 30 kilometers (km) of habitat available to them, whereas currently they appear to primarily occupy 3.5 km of the Pahranagat River, up to 2.5 km of the Pahranagat Ditch, and a small portion of the Pahranagat Drain. Each year in mid-March, a gate at the top of the fish passage structure is closed to divert water down the Pahranagat Ditch, almost completely eliminating any flow into the Pahranagat Drain. The gate is usually removed in mid-October, allowing for flow to reoccur in the Pahranagat Drain. Due to the intermittent nature of the Pahranagat Drain, it is considered a sink for the species, and yearly salvage operations are conducted to remove chub from the Pahranagat Drain. The lower portion of the Pahranagat Ditch is also thought to be a sink for the species, due to high flows and limited structure potentially pushing the chub out of the system. Movements of passive-integrated-transponder (PIT) tagged chub indicate that adults and larger juveniles are not likely to be swept downstream to the point of exiting the system; however, the smaller juveniles and larvae are likely to be entrained in the Pahranagat Drain and possibly the lower portion of the Pahranagat Ditch. Only 2 of 64 PIT-tagged chub (3 percent) were observed to exit the system through the Pahranagat Ditch as they were last recorded on the Lower Ditch antenna. No PIT-tagged chub was observed exiting the system through the Pahranagat Drain.
Although capture location was a good predictor of where PIT tagged fish were primarily detected, fish were observed to meander throughout the available habitat. Chub captured and released in the Pahranagat River were detected more often in the upper portion of the Pahranagat River, whereas chub captured and released in the Pahranagat Ditch were more often detected in and near the Pahranagat Ditch. This suggests some degree of site fidelity. However, the two chub that were captured in the Pahranagat Drain and relocated into the middle portion of the Pahranagat River near the Between Bridges antenna were not able to get back to the closed off Pahranagat Drain (closed to fish passage from mid-March through mid-October), but were primarily detected in and near the Pahranagat Ditch. Movements from one end of the system to the other end of the system (3.5 km) could occur within a day and there were no observed seasonal location preferences for the chubs. However, there was more activity in the uppermost sites during fall and winter, presumedly associated with spawning. Furthermore, chub were found to be more active during the daylight hours in fall and winter verses spring and summer. During summer, chubs were the least active, especially during daylight hours.
Most of the fish tagged were estimated to be adults based on size; 84 percent of fish tagged in this study were greater than 100 millimeters (mm) total length (TL). One chub monitored during this study (139 mm TL when tagged) was observed for a total of 714 days following capture, indicating that chub can survive at least 3 years. Furthermore, two fish greater than 200 mm TL when tagged were detected for another 7 months after tagging, which supports life history descriptions in the Recovery Plan that states Pahranagat roundtail chub can reach 250 mm TL (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998). In addition to natural mortality events, fish may die from extreme temperatures or other environmental stressors. None of the fish tagged in 2014 or 2015 were detected past August 31, 2016, which suggests that there may have been some external influence causing mortality of the few remaining fish from May 1, 2016, to August 31, 2016. Although habitat for chub has been limited for decades to a very small section of the Pahranagat River and the Pahranagat Ditch (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998), this study suggests that recent declining numbers of chub are most likely due to mortality events and not due to the fish emigrating from the system through the Pahranagat Ditch or the Pahranagat Drain.
Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
Loss of biodiversity, habitat fragmentation and pollution, and subsequent degradation of natural environments threaten the range of ecosystem services that support all life on this planet. These changes, among others, are also driving the emergence of infectious diseases, with negative health outcomes for humans, animals, and our shared environment. Historically, interventions aimed at human and agricultural health issues did not always integrate wildlife or environmental health as part of the solution, which has resulted in unintended consequences. One Health recognises the interdependence of humans, animals and their shared environment, and provides a conceptual framework for developing interventions that optimise outcomes for human, animal and environmental health. However, there is a need to clearly articulate the core values, goals, and objectives of One Health for all relevant sectors in order to maximise synergies for communication, coordination, collaboration, and, ultimately, for joint actions on disease control and prevention. Application of systems and harm reduction approaches, focusing on the socio-economic and environmental determinants of health, and ensuring good governance and effective leadership will also maximise the opportunities to develop ‘win-win-win’ solutions to global health and environmental challenges. These solutions would help propel One Health forward to reach its full potential and truly optimise health outcomes for all.
","language":"English","publisher":"OIE World Organisation for Animal Health","doi":"10.20506/rst.38.1.2944","usgsCitation":"Sleeman, J.M., Richgels, K.L., White, C.L., and Stephen, C., 2019, One Health: A perspective from wildlife and environmental health sectors: Scientific and Technical Review, v. 38, no. 1, p. 91-98, https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.38.1.2944.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"98","ipdsId":"IP-098821","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365350,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sleeman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-9910-6125 jsleeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9910-6125","contributorId":128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleeman","given":"Jonathan","email":"jsleeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":82110,"text":"Midcontinent Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richgels, Katherine L. D. 0000-0003-2834-9477 krichgels@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2834-9477","contributorId":151205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richgels","given":"Katherine","email":"krichgels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L. D.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, C. LeAnn 0000-0002-5004-5165 clwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5004-5165","contributorId":4315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"C.","email":"clwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LeAnn","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephen, C.","contributorId":216822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stephen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70204228,"text":"70204228 - 2019 - Report from the Ice and Climate Evolution Science Analysis group (ICE-SAG)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-16T11:26:37","indexId":"70204228","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-08T11:25:24","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Report from the Ice and Climate Evolution Science Analysis group (ICE-SAG)","docAbstract":"This document is the final report of the Ice and Climate Evolution Science Analysis Group (ICESAG) that was formed by the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) as part of its preparations for the upcoming NASA Planetary Science Decadal Survey for 2023 through 2032 (see §1). Through telecons, one face-to-face meeting, and discussions with experts in relevant topics, ICE-SAG has identified high-priority science questions and key measurements that are needed to address them as well as the 2018 MEPAG Goals and the 2013-2022 NASA Planetary Science Decadal Survey goals [V&V, 2011] pertaining to ice1 and climate. Obtaining these measurements would yield dramatic improvements in our understanding of the climate history of Mars, which is critical to investigations of Martian geologic history and habitability and will also inform the potential of buried water ices as in situ resources for future human missions. In many ways, the Martian climate system serves as a laboratory for a broader understanding of planetary climate systems including the Earth’s, which is substantially more complex due to a denser atmosphere, a more active planetary interior, and interactions with oceans and abundant life, while operating under much more subtle orbital forcing. Thus, advancements in Martian climate science will have far-reaching impacts that extend to studies of the Earth and other planetary bodies.","language":"English","publisher":"JPL","collaboration":"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Putzig, T., Diniega, S., Dundas, C.M., and Titus, T.N., 2019, Report from the Ice and Climate Evolution Science Analysis group (ICE-SAG), 157 p.","productDescription":"157 p.","ipdsId":"IP-106812","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365529,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/ICESAG_Report_FINAL.pdf"},{"id":365589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Putzig, Than","contributorId":216908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Putzig","given":"Than","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13179,"text":"Planetary Science Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diniega, Serina","contributorId":212017,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diniega","given":"Serina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36276,"text":"JPL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224 cdundas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":2937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin","email":"cdundas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Titus, Timothy N. 0000-0003-0700-4875 ttitus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-4875","contributorId":146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"Timothy","email":"ttitus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}} ,{"id":70230153,"text":"70230153 - 2019 - Mineralogy dictates the initial mechanism of microbial necromass association","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-31T12:18:25.475176","indexId":"70230153","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-08T07:15:26","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy dictates the initial mechanism of microbial necromass association","docAbstract":"Soil organic matter (SOM) improves soil fertility and mitigates disturbance related to climate and land use change. Microbial necromass (the accumulated cellular residues of microorganisms) comprises the majority of soil C, yet the formation and persistence of necromass in relation to mineralogy is poorly understood. We tested whether soil minerals had different microbial necromass association mechanisms. Specifically, we tested whether microbial necromass directly sorbed to mineral surfaces or was consumed by live microorganisms prior to mineral association. Applying Raman microspectroscopy with 13C enriched microbial necromass to quantify microbe-mineral interactions, we show that mineralogy alters the initial mechanism of microbial necromass association. In the presence of K-feldspar (lower abiotic C preservation potential), microbial necromass required assimilation by live microorganisms for mineral retention. In contrast, with amorphous aluminum hydroxide (higher abiotic C preservation potential) microbial necromass was retained predominately through abiotic sorption, and was subsequently protected from microbial decomposition. Despite different mechanisms, both minerals retained similar quantities of microbial necromass under biotic conditions. Mineralogy determined not only the quantity of mineral-associated C, but the distinct pathway of microbial necromass association. These findings show the utility of Raman microspectroscopy as a technique to study microbe-mineral interactions, and imply that heterogeneity in mineral-organic interactions could result in gradients of organic matter stability.
Atmospheric nitrate (NO3− = particulate NO3− + gas‐phase nitric acid [HNO3]) and sulfate (SO42−) are key molecules that play important roles in numerous atmospheric processes. Here, the seasonal cycles of NO3− and total suspended particulate sulfate (SO42−(TSP)) were evaluated at the South Pole from aerosol samples collected weekly for approximately 10 months (26 January to 25 October) in 2002 and analyzed for their concentration and isotopic compositions. Aerosol NO3− was largely affected by snowpack emissions in which [NO3−] and δ15N(NO3−) were highest (49.3 ± 21.4 ng/m3, n = 8) and lowest (−47.0 ± 11.7‰, n = 5), respectively, during periods of sunlight in the interior of Antarctica. The seasonal cycle of Δ17O(NO3−) reflected tropospheric chemistry year‐round with lower values observed during sunlight periods and higher values observed during dark periods, reflecting shifts from HOx‐ to O3‐dominated oxidation chemistry. SO42−(TSP)concentrations were highest during austral summer and fall (86.7 ± 73.7 ng/m3, n = 18) and are indicated to be derived from dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions, as δ34S(SO42−)(TSP)values (18.5 ± 1.0‰, n = 10) were similar to literature δ34S(DMS) values. The seasonal cycle of Δ17O(SO42−)(TSP) exhibited minima during austral summer (0.9 ± 0.1‰, n = 5) and maxima during austral fall (1.3 ± 0.3‰, n = 6) and austral spring (1.6 ± 0.1‰, n = 5), indicating a shift from HOx‐ to O3‐dominated chemistry in the atmospheric derived SO42−component. Overall, the budgets of NO3− and SO42−(TSP) at the South Pole were complex functions of transport, localized chemistry, biological activity, and meteorological conditions, and these results will be important for interpretations of oxyanions in ice core records in the interior of Antarctica.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2019JD030517","usgsCitation":"Walters, W., Michalski, G., Bohlke, J., Alexander, B., Savarino, J., and Thiemens, M., 2019, Assessing the seasonal dynamics of nitrate and sulfate aerosols at the South Pole utilizing stable isotopes: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 124, no. 14, p. 8161-8167, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030517.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"8161","endPage":"8167","ipdsId":"IP-108695","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030517","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":366659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, South Pole","volume":"124","issue":"14","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, W.W.","contributorId":218181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walters","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16929,"text":"Brown University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":768636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michalski, G.","contributorId":218182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Michalski","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13186,"text":"Purdue University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":768637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alexander, B.","contributorId":218183,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":768638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Savarino, J.","contributorId":218184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savarino","given":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":39773,"text":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":768639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thiemens, M.H.","contributorId":218185,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiemens","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":15303,"text":"University of California, San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":768640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70223303,"text":"70223303 - 2019 - Replicated landscape genomics identifies evidence of local adaptation to urbanization in wood frogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-20T13:12:45.82809","indexId":"70223303","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-06T08:05:57","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2333,"text":"Journal of Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Replicated landscape genomics identifies evidence of local adaptation to urbanization in wood frogs","docAbstract":"Native species that persist in urban environments may benefit from local adaptation to novel selection factors. We used double-digest restriction-side associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to evaluate shifts in genome-wide genetic diversity and investigate the presence of parallel evolution associated with urban-specific selection factors in wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus). Our replicated paired study design involved 12 individuals from each of 4 rural and urban populations to improve our confidence that detected signals of selection are indeed associated with urbanization. Genetic diversity measures were less for urban populations; however, the effect size was small, suggesting little biological consequence. Using an FST outlier approach, we identified 37 of 8344 genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms with consistent evidence of directional selection across replicates. A genome-wide association study analysis detected modest support for an association between environment type and 12 of the 37 FST outlier loci. Discriminant analysis of principal components using the 37 FST outlier loci produced correct reassignment for 87.5% of rural samples and 93.8% of urban samples. Eighteen of the 37 FST outlier loci mapped to the American bullfrog (Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana) genome, although none were in coding regions. This evidence of parallel evolution to urban environments provides a powerful example of the ability of urban landscapes to direct evolutionary processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esz041","usgsCitation":"Loftin, C., Homola, J.J., Cammen, K.M., Helbing, C., Birol, I., Schultz, T.F., and Kinnison, M., 2019, Replicated landscape genomics identifies evidence of local adaptation to urbanization in wood frogs: Journal of Heredity, v. 110, no. 6, p. 707-719, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esz041.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"707","endPage":"719","ipdsId":"IP-101743","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esz041","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.026611328125,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -67.24731445312499,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -67.24731445312499,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -71.026611328125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -71.026611328125,\n 43.16512263158296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loftin, Cyndy 0000-0001-9104-3724 cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-3724","contributorId":146427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Cyndy","email":"cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Homola, Jared J.","contributorId":264547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Homola","given":"Jared","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cammen, Kristina M.","contributorId":264549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cammen","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Helbing, Caren C.","contributorId":264551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helbing","given":"Caren C.","affiliations":[{"id":16829,"text":"University of Victoria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Birol, Inanc","contributorId":264553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Birol","given":"Inanc","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":54495,"text":"British Columbia Cancer Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schultz, Thomas F.","contributorId":264554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":12643,"text":"Duke University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kinnison, Michael T.","contributorId":264555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kinnison","given":"Michael T.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70209643,"text":"70209643 - 2019 - The influence of foreland structures on hinterland cooling: evaluating the drivers of exhumation in the eastern Bhutan Himalaya","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-17T11:59:30.793732","indexId":"70209643","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-06T06:54:55","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of foreland structures on hinterland cooling: evaluating the drivers of exhumation in the eastern Bhutan Himalaya","docAbstract":"Understanding, and ideally quantifying, the relative roles of climatic and tectonic processes during orogenic exhumation is critical to resolving the dynamics of mountain building. However, vastly differing opinions regarding proposed drivers often complicate how thermochronometric ages are interpreted, particularly from the hinterland portions of thrust belts. Here we integrate three possible cross section geometries and kinematics along a transect through the eastern Bhutan Himalaya with a thermal model (Pecube-D) to calculate the resulting thermal field and predict potential ages. We compare predicted ages to a suite of new and published cooling ages. Our results argue for ramp-focused exhumation of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) from 16 to 14 Ma at shortening rates of 40-55 mm/yr, followed by slower rates (25 mm/yr) during the last 50 km of MCT displacement and growth of the Lesser Himalayan (LH) duplex from 14-11 Ma. Emplacement of frontal LH thrust sheets occurred rapidly (55-70 mm/yr) between ~11 and 9 Ma, followed by a decrease in shortening rates to ~10 mm/yr during motion on the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). Modern shortening rates (17 mm/yr) and out-of-sequence motion on the MBT from 0.5 Ma to present reproduce the young cooling ages near the MBT. We show that the dominant control on exhumation patterns in a fold-thrust belt results from the evolution of ramps and emphasize that the geometry and kinematics of structures driving hinterland exhumation need to be evaluated with their linked foreland structures to ensure the viability of the proposed geometry, kinematics and thus cooling history.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2018TC005340","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"McQuarrie, N., Eizenhofer, P.R., Long, S.P., Tobgay, T., Ehlers, T.A., Blythe, A., Morgan, L.E., Gilmore, M., and Dering, G.M., 2019, The influence of foreland structures on hinterland cooling: evaluating the drivers of exhumation in the eastern Bhutan Himalaya: Tectonics, v. 38, no. 9, p. 3282-3310, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005340.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"3282","endPage":"3310","ipdsId":"IP-102501","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467477,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2018tc005340","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":437395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CLDHOQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Argon geochronology data for eastern Bhutan"},{"id":374078,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bhutan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[91.69666,27.77174],[92.10371,27.45261],[92.03348,26.83831],[91.21751,26.80865],[90.37327,26.87572],[89.74453,26.7194],[88.83564,27.09897],[88.81425,27.29932],[89.47581,28.04276],[90.01583,28.29644],[90.73051,28.06495],[91.25885,28.04061],[91.69666,27.77174]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bhutan\"}}]}","volume":"38","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McQuarrie, Nadine","contributorId":193432,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McQuarrie","given":"Nadine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eizenhofer, Paul R.","contributorId":224209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eizenhofer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12465,"text":"University of Pittsburgh","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, Sean P.","contributorId":193434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Long","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tobgay, Tobgay","contributorId":193433,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tobgay","given":"Tobgay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ehlers, Todd A.","contributorId":206718,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ehlers","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37382,"text":"University of Tübingen","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blythe, Ann","contributorId":224210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blythe","given":"Ann","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36913,"text":"Occidental College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Morgan, Leah E. 0000-0001-9930-524X lemorgan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-524X","contributorId":176174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Leah","email":"lemorgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gilmore, Michelle","contributorId":224211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilmore","given":"Michelle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12465,"text":"University of Pittsburgh","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dering, Gregory M.","contributorId":213188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dering","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":38377,"text":"University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70204159,"text":"70204159 - 2019 - Lidar-based approaches for estimating solar insolation in heavily forested streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-09T14:23:28","indexId":"70204159","displayToPublicDate":"2019-07-05T14:21:17","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lidar-based approaches for estimating solar insolation in heavily forested streams","docAbstract":"Methods to quantify solar insolation in riparian landscapes are needed due to the importance of stream temperature to aquatic biota. We have tested three lidar predictors using two approaches developed for other applications of estimating solar insolation from airborne lidar using field data collected in a heavily forested narrow stream in western Oregon, USA. We show that a raster methodology based on the light penetration index (LPI) and a synthetic hemispherical photograph approach both accurately predict solar insolation, explaining more than 73 % of the variability observed in pyranometers placed in the stream channel. We apply the LPI-based model to predict solar insolation for an entire riparian system and demonstrate that no field-based calibration is necessary to produce an unbiased prediction of solar insolation using airborne lidar alone.
Inaccurate systematics confound our ability to determine evolutionary processes that have led to the diversification of many taxa. The North American freshwater mussel tribe Lampsilini is one of the better-studied groups in Unionidae, however, many supraspecific relationships between lampsiline genera remain unresolved. Two genera previously hypothesized to be non-monophyletic that have been largely overlooked are Leptodea and Potamilus. We set out to resolve supraspecific relationships in Lampsilini and test the monophyly of Leptodea and Potamilus by integrating molecular, morphological, and life history data. Our molecular matrix consisted of four loci: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), and 28S ribosomal RNA. Secondly, we performed both traditional and Fourier shape morphometric analyses to evaluate morphological differences and finally, we compared our results with available life history data. Molecular data supported the paraphyly of both Leptodea and Potamilus, but nodal support was insufficient to make any conclusions regarding generic-level assignments at this time. In contrast, inference from our integrative taxonomic assessment depicts significant support for the recognition of a new species, Potamilus streckersoni sp. nov., the Brazos Heelsplitter. Our data show clear separation of three taxonomic entities in the P. ohiensis species complex: P. amphichaenus, P. ohiensis, and P. streckersoni sp. nov.; all molecularly, geographically, and morphologically diagnosable. Our findings have profound implications for unionid taxonomy and will aid stakeholders in establishing effective conservation and management strategies.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:502647C0-418B-4CC4-85A8-BD89FC3F674F
An automated disc infiltrometer was developed to improve the measurements of soil hydraulic properties (saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity) of soils affected by wildfire. Guidelines are given for interpreting curves showing cumulative infiltration as a function of time measured by the autodisc. The autodisc was used to measure the variability of these soil hydraulic properties in three different sample sets: (a) a reference soil consisting of a nonrepellent, uniform, fine sand; (b) soils with the same soil textural classification derived from the same bedrock geology but having different initial burn severities; and (c) soils from different bedrock geology but having the same burn severity. The autodisc infiltrometer had greater sampling rates and volume resolution when compared with the visual minidisc infiltrometer from previous studies. There was no statistical difference in the mean values measured using the autodisc and visual minidisc, but the variability of the autodisc measurements was significantly less than the visual minidisc for a given set of samples. The greatest variability of soil hydraulic properties in reference samples with uniform particle size was attributed to different pore geometries (coefficient of variation [COV] = 0.28–0.34). Unburned field samples (same soil type) with heterogeneous particle sizes had greater variability (COV = 0.57–0.78) than the reference samples. However, this basic variability decreased or remained constant in these field samples as burn severity increased. Additional sources of variability (COV = 0.53–1.99) were attributed to multiple layers resulting from ash or sediment deposition. Results indicate that resolving differences in soil hydraulic properties from different sites requires more than the common 10 random samples because of the multiple sources of variability.