To assess the level and nature of ground shaking in Hawaii for the purposes of earthquake hazard mitigation and seismic design, empirical ground-motion prediction models are desired. To develop such empirical relationships, knowledge of the subsurface site conditions beneath strong-motion stations is critical. Thus, as a first step to develop ground-motion prediction models for Hawaii, spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves (SASW) profiling was performed at the 22 free-field U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) strong-motion sites on the Big Island to obtain shear-wave velocity (VS) data. Nineteen of these stations recorded the 2006 Kiholo Bay moment magnitude (M) 6.7 earthquake, and 17 stations recorded the triggered M 6.0 Mahukona earthquake. VS profiling was performed to reach depths of more than 100 ft. Most of the USGS stations are situated on sites underlain by basalt, based on surficial geologic maps. However, the sites have varying degrees of weathering and soil development. The remaining strong-motion stations are located on alluvium or volcanic ash. VS30 (average VS in the top 30 m) values for the stations on basalt ranged from 906 to 1908 ft/s [National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classes C and D], because most sites were covered with soil of variable thickness. Based on these data, an NEHRP site-class map was developed for the Big Island. These new VS data will be a significant input into an update of the USGS statewide hazard maps and to the operation of ShakeMap on the island of Hawaii.
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Permafrost","docAbstract":"Little is known about hydrogeochemical conditions beneath thick permafrost, particularly in fractured crystalline rock, due to difficulty in accessing this environment. The purpose of this investigation was to develop methods to obtain physical, chemical, and microbial information about the subpermafrost environment from a surface-drilled borehole. Using a U-tube, gas and water samples were collected, along with temperature, pressure, and hydraulic conductivity measurements, 420 m below ground surface, within a 535 m long, angled borehole at High Lake, Nunavut, Canada, in an area with 460-m-thick permafrost. Piezometric head was well above the base of the permafrost, near land surface. Initial water samples were contaminated with drill fluid, with later samples <40% drill fluid. The salinity of the non-drill fluid component was <20,000 mg/L, had a Ca/Na ratio above 1, with ??18O values ???5??? lower than the local surface water. The fluid isotopic composition was affected by the permafrost-formation process. Nonbacteriogenic CH4 was present and the sample location was within methane hydrate stability field. Sampling lines froze before uncontaminated samples from the subpermafrost environment could be obtained, yet the available time to obtain water samples was extended compared to previous studies. Temperature measurements collected from a distributed temperature sensor indicated that this issue can be overcome easily in the future. The lack of methanogenic CH4 is consistent with the high sulfate concentrations observed in cores. The combined surface-drilled borehole/U-tube approach can provide a large amount of physical, chemical, and microbial data from the subpermafrost environment with few, controllable, sources of contamination. ?? 2010 The Author(s). Journal compilation ?? 2010 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00724.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Stotler, R., Frape, S., Freifeld, B., Holden, B., Onstott, T., Ruskeeniemi, T., and Chan, E., 2011, Hydrogeology, Chemical and Microbial Activity Measurement Through Deep Permafrost: Ground Water, v. 49, no. 3, p. 348-364, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00724.x.","startPage":"348","endPage":"364","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475385,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1012713/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":214476,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00724.x"},{"id":242204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a34d9e4b0c8380cd5fa98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stotler, R.L.","contributorId":39596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotler","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frape, S.K.","contributorId":105335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frape","given":"S.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freifeld, B.M.","contributorId":21753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freifeld","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holden, B.","contributorId":51554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holden","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Onstott, T.C.","contributorId":47006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onstott","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ruskeeniemi, T.","contributorId":18190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruskeeniemi","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chan, E.","contributorId":31999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70036487,"text":"70036487 - 2011 - Mapping rice areas of South Asia using MODIS multitemporal data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-08T17:57:53.57838","indexId":"70036487","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2172,"text":"Journal of Applied Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping rice areas of South Asia using MODIS multitemporal data","docAbstract":"Our goal is to map the rice areas of six South Asian countries using moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) time-series data for the time period 2000 to 2001. South Asia accounts for almost 40% of the world's harvested rice area and is also home to 74% of the population that lives on less than $2.00 a day. The population of the region is growing faster than its ability to produce rice. Thus, accurate and timely assessment of where and how rice is cultivated is important to craft food security and poverty alleviation strategies. We used a time series of eight-day, 500-m spatial resolution composite images from the MODIS sensor to produce rice maps and rice characteristics (e.g., intensity of cropping, cropping calendar) taking data for the years 2000 to 2001 and by adopting a suite of methods that include spectral matching techniques, decision trees, and ideal temporal profile data banks to rapidly identify and classify rice areas over large spatial extents. These methods are used in conjunction with ancillary spatial data sets (e.g., elevation, precipitation), national statistics, and maps, and a large volume of field-plot data. The resulting rice maps and statistics are compared against a subset of independent field-plot points and the best available subnational statistics on rice areas for the main crop growing season (kharif season). A fuzzy classification accuracy assessment for the 2000 to 2001 rice-map product, based on field-plot data, demonstrated accuracies from 67% to 100% for individual rice classes, with an overall accuracy of 80% for all classes. Most of the mixing was within rice classes. The derived physical rice area was highly correlated with the subnational statistics with R2 values of 97% at the district level and 99% at the state level for 2000 to 2001. These results suggest that the methods, approaches, algorithms, and data sets we used are ideal for rapid, accurate, and large-scale mapping of paddy rice as well as for generating their statistics over large areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers","doi":"10.1117/1.3619838","issn":"19313195","usgsCitation":"Gumma, M., Nelson, A., Thenkabail, P., and Singh, A., 2011, Mapping rice areas of South Asia using MODIS multitemporal data: Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, v. 5, no. 1, 053547, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3619838.","productDescription":"053547, 27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488988,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3619838","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218380,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3619838"}],"country":"Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka","otherGeospatial":"South 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M.K.","contributorId":12286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gumma","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, A.","contributorId":50343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thenkabail, P.S.","contributorId":66071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenkabail","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Singh, A.N.","contributorId":36790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036488,"text":"70036488 - 2011 - The indication of Martian gully formation processes by slope-area analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T11:04:41","indexId":"70036488","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The indication of Martian gully formation processes by slope-area analysis","docAbstract":"The formation process of recent gullies on Mars is currently under debate. This study aims to discriminate between the proposed formation processes - pure water flow, debris flow and dry mass wasting - through the application of geomorphological indices commonly used in terrestrial geomorphology. High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) of Earth and Mars were used to evaluate the drainage characteristics of small slope sections. Data from Earth were used to validate the hillslope, debris-flow and alluvial process domains previously found for large fluvial catchments on Earth, and these domains were applied to gullied and ungullied slopes on Mars. In accordance with other studies, our results indicate that debris flow is one of the main processes forming the Martian gullies that were being examined. The source of the water is predominantly distributed surface melting, not an underground aquifer. Evidence is also presented indicating that other processes may have shaped Martian crater slopes, such as ice-assisted creep and solifluction, in agreement with the proposed recent Martian glacial and periglacial climate. Our results suggest that, within impact craters, different processes are acting on differently oriented slopes, but further work is needed to investigate the potential link between these observations and changes in Martian climate.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society Special Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1144/SP356.10","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Conway, S.J., Balme, M.R., Murray, J., Towner, M.C., Okubo, C., and Grindrod, P.M., 2011, The indication of Martian gully formation processes by slope-area analysis: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 356, no. 1, p. 171-201, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP356.10.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"201","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475339,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://insu.hal.science/insu-02276823","text":"External Repository"},{"id":218381,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP356.10"},{"id":246383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"356","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad05e4b08c986b323908","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conway, Susan J.","contributorId":203697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conway","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36693,"text":"University of Nantes","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":456383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balme, Matthew R.","contributorId":212708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balme","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, John B.","contributorId":212709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Towner, Martin C.","contributorId":212710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Towner","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Okubo, Chris 0000-0001-9776-8128 cokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-8128","contributorId":174209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Chris","email":"cokubo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grindrod, Peter M.","contributorId":212711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grindrod","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036489,"text":"70036489 - 2011 - Nitrogen uptake by the shoots of smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-08T17:48:00.504303","indexId":"70036489","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen uptake by the shoots of smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora","docAbstract":"The smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora is the foundation species in intertidal salt marshes of the North American Atlantic coast. Depending on its elevation within the marsh, S. alterniflora may be submerged for several hours per day. Previous ecosystem-level studies have demonstrated that S. alterniflora marshes are a net sink for nitrogen (N), and that removal of N from flooding tidal water can provide enough N to support the aboveground biomass. However, studies have not specifically investigated whether S. alterniflora plants assimilate nutrients through their aboveground tissue. We determined in situ foliar and stem N uptake kinetics for 15NH4, 15NO3, and 15N-glycine by artificially flooding plants in a mid-Atlantic salt marsh. To determine the ecological importance of shoot uptake, a model was created to estimate the time of inundation of S. alterniflora in 20 cm height intervals during the growing season. Estimates of inundation time, shoot mass, N uptake rates, and N availability from long-term data sets were used to model seasonal shoot N uptake. Rates of aboveground N uptake rates (leaves + stems) were ranked as follows: NH4+ > glycine > NO3–. Our model suggests that shoot N uptake may satisfy up to 15% of the growing season N demand in mid-Atlantic salt marshes, with variation depending on plant elevation and water column N availability. However, in eutrophic estuaries, our model indicates the potential of the plant canopy as a nutrient filter, with shoot uptake contributing 66 to 100% of plant N demand.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps09117","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Mozdzer, T., Kirwan, M., McGlathery, K., and Zieman, J.C., 2011, Nitrogen uptake by the shoots of smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 433, p. 43-52, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09117.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475290,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09117","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218414,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09117"}],"volume":"433","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66f9e4b0c8380cd730e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mozdzer, T. J.","contributorId":31888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mozdzer","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirwan, M.","contributorId":41124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirwan","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":456388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGlathery, K. J.","contributorId":72109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGlathery","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zieman, J. C.","contributorId":23265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zieman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036493,"text":"70036493 - 2011 - Mineralogic sources of metals in leachates from the weathering of sedex, massive sulfide, and vein deposit mining wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T09:35:40","indexId":"70036493","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mineralogic sources of metals in leachates from the weathering of sedex, massive sulfide, and vein deposit mining wastes","docAbstract":"Weathered mine waste consists of oxidized primary minerals and chemically unstable secondary phases that can be sources of readily soluble metals and acid rock drainage. Elevated concentrations of metals such as Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn are observed in deionized water-based leachate solutions derived from complex sedex and Cu-Pb-Zn mine wastes. Leachate (USGS FLT) from the Elizabeth mine, a massive sulfide deposit, has a pH of 3.4 and high concentrations of Al (16700 ug/L), Cu (440 ug/L), and Zn (8620 ug/L). Leachate from the sedex Faro mine has a pH of 3.5 and high concentrations of Al (2040 ug/L), Cu (1930 ug/L), Pb (2080 ug/L), and Zn (52900 ug/L). In contrast, higher-pH leachates produced from tailings of polymetallic vein deposits have order of magnitude lower metal concentrations. These data indicate that highly soluble secondary mineral phases exist at the surface of waste material where the samples were collected. Sulfide minerals from all sites exhibit differential degrees of weathering, from dissolution etched grain rims, to rinds of secondary minerals, to skeletal remnants. These microscale mineral-dissolution textures enhance weathering and metal teachability of waste material. Besides the formation of secondary minerals, sulfide grains from dried tailings samples may be coated by amorphous Fe-Al-Si minerals that also adsorb metals such as Cu, Ni, and Zn.","largerWorkTitle":"SME Annual Meeting and Exhibit and CMA 113th National Western Mining Conference 2011","conferenceTitle":"SME Annual Meeting and Exhibit and CMA 113th National Western Mining Conference 2011","conferenceDate":"28 February 2011 through 2 March 2011","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","isbn":"9781617829727","usgsCitation":"Diehl, S.F., Hageman, P., Seal, R., Piatak, N., and Lowers, H., 2011, Mineralogic sources of metals in leachates from the weathering of sedex, massive sulfide, and vein deposit mining wastes, in SME Annual Meeting and Exhibit and CMA 113th National Western Mining Conference 2011, Denver, CO, 28 February 2011 through 2 March 2011, p. 792-796.","startPage":"792","endPage":"796","numberOfPages":"5","ipdsId":"IP-026408","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5a8de4b0c8380cd6ef63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diehl, S. F.","contributorId":84780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hageman, P. L. 0000-0002-3440-2150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3440-2150","contributorId":27459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hageman","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatak, N.M. 0000-0002-1973-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":46636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowers, H. 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":9512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036500,"text":"70036500 - 2011 - Coordinating standards and applications for optical water quality sensor networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:02","indexId":"70036500","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Coordinating standards and applications for optical water quality sensor networks","docAbstract":"Joint USGS-CUAHSI Workshop: In Situ Optical Water Quality Sensor Networks; Shepherdstown, West Virginia, 8-10 June 2011; Advanced in situ optical water quality sensors and new techniques for data analysis hold enormous promise for advancing scientific understanding of aquatic systems through measurements of important biogeochemical parameters at the time scales over which they vary. High-frequency and real-time water quality data also provide the opportunity for early warning of water quality deterioration, trend detection, and science-based decision support. However, developing networks of optical sensors in freshwater systems that report reliable and comparable data across and between sites remains a challenge to the research and monitoring community. To address this, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI), convened a 3-day workshop to explore ways to coordinate development of standards and applications for optical sensors, as well as handling, storage, and analysis of the continuous data they produce.","largerWorkTitle":"Eos","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2011EO300003","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Bergamaschi, B., and Pellerin, B., 2011, Coordinating standards and applications for optical water quality sensor networks, in Eos, v. 92, no. 30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011EO300003.","startPage":"251","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475324,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011eo300003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":218536,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011EO300003"},{"id":246556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbf0e4b0c8380cd4e043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergamaschi, B. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":47219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pellerin, B.","contributorId":37047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035672,"text":"70035672 - 2011 - Fish community and bioassessment responses to stream network position","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T15:10:54","indexId":"70035672","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish community and bioassessment responses to stream network position","docAbstract":"If organisms move beyond the boundaries of local sampling units, regional metacommunity dynamics could undermine the ability of bioassessment studies to characterize local environmental quality. We tested the prediction that fish dispersal influences local fish community structure and bioassessment metrics as a function of site position within stream networks. We evaluated fish community data from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program in West Virginia, USA, to compare the influences of stream network position, ecoregion, basin, and stream size on local fish community composition. We assigned sites to 1 of 3 stream network positions: 1) main channels (MC, n = 12) encompassed streams with upstream catchment areas >200 km2, 2) mainstem tributaries (MT, n = 43) flowed into MC-sized confluences within 15 fluvial km, 3) headwater tributaries (HT, n = 31) lacked such riverine confluences within 15 fluvial km. MT and HT sites had similar upstream catchment sizes and landuse gradients, but species richness was greater in MT sites than HT sites, whereas MT and MC sites were not different in this regard. Three bioassessment metrics were greater in MT sites than HT sites (intolerant species richness, cyprinid species richness, benthic species richness), but a multimetric index of biotic integrity did not differ among stream network positions. Ordinations revealed that fish community composition was organized primarily by zoogeographic basin (Monongahela River basin, New River basin, Ohio River basin), ecoregion (Central Appalachian Plateau, Western Appalachian Plateau, Ridge and Valley), and stream size. Riverine specialists were more abundant in MT than HT sites and were more abundant in basins connected to the Ohio River than in basins isolated from the Ohio River by a large waterfall (New River). Our results suggest that contemporary dispersal among streams influences fish community composition over small spatial scales (101 km), historical dispersal constrained by zoogeographic barriers influences community structure over larger areas (102 km), and contemporary dispersal by fishes influences certain metrics commonly used in bioassessment programs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Society for Freshwater Science","publisherLocation":"http://www.freshwater-science.org/","doi":"10.1899/09-155.1","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Hitt, N., and Angermeier, P., 2011, Fish community and bioassessment responses to stream network position: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 30, no. 1, p. 296-309, https://doi.org/10.1899/09-155.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"309","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216276,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1899/09-155.1"},{"id":244139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1089e4b0c8380cd53cef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hitt, N.P. 0000-0002-1046-4568","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1046-4568","contributorId":101466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"N.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036039,"text":"70036039 - 2011 - Sulfur in the South Florida ecosystem: Distribution, sources, biogeochemistry, impacts, and management for restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-28T16:17:13","indexId":"70036039","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1345,"text":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur in the South Florida ecosystem: Distribution, sources, biogeochemistry, impacts, and management for restoration","docAbstract":"Sulfur is broadly recognized as a water quality issue of significance for the freshwater Florida Everglades. Roughly 60% of the remnant Everglades has surface water sulfate concentrations above 1 mg l-1, a restoration performance measure based on present sulfate levels in unenriched areas. Highly enriched marshes in the northern Everglades have average sulfate levels of 60 mg l-1. Sulfate loading to the Everglades is principally a result of land and water management in South Florida. The highest concentrations of sulfate (average 60-70 mg l-1) in the ecosystem are in canal water in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA). Potential sulfur sourcesin the watershed are many, but geochemical data and a preliminary sulfur mass balance for the EAA are consistent with sulfur presently used in agricultural, and sulfur released by oxidation of organic EAA soils (including legacy agricultural applications and natural sulfur) as the primary sources of sulfate enrichment in the EAA canals. Sulfate loading to the Everglades increases microbial sulfate reduction in soils, leading to more reducing conditions, greater cycling of nutrients in soils, production of toxic sulfide, and enhanced methylmercury (MeHg) production and bioaccumulation. Wetlands are zones of naturally high MeHg production, but the combination of high atmospheric mercury deposition rates in South Florida and elevated sulfate loading leads to increased MeHg production and MeHg risk to Everglades wildlife and human consumers. Sulfate from the EAA drainage canals penetrates deep into the Everglades Water Conservation Areas, and may extend into Everglades National Park. Present plans to restore sheet flow and to deliver more water to the Everglades may increase overall sulfur loads to the ecosystem, and move sulfate-enriched water further south. However, water management practices that minimize soil drying and rewetting cycles can mitigate sulfate release during soil oxidation. A comprehensive Everglades restoration strategy should include reduction of sulfur loads as a goal because of the many detrimental impacts of sulfate on the ecosystem. Monitoring data show that the ecosystem response to changes in sulfate levels is rapid, and strategies for reducing sulfate loading may be effective in the near term. A multifaceted approach employing best management practices for sulfur in agriculture, agricultural practices that minimize soil oxidation, and changes to stormwater treatment areas that increase sulfate retention could help achieve reduced sulfate loads to the Everglades, with resulting benefits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis ","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2010.531201","issn":"10643389","usgsCitation":"Orem, W.H., Gilmour, C., Axelrad, D., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Scheidt, D., Kalla, P., McCormick, P., Gabriel, M., and Aiken, G., 2011, Sulfur in the South Florida ecosystem: Distribution, sources, biogeochemistry, impacts, and management for restoration: Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, v. 41, no. SUPPL. 1, p. 249-288, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2010.531201.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"288","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 25.175116531621764\n ],\n [\n -80.386962890625,\n 25.175116531621764\n ],\n [\n -80.386962890625,\n 26.066652138577403\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 26.066652138577403\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 25.175116531621764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9dd9e4b08c986b31db12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orem, William H. 0000-0003-4990-0539 borem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"William","email":"borem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmour, C.","contributorId":62382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmour","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Axelrad, D.","contributorId":96128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Axelrad","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scheidt, D.","contributorId":55674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheidt","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kalla, P.","contributorId":86209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalla","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCormick, P.","contributorId":30022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gabriel, M.","contributorId":69000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gabriel","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Aiken, George","contributorId":208828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":453729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70036548,"text":"70036548 - 2011 - A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-13T06:37:10","indexId":"70036548","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus","docAbstract":"Life is mostly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Although these six elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and thus the bulk of living matter, it is theoretically possible that some other elements in the periodic table could serve the same functions. Here, we describe a bacterium, strain GFAJ-1 of the Halomonadaceae, isolated from Mono Lake, California, that is able to substitute arsenic for phosphorus to sustain its growth. Our data show evidence for arsenate in macromolecules that normally contain phosphate, most notably nucleic acids and proteins. Exchange of one of the major bio-elements may have profound evolutionary and geochemical importance.","language":"English","publisher":"Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1197258","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Wolfe-Simon, F., Blum, J.S., Kulp, T., Rattray, G.W., Hoeft, S., Pett-Ridge, J., Stolz, J., Webb, S., Weber, P., Davies, P., Anbar, A., and Oremland, R., 2011, A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus: Science, v. 332, no. 6034, p. 1163-1166, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197258.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1163","endPage":"1166","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475292,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1016932","text":"External Repository"},{"id":245600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"332","issue":"6034","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e316e4b0c8380cd45dff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe-Simon, Felisa","contributorId":37167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe-Simon","given":"Felisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blum, Jodi S. jsblum@usgs.gov","contributorId":4263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"Jodi","email":"jsblum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kulp, T.R.","contributorId":33032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulp","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rattray, Gordon W. 0000-0002-1690-3218 grattray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-3218","contributorId":2521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattray","given":"Gordon","email":"grattray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoeft, S.E.","contributorId":24479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoeft","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pett-Ridge, J.","contributorId":47129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pett-Ridge","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stolz, J.F.","contributorId":94022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolz","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Webb, S.M.","contributorId":12959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Weber, P.K.","contributorId":53574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Davies, P.C.W.","contributorId":21015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"P.C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Anbar, A.D.","contributorId":36365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anbar","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70033953,"text":"70033953 - 2011 - Advancing environmental toxicology through chemical dosimetry: External exposures versus tissue residues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:33","indexId":"70033953","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2006,"text":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Advancing environmental toxicology through chemical dosimetry: External exposures versus tissue residues","docAbstract":"The tissue residue dose concept has been used, although in a limited manner, in environmental toxicology for more than 100 y. This review outlines the history of this approach and the technical background for organic chemicals and metals. Although the toxicity of both can be explained in tissue residue terms, the relationship between external exposure concentration, body and/or tissues dose surrogates, and the effective internal dose at the sites of toxic action tends to be more complex for metals. Various issues and current limitations related to research and regulatory applications are also examined. It is clear that the tissue residue approach (TRA) should be an integral component in future efforts to enhance the generation, understanding, and utility of toxicity testing data, both in the laboratory and in the field. To accomplish these goals, several key areas need to be addressed: 1) development of a risk-based interpretive framework linking toxicology and ecology at multiple levels of biological organization and incorporating organism-based dose metrics; 2) a broadly applicable, generally accepted classification scheme for modes/mechanisms of toxic action with explicit consideration of residue information to improve both single chemical and mixture toxicity data interpretation and regulatory risk assessment; 3) toxicity testing protocols updated to ensure collection of adequate residue information, along with toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics information, based on explicitly defined toxicological models accompanied by toxicological model validation; 4) continued development of residueeffect databases is needed ensure their ongoing utility; and 5) regulatory guidance incorporating residue-based testing and interpretation approaches, essential in various jurisdictions. ??:2010 SETAC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/ieam.98","issn":"15513793","usgsCitation":"McCarty, L., Landrum, P., Luoma, S., Meador, J., Merten, A., Shephard, B., and van Wezelzz, A., 2011, Advancing environmental toxicology through chemical dosimetry: External exposures versus tissue residues: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 7, no. 1, p. 7-27, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.98.","startPage":"7","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214155,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.98"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e706e4b0c8380cd477da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarty, L.S.","contributorId":10237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarty","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landrum, P.F.","contributorId":98423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landrum","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meador, J.P.","contributorId":68545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Merten, A.A.","contributorId":34336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merten","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shephard, B.K.","contributorId":102700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shephard","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"van Wezelzz, A.P.","contributorId":66076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Wezelzz","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70192698,"text":"70192698 - 2011 - Eocene bituminous coal deposits of the Claiborne group, Webb County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-22T16:24:07.10198","indexId":"70192698","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5382,"text":"AAPG Studies in Geology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"chapter":"12","title":"Eocene bituminous coal deposits of the Claiborne group, Webb County, Texas","docAbstract":"Two bituminous coal zones, the San Pedro and the Santo Tomas, in the middle Eocene Claiborne Group of Webb County, south Texas (Figure 1), are among the coal resources that are not evaluated quantitatively as part of the current Gulf Coastal Plain coal resource assessment. Coal beds within these zones were mined by underground methods northwest of Laredo until 1939 and have been intermittently mined at the surface since 1979. These coals have long been regarded as unique within the Gulf Coast Tertiary coal-bearing section because they are high-volatile C bituminous in rank and because their physical characteristics resemble upper Carboniferous cannel coals of the Appalachians and Europe.
Discontinuous exposures of the Santo Tomas and the underlying San Pedro coal zone extend northwestward from Dolores for approximately 15 to 21 mi along the breaks of the Rio Grande and its tributaries in Webb County (Figure 1). This part of south Texas lies along the southwestern flank of the Rio Grande Embayment, which extends south and southeastwardly through the Mexican States of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas (Figure 1). Within the embayment, the lower to middle part of the Claiborne Group consists of marine mudstones (Reklaw Formation) in the east and northeast and sandstones and mudstones (Bigford Formation) in the south and southwest (Figure 2). The marine mudstones coarsen upward into fluvial-deltaic sandstones (Queen City Sand) that prograded gulfward across eastern and central Texas (Guevara and Garcia, 1972). To the west and southwest, the interval overlying the Bigford Formation becomes less sandy, and claystones (El Pico Clay) predominate. Although the San Pedro coal zone has been placed traditionally near the top of the Bigford Formation and the Santo Tomas coal zone near the base of the El Pico Clay, recent work has failed to validate a mappable contact between these formations (Warwick and Hook, 1995). The coal beds dip northeast at less than 2 degrees towards the synclinal axis of the basin.
The following summary is based upon published and unpublished reports; drillhole records (geophysical logs, descriptions of cores and cuttings); coal-quality data obtained from the permit files of the Railroad Commission of Texas and recent sampling by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); a preliminary review of proprietary data acquired recently by the USGS; and field work conducted by the USGS since 1994. A total of approximately 200 drillhole records was examined.
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development","indexId":"70175157","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"chapter":"3","title":"Chapter 3: Changes to the Wyoming Basins landscape from oil and natural gas development"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70118768,"text":"70118768 - 2011 - Sagebrush ecosystem conservation and management: Ecoregional assessment tools and models for the Wyoming Basins","indexId":"70118768","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Sagebrush ecosystem conservation and management: Ecoregional assessment tools and models for the Wyoming Basins"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70118768,"text":"70118768 - 2011 - Sagebrush ecosystem conservation and management: Ecoregional assessment tools and models for the Wyoming Basins","indexId":"70118768","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Sagebrush ecosystem conservation and management: Ecoregional assessment tools and models for the Wyoming Basins"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-31T14:05:19.504293","indexId":"70175157","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Chapter 3: Changes to the Wyoming Basins landscape from oil and natural gas development","docAbstract":"Oil and natural gas have been produced in Wyoming since the late 1800s although the rate of extraction has increased substantially in the last two decades. Well pads, roads, and infrastructure built to support resource development alter native vegetation configuration; however, the rate and effect of land cover change resulting from oil and gas extraction has not been quantified across the region. We used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to model development through time and assess change to native vegetation at two spatial extents (field and subbasin) within the Wyoming portion of the Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment (WBEA) area. Since 1900, a minimum of 1,703 km2 of native vegetation in the WBEA area has been replaced by well pads or roads. Shrublands were, and continue to be, the dominant land cover class and the cover type most affected by oil and gas extraction. Average shrubland patch size has decreased by approximately 10% at the subbasin extent in the WBEA. Core area (≥60 m from edge) size declined by 13% as road development fragmented formerly continuous patches. To date, the majority of land cover change has occurred in formally identified oil and gas fields, which cover about 1% of the WBEA in Wyoming. Approximately 7.5% of shrubland within oil and gas fields has been converted to well pad or a road supporting a well, and shrubland patch size has declined by 45%. Resource reserves, especially natural gas, have been identified outside traditional fields, and development will likely expand as resource development becomes more cost-effective. Revegetation guidelines are in place for development areas addressed by Environmental Impact Assessments although no quantitative data are available to assess how well restoration efforts are restoring landscapes and connecting fragments.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sagebrush ecosystem conservation and management: Ecoregional assessment tools and models for the Wyoming Basins","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, Kansas","isbn":"978-0-615-55530-0","usgsCitation":"Finn, S.P., and Knick, S.T., 2011, Chapter 3: Changes to the Wyoming Basins landscape from oil and natural gas development, chap. 3 of Sagebrush ecosystem conservation and management: Ecoregional assessment tools and models for the Wyoming Basins, p. 69-87.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":378018,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ja/70175157/70175157.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"The U.S. Geological Survey has been given express permission by the publisher to provide full-text access online for this publication, and is posted with the express permission from the Publications Warehouse Guidance Subcommittee"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.03881835937499,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -111.03881835937499,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -104.073486328125,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -104.073486328125,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -111.03881835937499,\n 41.0130657870063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"The U.S. Geological Survey has been given express permission by the publisher to provide full-text access online for this publication, and is posted with the express permission from the Publications Warehouse Guidance Subcommittee","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a072bce4b060ce18fb2e31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Sean P.","contributorId":106623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236119,"text":"70236119 - 2011 - Mechanical analysis of fault slip data: Implications for paleostress analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T16:54:23.081727","indexId":"70236119","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-10T11:49:30","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanical analysis of fault slip data: Implications for paleostress analysis","docAbstract":"Stress inversions are a useful and popular tool for structural geologist and seismologist alike. These methods were first introduced by Wallace (1951) and Bott (1959) and subsequent studies continue to be based on their assumptions: the remote stress tensor is spatially uniform for the rock mass containing the faults and temporally constant over the history of faulting in that region, and the slip on each fault surface has the same direction and sense as the maximum shear stress resolved on that surface from the remote stress tensor. Furthermore, successful implementation requires that slip accumulates on faults of diverse orientation. Many studies employ these methods on isolated faults or on fault systems with limited ranges of orientations, which can lead to erroneous results. We propose a new method that incorporates the effects of mechanical interaction of the entire fault or fault system, and solves the complete mechanical problem rather than employing empirical relationships between slip and stress or strain (or strain rate). The method requires knowledge of the fault geometry and information on at least one slip vector component along portions of the known fault geometry. For example, if throw is known, the strike-slip component can be solved for. We test the method using a single synthetic fault with anisotropic roughness similar to that measured at fault outcrops. While the orientation of remote stress may be determined precisely, the lack of diverse fault orientations introduces a systematic error in the remote stress ratio. We further test the effect of diversity of fault orientations and find that Wallace–Bott type inversions do not perform as well for limited ranges of orientations when compared to the proposed method. Finally, we use published data from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake, and find that the method using surface data only, and surface data with subsurface focal mechanisms, produce similar results. The resulting stress orientations are in good agreement with results from Wallace–Bott inversions. Furthermore, the slip distribution is in general agreement with kinematic slip inversions using coseismic surface deformation. Stress inversion methods using fault slip data can thus be improved upon, significantly in some cases, by solving a mechanical boundary value problem that takes into account the geometry of faults or fault systems. As a bonus, the solution provides the stress, strain, and displacement fields throughout the region and the slip distributions on the faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2010.12.004","usgsCitation":"Kaven, J., Maerten, F., and Pollard, D.D., 2011, Mechanical analysis of fault slip data: Implications for paleostress analysis: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 33, no. 2, p. 78-91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.12.004.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"91","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405805,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaven, J. Ole 0000-0003-2625-2786 okaven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-2786","contributorId":3993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaven","given":"J. Ole","email":"okaven@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maerten, F.","contributorId":295915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maerten","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollard, D. D.","contributorId":72914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollard","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036960,"text":"70036960 - 2011 - Using Cl/Br ratios and other indicators to assess potential impacts on groundwater quality from septic systems: A review and examples from principal aquifers in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-16T13:08:03.731019","indexId":"70036960","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using Cl/Br ratios and other indicators to assess potential impacts on groundwater quality from septic systems: A review and examples from principal aquifers in the United States","docAbstract":"A detailed review was made of chemical indicators used to identify impacts from septic tanks on groundwater quality. Potential impacts from septic tank leachate on groundwater quality were assessed using the mass ratio of chloride–bromide (Cl/Br), concentrations of selected chemical constituents, and ancillary information (land use, census data, well depth, soil characteristics) for wells in principal aquifers of the United States. Chemical data were evaluated from 1848 domestic wells in 19 aquifers, 121 public-supply wells in 6 aquifers, and associated monitoring wells in four aquifers and their overlying hydrogeologic units. Based on previously reported Cl/Br ratios, statistical comparisons between targeted wells (where Cl/Br ratios range from 400 to 1100 and Cl concentrations range from 20 to 100 mg/L) and non-targeted wells indicated that shallow targeted monitoring and domestic wells (<20 m depth below land surface) had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher median percentage of houses with septic tanks (1990 census data) than non-targeted wells. Higher (p = 0.08) median nitrate–N concentration (3.1 mg/L) in oxic (dissolved oxygen concentrations >0.5 mg/L) shallow groundwater from target domestic wells, relative to non-target wells (1.5 mg/L), corresponded to significantly higher potassium, boron, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, and sulfate concentrations, which may also indicate the influence of septic-tank effluent. Impacts on groundwater quality from septic systems were most evident for the Eastern Glacial Deposits aquifer and the Northern High Plains aquifer that were associated with the number of housing units using septic tanks, high permeability of overlying sediments, mostly oxic conditions, and shallow wells. Overall, little or no influence from septic systems were found for water samples from the deeper public-supply wells.
The Cl/Br ratio is a useful first-level screening tool for assessing possible septic tank influence in water from shallow wells (<20 m) with the range of 400–1100. The use of this ratio would be enhanced with information on other chloride sources, temporal variability of chloride and bromide concentrations in shallow groundwater, knowledge of septic-system age and maintenance, and the use of multiple tracers (combination of additional chemical and microbiological indicators).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.017","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., Eberts, S.M., and Kauffman, L.J., 2011, Using Cl/Br ratios and other indicators to assess potential impacts on groundwater quality from septic systems: A review and examples from principal aquifers in the United States: Journal of Hydrology, v. 397, no. 3-4, p. 151-166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.017.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"166","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -128.32031249999997,\n 25.48295117535531\n ],\n [\n -65.390625,\n 25.48295117535531\n ],\n [\n -65.390625,\n 51.39920565355378\n ],\n [\n -128.32031249999997,\n 51.39920565355378\n ],\n [\n -128.32031249999997,\n 25.48295117535531\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"397","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc00de4b08c986b329ed0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, L. J. 0000-0003-4564-0362","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":65217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":458683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189674,"text":"sir201052578 - 2011 - Water quality and trophic status of Fort Cobb Reservoir, southwestern Oklahoma, 2016: Chapter 8 in Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70189674,"text":"sir201052578 - 2011 - Water quality and trophic status of Fort Cobb Reservoir, southwestern Oklahoma, 2016: Chapter 8 in Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma","indexId":"sir201052578","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"chapter":"8","displayTitle":"Water quality and trophic status of Fort Cobb Reservoir, southwestern Oklahoma, 2016: Chapter 8 in Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma","title":"Water quality and trophic status of Fort Cobb Reservoir, southwestern Oklahoma, 2016: Chapter 8 in Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70005462,"text":"sir20105257 - 2011 - Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma","indexId":"sir20105257","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70005462,"text":"sir20105257 - 2011 - Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma","indexId":"sir20105257","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-21T13:28:00","indexId":"sir201052578","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5257","chapter":"8","displayTitle":"Water quality and trophic status of Fort Cobb Reservoir, southwestern Oklahoma, 2016: Chapter 8 in Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma","title":"Water quality and trophic status of Fort Cobb Reservoir, southwestern Oklahoma, 2016: Chapter 8 in Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Eutrophication of reservoirs frequently occurs because of excessive nutrient inputs caused by anthropogenic activities, including row-crop agriculture. The trophic status of Fort Cobb Reservoir, Oklahoma, was assessed in April, July, and September 2006. The Fort Cobb Reservoir was highly eutrophic, with the greatest concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll-a being measured in the upper reaches of the reservoir. Water quality generally improved toward the dam, but remained eutrophic. Analysis of vertical water-quality profiles indicated that the Fort Cobb Reservoir was well mixed, with little thermal stratification. Comparison of these data to nutrient-loading data indicated that nutrients were primarily delivered during peak storms along with large sediment loads.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma (Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5257)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.s. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir201052578","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, J.F., Allert, A., and Echols, K.R., 2011, Water quality and trophic status of Fort Cobb Reservoir, southwestern Oklahoma, 2016: Chapter 8 in Assessment of conservation practices in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed, southwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5257, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir201052578.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":372515,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5257/Chapter8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Fort Cobb Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.54804992675781,\n 35.14630144911117\n ],\n [\n -98.41552734375,\n 35.14630144911117\n ],\n [\n -98.41552734375,\n 35.24954441407211\n ],\n [\n -98.54804992675781,\n 35.24954441407211\n ],\n [\n -98.54804992675781,\n 35.14630144911117\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fdfe4b0d1f9f065ab09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairchild, James F. jfairchild@usgs.gov","contributorId":492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James","email":"jfairchild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allert, Ann L. aallert@usgs.gov","contributorId":494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allert","given":"Ann L.","email":"aallert@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Echols, Kathy R. 0000-0003-2631-9143 kechols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9143","contributorId":2799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Echols","given":"Kathy","email":"kechols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193012,"text":"70193012 - 2011 - Effect of land cover change on runoff curve number estimation in Iowa, 1832-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T14:08:36","indexId":"70193012","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1447,"text":"Ecohydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of land cover change on runoff curve number estimation in Iowa, 1832-2001","docAbstract":"Within the first few decades of European-descended settlers arriving in Iowa, much of the land cover across the state was transformed from prairie and forest to farmland, patches of forest, and urbanized areas. Land cover change over the subsequent 126 years was minor in comparison. Between 1832 and 1859, the General Land Office conducted a survey of the State of Iowa to aid in the disbursement of land. In 1875, an illustrated atlas of the State of Iowa was published, and in 2001, the US Geological Survey National Land Cover Dataset was compiled. Using these three data resources for classifying land cover, the hydrologic impact of the land cover change at three points in time over a period of 132+ years is presented in terms of the effect on the area-weighted average curve number, a term commonly used to predict peak runoff from rainstorms. In the four watersheds studied, the area-weighted average curve number associated with the first 30 years of settlement increased from 61·4 to 77·8. State-wide mapped forest area over this same period decreased 19%. Over the next 126 years, the area-weighted average curve number decreased to 76·7, despite an additional forest area reduction of 60%. This suggests that degradation of aquatic resources (plants, fish, invertebrates, and habitat) arising from hydrologic alteration was likely to have been much higher during the 30 years of initial settlement than in the subsequent period of 126 years in which land cover changes resulted primarily from deforestation and urbanization.
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trout","docAbstract":"We developed standard weight (W(s); length-specific standard weight for the species) equations for inland cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki using the regression-line-percentile technique. Length and weight data from samples of 117 cutthroat trout populations (48 lentic and 69 lotic) over the interior range of the species were used. Separate W(s) equations were developed for lentic and lotic populations, as well as an overall equation. Relative weight (W(r); individual weight/W(s)) values did not change systematically with increasing fish length. No significant differences in mean W(r) were found among subspecies of cutthroat trout. Differences between lotic and lentic populations suggested the need for two separate equations.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0784:PSWWSE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kruse, C., and Hubert, W., 2011, Proposed standard weight (W(s)) equations for interior cutthroat trout: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 17, no. 3, p. 784-790, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0784:PSWWSE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"784","endPage":"790","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.54614713029105,\n 48.95758953369554\n ],\n [\n -119.0525917030605,\n 41.10014925932988\n ],\n [\n -115.18906100388693,\n 39.85570640337298\n ],\n [\n -113.69620753910942,\n 36.82961137732771\n ],\n [\n -109.42690968307011,\n 36.89620944979575\n ],\n [\n -108.22299022767717,\n 33.74393344990672\n ],\n [\n -104.39525257197329,\n 34.09891633128885\n ],\n [\n -107.58463079783098,\n 48.95758953369554\n ],\n [\n -118.54614713029105,\n 48.95758953369554\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f42e4b0c8380cd7f664","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kruse, C.G.","contributorId":72147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035777,"text":"70035777 - No Year - Observations on the use of membrane filtration and liquid impingement to collect airborne microorganisms in various atmospheric environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-10T19:44:42.298838","indexId":"70035777","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":true,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":667,"text":"Aerobiologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on the use of membrane filtration and liquid impingement to collect airborne microorganisms in various atmospheric environments","docAbstract":"The influence of sample-collection-time on the recovery of culturable airborne microorganisms using a low-flow-rate membrane-filtration unit and a high-flow-rate liquid impinger were investigated. Differences in recoveries were investigated in four different atmospheric environments, one mid-oceanic at an altitude of ~10.0 m, one on a mountain top at an altitude of ~3,000.0 m, one at ~1.0 m altitude in Tallahassee, Florida, and one at ~1.0 m above ground in a subterranean-cave. Regarding use of membrane filtration, a common trend was observed: the shorter the collection period, the higher the recovery of culturable bacteria and fungi. These data also demonstrated that lower culturable counts were common in the more remote mid-oceanic and mountain-top atmospheric environments with bacteria, fungi, and total numbers averaging (by sample time or method categories) <3.0 colony-forming units (CFU) m−3. At the Florida and subterranean sites, the lowest average count noted was 3.5 bacteria CFU m−3, and the highest averaged 140.4 total CFU m−3. When atmospheric temperature allowed use, the high-volume liquid impinger utilized in this study resulted in much higher recoveries, as much as 10× greater in a number of the categories (bacterial, fungal, and total CFU). Together, these data illustrated that (1) the high-volume liquid impinger is clearly superior to membrane filtration for aeromicrobiology studies if start-up costs are not an issue and temperature permits use; (2) although membrane filtration is more cost friendly and has a ‘typically’ wider operational range, its limits include loss of cell viability with increased sample time and issues with effectively extracting nucleic acids for community-based analyses; (3) the ability to recover culturable microorganisms is limited in ‘extreme’ atmospheric environments and thus the use of a ‘limited’ methodology in these environments must be taken into account; and (4) the atmosphere culls, i.e., everything is not everywhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s10453-010-9173-z","issn":"03935965","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D., Gonzalez, C., Teigell, N., Petrosky, T., Northup, D., and Lyles, M., 2011, Observations on the use of membrane filtration and liquid impingement to collect airborne microorganisms in various atmospheric environments: Aerobiologia, v. 27, no. 1, p. 25-35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-010-9173-z.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"35","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216404,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10453-010-9173-z"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ae0e4b0c8380cd743ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Dale W.","contributorId":23668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":452319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, C.","contributorId":64061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Teigell, N.","contributorId":76967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teigell","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petrosky, Terry tcpetro@usgs.gov","contributorId":2226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrosky","given":"Terry","email":"tcpetro@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":452323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Northup, D.E.","contributorId":14221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Northup","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lyles, M.","contributorId":77386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyles","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98527,"text":"ofr20101146 - 2010 - Coastal vulnerability assessment of the Northern Gulf of Mexico to sea-level rise and coastal change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-31T11:59:08.51909","indexId":"ofr20101146","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-30T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1146","displayTitle":"Coastal Vulnerability Assessment of the Northern Gulf of Mexico to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Change","title":"Coastal vulnerability assessment of the Northern Gulf of Mexico to sea-level rise and coastal change","docAbstract":"A coastal vulnerability index (CVI) was used to map the relative vulnerability of the coast to future sea-level rise along the Northern Gulf of Mexico from Galveston, TX, to Panama City, FL. The CVI ranks the following in terms of their physical contribution to sea-level rise-related coastal change: geomorphology, regional coastal slope, rate of relative sea-level rise, historical shoreline change rate, mean tidal range, and mean significant wave height. The rankings for each variable are combined and an index value is calculated for 1-kilometer grid cells along the coast. The CVI highlights those regions where the physical effects of sea-level rise might be the greatest. The CVI assessment presented here builds on an earlier assessment conducted for the Gulf of Mexico. Recent higher resolution shoreline change, land loss, elevation, and subsidence data provide the foundation for a better assessment for the Northern Gulf of Mexico. The areas along the Northern Gulf of Mexico that are likely to be most vulnerable to sea-level rise are parts of the Louisiana Chenier Plain, Teche-Vermillion Basin, and the Mississippi barrier islands, as well as most of the Terrebonne and Barataria Bay region and the Chandeleur Islands. These very high vulnerability areas have the highest rates of relative sea-level rise and the highest rates of shoreline change or land area loss. The information provided by coastal vulnerability assessments can be used in long-term coastal management and policy decision making.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101146","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Pendleton, E., Barras, J., Williams, S., and Twichell, D., 2010, Coastal vulnerability assessment of the Northern Gulf of Mexico to sea-level rise and coastal change: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1146, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101146.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1146/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":13917,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1146/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":384763,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1146/ofr20101146.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.28 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2010-1146"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97,25 ], [ -97,30 ], [ -82,30 ], [ -82,25 ], [ -97,25 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Northeastern Bristol Bay, Alaska, which includes three large estuaries, is used by multiple sea duck species during the annual cycle. Limited aerial surveys indicate that this area supports tens of thousands of king eiders and black scoters during spring migration and the autumn molt. Existing satellite telemetry data were used to assess the temporal patterns of habitat use and spatial distribution of king eiders and black scoters in northeastern Bristol Bay throughout the annual cycle. King eiders used northeastern Bristol Bay during all months of the annual cycle and black scoters used the area during spring through fall. Both species exhibited a similar seasonal pattern of use that corresponded with the timing of life-cycle stages. Abundance of both species was highest during spring migration and the autumn molting period and lowest during summer. Use by king eiders did not occur during all winter months in every year of the study. King eiders were more broadly distributed than black scoters and were located farther from shore in deeper water. Core use areas had minimal overlap, suggesting a degree of spatial segregation between species and a preference for different habitats in northeastern Bristol Bay. Further study of potential variation in invertebrate community structure that may correlate with the observed interspecific spatial segregation in habitat use is needed to determine preferred forage and describe habitat requirements for each species. Such information is necessary to assess the potential impact that future anthropogenic or environmental changes may have on habitat quality of northeastern Bristol Bay and demography of Pacific sea duck populations that use this area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00227-010-1481-x","usgsCitation":"Schamber, J.L., Flint, P.L., and Powell, A.N., 2010, Patterns of use and distribution of king eiders and black scoters during the annual cycle in northeastern Bristol Bay, Alaska: Marine Biology, v. 157, p. 2169-2176, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-010-1481-x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2169","endPage":"2176","ipdsId":"IP-020509","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":465517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Bristol Bay, Egegik Bay, Kvichak Bay, Nushagak Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.98543737174253,\n 58.922937850867356\n ],\n [\n -161.98543737174253,\n 57.10836069028835\n ],\n [\n -157.60187371983994,\n 57.10836069028835\n ],\n [\n -157.60187371983994,\n 58.922937850867356\n ],\n [\n -161.98543737174253,\n 58.922937850867356\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"157","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schamber, Jason L","contributorId":269800,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schamber","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, Abby N. 0000-0002-9783-134X abby_powell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9783-134X","contributorId":171426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Abby","email":"abby_powell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208555,"text":"70208555 - 2010 - A spectral index for estimating soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta region of China using EO-1 Hyperion data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:02:05","indexId":"70208555","displayToPublicDate":"2020-02-14T15:11:13","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3025,"text":"Pedosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spectral index for estimating soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta region of China using EO-1 Hyperion data","docAbstract":"Soil salinization is one of the most common land degradation processes. In this study, spectral measurements of saline soil samples collected from the Yellow River Delta region of China were conducted in laboratory and hyperspectral data were acquired from an EO-1 Hyperion sensor to quantitatively map soil salinity in the region. A soil salinity spectral index (SSI) was constructed from continuum-removed reflectance (CR-reflectance) at 2 052 and 2 203 nm, to analyze the spectral absorption features of the salt-affected soils. There existed a strong correlation (r =0.91) between the SSI and soil salt content (SSC). Then, a model for estimation of SSC with SSI was established using univariate regression and validation of the model yielded a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.986 and an R2 of 0.873. The model was applied to a Hyperion reflectance image on a pixel-by-pixel basis and the resulting quantitative salinity map was validated successfully with RMSE = 1.921 and R2 =0.627. These suggested that the satellite hyperspectral data had the potential for predicting SSC in a large area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1002-0160(10)60027-6","usgsCitation":"Weng, Y., Gong, P., and Zhu, Z., 2010, A spectral index for estimating soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta region of China using EO-1 Hyperion data: Pedosphere, v. 27, no. 3, p. 378-388, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(10)60027-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"378","endPage":"388","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Yellow River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 118.73748779296875,\n 38.190704293996504\n ],\n [\n 118.49029541015625,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n 118.75671386718749,\n 37.28279464911045\n ],\n [\n 119.02587890624999,\n 38.10646650598286\n ],\n [\n 118.73748779296875,\n 38.190704293996504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weng, Yongling","contributorId":64767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weng","given":"Yongling","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gong, Peng","contributorId":169732,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gong","given":"Peng","affiliations":[{"id":25576,"text":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 94720","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":782456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98664,"text":"tm3A8 - 2010 - Discharge measurements at gaging stations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":4671,"text":"twri03A8 - 1969 - Discharge measurements at gaging stations","indexId":"twri03A8","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Discharge measurements at gaging stations"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98664,"text":"tm3A8 - 2010 - Discharge measurements at gaging stations","indexId":"tm3A8","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Discharge measurements at gaging stations"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-17T20:23:18.149597","indexId":"tm3A8","displayToPublicDate":"2020-01-06T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3-A8","displayTitle":"Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations","title":"Discharge measurements at gaging stations","docAbstract":"The techniques and standards for making discharge measurements at streamflow gaging stations are described in this publication. The vertical axis rotating-element current meter, principally the Price current meter, has been traditionally used for most measurements of discharge; however, advancements in acoustic technology have led to important developments in the use of acoustic Doppler current profilers, acoustic Doppler velocimeters, and other emerging technologies for the measurement of discharge. These new instruments, based on acoustic Doppler theory, have the advantage of no moving parts, and in the case of the acoustic Doppler current profiler, quickly and easily provide three-dimensional stream-velocity profile data through much of the vertical water column. For much of the discussion of acoustic Doppler current profiler moving-boat methodology, the reader is referred to U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 3–A22 (Mueller and Wagner, 2009).
Personal digital assistants (PDAs), electronic field notebooks, and other personal computers provide fast and efficient data-collection methods that are more error-free than traditional hand methods. The use of portable weirs and flumes, floats, volumetric tanks, indirect methods, and tracers in measuring discharge are briefly described.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm3A8","usgsCitation":"Turnipseed, D.P., and Sauer, V.B., 2010, Discharge measurements at gaging stations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods book 3, chap. A8, 87 p. (Also available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3-a8/.)","productDescription":"xiv, 87 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370996,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2175/","text":"Water Supply Paper 2175","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"- Measurement and Computation of Streamflow"},{"id":370995,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3-a8/tm3a8.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34.4 MB","description":"TM 3-A8"},{"id":370994,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3-a8/coverthb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"This edition supersedes USGS Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 3A–8, 1969, “Discharge measurements at gaging stations,” by T.J. Buchanan and W.P. Somers, available at \nhttps://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3a8/, and supplements USGS Water-Supply Paper 2175, volume 1, 1982, “Measurement and computation of streamflow: Measurement of stage and discharge,” by S.E. Rantz and others, available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2175/.","contact":"","tableOfContents":"Stream and reservoir stage are critical parameters in the computation of stream discharge and reservoir volume, respectively. In addition, a record of stream stage is useful in the design of structures that may be affected by stream elevation, as well as for the planning for various uses of flood plains. This report describes equipment and methodology for the observation, sensing, and recording of stage in streams and reservoirs. Although the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) still uses the traditional, basic stilling-well float system as a predominant gaging station, modern electronic stage sensors and water-level recorders are now commonly used. Bubble gages coupled with nonsubmersible pressure transducers eliminate the need for stilling wells. Submersible pressure transducers have become common in use for the measurement of stage in both rivers and lakes. Furthermore, noncontact methods, such as radar, acoustic, and laser methods of sensing water levels, are being developed and tested, and in the case of radar, are commonly used for the measurement of stage. This report describes commonly used gaging-station structures, as well as the design and operation of gaging stations. Almost all of the equipment and instruments described in this report will meet the accuracy standard set by the USGS Office of Surface Water (OSW) for the measurement of stage for most applications, which is ±0.01 foot (ft) or 0.2 percent of the effective stage. Several telemetry systems are used to transmit stage data from the gaging station to the office, although satellite telemetry has become the standard. These telemetry systems provide near real-time stage data, as well as other information that alerts the hydrographer to extreme or abnormal events, and instrument malfunctions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm3A7","usgsCitation":"Sauer, V.B., and Turnipseed, D.P., 2010, Stage measurement at gaging stations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods book 3, chap. A7, 45 p. (Also available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3-a7/.)\n\n","productDescription":"x, 45 p. ","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370993,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2175/","text":"Water Supply Paper 2175","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":" - Measurement and Computation of Streamflow"},{"id":14203,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3-a7/tm3a7.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 3A7"},{"id":126037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3-a7/coverthb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"This edition supersedes USGS Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 3A–7, 1968, “Stage measurement at gaging stations,” by T.J. Buchanan and W.P. Somers, available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3a7/, and supplements USGS Water-Supply Paper 2175, volume 1, 1982, “Measurement and computation of streamflow: Measurement of stage and discharge,” by S.E. Rantz and others, available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2175/.","contact":"","tableOfContents":"MD-DE-DC Water Science Center
StreamStats
U.S. Geological Survey
5522 Research Park Drive
Baltimore, MD 21228