This work studies costs and benefits of utilizing local‐grid refinement (LGR) as implemented in MODFLOW‐LGR to simulate groundwater flow in a buried tunnel valley interacting with a regional aquifer. Two alternative LGR methods were used: the shared‐node (SN) method and the ghost‐node (GN) method. To conserve flows the SN method requires correction of sources and sinks in cells at the refined/coarse‐grid interface. We found that the optimal correction method is case dependent and difficult to identify in practice. However, the results showed little difference and suggest that identifying the optimal method was of minor importance in our case. The GN method does not require corrections at the models' interface, and it uses a simpler head interpolation scheme than the SN method. The simpler scheme is faster but less accurate so that more iterations may be necessary. However, the GN method solved our flow problem more efficiently than the SN method. The MODFLOW‐LGR results were compared with the results obtained using a globally coarse (GC) grid. The LGR simulations required one to two orders of magnitude longer run times than the GC model. However, the improvements of the numerical resolution around the buried valley substantially increased the accuracy of simulated heads and flows compared with the GC simulation. Accuracy further increased locally around the valley flanks when improving the geological resolution using the refined grid. Finally, comparing MODFLOW‐LGR simulation with a globally refined (GR) grid showed that the refinement proportion of the model should not exceed 10% to 15% in order to secure method efficiency.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Vilhelmsen, T., Christensen, S., and Mehl, S.W., 2012, Evaluation of MODFLOW-LGR in connection with a synthetic regional-scale model: Ground Water, v. 50, no. 1, p. 118-132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213905,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c18e4b0c8380cd52a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vilhelmsen, T.N.","contributorId":54024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilhelmsen","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":435775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032318,"text":"70032318 - 2012 - Experimental determination of soil heat storage for the simulation of heat transport in a coastal wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-03T13:01:40.584017","indexId":"70032318","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental determination of soil heat storage for the simulation of heat transport in a coastal wetland","docAbstract":"Two physical experiments were developed to better define the thermal interaction of wetland water and the underlying soil layer. This information is important to numerical models of flow and heat transport that have been developed to support biological studies in the South Florida coastal wetland areas. The experimental apparatus consists of two 1.32 m diameter by 0.99 m tall, trailer-mounted, well-insulated tanks filled with soil and water. A peat–sand–soil mixture was used to represent the wetland soil, and artificial plants were used as a surrogate for emergent wetland vegetation based on size and density observed in the field. The tanks are instrumented with thermocouples to measure vertical and horizontal temperature variations and were placed in an outdoor environment subject to solar radiation, wind, and other factors affecting the heat transfer. Instruments also measure solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed.
Tests indicate that heat transfer through the sides and bottoms of the tanks is negligible, so the experiments represent vertical heat transfer effects only. The temperature fluctuations measured in the vertical profile through the soil and water are used to calibrate a one-dimensional heat-transport model. The model was used to calculate the thermal conductivity of the soil. Additionally, the model was used to calculate the total heat stored in the soil. This information was then used in a lumped parameter model to calculate an effective depth of soil which provides the appropriate heat storage to be combined with the heat storage in the water column. An effective depth, in the model, of 5.1 cm of wetland soil represents the heat storage needed to match the data taken in the tank containing 55.9 cm of peat/sand/soil mix. The artificial low-density laboratory sawgrass reduced the solar energy absorbed by the 35.6 cm of water and 55.9 cm of soil at midday by less than 5%. The maximum heat transfer into the underlying peat–sand–soil mix lags behind maximum solar radiation by approximately 2 h. A slightly longer temperature lag was observed between the maximum solar radiation and maximum water temperature both with and without soil.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.036","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Swain, M., Swain, M., Lohmann, M., and Swain, E., 2012, Experimental determination of soil heat storage for the simulation of heat transport in a coastal wetland: Journal of Hydrology, v. 422-423, p. 53-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.036.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"422-423","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dc5e4b0c8380cd531b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Michael","contributorId":79716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, Matthew","contributorId":68126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lohmann, Melinda 0000-0003-1472-159X mlohmann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1472-159X","contributorId":2971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohmann","given":"Melinda","email":"mlohmann@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swain, Eric 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":23347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032286,"text":"70032286 - 2012 - Soil C and N patterns in a semiarid piñon-juniper woodland: Topography of slope and ephemeral channels add to canopy-intercanopy heterogeneity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T11:00:23","indexId":"70032286","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil C and N patterns in a semiarid piñon-juniper woodland: Topography of slope and ephemeral channels add to canopy-intercanopy heterogeneity","docAbstract":"Carbon and nitrogen are crucial to semiarid woodlands, determining decomposition, production and redistribution of water and nutrients. Carbon and nitrogen are often greater beneath canopies than intercanopies. Upslope vs. downslope position and ephemeral channels might also cause variation in C and N. Yet, few studies have simultaneously evaluated spatial variation associated with canopy–intercanopy patches and topography. We estimated C and N upslope and downslope in an eroding piñon–juniper woodland for canopies beneath piñons (Pinus edulis) and junipers, (Juniperus monosperma), intercanopies, and ephemeral channels. Soil C and N in the surface and profile beneath canopies exceeded that of intercanopies and channels. Relative to intercanopies, channels had more profile C upslope but less downslope (profile N was not significant). Relative to upslope, profile C downslope for intercanopies was greater and for channels was less (profile N was not significant). Relative to profile, surface soil C and N exhibited less heterogeneity. Although some topographic heterogeneity was detected, results did not collectively support our redistribution hypotheses, and we are unable to distinguish if this heterogeneity is due to in situ or redistribution effects. Nonetheless, results highlight finer topographical spatial variation in addition to predominant canopy and intercanopy variation that is applicable for semiarid woodland management.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.11.029","usgsCitation":"Law, D., Breshears, D.D., Ebinger, M.H., Meyer, C.W., and Allen, C.D., 2012, Soil C and N patterns in a semiarid piñon-juniper woodland: Topography of slope and ephemeral channels add to canopy-intercanopy heterogeneity: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 79, p. 20-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.11.029.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Pajarito Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.00634765625,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -109.00634765625,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -103.095703125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -103.095703125,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -109.00634765625,\n 32.008075959291055\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91e0e4b08c986b319b69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Law, Darin J.","contributorId":98627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"Darin J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breshears, David D.","contributorId":51620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breshears","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":435440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ebinger, Michael H.","contributorId":11431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, Clifton W.","contributorId":43164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Clifton","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032288,"text":"70032288 - 2012 - Effects of suture material and ultrasonic transmitter size on survival, growth, wound healing, and tag expulsion in rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-03T17:15:51.175409","indexId":"70032288","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of suture material and ultrasonic transmitter size on survival, growth, wound healing, and tag expulsion in rainbow trout","docAbstract":"We examined the effects of suture material (braided silk versus Monocryl) and relative ultrasonic transmitter size on healing, growth, mortality, and tag retention in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In experiment 1, 40 fish (205–281 mm total length [TL], 106–264 g) were implanted with Sonotronics IBT‐96–2 (23 × 7 mm; weight in air, 4.4 g; weight in water, 2.4 g) or IBT 96–2E (30 × 7 mm; weight in air, 4.9 g; weight in water, 2.4 g) ultrasonic telemetry tags. In experiment 2, 20 larger fish (342–405 mm TL; 520–844 g) were implanted with Sonotronics IBT‐96–5 ultrasonic tags (36 × 11 mm; weight in air, 9.1 g; weight in water, 4.1 g). The tag burdens for all implanted fish ranged from 1.1% to 3.4%, and fish in both studies were held at 10–15°C. At the conclusion of both experiments (65 d after surgery), no mortalities were observed in any of the 60 tagged fish, most incisions were completely healed, and all fish in both experiments grew in length, although tagged fish grew more slowly than control fish in experiment 1. In both experiments, fish sutured with silk expelled tags more frequently than those sutured with Monocryl. Expulsion was observed in 45–50% of the fish sutured with silk and 0–25% of the fish sutured with Monocryl. Tag expulsion was not observed until 25–35 d after surgery. Fish sutured with silk exhibited a more severe inflammatory response 3 weeks after surgery than those sutured with Monocryl. In experiment 1, the rate of expulsion was linked to the severity of inflammation. Although braided silk sutures were applied faster than Moncryl sutures in both experiments, knots tied with either material were equally reliable and fish sutured with Monocryl experienced less inflammation and lower rates of tag expulsion.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2011.651553","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Ivasauskas, T.J., Bettoli, P.W., and Holt, T., 2012, Effects of suture material and ultrasonic transmitter size on survival, growth, wound healing, and tag expulsion in rainbow trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 141, no. 1, p. 100-106, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2011.651553.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-022301","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380952,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07eee4b0c8380cd518df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivasauskas, Tomas J.","contributorId":84176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ivasauskas","given":"Tomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":435451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettoli, Phillip William pbettoli@usgs.gov","contributorId":1919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettoli","given":"Phillip","email":"pbettoli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holt, T.","contributorId":30469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holt","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032540,"text":"70032540 - 2012 - A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: Calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T21:58:43.196979","indexId":"70032540","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: Calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data","docAbstract":"Lake Turkana is one of the largest desert lakes in the world and is characterized by high degrees of inter- and intra-annual fluctuations. The hydrology and water balance of this lake have not been well understood due to its remote location and unavailability of reliable ground truth datasets. Managing surface water resources is a great challenge in areas where in-situ data are either limited or unavailable. In this study, multi-source satellite-driven data such as satellite-based rainfall estimates, modelled runoff, evapotranspiration, and a digital elevation dataset were used to model Lake Turkana water levels from 1998 to 2009. Due to the unavailability of reliable lake level data, an approach is presented to calibrate and validate the water balance model of Lake Turkana using a composite lake level product of TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and ENVISAT satellite altimetry data. Model validation results showed that the satellite-driven water balance model can satisfactorily capture the patterns and seasonal variations of the Lake Turkana water level fluctuations with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.90 and a Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient of Efficiency (NSCE) of 0.80 during the validation period (2004–2009). Model error estimates were within 10% of the natural variability of the lake. Our analysis indicated that fluctuations in Lake Turkana water levels are mainly driven by lake inflows and over-the-lake evaporation. Over-the-lake rainfall contributes only up to 30% of lake evaporative demand. During the modelling time period, Lake Turkana showed seasonal variations of 1–2 m. The lake level fluctuated in the range up to 4 m between the years 1998–2009. This study demonstrated the usefulness of satellite altimetry data to calibrate and validate the satellite-driven hydrological model for Lake Turkana without using any in-situ data. Furthermore, for Lake Turkana, we identified and outlined opportunities and challenges of using a calibrated satellite-driven water balance model for (i) quantitative assessment of the impact of basin developmental activities on lake levels and for (ii) forecasting lake level changes and their impact on fisheries. From this study, we suggest that globally available satellite altimetry data provide a unique opportunity for calibration and validation of hydrologic models in ungauged basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Munich, Germany","doi":"10.5194/hess-16-1-2012","issn":"10275606","usgsCitation":"Velpuri, N., Senay, G., and Asante, K., 2012, A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: Calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1-2012.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474744,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214070,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1-2012"}],"country":"Kenya","otherGeospatial":"Lake Turkana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35.79345703125,\n 2.4162756547063857\n ],\n [\n 36.8701171875,\n 2.4162756547063857\n ],\n [\n 36.8701171875,\n 4.718777551249855\n ],\n [\n 35.79345703125,\n 4.718777551249855\n ],\n [\n 35.79345703125,\n 2.4162756547063857\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e48be4b0c8380cd466ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Velpuri, N.M. 0000-0002-6370-1926","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6370-1926","contributorId":66495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velpuri","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":152206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel B.","email":"senay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asante, K.O. 0000-0001-5408-1852","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-1852","contributorId":17051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asante","given":"K.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032536,"text":"70032536 - 2012 - Landslide-dammed lake at Tangjiashan, Sichuan province, China (triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake, May 12, 2008): Risk assessment, mitigation strategy, and lessons learned","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-07T17:06:12.329819","indexId":"70032536","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1534,"text":"Environmental Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslide-dammed lake at Tangjiashan, Sichuan province, China (triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake, May 12, 2008): Risk assessment, mitigation strategy, and lessons learned","docAbstract":"Landslides and rock avalanches triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake produced 257 landslide dams, mainly situated along the eastern boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau where rivers descend approximately 3,000 m into the Sichuan Basin. The largest of these dams blocked the Tongkou River (a tributary of the Fujiang River) at Tangjiashan. The blockage, consisting of 2.04 × 107 m3 of landslide debris, impounded a lake with a projected maximum volume of 3.15 × 108 m3, potentially inundating 8.92 km2 of terrain. Its creation during the rainy season and the possibility of an uncontrolled release posed a serious, impending threat to at least 1.3 million people downstream that could add substantially to the total of 69,200 individuals directly killed by the earthquake. Risk assessment of the blockage indicated that it was unlikely to collapse suddenly, and that eventual overtopping could be mitigated by notching the structure in order to create an engineered breach and achieve safe drainage of the lake. In addition to the installation of monitoring and warning instrumentation, for emergency planning we estimated several outburst scenarios equivalent to 20, 25, 33, and 50% of the dam failing suddenly, creating, respectively, 3.35, 3.84, 4.22, and 4.65 km2 of flooded area, and overbank water depths of 4.6, 5.1, 5.7, and 6.2 m, respectively, in Mianyang, the second largest city in Sichuan Province, 48 km downstream from the blockage. Based on these scenarios, recommendations and plans for excavating a sluiceway, draining the lake, and downstream evacuation were proposed and later were implemented successfully, with the blockage breached by overtopping on June 10, less than a month after dam emplacement. The peak discharge of the release only slightly exceeded the flood of record at Mianyang City. No lives were lost, and significant property damage was avoided. Post-breaching evaluation reveals how future similar mitigation can be improved. Although initial breach erosion was slow, later erosion was judged uncontrollably rapid; increased slope of the engineered channel and adoption of a compound, trapezoid–triangular cross-section can be considered, as can other measures to control the rate of breach incision. Evacuees from Mianyang City spent an unnecessarily long time (12 days) in temporary settlements; more precise risk management planning can reduce this time in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer- Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s12665-010-0749-2","usgsCitation":"Cui, P., Dang, C., Zhuang, J., You, Y., Chen, X., and Scott, K.M., 2012, Landslide-dammed lake at Tangjiashan, Sichuan province, China (triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake, May 12, 2008): Risk assessment, mitigation strategy, and lessons learned: Environmental Earth Sciences, v. 65, no. 4, p. 1055-1065, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0749-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1065","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","state":"Sichuan Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 102.12890625,\n 26.745610382199022\n ],\n [\n 104.150390625,\n 28.69058765425071\n ],\n [\n 106.171875,\n 27.605670826465445\n ],\n [\n 106.171875,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n 105.8203125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n 107.666015625,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n 108.720703125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n 104.853515625,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n 103.18359375,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n 100.546875,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n 101.6015625,\n 32.99023555965106\n ],\n [\n 99.755859375,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n 98.0859375,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n 97.734375,\n 32.32427558887655\n ],\n [\n 98.87695312499999,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n 98.61328125,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n 102.12890625,\n 26.745610382199022\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4446e4b0c8380cd669ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cui, P.","contributorId":14649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cui","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dang, C.","contributorId":57671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dang","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhuang, J.","contributorId":97715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"You, Y.","contributorId":82541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"You","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chen, X.","contributorId":76527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"X.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scott, Kevin M.","contributorId":88331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70194911,"text":"70194911 - 2012 - Tritium plume dynamics in the shallow unsaturated zone adjacent to an arid waste-disposal facility, Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-29T15:23:25","indexId":"70194911","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Tritium plume dynamics in the shallow unsaturated zone adjacent to an arid waste-disposal facility, Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
Amphibians live in a wide variety of habitats around the world, many of which have been modified or destroyed by human activities. Most species have unique life history characteristics adapted to specific climates, habitats (e.g., lentic, lotic, terrestrial, arboreal, fossorial, amphibious), and local conditions that provide suitable areas for reproduction, development and growth, shelter from environmental extremes, and predation, as well as connectivity to other populations or habitats. Although some species are entirely aquatic or terrestrial, most amphibians, as their name implies, lead a dual life and require a mosaic of habitats in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. With over 6 billion people on Earth, most species are now persisting in habitats that have been directly or indirectly influenced by human activities. Some species have disappeared where their habitats have been completely destroyed, reduced, or rendered unsuitable. Habitat loss and degradation are widely considered by most researchers as the most important causes of amphibian population decline globally (Barinaga 1990; Wake and Morowitz 1991; Alford and Richards 1999). In this chapter, a background on the diverse habitat requirements of amphibians is provided, followed by a discussion of the effects of urbanization, agriculture, livestock grazing, timber production and harvesting, fire and hazardous fuel management, and roads on amphibians and their habitats. Also briefly discussed is the influence on amphibian habitats of natural disturbances, such as extreme weather events and climate change, given the potential for human activities to impact climate in the longer term. For amphibians in general, microhabitats are of greater importance than for other vertebrates. As ectotherms with a skin that is permeable to water and with naked gelatinous eggs, amphibians are physiologically constrained to be active during environmental conditions that provide appropriate body temperatures and adequate water balance (Thorson and Svihla 1943; Brattstrom 1963; Tracy 1976). Hence, individuals require and seek specific microhabitats that maintain their preferred body temperature while at the same time reducing water loss or allowing individuals to re-hydrate. Amphibians also possess relatively few physical attributes that protect them from predators. Although they may avoid predators behaviourally or deter them by skin toxins, amphibians lack defensive shells or hardened cuticles, do not have protective teeth or claws, and most are insufficiently fast to escape predators. Hence, they are relatively dependent on sites that conceal or protect them from predation. Most amphibians also differ significantly from other vertebrates in possessing a complex two-phase life cycle: the pre-metamorphic larval (tadpole) stage and the post-metamorphic juvenile and adult stage (Wilbur 1980, 1984). Most amphibian species have two distinct econes (Heatwole 1989), each with different habitat requirements, the larvae being aquatic and the post-metamorphic animals more terrestrial. The habitats required by the two phases can differ greatly, but both are essential to the survival of a species. However, amphibian diversity is great and exceptions to this general pattern exist. For example, some species have direct development without going through a larval stage and are fully terrestrial, whereas the larvae of other species can reach sexual maturity without going through metamorphosis (i.e., neoteny) and are fully aquatic.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation and decline of amphibians: ecological aspects, effect of humans, and management","language":"English","publisher":"Surrey Beatty","usgsCitation":"Lemckert, F., Hecnar, S., and Pilliod, D., 2012, Loss and modification of habitat, chap. of Conservation and decline of amphibians: ecological aspects, effect of humans, and management.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307701,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e18636e4b05561fa206acb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wilkinson, John W.","contributorId":147014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570726,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heatwole, Harold","contributorId":147199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heatwole","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570727,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Lemckert, Francis","contributorId":147197,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lemckert","given":"Francis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hecnar, Stephen","contributorId":147198,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hecnar","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pilliod, David S. 0000-0003-4207-3518 dpilliod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-3518","contributorId":161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David S.","email":"dpilliod@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032602,"text":"70032602 - 2012 - Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T18:35:45.60633","indexId":"70032602","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"River-floodplain ecosystems offer some of the most diverse and dynamic environments in the world. Accordingly, floodplain habitats harbor diverse fish assemblages. Fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes may be influenced by multiple variables operating on disparate scales, and these variables may exhibit a hierarchical organization depending on whether one variable governs another. In this study, we examined the interaction between primary variables descriptive of floodplain lake large-scale features, suites of secondary variables descriptive of water quality and primary productivity, and a set of tertiary variables descriptive of fish biodiversity across a range of floodplain lakes in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley of Mississippi and Arkansas (USA). Lakes varied considerably in their representation of primary, secondary, and tertiary variables. Multivariate direct gradient analyses indicated that lake maximum depth and the percentage of agricultural land surrounding a lake were the most important factors controlling variation in suites of secondary and tertiary variables, followed to a lesser extent by lake surface area. Fish biodiversity was generally greatest in large, deep lakes with lower proportions of watershed agricultural land. Our results may help foster a holistic approach to floodplain lake management and suggest the framework for a feedback model wherein primary variables can be manipulated for conservation and restoration purposes and secondary and tertiary variables can be used to monitor the success of such efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Dembkowski, D., and Miranda, L., 2012, Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 3, p. 357-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213978,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley region of Mississippi and Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.285400390625,\n 32.690243035492266\n ],\n [\n -90.845947265625,\n 32.759562025650126\n ],\n [\n -90.7855224609375,\n 33.902336404480685\n ],\n [\n -90.2801513671875,\n 34.67839374011646\n ],\n [\n -89.84069824218749,\n 35.44724605551148\n ],\n [\n -90.5877685546875,\n 35.51881428123057\n ],\n [\n -91.3568115234375,\n 33.911454454267606\n ],\n [\n -91.285400390625,\n 32.690243035492266\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30a7e4b0c8380cd5d822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dembkowski, D.J.","contributorId":31995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dembkowski","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miranda, L.E.","contributorId":58406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032667,"text":"70032667 - 2012 - An experimental test and models of drift and dispersal processes of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) free embryos in the Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:08:06","indexId":"70032667","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An experimental test and models of drift and dispersal processes of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) free embryos in the Missouri River","docAbstract":"Free embryos of wild pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus were released in the Missouri River and captured at downstream sites through a 180-km reach of the river to examine ontogenetic drift and dispersal processes. Free embryos drifted primarily in the fastest portion of the river channel, and initial drift velocities for all age groups (mean = 0.66–0.70 m s−1) were only slightly slower than mean water column velocity (0.72 m s−1). During the multi-day long-distance drift period, drift velocities of all age groups declined an average of 9.7% day−1. Younger free embryos remained in the drift upon termination of the study; whereas, older age groups transitioned from drifting to settling during the study. Models based on growth of free embryos, drift behavior, size-related variations in drift rates, and channel hydraulic characteristics were developed to estimate cumulative distance drifted during ontogenetic development through a range of simulated water temperatures and velocity conditions. Those models indicated that the average free embryo would be expected to drift several hundred km during ontogenetic development. Empirical data and model results highlight the long-duration, long-distance drift and dispersal processes for pallid sturgeon early life stages. In addition, results provide a likely mechanism for lack of pallid sturgeon recruitment in fragmented river reaches where dams and reservoirs reduce the length of free-flowing river available for pallid sturgeon free embryos during ontogenetic development.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9925-9","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Braaten, P., Fuller, D., Lott, R., Ruggles, M., Brandt, T., Legare, R., and Holm, R., 2012, An experimental test and models of drift and dispersal processes of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) free embryos in the Missouri River: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 3, p. 377-392, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9925-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"392","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213952,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9925-9"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea67e4b0c8380cd4883a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braaten, P.J.","contributorId":98857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braaten","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, D.B.","contributorId":74116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fuller","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5099,"text":"Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":437364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lott, R.D.","contributorId":93172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lott","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruggles, M.P.","contributorId":35964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggles","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brandt, T.F.","contributorId":72912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Legare, R.G.","contributorId":15323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legare","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Holm, R.J.","contributorId":73831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70035397,"text":"70035397 - 2012 - Concentration, distribution, and translocation of mercury and methylmercury in mine-waste, sediment, soil, water, and fish collected near the Abbadia San Salvatore mercury mine, Monte Amiata district, Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-21T19:37:12","indexId":"70035397","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentration, distribution, and translocation of mercury and methylmercury in mine-waste, sediment, soil, water, and fish collected near the Abbadia San Salvatore mercury mine, Monte Amiata district, Italy","docAbstract":"The distribution and translocation of mercury (Hg) was studied in the Paglia River ecosystem, located downstream from the inactive Abbadia San Salvatore mine (ASSM). The ASSM is part of the Monte Amiata Hg district, Southern Tuscany, Italy, which was one of the world’s largest Hg districts. Concentrations of Hg and methyl-Hg were determined in mine-waste calcine (retorted ore), sediment, water, soil, and freshwater fish collected from the ASSM and the downstream Paglia River. Concentrations of Hg in calcine samples ranged from 25 to 1500 μg/g, all of which exceeded the industrial soil contamination level for Hg of 5 μg/g used in Italy. Stream and lake sediment samples collected downstream from the ASSM ranged in Hg concentration from 0.26 to 15 μg/g, of which more than 50% exceeded the probable effect concentration for Hg of 1.06 μg/g, the concentration above which harmful effects are likely to be observed in sediment-dwelling organisms. Stream and lake sediment methyl-Hg concentrations showed a significant correlation with TOC indicating considerable methylation and potential bioavailability of Hg. Stream water contained Hg as high as 1400 ng/L, but only one water sample exceeded the 1000 ng/L drinking water Hg standard used in Italy. Concentrations of Hg were elevated in freshwater fish muscle samples and ranged from 0.16 to 1.2 μg/g (wet weight), averaged 0.84 μg/g, and 96% of these exceeded the 0.3 μg/g (methyl-Hg, wet weight) USEPA fish muscle standard recommended to protect human health. Analysis of fish muscle for methyl-Hg confirmed that > 90% of the Hg in these fish is methyl-Hg. Such highly elevated Hg concentrations in fish indicated active methylation, significant bioavailability, and uptake of Hg by fish in the Paglia River ecosystem. Methyl-Hg is highly toxic and the high Hg concentrations in these fish represent a potential pathway of Hg to the human food chain.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.065","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Rimondi, V., Gray, J.E., Costagliola, P., Vaselli, O., and Lattanzi, P., 2012, Concentration, distribution, and translocation of mercury and methylmercury in mine-waste, sediment, soil, water, and fish collected near the Abbadia San Salvatore mercury mine, Monte Amiata district, Italy: Science of the Total Environment, v. 414, p. 318-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.065.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"327","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215259,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.065"}],"country":"Italy","county":"Monte Amiata","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 6.6,35.3 ], [ 6.6,47.1 ], [ 18.8,47.1 ], [ 18.8,35.3 ], [ 6.6,35.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"414","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f981e4b0c8380cd4d641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rimondi, V.","contributorId":28820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rimondi","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, J. 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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tropical connections: south Florida's marine environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"IAN Press","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, MD","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D., 2012, Pathogenic human viruses are present in residential canals, chap. of Tropical connections: south Florida's marine environment, p. 145-146.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":288,"text":"Florida Water Science Center-Tallahassee","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.9875,24.3963 ], [ -82.9875,25.3543 ], [ -80.1502,25.3543 ], [ -80.1502,24.3963 ], [ -82.9875,24.3963 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c3afe4b01197b08e9cea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Dale W.","contributorId":23668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174123,"text":"70174123 - 2012 - Expert knowledge as a foundation for the management of secretive species and their habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T13:22:05","indexId":"70174123","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Expert knowledge as a foundation for the management of secretive species and their habitat","docAbstract":"In this chapter, we share lessons learned during the elicitation and application of expert knowledge in the form of a belief network model for the habitat of a waterbird, the King Rail (Rallus elegans). A belief network is a statistical framework used to graphically represent and evaluate hypothesized cause and effect relationships among variables. Our model was a pilot project to explore the value of such a model as a tool to help the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) conserve species that lack sufficient empirical data to guide management decisions. Many factors limit the availability of empirical data that can support landscape-scale conservation planning. Globally, most species simply have not yet been subject to empirical study (Wilson 2000). Even for well-studied species, data are often restricted to specific geographic extents, to particular seasons, or to specific segments of a species’ life history. The USFWS mandates that the agency’s conservation actions (1) be coordinated across regional landscapes, (2) be founded on the best available science (with testable assumptions), and (3) support adaptive management through monitoring and assessment of action outcomes. Given limits on the available data, the concept of “best available science” in the context of conservation planning generally includes a mix of empirical data and expert knowledge (Sullivan et al. 2006).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Expert knowledge and its application in landscape ecology","language":"English","publisher":"Springer New York","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4614-1034-8","usgsCitation":"Drew, C.A., and Collazo, J., 2012, Expert knowledge as a foundation for the management of secretive species and their habitat, chap. of Expert knowledge and its application in landscape ecology, p. 87-107, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1034-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"107","ipdsId":"IP-030006","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d13a3be4b0571647cf8dd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, C. Ashton","contributorId":140953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drew","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ashton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collazo, Jaime jaime_collazo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collazo","given":"Jaime","email":"jaime_collazo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":640966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197987,"text":"70197987 - 2012 - Correlation of early Paleogene global diversity patterns of large benthic foraminifera with Paleocene-Eocene hyperthermal events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-03T10:17:44","indexId":"70197987","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of early Paleogene global diversity patterns of large benthic foraminifera with Paleocene-Eocene hyperthermal events","docAbstract":"Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) were major contributors to many Paleogene carbonate platforms around the world. These photosymbiotic foraminifera lived in warm, oligotrophic, shallow waters within the photic zone. Such Paleogene families as the nummulitids, alveolinids, and orthophragminids rose to prominence in the late Paleocene, thrived in the early and middle Eocene, and declined in the late Eocene and Oligocene. Diversity data from these three families were studied to understand better the controls on the rise of Paleogene LBFs. Analyzed data included total diversity (total number of species per biozone), number of first occurrences per biozone, and number of last occurrences per biozone. Results indicate that there were four intervals of increased total diversity, increased first occurrence, and increased last occurrence for all three families studied. These four intervals follow closely after important climatic events within the Paleogene: the mid-Paleocene biotic event (MPBE), the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM, a hyperthermal event), the early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) and the middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO). The shallow marine biotic community, on a global scale, reacted to such climatic warming events as the MPBE, PETM, EECO, and MECO, based on these diversity trends. Our data also show a pattern of an increase in the number of last occurrences followed by an increase in the number of first occurrences, which suggests that the overall increase in species diversity is due to faunal turnover, as has been interpreted for the large benthic foraminiferal turnover that occurred at the PETM.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/palo.2010.p10-109r","usgsCitation":"Whidden, K.J., and Jones, R.J., 2012, Correlation of early Paleogene global diversity patterns of large benthic foraminifera with Paleocene-Eocene hyperthermal events: Palaios, v. 27, no. 4, p. 235-251, https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2010.p10-109r.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"251","ipdsId":"IP-022808","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355484,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":355480,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/palaios/article/27/4/235/146258/correlation-of-early-paleogene-global-diversity"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b46f6ebe4b060350a15d3bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whidden, Katherine J. 0000-0002-7841-2553 kwhidden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7841-2553","contributorId":3960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whidden","given":"Katherine","email":"kwhidden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":739484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Robert J.","contributorId":206118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37250,"text":"Natural History Museum, London","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":739485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035329,"text":"70035329 - 2012 - Seasonal habitat use and selection by grizzly bears in Northern British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-23T18:10:27.798936","indexId":"70035329","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal habitat use and selection by grizzly bears in Northern British Columbia","docAbstract":"We defined patterns of habitat use and selection by female grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Besa-Prophet watershed of northern British Columbia. We fitted 13 adult females with Geographic Positioning System (GPS) radio-collars and monitored them between 2001 and 2004. We examined patterns of habitat selection by grizzly bears relative to topographical attributes and 3 potential surrogates of food availability: land-cover class, vegetation biomass or quality (as measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and selection value for prey species themselves (moose [Alces alces], elk [Cervus elaphus], woodland caribou [Rangifer tarandus]. Stone's sheep [Ovis dalli stonei]). Although vegetation biomass and quality, and selection values for prey were important in seasonal selection by some individual bears, land-cover class, elevation, aspect, and vegetation diversity most influenced patterns of habitat selection across grizzly bears, which rely on availability of plant foods and encounters with ungulate prey. Grizzly bears as a group avoided conifer stands and areas of low vegetation diversity, and selected for burned land-cover classes and high vegetation diversity across seasons. They also selected mid elevations from what was available within seasonal ranges. Quantifying relative use of different attributes helped place selection patterns within the context of the landscape. Grizzly bears used higher elevations (1,595 ± 31 m SE) in spring and lower elevations (1,436 ± 27 m) in fall; the range of average elevations used among individuals was highest (500 m) during the summer. During all seasons, grizzly bears most frequented aspects with high solar gain. Use was distributed across 10 land-cover classes and depended on season. Management and conservation actions must maintain a diverse habitat matrix distributed across a large elevational gradient to ensure persistence of grizzly bears as levels of human access increase in the northern Rocky Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.235","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Milakovic, B., Parker, K., Gustine, D., Lay, R., Walker, A., and Gillingham, M., 2012, Seasonal habitat use and selection by grizzly bears in Northern British Columbia: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 76, no. 1, p. 170-180, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.235.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"170","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474832,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.235","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215192,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.235"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Northern British Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 59.88893689676585\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 60.1524422143808\n ],\n [\n -134.47265625,\n 56.36525013685606\n ],\n [\n -130.60546875,\n 54.16243396806779\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 53.85252660044951\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 59.88893689676585\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88aee4b08c986b316ad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milakovic, B.","contributorId":100618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milakovic","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parker, K.L.","contributorId":102280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gustine, D.D.","contributorId":82536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustine","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lay, R.J.","contributorId":49986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lay","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walker, A.B.D.","contributorId":84169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"A.B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gillingham, M.P.","contributorId":76555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillingham","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70032693,"text":"70032693 - 2012 - Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T14:31:18","indexId":"70032693","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement","docAbstract":"The need for sustainable management of fresh water resources is one of the great challenges of the 21st century. Since most of the planet's liquid fresh water exists as groundwater, it is essential to develop non-invasive geophysical techniques to characterize groundwater aquifers. A field experiment was conducted in the High Plains Aquifer, central United States, to explore the mechanisms governing the non-invasive Surface NMR (SNMR) technology. We acquired both SNMR data and logging NMR data at a field site, along with lithology information from drill cuttings. This allowed us to directly compare the NMR relaxation parameter measured during logging,T2, to the relaxation parameter T2* measured using the SNMR method. The latter can be affected by inhomogeneity in the magnetic field, thus obscuring the link between the NMR relaxation parameter and the hydraulic conductivity of the geologic material. When the logging T2data were transformed to pseudo-T2* data, by accounting for inhomogeneity in the magnetic field and instrument dead time, we found good agreement with T2* obtained from the SNMR measurement. These results, combined with the additional information about lithology at the site, allowed us to delineate the physical mechanisms governing the SNMR measurement. Such understanding is a critical step in developing SNMR as a reliable geophysical method for the assessment of groundwater resources.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2011GL050167","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., Grunewald, E., Irons, T., Dlubac, K., Song, Y., Bachman, H., Grau, B., Walsh, D., Abraham, J., and Cannia, J., 2012, Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, no. 3, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050167.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","ipdsId":"IP-030935","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213830,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050167"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fb7e4b0c8380cd539bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.","contributorId":22717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grunewald, E.","contributorId":62820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grunewald","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Irons, T.","contributorId":95698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dlubac, K.","contributorId":70607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dlubac","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Song, Y.","contributorId":92443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bachman, H.N.","contributorId":106324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"H.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Grau, B.","contributorId":70197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grau","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Walsh, D.","contributorId":7920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cannia, J.","contributorId":21358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70032534,"text":"70032534 - 2012 - Target loads of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition for protection of acid sensitive aquatic resources in the Adirondack Mountains, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:21","indexId":"70032534","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Target loads of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition for protection of acid sensitive aquatic resources in the Adirondack Mountains, New York","docAbstract":"The dynamic watershed acid-base chemistry model of acidification of groundwater in catchments (MAGIC) was used to calculate target loads (TLs) of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition expected to be protective of aquatic health in lakes in the Adirondack ecoregion of New York. The TLs were calculated for two future dates (2050 and 2100) and three levels of protection against lake acidification (acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of 0, 20, and 50 eq L -1). Regional sulfur and nitrogen deposition estimates were combined with TLs to calculate exceedances. Target load results, and associated exceedances, were extrapolated to the regional population of Adirondack lakes. About 30% of Adirondack lakes had simulated TL of sulfur deposition less than 50 meq m -2 yr to protect lake ANC to 50 eq L -1. About 600 Adirondack lakes receive ambient sulfur deposition that is above this TL, in some cases by more than a factor of 2. Some critical criteria threshold values were simulated to be unobtainable in some lakes even if sulfur deposition was to be decreased to zero and held at zero until the specified endpoint year. We also summarize important lessons for the use of target loads in the management of acid-impacted aquatic ecosystems, such as those in North America, Europe, and Asia. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011171","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, T., Cosby, B., Driscoll, C.T., McDonnell, T., Herlihy, A., and Burns, D.A., 2012, Target loads of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition for protection of acid sensitive aquatic resources in the Adirondack Mountains, New York: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011171.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474639,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011171","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213974,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011171"},{"id":241652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba3e2e4b08c986b31ff63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, T.J.","contributorId":83734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cosby, B.J.","contributorId":96455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosby","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDonnell, T.C.","contributorId":82139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonnell","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herlihy, A.T.","contributorId":31168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herlihy","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70032510,"text":"70032510 - 2012 - Three-dimensional sensitivity distribution and sample volume of low-induction-number electromagnetic-induction instruments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T22:51:50.162574","indexId":"70032510","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional sensitivity distribution and sample volume of low-induction-number electromagnetic-induction instruments","docAbstract":"There is an ongoing effort to improve the understanding of the correlation of soil properties with apparent soil electrical conductivity as measured by low‐induction‐number electromagnetic‐induction (LIN FEM) instruments. At a minimum, the dimensions of LIN FEM instruments' sample volume, the spatial distribution of sensitivity within that volume, and implications for surveying and analyses must be clearly defined and discussed. Therefore, a series of numerical simulations was done in which a conductive perturbation was moved systematically through homogeneous soil to elucidate the three‐dimensional sample volume of LIN FEM instruments. For a small perturbation with electrical conductivity similar to that of the soil, instrument response is a measure of local sensitivity (LS). Our results indicate that LS depends strongly on the orientation of the instrument's transmitter and receiver coils and includes regions of both positive and negative LS. Integration of the absolute value of LS from highest to lowest was used to contour cumulative sensitivity (CS). The 90% CS contour was used to define the sample volume. For both horizontal and vertical coplanar coil orientations, the longest dimension of the sample volume was at the surface along the main instrument axis with a length of about four times the intercoil spacing (s) with maximum thicknesses of about 1 and 0.3 s, respectively. The imaged distribution of spatial sensitivity within the sample volume is highly complex and should be considered in conjunction with the expected scale of heterogeneity before the use and interpretation of LIN FEM for mapping and profiling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2011.0003","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Callegary, J.B., Ferre, T., and Groom, R., 2012, Three-dimensional sensitivity distribution and sample volume of low-induction-number electromagnetic-induction instruments: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 76, no. 1, p. 85-91, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0003.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213663,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0003"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb346e4b08c986b325cae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Callegary, James B. 0000-0003-3604-0517 jcallega@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-0517","contributorId":2171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callegary","given":"James","email":"jcallega@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferre, T.P.A.","contributorId":196167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferre","given":"T.P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Groom, R.W.","contributorId":59634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groom","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032504,"text":"70032504 - 2012 - A preliminary assessment of the spatial sources of contemporary suspended sediment in the Ohio River basin, United States, using water quality data from the NASQAN programme in a source tracing procedure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T22:59:35.127641","indexId":"70032504","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A preliminary assessment of the spatial sources of contemporary suspended sediment in the Ohio River basin, United States, using water quality data from the NASQAN programme in a source tracing procedure","docAbstract":"Reliable information on catchment scale suspended sediment sources is required to inform the design of management strategies for helping abate the numerous environmental issues associated with enhanced sediment mobilization and off‐site loadings. Since sediment fingerprinting techniques avoid many of the logistical constraints associated with using more traditional indirect measurement methods at catchment scale, such approaches have been increasingly reported in the international literature and typically use data sets collected specifically for sediment source apportionment purposes. There remains scope for investigating the potential for using geochemical data sets assembled by routine monitoring programmes to fingerprint sediment provenance. In the United States, routine water quality samples are collected as part of the US Geological Survey's revised National Stream Quality Accounting Network programme. Accordingly, the geochemistry data generated from these samples over a 10‐year period (1996–2006) were used as the basis for a fingerprinting exercise to assess the key tributary sub‐catchment spatial sources of contemporary suspended sediment transported by the Ohio River. Uncertainty associated with the spatial source estimates was quantified using a Monte Carlo approach in conjunction with mass balance modelling. Relative frequency weighted means were used as an alternative way of summarizing the spatial source contributions, thereby avoiding the need to use confidence limits. The results should be interpreted in the context of the routine, but infrequent nature, of the suspended sediment samples used to assemble geochemistry as a basis for the sourcing exercise. Nonetheless, the study demonstrates how routine monitoring samples can be used to provide some preliminary information on sediment provenance in large drainage basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.8128","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Zhang, Y., Collins, A., and Horowitz, A.J., 2012, A preliminary assessment of the spatial sources of contemporary suspended sediment in the Ohio River basin, United States, using water quality data from the NASQAN programme in a source tracing procedure: Hydrological Processes, v. 26, no. 3, p. 326-334, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8128.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"326","endPage":"334","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214068,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8128"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee, Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 41.705728515237524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4f1e4b0c8380cd46a2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Y.-S.","contributorId":94057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, A.L.","contributorId":67741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horowitz, Arthur J. 0000-0002-3296-730X horowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-730X","contributorId":1400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"Arthur","email":"horowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035458,"text":"70035458 - 2012 - Geochemical constraints on adakites of different origins and copper mineralization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-13T20:05:13.127307","indexId":"70035458","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical constraints on adakites of different origins and copper mineralization","docAbstract":"The petrogenesis of adakites holds important clues to the formation of the continental crust and copper ± gold porphyry mineralization. However, it remains highly debated as to whether adakites form by slab melting, by partial melting of the lower continental crust, or by fractional crystallization of normal arc magmas. Here, we show that to form adakitic signature, partial melting of a subducting oceanic slab would require high pressure at depths of >50 km, whereas partial melting of the lower continental crust would require the presence of plagioclase and thus shallower depths and additional water. These two types of adakites can be discriminated using geochemical indexes. Compiled data show that adakites from circum-Pacific regions, which have close affinity to subduction of young hot oceanic plate, can be clearly discriminated from adakites from the Dabie Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau, which have been attributed to partial melting of continental crust, in Sr/Y-versus-La/Yb diagram. Given that oceanic crust has copper concentrations about two times higher than those in the continental crust, whereas the high oxygen fugacity in the subduction environment promotes the release of copper during partial melting, slab melting provides the most efficient mechanism to concentrate copper and gold; slab melts would be more than two times greater in copper (and also gold) concentrations than lower continental crust melts and normal arc magmas. Thus, identification of slab melt adakites is important for predicting exploration targets for copper- and gold-porphyry ore deposits. This explains the close association of ridge subduction with large porphyry copper deposits because ridge subduction is the most favorable place for slab melting.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press Books","doi":"10.1086/662736","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Sun, W., Ling, M., Chung, S., Ding, X., Yang, X., Liang, H., Fan, W., Goldfarb, R., and Yin, Q., 2012, Geochemical constraints on adakites of different origins and copper mineralization: Journal of Geology, v. 120, no. 1, p. 105-120, https://doi.org/10.1086/662736.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215557,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/662736"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Dabie Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 101.513671875,\n 22.43134015636061\n ],\n [\n 108.720703125,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n 107.57812499999999,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n 102.65625,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n 99.49218749999999,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n 99.580078125,\n 25.64152637306577\n ],\n [\n 101.513671875,\n 22.43134015636061\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 107.57812499999999,\n 40.713955826286046\n ],\n [\n 104.765625,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n 106.171875,\n 33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 112.1484375,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n 114.9609375,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n 114.9609375,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n 112.8515625,\n 42.8115217450979\n ],\n [\n 107.57812499999999,\n 40.713955826286046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15f5e4b0c8380cd54fd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sun, W.-D.","contributorId":14658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"W.-D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ling, M.-X.","contributorId":69382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ling","given":"M.-X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chung, S.-L.","contributorId":27697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chung","given":"S.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ding, X.","contributorId":49990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yang, X.-Y.","contributorId":9489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"X.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liang, H.-Y.","contributorId":88576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liang","given":"H.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fan, W.-M.","contributorId":100217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"W.-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.","contributorId":43113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Yin, Q.-Z.","contributorId":64056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"Q.-Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ]}