The purpose of this report is to evaluate the use of site-specific regression models to estimate metal concentrations at nine U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations on the Animas and San Juan Rivers in Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Downstream users could use these regression models to determine if metal concentrations are elevated and pose a risk to water supplies, agriculture, and recreation. Multiple linear-regression models were developed by relating metal concentrations in discrete water-quality samples to continuously monitored streamflow and surrogate parameters (specific conductance, pH, turbidity, and water temperature) collected at the U.S. Geological Survey stations. Models were developed for dissolved and total concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc using water-quality samples collected from 2005 to 2017 by several Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies using different collection methods and analytical laboratories. Model performance varied but, in general, models for dissolved metals did not perform as well as those for total metals. Dissolved metals generally were correlated to specific conductance or streamflow and total metals generally were better correlated with turbidity.
Explanatory variables in the models reflected hydrologic and geochemical processes within the basin. A larger number of regression models were statistically significant for the most upstream sites, where metal concentrations were elevated by drainage from abandoned mines and mineralized bedrock. Models generally did not perform as well at downstream sites, especially for dissolved metals, which occurred at lower concentrations than at the upstream sites. In the lower reaches of the rivers, the input of more alkaline water from tributaries and groundwater reduced metal solubility and diluted metal concentrations. The number and distribution of samples in the calibration datasets also may have been a factor in model development. At some sites on the San Juan River, calibration datasets were more limited and did not represent the full range of observed hydrologic and water-quality conditions, especially during storm events in summer and fall. Recommendations for model use are given based on estimates of model precision, biases, and adequacy of the calibration datasets in terms of the number of samples and representativeness of the observed range of streamflow and water-quality conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185116","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Mast, M.A., 2018, Estimating metal concentrations with regression analysis and water-quality surrogates at nine sites on the Animas and San Juan Rivers, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5116, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185116.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 68 p.; Data release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-095270","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359772,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5116/ofr20185116.pdf","text":"Report","size":"77.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5116"},{"id":359771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5116/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359773,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9THSFE0","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Calibration datasets and model archive summaries for regression models developed to estimate metal concentrations at nine sites on the Animas and San Juan Rivers, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Animas River, San Juan River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 36.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-415
Denver, CO 80225-0046
Epithermal gold-silver deposits are vein, stockwork, disseminated, and replacement deposits that are mined primarily for their gold and silver contents; some deposits also contain substantial resources of lead, zinc, copper, and (or) mercury. These deposits form in the uppermost parts of the crust, at depths less than about 1,500 meters below the water table, and at temperatures below about 300 °C. Most epithermal gold-silver deposits are genetically related to hydrothermal systems associated with subaerial volcanism and intrusion of calc-alkaline magmas along convergent plate margins. These deposits formed throughout most of geologic time, although most known deposits are Cenozoic, which reflects preferential preservation of these shallowly formed deposits in tectonically unstable regions. Epithermal gold-silver deposits range in size from tens of thousands to greater than 1 billion metric tons of ore and have gold contents of 0.1 to greater than 30 grams per metric ton and silver contents of less than 1 to several thousand grams per metric ton. Historically, these deposits have been an important source of gold and silver and are estimated to contain about 8 percent of global gold. The wide range of tonnage-grade characteristics makes epithermal gold-silver deposits an attractive target for small and large exploration and mining companies.
This report constitutes a new descriptive model for epithermal gold-silver deposits. It summarizes characteristics of known deposits, including their geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geoenvironmental aspects. Models concerning the genesis of epithermal gold-silver deposits are discussed. The application of descriptive and genetic aspects of the model to mineral exploration and resource assessment of undiscovered deposits is described. Finally, areas where additional research is needed to better understand the genesis of these deposits are identified. An extensive summary table outlining the characteristics of about 100 epithermal gold-silver deposits is included as an appendix; this summary table includes most of the world’s largest epithermal gold-silver deposits, and many smaller, well-studied deposits.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral deposit models for resource assessment (Investigations Report 2010–5070)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105070Q","usgsCitation":"John, D.A., Vikre, P.G., du Bray, E.A., Blakely, R.J., Fey, D.L., Rockwell, B.W., Mauk, J.L., Anderson, E.D., and Graybeal, F.T., 2018, Descriptive models for epithermal gold-silver deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–Q, 247 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105070Q.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 246 p.; 1 Figure; 3 Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069851","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359100,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/sir20105070q_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"19 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2010-5070 Chapter Q Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"Grade and tonnage data and data sources for epithermal gold deposits"},{"id":359099,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/sir20105070q_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"55 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2010-5070 Chapter Q Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"Characteristics of epithermal gold-silver deposits"},{"id":359096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359097,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/sir20105070q.pdf","text":"Report","size":"40.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2010-5070 Chapter Q"},{"id":359098,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/sir20105070q_figA1.pdf","text":"Figure A1","size":"1.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2010-5070 Chapter Q Figure A1"},{"id":359101,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/sir20105070q_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2010-5070 Chapter Q Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"Compilation of isotopic data for epithermal gold-silver mineral deposits"}],"contact":"Contact Information, Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center—Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Environmental Health Mission Area (EHMA) is providing comprehensive science on sources, movement, and transformation of contaminants and pathogens in watershed and aquifer drinking-water supplies and in built water and wastewater infrastructure (referred to as the USGS Water and Wastewater Infrastructure project) in the Greater Chicago Area and elsewhere in the United States, to fill data gaps identified by stakeholders and collaborators in drinking water and public health. EHMA Water and Wastewater Infrastructure research specifically provides insight into natural factors in the environment as well as those water-infrastructure components and processes (such as source-water corrosivity, treatment, plumbing, and so forth) that might influence human exposure to chemical and microbial contaminants at the residential tap. This infrastructure-exposure research role is fulfilled uniquely by the USGS and not by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other agencies, or municipalities that focus on regulatory and policy activities and related compliance. The USGS approach to assessing the possible links between human health and chemical contaminant and pathogen exposure in drinking water is conducted in collaboration with public health experts and includes comprehensive characterization of the presence/absence and concentrations of more than 500 organic and 27 inorganic chemical constituents at the point of use (tap).
Laboratory results for lead and other inorganic contaminants in Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana, residential tapwater are being released to ensure the timely release of quality-assured data to participants in the study. Concentrations of lead and other inorganic constituents were assessed in drinking water at the point of use (kitchen tap or filter) in 45 residential locations and in two locations within each of the two Chicago water purification plants and the two East Chicago water filtration plants during July–December 2017. Three methods were used for analyzing lead. The most sensitive method had a reporting limit of 0.020 micrograms per liter (µg/L). When using the most sensitive analytical method, lead was detected in 39 of 45 residential tapwater samples, with concentrations ranging from less than 0.020 µg/L to 5.31 µg/L (median of the detected values = 0.481 µg/L). Concentrations of lead also were detected in Lake Michigan intake water at all water purification/filtration plant facilities at concentrations ranging from 0.083 to 0.330 µg/L, but were not detected above the reporting limit in any samples of treated, pre-distribution drinking water at any of the water purification/filtration plant facilities.
Because the USGS Water and Wastewater Infrastructure project in the Greater Chicago Area is focused on the potential human exposure to a broad suite of organic and inorganic contaminants in drinking water and is not focused specifically on lead, the sampling protocol did not include “first-draw,” stagnant sampling and samples were collected with point-of-use treatment in place, if present. Thus, the lead results reported herein are not appropriate for assessment of compliance with the EPA 1991 Lead and Copper Rule. Information resources for lead mitigation and water filtration are provided.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Chicago, Department of Water Management; City of East Chicago, Utilities Department; Indiana Department of Environmental Management, Drinking Water Branch; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS); University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health","usgsCitation":"Romanok, K.M., Kolpin, D.W., Meppelink, S.M., Focazio, M.J., Argos, M., Hollingsworth, M.E., McCleskey, R.B., Putz, A.R., Stark, A., Weis, C.P., Zehraoui, A., and Bradley, P.M., 2018, Concentrations of lead and other inorganic constituents in samples of raw intake and treated drinking water from the municipal water filtration plant and residential tapwater in Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana, July–December 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1071, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181071.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 10 p.; Data release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-094493","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358915,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181098","text":"Open-File Report 2018–1098","linkHelpText":"- Methods Used for the Collection and Analysis of Chemical and Biological Data for the Tapwater Exposure Study, United States, 2016–17"},{"id":358912,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1071/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358914,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":" https://doi.org/10.5066/F70R9NN0","text":"USGS data release ","description":"USGS data release ","linkHelpText":"Occurrence and Concentrations of Trace Elements in Discrete Tapwater Samples Collected in Chicago, Illinois and East Chicago, Indiana, 2017"},{"id":358913,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1071/ofr20181071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1071"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","city":"Chicago, East Chicago","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
New igneous and detrital zircon laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf isotopic data are presented for the Mesoproterozoic Kgwebe Formation and the unconformably overlying Ghanzi Group in northwestern Botswana. The Makgabana Hills porphyritic rhyolite flow from the Ghanzi area yielded a U-Pb concordia age of 1085.5 ± 4.5 Ma and provides a new maximum depositional age for the unconformably overlying Ghanzi Group. Detrital zircon (n = 448) from the Ghanzi Group yielded a 207Pb/206Pb age distribution with a dominant (70 to 90%) Mesoproterozoic population (∼1450 to ∼1050 Ma), a smaller (5 to 20%) Paleoproterozoic (∼2200 to ∼1700 Ma) population, and a few (n = 4) older (∼3000 Ma to ∼2450 Ma) grains. A maximum depositional age constraint of ∼1060 to ∼1050 Ma was obtained for middle and upper Ghanzi Group based on the weighted-mean 207Pb/206Pb age of the youngest clusters of overlapping zircon ages for each sample.
Initial hafnium ratios (εHfi) and corresponding crustal residence model ages (TCDM) for the Paleoproterozoic zircon populations indicate either fractionation from a chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR) or mixing between juvenile mantle and older crustal components. Mesoproterozoic zircon with εHfi values between −20 and +15 and TCDM model ages between 3000 and 1200 Ma suggest that the source terrane(s) contained magmatic rocks including both juvenile material and substantially reworked Paleoproterozoic and possibly Archean crust.
Comparison with a compilation of published U-Pb, Lu-Hf, and Sm-Nd data from the Kalahari Craton suggests that the predominant Mesoproterozoic zircon population was derived from the Namaqua Sector, Rehoboth Basement Inlier, Kwando Complex, and Choma-Kalomo Block; some zircon may have had distal sources in adjacent Rodinia landmasses. Both Archean cratonic components and juvenile ∼1200 to ∼1000 Ma magmatic rocks of the Natal Sector and the Maud and Mozambique belts on the eastern margin of the craton are unlikely sources for the detrital zircon based on isotopic composition. Sediment transported from the western margin of the Kalahari Craton entered the northwest Botswana rift and mixed with sediments from the Rehoboth Basement Inlier and Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic terranes that bound the northwest Botswana rift.
Unionid mussels are ecologically important and are globally imperiled. Toxicants contribute to mussel declines, and toxicity tests using juvenile mussels—a sensitive life stage—are valuable in determining thresholds used to set water quality criteria. In vitro culture methods provide an efficient way to propagate juveniles for toxicity testing, but their relative chemical sensitivity compared with in vivo propagated juveniles is unknown. Current testing guidelines caution against using in vitro cultured juveniles until this sensitivity is described. Our objective was to evaluate the relative sensitivity of juvenile mussels produced from both in vitro and in vivo propagation methods to selected chemicals. We conducted 96-h acute toxicity tests according to ASTM International guidelines with 3 mussel species and 6 toxicants: chloride, nickel, ammonia, and 3 copper-based compounds. Statistically significant differences between in vitro and in vivo juvenile 96-h median effect concentrations were observed in 8 of 17 tests, and in vitro juveniles were more sensitive in 6 of the 8 significant differences. At 96 h, 4 of the 8 statistically different tests for a given chemical were within a factor of 2, which is the intralaboratory variation demonstrated in a recent evaluation of mussel toxicity tests. We found that although differences in chemical sensitivity exist between in vitro and in vivo propagated juvenile mussels, they are within normal toxicity test variation. Therefore, in vitro propagated juvenile mussels may be appropriate for use in ASTM International-based toxicity testing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Cehmistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.4270","usgsCitation":"Popp, A., Cope, W., McGregor, M., Kwak, T.J., Augspurger, T., Levine, J.F., and Koch, L., 2018, A comparison of the chemical sensitivities between in vitro and in vivo propagated juvenile freshwater mussels: Implications for standard toxicity testing: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 37, no. 12, p. 3077-3085, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4270.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3077","endPage":"3085","ipdsId":"IP-100193","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Popp, A.","contributorId":263409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Popp","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cope, W. G.","contributorId":263410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cope","given":"W. G.","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGregor, M.A.","contributorId":263412,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGregor","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":53972,"text":"Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kwak, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0616-137X tkwak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-137X","contributorId":834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"Thomas","email":"tkwak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Augspurger, T.","contributorId":81844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Augspurger","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":820816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Levine, Jay F.","contributorId":80902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levine","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":820817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Koch, L.","contributorId":263415,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koch","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70198877,"text":"ofr20181138 - 2018 - A bioassay assessment of a zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) eradication treatment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-30T09:44:32","indexId":"ofr20181138","displayToPublicDate":"2018-08-29T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2018-1138","displayTitle":"A bioassay assessment of a zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) eradication treatment","title":"A bioassay assessment of a zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) eradication treatment","docAbstract":"Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha, Pallas, 1771) are an aquatic invasive species in the
United States, and new infestations of zebra mussels can rapidly expand into dense colonies. Zebra
mussels were first reported in Marion Lake, Dakota County, Minnesota, in September 2017, and
surveys indicated the infestation was likely isolated near a public boat access. A 2.4-hectare area
containing the known zebra mussel infestation was enclosed and treated by area resource managers for
9 days with EarthTec QZ (target concentration: 0.5 milligrams per liter as copper), a copper-based
molluscicide, to eradicate the zebra mussels. Researchers led an onsite bioassay to provide an estimate
of the treatment efficacy within the enclosure. The bioassay was conducted in a mobile assay trailer that
received a continuous flow of treated lake water. Bioassay tanks (n=9; 350 liters) within the trailer were
stocked with zebra mussels (25 mussels per containment bag; 7 bags per tank) collected from White
Bear Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. Mortality in the treated bioassay tanks reached a mean of 99 percent
(95-percent confidence interval: 98–100 percent), there were no mortalities in the control tanks.
However, a predictive model produced for timely delivery to area resource managers indicated zebra
mussel mortality within the treated enclosure may have been as low as 85 percent. Onsite bioassays are
a viable and important tool for treatment evaluation particularly in newly infested waterbodies with low
zebra mussel densities.
Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Road
La Crosse, WI 54602
Porphyry copper deposits consist of low-grade stockwork and disseminated sulfide zones that contain characteristic vein generations formed during the evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal systems. The present contribution proposes an interpretive framework for the formation of porphyry veins that is based on quartz solubility calculations in the H2O-NaCl system at temperatures of 100° to 1,000°C and pressures of 1 to 2,000 bar. The model predicts that high-temperature (≳500°C) quartz in A veins of deep (≳4 km) porphyry deposits forms as a result of the cooling of ascending intermediate-density fluids at lithostatic conditions. In deposits of intermediate depths (~1.5–4 km), A vein quartz is mostly formed through cooling of ascending hydrothermal fluids under closed-system conditions or quasi-isobaric cooling under open-system conditions within the two-phase field of the H2O-NaCl system. In shallow (≲1.5 km) porphyry deposits, rapid decompression can also result in quartz precipitation, forming so-called banded veins. The high-temperature quartz in A veins is associated with potassic alteration. During continued cooling of the magmatic-hydrothermal system, quartz is formed at intermediate temperatures (≳375°–500°C). This quartz overprints earlier A veins and forms B veins. The fluid inclusion inventory of this quartz generation suggests formation at fluctuating pressure conditions, marking the lithostatic to hydrostatic transition, and the change of wall-rock behavior from ductile to brittle conditions. The quartz is precipitated because of cooling and decompression of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids under K-feldspar-stable conditions. Textural evidence from many porphyry veins suggests that hypogene sulfide minerals present in A and B veins postdate the quartz, as contacts between quartz and sulfide minerals commonly show dissolution textures. Hypogene sulfide minerals in C veins form at conditions of retrograde quartz solubility, explaining why these veins contain little to no quartz. The quartz solubility calculations suggest that C vein formation occurs at temperatures of ~375° to 450°C from low-salinity, single-phase fluids escaping from the lithostatic to the hydrostatic environment. At the upper end of this temperature range, C veins are biotite stable. However, these veins are associated with chlorite, chlorite-K-feldspar, or chlorite-sericite alteration in most deposits. Late quartz is formed during continued cooling of the hydrothermal fluids at ≲375°C within the single-phase field of the H2O-NaCl system as quartz solubility under these conditions decreases with temperature. This process is responsible for the formation of quartz in D veins and later base metal-bearing E veins, which are associated with phyllic, advanced argillic, or argillic alteration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/econgeo.2018.4580","usgsCitation":"Monecke, T., Monecke, J., Reynolds, T., Tsuruoka, S., Bennett, M.M., Skewes, W.B., and Palin, R.M., 2018, Quartz solubility in the H2O-NaCl system: A framework for understanding vein formation in porphyry copper deposits: Economic Geology, v. 113, no. 5, p. 1007-1046, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2018.4580.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"1007","endPage":"1046","ipdsId":"IP-086994","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":377280,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monecke, Thomas","contributorId":210730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monecke","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monecke, Jochen","contributorId":237834,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monecke","given":"Jochen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":47621,"text":"Institute of Theoretical Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strae 23, 09596 Freiberg, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, T James","contributorId":237835,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"T James","affiliations":[{"id":47622,"text":"FLUID INC., 1401 Wewatta St. #PH3, Denver, Colorado 80202","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tsuruoka, Subaru","contributorId":237836,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsuruoka","given":"Subaru","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":47623,"text":"Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1516 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bennett, Mitchell M. 0000-0001-9533-9557 mbennett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9533-9557","contributorId":199379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Mitchell","email":"mbennett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":795441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Skewes, Wiley B","contributorId":237837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skewes","given":"Wiley","email":"","middleInitial":"B","affiliations":[{"id":47623,"text":"Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1516 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Palin, Richard M.","contributorId":237838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":795443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70211229,"text":"70211229 - 2018 - The Holbrook Lineaments: The geophysical boundary zone between the Proterozoic Mazatzal and Yavapai Provinces, southwest USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-21T14:48:15.3633","indexId":"70211229","displayToPublicDate":"2018-07-21T09:46:41","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"7","title":"The Holbrook Lineaments: The geophysical boundary zone between the Proterozoic Mazatzal and Yavapai Provinces, southwest USA","docAbstract":"A horizontal gradient analysis of the isostatic gravity and aeromagnetic anomaly grids of the NewMexico-Arizona-southernCalifornia area was carried out, focused on eastern Arizona and western New Mexico, to define the transitional boundary between the Proterozoic Yavapai province to the west and the Mazatzal province to the east. The two provinces differ substantially in their favorability to host Laramide porphyry copper deposits. The gravity field anomaly displays the most continuous lineaments delineating the transitional boundaries between the two provinces. The magnetic anomaly data confirm the boundaries but are less continuous. Inferred left lateral offset and termination of the boundary zone in the southern Basin and Range suggest that the Jurassic Mojave-Sonora megashear may extend over much of the southern Basin and Range in southeast Arizona.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Horizons in earth science research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nova Science Publishers, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Gettings, M.E., 2018, The Holbrook Lineaments: The geophysical boundary zone between the Proterozoic Mazatzal and Yavapai Provinces, southwest USA, chap. 7 of Horizons in earth science research, v. 18, p. 211-227.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"227","ipdsId":"IP-093120","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":376521,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://novapublishers.com/shop/horizons-in-earth-science-research-volume-18/"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gettings, Mark E. 0000-0002-2910-2321 mgetting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-2321","contributorId":602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"Mark","email":"mgetting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198036,"text":"ofr20181107 - 2018 - Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2017","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T21:07:25.110741","indexId":"ofr20181107","displayToPublicDate":"2018-07-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2018-1107","title":"Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2017","docAbstract":"Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and in the clam Macoma petalum (formerly reported as Macoma balthica), clam reproductive activity, and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were investigated in a mudflat 1 kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP) in south San Francisco Bay, Calif. This report includes the data collected by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists for the period January 2017 to December 2017. These append to long-term datasets extending back to 1974. A major focus of the report is an integrated description of the 2017 data within the context of the longer, multi-decadal dataset. This dataset supports the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994.
Significant reductions in silver and copper concentrations in sediment and M. petalum occurred at the site in the 1980s following the implementation by PARWQCP of advanced wastewater treatment and source control measures. Since the 1990s, concentrations of these elements appear to have stabilized at concentrations somewhat above silver (Ag) or near copper (Cu) regional background concentrations. Data for other metals, including chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), have been collected since 1994. Over this period, concentrations of these elements have remained relatively constant, aside from seasonal variation that is common to all elements. In 2017, concentrations of silver and copper in M. petalum varied seasonally in response to a combination of site-specific metal exposures and annual growth and reproduction, as reported previously. Seasonal patterns for other elements, including Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg, and Se, were generally similar in timing and magnitude as those for Ag and Cu. This record suggests that legacy contamination and regional-scale factors now largely control sedimentary and bioavailable concentrations of silver and copper, as well as other elements of regulatory interest, at the Palo Alto site.
Analyses of the benthic community structure of a mudflat in south San Francisco Bay over a 40-year period show that changes in the community have occurred concurrent with reduced concentrations of metals in the sediment and in the tissues of the biosentinel clam, M. petalum, from the same area. Analysis of M. petalum shows increases in reproductive activity concurrent with the decline in metal concentrations in the tissues of this organism. Reproductive activity is presently stable (2017), with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring. The entire infaunal community has shifted from being dominated by several opportunistic species to a community where the species are more similar in abundance, a pattern that indicates a more stable community that is subjected to fewer stressors. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals; both species had short-lived rebounds in abundance in 2008, 2009, and 2010 and showed signs of increasing abundance in 2017. Heteromastus filiformis (a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying its eggs on or in the sediment) showed a concurrent increase in dominance and, in the last several years before 2008, showed a stable population. H. filiformis abundance increased slightly in 2011–2012 and returned to pre-2011 numbers in 2017. An unidentified disturbance occurred on the mudflat in early 2008 that resulted in the loss of the benthic animals, except for deep-dwelling animals like M. petalum. However, within two months of this event animals returned to the mudflat. The resilience of the community suggested that the disturbance was not due to a persistent toxin or anoxia. The reproductive mode of most species that were present in 2017 is reflective of species that were available either as pelagic larvae or as mobile adults. Although oviparous species were lower in number in this group, the authors hypothesize that these species will return slowly as more species move back into the area. The use of functional ecology was highlighted in the 2017 benthic community data, which showed that the animals that have now returned to the mudflat are those that can respond successfully to a physical, nontoxic disturbance. Today, community data show a mix of species that consume the sediment, or filter feed, have pelagic larvae that must survive landing on the sediment, and those that brood their young. USGS scientists view the 2008 disturbance event as a response by the infaunal community to an episodic natural stressor (possibly sediment accretion or a pulse of freshwater), in contrast to the long-term recovery from metal contamination. We will compare this recovery to the long-term recovery observed after the 1970s when the decline in sediment pollutants was the dominating factor.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Palo Alto, California","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., Thompson, J.K., Parchaso, F., Pearson, S., Stewart, R., Turner, M., Barasch, D., Slabic, A., and Luoma, S.N., 2018, Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1107, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181107.","productDescription":"vi, 71 p.","numberOfPages":"79","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098497","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416196,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231017","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1017","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2020"},{"id":416195,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211079","text":"Open-File Report 2021-1079","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2019"},{"id":416197,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191084","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1084","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2018"},{"id":416194,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171135","text":"Open-File Report 2017-1135","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2016"},{"id":416193,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161118","text":"Open-File Report 2016-1118","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2015"},{"id":355780,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1107/ofr20181107_.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1107"},{"id":355779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1107/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Palo Alto","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.27371215820312,\n 37.315567502511044\n ],\n [\n -121.827392578125,\n 37.315567502511044\n ],\n [\n -121.827392578125,\n 37.655557695625056\n ],\n [\n -122.27371215820312,\n 37.655557695625056\n ],\n [\n -122.27371215820312,\n 37.315567502511044\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Hydro-Eco Interactions Branch
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Emergent hypotheses about causes of the pelagic organism decline in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (Delta) indicate that a more complete understanding of the quality of water entering the Delta is needed. Less than half of all pesticides used in the Delta watershed are measured in samples collected for routine monitoring, and with new pesticides continually being registered for use, the concentrations of unmonitored pesticides in the Delta ecosystem are unknown. In response, a multi-year, cooperative effort to improve monitoring of mercury, nutrients, pathogens, and pesticides was begun by the Delta Regional Monitoring Program (RMP). In July 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Delta RMP began measuring concentrations of 154 pesticide compounds in monthly samples of surface water and suspended sediment collected at five major inputs to the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta from July 2015 to June 2016. In addition to pesticide concentration measurements, field water-quality indicators (water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity) were measured at each site and samples were collected for the analysis of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved copper, particulate organic carbon, particulate inorganic carbon, total particulate carbon, and total particulate nitrogen. Pesticide concentrations in particulates were measured in collected suspended-sediment samples by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, whereas concentrations measured in surface-water samples utilized a combination of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were collected from two sites in the San Joaquin River watershed and at one site for each of the Mokelumne River, Sacramento River, and Ulatis Creek watersheds.
All water samples contained mixtures of 2–25 pesticides. Pesticides were detected in 100 percent of surface-water samples. A total of 54 pesticide compounds were detected in water samples during the study period (19 fungicides, 18 herbicides, 9 insecticides, 7 breakdown products, and 1 synergist). The most frequently detected pesticide compounds were the herbicides hexazinone (95 percent) and diuron (73 percent) and the fungicides boscalid (93 percent) and azoxystrobin (75 percent). Pesticide concentrations ranged from below the method detection limits to 2,630 nanograms per liter for the herbicide metolachlor.
A total of 11 pesticide compounds were detected in the suspended sediments filtered from water samples (6 herbicides, 3 insecticides, 1 fungicide, and 1 breakdown product). The most frequently detected compounds were the insecticides permethrin (7 percent) and bifenthrin (5 percent) and the herbicide pendimethalin (5 percent). Pesticide concentrations in the suspended-sediment ranged from below the method detection limit to 265 nanograms per liter for the herbicide pendimethalin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds1089","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Delta Regional Monitoring Program","usgsCitation":"De Parsia, M., Orlando, J.L., McWayne, M.M., and Hladik, M.L., 2018, Pesticide inputs to the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, 2015–16: Results from the Delta Regional Monitoring Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1089, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1089.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"59","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-081632","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1089/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":355606,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1089/ds1089_.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 1089"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.310791015625,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -121.14624023437499,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -121.14624023437499,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -122.310791015625,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -122.310791015625,\n 37.483576550426996\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"The U.S. Geological Survey monthly water balance model (MWBM) was enhanced with the capability to simulate glaciers in order to make it more suitable for simulating cold region hydrology. The new model, MWBMglacier, is demonstrated in the heavily glacierized and ecologically important Copper River watershed in Southcentral Alaska. Simulated water budget components compared well to satellite‐based observations and ground measurements of streamflow, evapotranspiration, snow extent, and total water storage, with differences ranging from 0.2% to 7% of the precipitation flux. Nash Sutcliffe efficiency for simulated and observed streamflow was greater than 0.8 for six of eight stream gages. Snow extent matched satellite‐based observations with Nash Sutcliffe efficiency values of greater than 0.89 in the four Copper River ecoregions represented. During the simulation period 1949 to 2009, glacier ice melt contributed 25% of total runoff, ranging from 12% to 45% in different tributaries, and glacierized area was reduced by 6%. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreasing and increasing trends in annual glacier mass balance occurred during the multidecade cool and warm phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, respectively, reinforcing the link between climate perturbations and glacier mass balance change. The simulations of glaciers and total runoff for a large, remote region of Alaska provide useful data to evaluate hydrologic, cryospheric, ecologic, and climatic trends. MWBM glacier is a valuable tool to understand when, and to what extent, streamflow may increase or decrease as glaciers respond to a changing climate.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2017JF004482","usgsCitation":"Valentin, M.M., Viger, R.J., Van Beusekom, A.E., Hay, L.E., Hogue, T.S., and Foks, N.L., 2018, Enhancement of a parsimonious water balance model to simulate surface hydrology in a glacierized watershed: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 123, no. 5, p. 1116-1132, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004482.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1116","endPage":"1132","ipdsId":"IP-094374","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37273,"text":"Advanced Research Computing (ARC)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":468839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jf004482","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":354424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-05-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b155d78e4b092d9651e1b3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentin, Melissa M.","contributorId":205172,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valentin","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":736281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Viger, Roland J. 0000-0003-2520-714X rviger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2520-714X","contributorId":147818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viger","given":"Roland","email":"rviger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Beusekom, Ashley E. 0000-0002-6996-978X beusekom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6996-978X","contributorId":3992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Beusekom","given":"Ashley","email":"beusekom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hogue, Terri S.","contributorId":205175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hogue","given":"Terri","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":736284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Foks, Nathan Leon","contributorId":194012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foks","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"Leon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70195863,"text":"ds1080 - 2018 - Compilation of new and previously published geochemical and modal data for Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks of the St. Francois Mountains, southeast Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-17T10:57:08","indexId":"ds1080","displayToPublicDate":"2018-04-16T13:50:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1080","title":"Compilation of new and previously published geochemical and modal data for Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks of the St. Francois Mountains, southeast Missouri","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to present recently acquired as well as previously published geochemical and modal petrographic data for igneous rocks in the St. Francois Mountains, southeast Missouri, as part of an ongoing effort to understand the regional geology and ore deposits of the Mesoproterozoic basement rocks of southeast Missouri, USA. The report includes geochemical data that is (1) newly acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey and (2) compiled from numerous sources published during the last fifty-five years. These data are required for ongoing petrogenetic investigations of these rocks. Voluminous Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the St. Francois Mountains of southeast Missouri constitute the basement buried beneath Paleozoic sedimentary rock that is over 600 meters thick in places. The Mesoproterozoic rocks of southeast Missouri represent a significant component of approximately 1.4 billion-year-old (Ga) igneous rocks that crop out extensively in North America along the southeast margin of Laurentia and subsequent researchers suggested that iron oxide-copper deposits in the St. Francois Mountains are genetically associated with ca. 1.4 Ga magmatism in this region. The geochemical and modal data sets described herein were compiled to support investigations concerning the tectonic setting and petrologic processes responsible for the associated magmatism.
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Arctic caribou (Rangifer tarandus) have the longest terrestrial migration of any ungulate but little is known about the spatial and seasonal variation of minerals in summer forages and the potential impacts of mineral nutrition on the foraging behavior and nutritional condition of arctic caribou. We investigated the phenology, availability, and mechanistic relationships of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc in three species of woody browse, three species of graminoids, and one forb preferred by caribou over two transects bisecting the ranges of the Central Arctic (CAH) and Western Arctic (WAH) caribou herds in Alaska. Transects traversed three ecoregions (Coastal Plain, Arctic Foothills and Brooks Range) along known migration paths in the summer ranges of both herds. Concentrations of mineral in forages were compared to estimated dietary requirements of lactating female caribou. Spatial distribution of the abundance of minerals in caribou forage was associated with interactions of soil pH and mineral content, while temporal variation was related to plant maturity, and thus nitrogen and fiber content of forages. Concentrations of sodium were below caribou requirements in all forage species for most of the summer and adequate only on the Coastal Plain during the second half of summer. Phosphorus declined in plants from emergence to senescence and was below requirements in all forages by mid‐summer, while concentrations of copper declined to marginal concentrations at plant senescence. Interactions of sodium with potassium, calcium with phosphorus, and copper with zinc in forages likely exacerbate the constraints of low concentrations sodium, phosphorus, and copper. Forages on the WAH contained significantly more phosphorus and copper than forages collected on the CAH transect. We suspect that migrations of caribou to the Arctic Coastal Plain may allow parturient females to replenish sodium stores depleted by foraging inland through the long arctic winters, while also extending the availability of adequate phosphorus, if animals are able to selectively track emerging waves of forage.
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D.","contributorId":203679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shively","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":36683,"text":"Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":732084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70191014,"text":"sir20175111 - 2018 - Review of the geochemistry and metallogeny of approximately 1.4 Ga granitoid intrusions of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-05T16:15:21.750634","indexId":"sir20175111","displayToPublicDate":"2018-03-27T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2017-5111","title":"Review of the geochemistry and metallogeny of approximately 1.4 Ga granitoid intrusions of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"The conterminous United States hosts numerous volumetrically significant and geographically dispersed granitoid intrusions that range in age from 1.50 to 1.32 billion years before present (Ga). Although previously referred to as A-type granites, most are better described as ferroan granites. These granitoid intrusions are distributed in the northern and central Rocky Mountains, the Southwest, the northern midcontinent, and a swath largely buried beneath Phanerozoic cover across the Great Plains and into the southern midcontinent. These intrusions, with ages that are bimodally distributed between about 1.455–1.405 Ga and 1.405–1.320 Ga, are dispersed nonsystematically with respect to age across their spatial extents. Globally, although A-type or ferroan granites are genetically associated with rare-metal deposits, most U.S. 1.4 Ga granitoid intrusions do not contain significant deposits. Exceptions are the light rare-earth element deposit at Mountain Pass, California, and the iron oxide-apatite and iron oxide-copper-gold deposits in southeast Missouri.
Most of the U.S. 1.4 Ga granitoid intrusions are composed of hornblende ± biotite or biotite ± muscovite monzogranite, commonly with prominent alkali feldspar megacrysts; however, modal compositions vary widely. These intrusions include six of the eight commonly identified subtypes of ferroan granite: alkali-calcic and calc-alkalic peraluminous subtypes; alkalic, alkali-calcic, and calc-alkalic metaluminous subtypes; and the alkalic peralkaline subtype. The U.S. 1.4 Ga granitoid intrusions also include variants of these subtypes that have weakly magnesian compositions. Extreme large-ion lithophile element enrichments typical of ferroan granites elsewhere are absent among these intrusions. Chondrite-normalized rare-earth element patterns for these intrusions have modest negative slopes and moderately developed negative europium anomalies. Their radiogenic isotopic compositions are consistent with mixing involving primitive, mantle-derived components and evolved, crust-derived components.
Each compositional subtype can be ascribed to a relatively unique petrogenetic history. The numerically dominant ferroan, peraluminous granites probably represent low-degree, relatively high-pressure partial melting of preexisting, crust-derived, intermediate-composition granitoids. The moderately numerous, weakly magnesian, peraluminous granites probably reflect similar partial melting but at a higher degree and in a lower pressure environment. In contrast, the ferroan but metaluminous granites may be the result of extensive differentiation of tholeiitic basalt. Finally, the peralkaline igneous rocks at Mountain Pass have compositions potentially derived by differentiation of alkali basalt. The varying alkalic character of each subtype probably reflects polybaric petrogenesis and the corresponding effect of diverse mineral stabilities on ultimate melt compositions. Mantle-derived mafic magma and variably assimilated partial melts of mainly juvenile Paleoproterozoic crustal components are required to generate the relatively low initial strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and distinctive neodymium isotope compositions characteristic of the U.S. 1.4 Ga granitoid intrusions. The characteristics of these intrusions are consistent with crustal melting in an extensional/decompressional, intracratonic setting that was triggered by mantle upwelling and emplacement of tholeiitic basaltic magma at or near the base of the crust. Composite magmas, formed by mingling and mixing mantle components with partial melts of Paleoproterozoic crust, produced variably homogenized storage reservoirs that continued polybaric evolution as intrusions lodged at various crustal depths.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 973
Denver, CO 80225
The Old Yuma Mine is an abandoned copper, lead, zinc, silver, and gold mine located within the boundaries of Saguaro National Park, Tucson Mountain District, Arizona. This study analyzed the geochemistry of sediments associated with the Old Yuma Mine and assessed hydrologic and geochemical conditions of groundwater to evaluate the area surrounding the Old Yuma Mine. The purpose of the study was to establish the geochemical signature of material associated with the Old Yuma Mine and to compare it with background material and groundwater in the area. Few groundwater samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking water standards. Concentrations of several elements were elevated in the waste rock and mine tailings compared with concentrations in sediments collected in background areas. A subset of 15 sediment samples was leached to simulate precipitation interacting with the solid material. Analysis of leachate samples compared to groundwater samples suggests that groundwater samples collected in this study are distinct from leachate samples associated with mining related material. Results suggest that at this time groundwater samples collected during this investigation are not influenced by elements leached from Old Yuma Mine materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Beisner, K.R., and Gray, F., 2018, Assessment of geochemical and hydrologic conditions near Old Yuma Mine in Saguaro National Park, Arizona, 2014–17: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5019, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185019.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 52 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-088828","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352442,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5019/sir20185019.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5019"},{"id":352441,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5019/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":352443,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5019/appendixa_sir20185019.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"20 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2018-5019 Appendix","linkHelpText":" - Groundwater sample data from Old Yuma Mine study area"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":" Old Yuma Mine, Saguaro National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111,\n 32.34\n ],\n [\n -111.17,\n 32.34\n ],\n [\n -111.17,\n 32.25\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 32.25\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 32.34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
Corrosion in water-distribution systems is a costly problem and controlling corrosion is a primary focus of efforts to reduce lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in tap water. High chloride concentrations can increase the tendency of water to cause corrosion in distribution systems. The effects of chloride are also expressed in several indices commonly used to describe the potential corrosivity of water, the chloride-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) and the Larson Ratio (LR). Elevated CSMR has been linked to the galvanic corrosion of Pb whereas LR is indicative of the corrosivity of water to iron and steel. Despite the known importance of chloride, CSMR, and LR to the potential corrosivity of water, monitoring of seasonal and interannual changes in these parameters is not common among water purveyors. We analyzed long-term trends (1992–2012) and the current status (2010–2015) of chloride, CSMR, and LR in order to investigate the short and long-term temporal variability in potential corrosivity of US streams and rivers. Among all sites in the trend analyses, chloride, CSMR, and LR increased slightly, with median changes of 0.9 mg L− 1, 0.08, and 0.01, respectively. However, urban-dominated sites had much larger increases, 46.9 mg L− 1, 2.50, and 0.53, respectively. Median CSMR and LR in urban streams (4.01 and 1.34, respectively) greatly exceeded thresholds found to cause corrosion in water distribution systems (0.5 and 0.3, respectively). Urbanization was strongly correlated with elevated chloride, CSMR, and LR, especially in the most snow-affected areas in the study, which are most likely to use road salt. The probability of Pb action-level exceedances (ALEs) in drinking water facilities increased along with raw surface water CSMR, indicating a statistical connection between surface water chemistry and corrosion in drinking water facilities. Optimal corrosion controlwill require monitoring of critical constituents reflecting the potential corrosivity in surface waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.119","usgsCitation":"Stets, E.G., Lee, C.J., Lytle, D.A., and Schock, M.R., 2018, Increasing chloride in rivers of the conterminous U.S. and linkages to potential corrosivity and lead action level exceedances in drinking water: Science of the Total Environment, v. 613-614, p. 1498-1509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.119.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1498","endPage":"1509","ipdsId":"IP-086674","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.119","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"613-614","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bc03033e4b0fc368eb539e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stets, Edward G. 0000-0001-5375-0196 estets@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5375-0196","contributorId":194490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stets","given":"Edward","email":"estets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":748050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Casey J. 0000-0002-5753-2038 cjlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5753-2038","contributorId":208695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Casey","email":"cjlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":748051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lytle, Darren A.","contributorId":208696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lytle","given":"Darren","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6784,"text":"US EPA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":748052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schock, Michael R.","contributorId":208697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schock","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6784,"text":"US EPA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":748053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70197460,"text":"70197460 - 2018 - Contaminants in tropical island streams and their biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-05T14:35:51","indexId":"70197460","displayToPublicDate":"2018-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1561,"text":"Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in tropical island streams and their biota","docAbstract":"Environmental contamination is problematic for tropical islands due to their typically dense human populations and competing land and water uses. The Caribbean island of Puerto Rico (USA) has a long history of anthropogenic chemical use, and its human population density is among the highest globally, providing a model environment to study contaminant impacts on tropical island stream ecosystems. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, historic-use chlorinated pesticides, current-use pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), and metals (mercury, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and selenium) were quantified in the habitat and biota of Puerto Rico streams and assessed in relation to land-use patterns and toxicological thresholds. Water, sediment, and native fish and shrimp species were sampled in 13 rivers spanning broad watershed land-use characteristics during 2009–2010. Contrary to expectations, freshwater stream ecosystems in Puerto Rico were not severely polluted, likely due to frequent flushing flows and reduced deposition associated with recurring flood events. Notable exceptions of contamination were nickel in sediment within three agricultural watersheds (range 123–336 ppm dry weight) and organic contaminants (PCBs, organochlorine pesticides) and mercury in urban landscapes. At an urban site, PCBs in several fish species (Mountain Mullet Agonostomus monticola [range 0.019–0.030 ppm wet weight] and American Eel Anguilla rostrata [0.019–0.031 ppm wet weight]) may pose human health hazards, with concentrations exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) consumption limit for 1 meal/month. American Eel at the urban site also contained dieldrin (range < detection-0.024 ppm wet weight) that exceeded the EPA maximum allowable consumption limit. The Bigmouth Sleeper Gobiomorous dormitor, an important piscivorus sport fish, accumulated low levels of organic contaminants in edible muscle tissue (due to its low lipid content) and may be most suitable for human consumption island-wide; only mercury at one site (an urban location) exceeded EPA's consumption limit of 3 meals/month for this species. These results comprise the first comprehensive island-wide contaminant assessment of Puerto Rico streams and biota and provide natural resource and public health agencies here and in similar tropical islands elsewhere with information needed to guide ecosystem and fisheries conservation and management and human health risk assessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.053","usgsCitation":"Buttermore, E.N., Cope, W., Kwak, T.J., Cooney, P.B., Shea, D., and Lazaro, P.R., 2018, Contaminants in tropical island streams and their biota: Environmental Research, v. 161, p. 615-623, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.053.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"623","ipdsId":"IP-092384","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"161","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b46e5d4e4b060350a15d220","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buttermore, Elissa N.","contributorId":84871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buttermore","given":"Elissa","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cope, W. Gregory","contributorId":70353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"W. Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwak, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0616-137X tkwak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-137X","contributorId":834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"Thomas","email":"tkwak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooney, Patrick B.","contributorId":141249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooney","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shea, Damian","contributorId":145456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shea","given":"Damian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":737246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lazaro, Peter R.","contributorId":205423,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lazaro","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37103,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":737247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70254967,"text":"70254967 - 2018 - Hydrologic regime changes in a high-latitude glacierized watershed under future climate conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-11T13:31:03.727537","indexId":"70254967","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-30T08:23:57","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic regime changes in a high-latitude glacierized watershed under future climate conditions","docAbstract":"A calibrated conceptual glacio-hydrological monthly water balance model (MWBMglacier) was used to evaluate future changes in water partitioning in a high-latitude glacierized watershed in Southcentral Alaska under future climate conditions. The MWBMglacier was previously calibrated and evaluated against streamflow measurements, literature values of glacier mass balance change, and satellite-based observations of snow covered area, evapotranspiration, and total water storage. Output from five global climate models representing two future climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) was used with the previously calibrated parameters to drive the MWBMglacier at 2 km spatial resolution. Relative to the historical period 1949–2009, precipitation will increase and air temperature in the mountains will be above freezing for an additional two months per year by mid-century which significantly impacts snow/rain partitioning and the generation of meltwater from snow and glaciers. Analysis of the period 1949–2099 reveals that numerous hydrologic regime shifts already occurred or are projected to occur in the study area including glacier accumulation area, snow covered area, and forest vulnerability. By the end of the century, Copper River discharge is projected to increase by 48%, driven by 21% more precipitation and 53% more glacial melt water (RCP 8.5) relative to the historical period (1949–2009).
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w10020128","usgsCitation":"Valentin, M., Hogue, T.S., and Hay, L., 2018, Hydrologic regime changes in a high-latitude glacierized watershed under future climate conditions: Water, v. 10, no. 2, 128, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020128.","productDescription":"128, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-088012","costCenters":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020128","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":429864,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Copper River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148,\n 63.4\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 60.5\n ],\n [\n -140,\n 60.5\n ],\n [\n -140,\n 63.4\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 63.4\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentin, Melissa","contributorId":202218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valentin","given":"Melissa","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hogue, Terri S.","contributorId":205175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hogue","given":"Terri","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hay, Lauren 0000-0003-3763-4595","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":205020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":902999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70190434,"text":"sir20175094 - 2018 - Nutrient and metal loads estimated by using discrete, automated, and continuous water-quality monitoring techniques for the Blackstone River at the Massachusetts-Rhode Island State line, water years 2013–14","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-10T16:40:29","indexId":"sir20175094","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-10T17:20:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2017-5094","title":"Nutrient and metal loads estimated by using discrete, automated, and continuous water-quality monitoring techniques for the Blackstone River at the Massachusetts-Rhode Island State line, water years 2013–14","docAbstract":"Flow-proportional composite water samples were collected in water years 2013 and 2014 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, from the Blackstone River at Millville, Massachusetts (U.S. Geological Survey station 01111230), about 0.5 mile from the border with Rhode Island. Samples were collected in order to better understand the dynamics of selected nutrient and metal constituents, assist with planning, guide activities to meet water-quality goals, and provide real-time water-quality information to the public. An automated system collected the samples at 14-day intervals to determine total and dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, to provide accurate monthly nutrient concentration data, and to calculate monthly load estimates. Concentrations of dissolved trace metals and total aluminum were determined from 4-day composite water samples that were collected twice monthly by the automated system. Results from 4-day composites provide stakeholders with information to evaluate trace metals on the basis of chronic 4-day exposure criteria for aquatic life, and the potential to use the biotic ligand model to evaluate copper concentrations. Nutrient, trace metal, suspended sediment, dissolved organic carbon, and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined from discrete samples collected at the Millville station and from across the stream transect at the upstream railroad bridge, and these concentrations served as a means to evaluate the representativeness of the Millville point location.
Analytical results from samples collected with the automated flow-proportional sampling system provided the means to calculate monthly and annual loading data. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads in water year (WY) 2013 were about 447,000 and 36,000 kilograms (kg), respectively. In WY 2014, annual loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were about 342,000 and 21,000 kg, respectively. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads from WYs 2013 and 2014 were about 56 and 65 percent lower than those reported for WYs 2008 and 2009. The higher loads in 2008 and 2009 may be explained by the higher than average flows in WY 2009 and by facility upgrades made by wastewater treatment facilities in the basin.
Median loads were determined from composite samples collected with the automated system between October 2012 and October 2014. Median dissolved cadmium and chromium 4-day loads were 0.55 and 0.84 kg, respectively. Dissolved copper and total lead median 4-day loads were 8.02 and 1.42 kg, respectively. The dissolved nickel median 4-day load was 5.45 kg, and the dissolved zinc median 4-day load was 36 kg. Median total aluminum 4-day loads were about 197 kg.
Spearman’s rank correlation analyses were used with discrete sample concentrations and continuous records of temperature, specific conductance, turbidity, and chlorophyll a to identify correlations between variables that could be used to develop regression equations for estimating real-time concentrations of constituents. Correlation coefficients were generated for flow, precipitation, antecedent precipitation, physical parameters, and chemical constituents. A 95-percent confidence limit for each value of Spearman’s rho was calculated, and multiple linear regression analysis using ordinary least squares regression techniques was used to develop regression equations for concentrations of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, suspended sediment concentration, total copper, and total aluminum. Although the correlations are based on the limited amount of data collected as part of this study, the potential to monitor water-quality changes in real time may be of value to resource managers and decision makers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20175094","isbn":"ISBN 978-1-4113-4181-4","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Sorenson, J.R., Granato, G.E., and Smith, K.P., 2018, Nutrient and metal loads estimated by using discrete, automated, and continuous water-quality monitoring techniques for the Blackstone River at the Massachusetts-Rhode Island State line, water years 2013–14: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5094, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175094.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 41 p.; 4 Tables","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-079789","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5094/sir20175094.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.05 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2017-5094"},{"id":350366,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5094/tables/sir20175094_table6.csv","text":"Table 6","size":"19.4 csv","linkHelpText":"- Concentrations of nutrients, trace metals, and suspended sediment in manually collected samples from the upstream railroad bridge and from the collection point at the Blackstone River at Millville, Massachusetts, station (01111230) during water years 2013 and 2014."},{"id":350368,"rank":10,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5094/tables/sir20175094_table7.csv","text":"Table 7","size":"13.1 KB csv","linkHelpText":"- Loads of nutrients based on 14-day nutrient composite samples, and loads of dissolved trace metals and total aluminum based on 4-day metal composite samples collected by the automated sampling system from the point location at the Blackstone River at Millville, Massachusetts, station (01111230) during water years 2013 and 2014."},{"id":350361,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5094/tables/sir20175094_table4.xlsx","text":"Table 4 (Microsoft Excel)","size":"48.5 KB"},{"id":350358,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5094/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":350360,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5094/tables/sir20175094_table4.csv","text":"Table 4","size":"15 KB csv","linkHelpText":"- Concentrations of nutrients, trace metals, and suspended sediment in sample pairs collected from the upstream railroad bridge and from the point location at the Blackstone River at Millville, Massachusetts, station (01111230)."},{"id":350367,"rank":9,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5094/tables/sir20175094_table7.xlsx","text":"Table 7 (Microsoft Excel)","size":"44 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":350364,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5094/tables/sir20175094_table5.csv","text":"Table 5","size":"13.7 KB csv","linkHelpText":"- Concentrations of nutrients, total aluminum, and dissolved trace metals in 14-day nutrient composite samples and 4-day metal composite samples collected by using the automated sampling system from the point location at the Blackstone River at Millville, Massachusetts, station (01111230) during water years 2013 and 2014."},{"id":350365,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5094/tables/sir20175094_table6.xlsx","text":"Table 6 (Microsoft Excel)","size":"46.7 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":350363,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5094/tables/sir20175094_table5.xlsx","text":"Table 5 (Microsoft Excel)","size":"39.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, Rhode Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.9167,\n 41.8333\n ],\n [\n -71.3333,\n 41.8333\n ],\n [\n -71.3333,\n 42.3333\n ],\n [\n -71.9167,\n 42.3333\n ],\n [\n -71.9167,\n 41.8333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
","tableOfContents":"
Identifying post-breeding migration and wintering distributions of migratory birds is important for understanding factors that may drive population dynamics. Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) are widely distributed across Alaska and currently have varying population trends, including some populations with recent periods of decline. To investigate population differentiation and the location of migration pathways and wintering areas, which may inform population trend patterns, we used satellite transmitters (n = 32) to describe migration patterns of four geographically separate breeding populations of Red-throated Loons in Alaska. On average (± SD) Red-throated Loons underwent long (6,288 ± 1,825 km) fall and spring migrations predominantly along coastlines. The most northern population (Arctic Coastal Plain) migrated westward to East Asia and traveled approximately 2,000 km farther to wintering sites than the three more southerly populations (Seward Peninsula, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and Copper River Delta) which migrated south along the Pacific coast of North America. These migration paths are consistent with the hypothesis that Red-throated Loons from the Arctic Coastal Plain are exposed to contaminants in East Asia. The three more southerly breeding populations demonstrated a chain migration pattern in which the more northerly breeding populations generally wintered in more northerly latitudes. Collectively, the migration paths observed in this study demonstrate that some geographically distinct breeding populations overlap in wintering distribution while others use highly different wintering areas. Red-throated Loon population trends in Alaska may therefore be driven by a wide range of effects throughout the annual cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"PLOS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0189954","usgsCitation":"McCloskey, S., Uher-Koch, B.D., Schmutz, J.A., and Fondell, T., 2018, International migration patterns of Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) from four breeding populations in Alaska: PLoS ONE, v. 13, no. 1, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189954.","productDescription":"e0189954; 15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","ipdsId":"IP-090249","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469099,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189954","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TH8KVH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":" Tracking data for Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata)"},{"id":353018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"13","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afee751e4b0da30c1bfc22c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCloskey, Sarah E. smccloskey@usgs.gov","contributorId":4850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCloskey","given":"Sarah E.","email":"smccloskey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":732175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uher-Koch, Brian D. 0000-0002-1885-0260 buher-koch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-0260","contributorId":5117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uher-Koch","given":"Brian","email":"buher-koch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":732174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":732176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fondell, Thomas F. tfondell@usgs.gov","contributorId":139310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fondell","given":"Thomas F.","email":"tfondell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":732177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199140,"text":"70199140 - 2017 - Multiscale hyperspectral imaging of the Orange Hill Porphyry Copper Deposit, Alaska, USA, with laboratory-, field-, and aircraft-based imaging spectrometers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-05T17:32:53.158416","indexId":"70199140","displayToPublicDate":"2018-11-01T14:37:44","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Multiscale hyperspectral imaging of the Orange Hill Porphyry Copper Deposit, Alaska, USA, with laboratory-, field-, and aircraft-based imaging spectrometers","docAbstract":"In the past decade, use of hyperspectral imaging (imaging spectroscopy) for mineral exploration and mining operations has been increasing at different spatial scales. In this paper, we focus on recent trends in applying imaging spectrometer data to: 1) airborne imaging of high latitude deposits, 2) field-based imaging of outcrops, and 3) laboratory-level imaging of geologic samples. Comparing mineral information derived from imaging spectrometer data acquired at these three scales in Alaska in areas of exposed porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits, Orange Hill and Bond Creek, we find notable consistency in identifications of spectrally predominant minerals, including white mica, chlorite, clays, and gypsum. Variations in the wavelength position of white mica 2200 nm Al-OH absorption seen at the airborne level are echoed by finerscale field and laboratory imaging, with wavelength positions spanning the 2199 to 2207 nm range. The longerwavelength micas associated with porphyry formation are more phengitic in composition, and thus distinct from mica in plutonic and volcanic arc rocks not affected by magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The hillside imagery, collected on a cloudy day that would have precluded aircraft survey, gave comparable result to airborne and laboratory data, indicating field-based imaging spectroscopy can be a feasible alternative to airborne survey for accessible targets. Direct spectral observation of molybdenite in rocks collected from the Orange Hill deposit demonstratesthat additional important mineral information can be revealed with laboratory level imaging spectroscopy that is difficult to obtain in coarser scale data, commonly due to low areal extent of target minerals. The spatial association of the clinochlore + white mica and long wavelength white mica spectral classes to multi-element Cu-Mo-Au anomalies from geochemical analyses of rocks and sediments support a causative relationship with magmatic-hydrothermal alteration. Mineral maps from the airborne data were used to guide field sampling that found additional CuMo-Au mineralized areas, which were previously unknown or unreported. The results from this study provide support for utilization of imaging spectroscopy for assisting mineral exploration in other portions of the state of Alaska as well as other areas at high latitudes. Imaging spectroscopy has the potential to provide targeting information for follow-up sampling and investigations, potentially reducing subsequent exploration costs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Exploration 17: Sixth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Decennial Mineral Exploration Conferences","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R.F., Graham, G.E., Hoefen, T.M., Kelley, K.D., Johnson, M., Hubbard, B.E., Buchhorn, M., and Prakash, A., 2017, Multiscale hyperspectral imaging of the Orange Hill Porphyry Copper Deposit, Alaska, USA, with laboratory-, field-, and aircraft-based imaging spectrometers, in Proceedings of Exploration 17: Sixth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration, p. 923-943.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"923","endPage":"943","ipdsId":"IP-091448","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science 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PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bfd1472e4b0815414ca3906","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":205165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, Garth E. 0000-0003-0657-0365 ggraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0657-0365","contributorId":1031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Garth","email":"ggraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. 0000-0002-3232-5809 kdkelley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":179012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen","email":"kdkelley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hubbard, Bernard E. 0000-0002-9315-2032 bhubbard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9315-2032","contributorId":2342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Bernard","email":"bhubbard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Buchhorn, M.","contributorId":210801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buchhorn","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Prakash, A.","contributorId":81330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prakash","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70194673,"text":"70194673 - 2017 - Element migration of pyrites during ductile deformation of the Yuleken porphyry Cu deposit (NW-China)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T16:35:26","indexId":"70194673","displayToPublicDate":"2018-03-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Element migration of pyrites during ductile deformation of the Yuleken porphyry Cu deposit (NW-China)","docAbstract":"The strongly deformed Yuleken porphyry Cu deposit (YPCD) occurs in the Kalaxiangar porphyry Cu belt (KPCB), which occupies the central area of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) between the Sawu’er island arc and the Altay Terrane in northern Xinjiang. The YPCD is one of several typical subduction-related deposits in the KPCB, which has undergone syn-collisional and post-collisional metallogenic overprinting. The YPCD is characterized by three pyrite-forming stages, namely a hydrothermal stage A (Py I), a syn-ductile deformation stage B (Py II) characterized by Cu-Au enrichment, and a fracture-filling stage C (Py III). In this study, we conducted systematic petrographic and geochemical studies of pyrites and coexist biotite, which formed during different stages, in order to constrain the physicochemical conditions of the ore formation. Euhedral, fragmented Py I has low Pb and high Te and Se concentration and Ni contents are low with Co/Ni ratios mostly between 1 and 10 (average 9.00). Py I is further characterized by enrichments of Bi, As, Ni, Cu, Te and Se in the core relative to the rim domains. Anhedral round Py II has moderate Co and Ni contents with high Co/Ni ratios >10 (average 95.2), and average contents of 46.5 ppm Pb and 5.80 ppm Te. Py II is further characterized by decreasing Bi, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Te, Mo, Sb and Au contents from the rim to the core domains. Annealed Py III has the lowest Co content of all pyrite types with Co/Ni ratios mostly <0.1 (average 1.33). Furthermore, Py III has average contents of 3.31 ppm Pb, 1.33 ppm Te and 94.6 ppm Se. In addition, Fe does not correlate with Cu and S in the Py I and Py III, while Py II displays a negative correlation between Fe and Cu as well as a positive correlation between Fe and S. Therefore, pyrites which formed during different tectonic regimes also have different chemical compositions. Biotite geothermometer and oxygen fugacity estimates display increasing temperatures and oxygen fugacities from stage A to stage B, while temperature and oxygen fugacities decrease from stage B to stage C. The Co/Ni ratio of pyrite depends discriminates between the different mineralizing stages in the Yuleken porphyry copper deposit: Py II, associated with the deformation stage B and Cu-enrichment, shows higher Co/Ni ratios and enrichments of Pb, Zn, Mo, Te and Sb than the pyrites formed during the other two stages. The Co/Ni ratio of pyrite can not only apply to discriminate the submarine exhalative, magmatic or sedimentary origins for ore deposits but also can distinguish different ore-forming stages in a single porphyry Cu deposit. Thus, Co/Ni ratio of pyrites may act as an important exploration tool to distinguish pyrites from Cu-rich versus barren area. Furthermore, the distribution of Cu, Mo, Pb, Au, Bi, Sb and Zn in the variably deformed pyrite is proportional to the extent of deformation of the pyrites, indicating in accordance with variable physicochemical conditions different element migration behavior during the different stages of deformation and, thus, mineralisation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.10.019","usgsCitation":"Hong, T., Xu, X., Gao, J., Peters, S., Li, J., Cao, M., Xiang, P., Wu, C., and You, J., 2017, Element migration of pyrites during ductile deformation of the Yuleken porphyry Cu deposit (NW-China): Ore Geology Reviews, v. 100, p. 205-219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.10.019.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"219","ipdsId":"IP-092178","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afee788e4b0da30c1bfc2ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hong, Tao","contributorId":201265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hong","given":"Tao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xu, Xing-Wang","contributorId":201266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xu","given":"Xing-Wang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gao, Jungang","contributorId":201267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gao","given":"Jungang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, Stephen 0000-0002-4431-5675 speters@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4431-5675","contributorId":167263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Stephen","email":"speters@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":724855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Li, Jilei","contributorId":201276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Jilei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cao, Mingjian","contributorId":201277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cao","given":"Mingjian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Xiang, Peng","contributorId":201270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xiang","given":"Peng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wu, Chu","contributorId":201272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wu","given":"Chu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"You, Jun","contributorId":201273,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"You","given":"Jun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70212544,"text":"70212544 - 2017 - Preliminary assessment of porphyry copper deposits in the Sierra Maestra, Cuba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-24T12:43:12.673457","indexId":"70212544","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-31T09:34:01","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary assessment of porphyry copper deposits in the Sierra Maestra, Cuba","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey’s “three-step” form of mineral-resource assessment was used to obtain a preliminary estimate of copper resources in undiscovered porphyry deposits of the Paleogene Sierra Maestra Arc. Results of this preliminary assessment suggest that a mean of 3.2 undiscovered deposits are likely present. This estimate is comparable to results from an independently-derived porphyry deposit density model, which points to 3.9 undiscovered deposits. Monte Carlo simulation results further show that the mean estimate of undiscovered copper resources in this porphyry copper tract is in the order of 12 million metric tons.\nNotwithstanding having been a relatively short-lived (20-25 Ma) magmatic event, the Sierra Maestra Arc was a particularly favorable environment for the formation of porphyry copper deposits.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"GEOCIENCIAS 2017 Proceedings volume \"Memorias, Trabajos y Resumenes\"","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Convención de Ciencias de la Tierra (GEOCIENCIAS 2017)","conferenceDate":"April 3-7, 2017","conferenceLocation":"La Habana, Cuba","language":"English","publisher":"VII Convención de Ciencias de la Tierra (GEOCIENCIAS2017)","usgsCitation":"Zurcher, L., Gray, F., Hayes, T., Orris, G.J., Gettings, M.E., Cocker, M.D., and Gass, L., 2017, Preliminary assessment of porphyry copper deposits in the Sierra Maestra, Cuba, in GEOCIENCIAS 2017 Proceedings volume \"Memorias, Trabajos y Resumenes\", La Habana, Cuba, April 3-7, 2017, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","ipdsId":"IP-084482","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science 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Lukas 0000-0001-5575-1192 lzurcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5575-1192","contributorId":172674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zurcher","given":"Lukas","email":"lzurcher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, Floyd 0000-0002-0223-8966","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0223-8966","contributorId":201529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Floyd","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Timothy 0000-0002-1224-4219","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1224-4219","contributorId":206109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gettings, Mark E. 0000-0002-2910-2321 mgetting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-2321","contributorId":602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"Mark","email":"mgetting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cocker, Mark D. 0000-0001-9435-5862 mcocker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-5862","contributorId":4297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocker","given":"Mark","email":"mcocker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gass, Leila 0000-0002-3436-262X lgass@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3436-262X","contributorId":3770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gass","given":"Leila","email":"lgass@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70159183,"text":"pp1802N - 2017 - Platinum-group elements","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159183,"text":"pp1802N - 2017 - Platinum-group elements","indexId":"pp1802N","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"N","title":"Platinum-group elements"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T14:37:54","indexId":"pp1802N","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-19T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1802","chapter":"N","title":"Platinum-group elements","docAbstract":"The platinum-group elements (PGEs)—platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium—are metals that have similar physical and chemical properties and tend to occur together in nature. PGEs are indispensable to many industrial applications but are mined in only a few places. The availability and accessibility of PGEs could be disrupted by economic, environmental, political, and social events. The United States net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption is about 90 percent.
PGEs have many industrial applications. They are used in catalytic converters to reduce carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrous oxide emissions in automobile exhaust. The chemical industry requires platinum or platinum-rhodium alloys to manufacture nitric oxide, which is the raw material used to manufacture explosives, fertilizers, and nitric acid. In the petrochemical industry, platinum-supported catalysts are needed to refine crude oil and to produce aromatic compounds and high-octane gasoline. Alloys of PGEs are exceptionally hard and durable, making them the best known coating for industrial crucibles used in the manufacture of chemicals and synthetic materials. PGEs are used by the glass manufacturing industry in the production of fiberglass and flat-panel and liquid crystal displays. In the electronics industry, PGEs are used in computer hard disks, hybridized integrated circuits, and multilayer ceramic capacitors.
Aside from their industrial applications, PGEs are used in such other fields as health, consumer goods, and finance. Platinum, for example, is used in medical implants, such as pacemakers, and PGEs are used in cancer-fighting drugs. Platinum alloys are an ideal choice for jewelry because of their white color, strength, and resistance to tarnish. Platinum, palladium, and rhodium in the form of coins and bars are also used as investment commodities, and various financial instruments based on the value of these PGEs are traded on major exchanges.
PGEs are among the rarest metals; Earth’s upper crust contains only about 0.0005 part per million (ppm) platinum. Today, the average grade of PGEs in ores that are mined primarily for their PGE concentrations varies from 5 to 15 ppm, although the concentration of PGEs in hand-picked ore specimens may range from tens to hundreds of parts per million.
More than 100 different minerals have one of the PGEs as an essential component. PGE minerals occur as native metals. They also occur as compounds with other transition metals (copper, iron, mercury, nickel, and silver), post-transition metals (bismuth, lead, and tin), metalloids (antimony, arsenic, and tellurium), and nonmetals (selenium and sulfur).
From 1900 to 2011, approximately 14,200 metric tons of PGEs was produced, and roughly 95 percent of that production (13,500 metric tons) took place between 1960 and 2011. The breakdown of production by country shows that, since 1900, about 90 percent of the production came from South Africa and Russia. The secondary supply of platinum, palladium, and rhodium is obtained through the recycling of catalytic converters from end-of-life vehicles, jewelry, and electronic equipment. Recycled platinum, palladium, and rhodium provide a significant proportion of the world’s total supply; these secondary sources are sufficient to close the gap between world mine production and consumption.
Exploration and mining companies report resources of about 104,000 metric tons of PGEs (including minor amounts of gold) in mineral deposits around the world that could be developed. For PGEs, almost all the reported production and identified resources are associated with deposits in three geologic features—the Bushveld Complex, which is a layered mafic-to-ultramafic intrusion in South Africa; the Great Dyke, which is a layered mafic-to-ultramafic intrusion in Zimbabwe; and sill-like intrusions associated with flood basalts in the Noril’sk-Talnakh area of Russia.
The metallic forms of PGEs are generally considered to be inert. PGEs pose a risk to human health only in cases where individuals are occupationally exposed to synthetic PGE compounds, especially workers in precious-metal refineries. In the natural environment, background PGE concentrations are low in water, sediment, soil, and plants. Anthropogenic sources of PGEs in the environment include catalytic converters used in modern automobiles, platinum-based chemotherapy drugs, and smelter emissions.
The abundance of sulfide minerals defines the environmental and geologic characteristics of PGE-enriched magmatic sulfide deposits; those deposits with the highest amount of sulfide minerals could have the highest environmental impact. Acid rock drainage from reef-type and contact-type deposits is unlikely because the ores and their host rocks contain low proportions of sulfide minerals. For some conduit-type orebodies with massive ores, mineral-processing techniques separate and produce concentrates of copper-, iron-, and nickel-bearing sulfide minerals; those with copper and nickel are processed to extract metal, but the iron-sulfide minerals, mainly pyrrhotite, are discarded as waste. This results in waste material with a high acid-generating potential.
The most significant primary source of PGEs in the United States is a deposit in the Stillwater Complex, which is a layered igneous intrusion in Montana. Approximately 305 metric tons of platinum and palladium have been mined from the Stillwater Complex deposit since 1986. Exploration and development drilling indicate that another 2,200 metric tons are present. Mining has progressed to depths of 1,800 meters below the surface, but the bottom of the ore deposit has not been reached; geologic estimates suggest that another 1,000 to 6,200 metric tons of PGEs could be present at depth. In the future, PGEs may be mined from deposits found near the base of the Duluth Complex, which is a group of igneous intrusions in Minnesota.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802N","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Zientek, M.L., Loferski, P.J., Parks, H.L., Schulte, R.F., and Seal, R.R., II, 2017, Platinum-group elements, chap. N of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. N1–N91, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802N.","productDescription":"ix, 91 p.","numberOfPages":"106","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052035","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/n/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":334215,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/n/pp1802n.pdf","text":"Report","size":"33.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 N"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
https://minerals.usgs.gov
Cobalt is a silvery gray metal that has diverse uses based on certain key properties, including ferromagnetism, hardness and wear-resistance when alloyed with other metals, low thermal and electrical conductivity, high melting point, multiple valences, and production of intense blue colors when combined with silica. Cobalt is used mostly in cathodes in rechargeable batteries and in superalloys for turbine engines in jet aircraft. Annual global cobalt consumption was approximately 75,000 metric tons in 2011; China, Japan, and the United States (in order of consumption amount) were the top three cobalt-consuming countries. In 2011, approximately 109,000 metric tons of recoverable cobalt was produced in ores, concentrates, and intermediate products from cobalt, copper, nickel, platinum-group-element (PGE), and zinc operations. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo [Kinshasa]) was the principal source of mined cobalt globally (55 percent). The United States produced a negligible amount of byproduct cobalt as an intermediate product from a PGE mining and refining operation in southeastern Montana; no U.S. production was from mines in which cobalt was the principal commodity. China was the leading refiner of cobalt, and much of its production came from cobalt ores, concentrates, and partially refined materials imported from Congo (Kinshasa).
The mineralogy of cobalt deposits is diverse and includes both primary (hypogene) and secondary (supergene) phases. Principal terrestrial (land-based) deposit types, which represent most of world’s cobalt mine production, include primary magmatic Ni-Cu(-Co-PGE) sulfides, primary and secondary stratiform sediment-hosted Cu-Co sulfides and oxides, and secondary Ni-Co laterites. Seven additional terrestrial deposit types are described in this chapter. The total terrestrial cobalt resource (reserves plus other resources) plus past production, where available, is calculated to be 25.5 million metric tons. Additional resources of cobalt are known to occur on the modern sea floor in aerially extensive deposits of Fe-Mn(-Ni-Cu-Co-Mo) nodules and Fe-Mn(-Co-Mo-rare-earth-element) crusts. Legal, economic, and technological barriers have prevented exploitation of these cobalt resources, which lie at water depths of as great as 6,000 meters, although advances in technology may soon allow production of these resources to be economically viable.
Environmental issues related to cobalt mining concern mainly the elevated cobalt contents in soils and waters. Although at low levels cobalt is essential to human health (it is the central atom in the critical nutrient vitamin B12), overexposure to high levels of cobalt may cause lung and heart dysfunction, as well as dermatitis. The ecological impacts of cobalt vary widely and can be severe for some species of fish and plants, depending on various environmental factors.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802F","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Kimball, B.E., and Shedd, K.B., 2017, Cobalt, chap. F of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. F1–F40, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802F.","productDescription":"viii, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-078704","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339507,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/f/pp1802f.pdf","text":"Report ","size":"4.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 F"},{"id":339523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/f/coverthb1.jpg"}],"contact":"Mineral Resources Program Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: minerals@usgs.gov
https://minerals.usgs.gov