Climate change and urban growth impact habitats, species, and ecosystem services. To buffer against global change, an established adaptation strategy is designing protected areas to increase representation and complementarity of biodiversity features. Uncertainty regarding the scale and magnitude of landscape change complicates reserve planning and exposes decision makers to risk of failing to meet conservation goals. Conservation planning tends to treat risk as an absolute measure, ignoring the context of the management problem and risk preferences of stakeholders. Application to conservation of risk management theory emphasizes diversification of portfolio of assets, with the goal of reducing the impact of system volatility on investment return. We use principles of Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), which quantifies risk as the variance and correlation among assets, to formalize diversification as an explicit strategy for managing risk in climate‐driven reserve design. We extend MPT to specify a framework that evaluates multiple conservation objectives, allows decision makers to balance management benefits and risk when preferences are contested or unknown, and includes additional decision options such as parcel divestment when evaluating candidate reserve designs. We apply an efficient search algorithm that optimizes portfolio design for large conservation problems and a game theoretic approach to evaluate portfolio tradeoffs that satisfy decision makers with divergent benefit and risk tolerances, or when a single decision maker cannot resolve their own preferences. Evaluating several risk profiles for a case study in South Carolina, our results suggest that a reserve design may be somewhat robust to differences in risk attitude but that budgets will likely be important determinants of conservation planning strategies, particularly when divestment is considered a viable alternative. We identify a possible fiscal threshold where adequate resources allow protecting a sufficiently diverse portfolio of habitats such that the risk of failing to achieve conservation objectives is considerably lower. For a range of sea‐level rise projections, conversion of habitat to open water (14‐180%) and wetland loss (1‐7%) are unable to be compensated under the current protected network. In contrast, optimal reserve design outcomes are predicted to ameliorate expected losses relative to current and future habitat protected under the existing conservation estate.
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All samples were collected from May through November 2015 in an effort to characterize groundwater quality in these basins. The samples were collected and processed by using standard U.S. Geological Survey procedures and were analyzed for 148 physiochemical properties and constituents, including dissolved gases, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, radionuclides, and indicator bacteria.
The Delaware River Basin study area covers 2,360 square miles (mi2) in southeastern New York. Of the 10 wells sampled in the Delaware River Basin, 3 are completed in sand and gravel, and 7 are completed in bedrock. Groundwater in the Delaware River Basin was generally of good quality, although properties and concentrations of some constituents—pH, iron, manganese, aluminum, radon-222, and total coliform bacteria—sometimes equaled or exceeded primary, secondary, or proposed drinking-water standards. The constituent most frequently detected in concentrations exceeding drinking-water standards (10 of 10 samples) was radon-222.
The Genesee River Basin study area includes the entire 2,439 mi2 of the basin in western New York. Of the 15 wells sampled in the Genesee River Basin, 6 are completed in sand and gravel, and 9 are completed in bedrock. Groundwater in the Genesee River Basin was generally of good quality, although properties and concentrations of some constituents—chloride, sodium, dissolved solids, iron, manganese, aluminum, arsenic, radon-222, methane, total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli bacteria—sometimes equaled or exceeded primary, secondary, or proposed drinking-water standards. The constituent most frequently detected in concentrations exceeding drinking-water standards (12 of 15 samples) was radon-222.
The St. Lawrence River Basin study area includes the entire 5,650 mi2 of the basin in northeastern New York. Of the 21 wells sampled in the St. Lawrence River Basin, 7 are completed in sand and gravel, and 14 are completed in bedrock. Groundwater in the St. Lawrence River Basin was generally of good quality, although properties and concentrations of some constituents—pH, chloride, sodium, dissolved solids, iron, manganese, sulfate, nitrate, radon-222, total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli bacteria—sometimes equaled or exceeded primary, secondary, or proposed drinking-water standards. The constituent most frequently detected in concentrations exceeding drinking-water standards (14 of 21 samples) was radon-222.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ","usgsCitation":"Scott, T.-M., Nystrom, E.A., and Reddy, J.E., 2019, Groundwater quality in the Delaware, Genesee, and St. Lawrence River Basins, New York, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1005, 42 p., 2 app., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191005. 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York\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180
Pennsylvania has the second highest number of residential wells of any state in the Nation with approximately 2.4 million residents that depend on groundwater for their domestic water supply. Despite the widespread reliance on groundwater in rural areas of the state, publicly available data to characterize the quality of private well water are limited. In Bradford County, more than half of the residents use groundwater from private domestic-supply wells as their primary drinking source. The quality of private well water is influenced by the regional and local setting, including the surrounding soil, geology, land use, household plumbing, and well construction. The groundwater used for domestic water supply in Bradford County is obtained primarily from shallow bedrock and from unconsolidated (glacial) deposits that overlie the bedrock. Historical land use has been predominately forested, agricultural, and residential, but more recently unconventional oil/gas development has been distributed throughout the landscape. Pennsylvania is one of only two states in the Nation without statewide water-well construction standards.
To better assess the quality of groundwater used for drinking water supply in Bradford County, data for 72 domestic wells were collected and analyzed for a wide range of constituents that could be evaluated in relation to drinking water health standards, geology, land use, and other environmental factors. Groundwater samples were collected from May through August 2016 and analyzed for physical and chemical properties, including major ions, nutrients, trace elements, volatile organic compounds, ethylene and propylene glycol, alcohols, gross-alpha/beta-particle activity, uranium, radon-222, and dissolved gases. A subset of samples was analyzed for radium isotopes (radium-226 and -228) and for the isotopic composition of methane. This study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Northern Tier Regional Planning and Development Commission and is part of a regional effort to characterize groundwater in rural areas of Pennsylvania.
Results of the 2016 study show that groundwater quality generally met most drinking-water standards. However, a percentage of samples failed to meet maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for total coliform bacteria (49.3 percent), Escherichia coli (8.5 percent), barium (2.8 percent), and arsenic (2.8 percent); and secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCL) for sodium (48.6 percent), manganese (30.6 percent), gross alpha and beta activity (16.7 percent), iron (11.1 percent), pH (8.3 percent), total dissolved solids (5.6 percent), chloride (1.4 percent), and aluminum (1.4 percent). Radon-222 activities exceeded the proposed drinking-water standard of 300 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in 70.4 percent of the samples. There were no exceedances of drinking water health standards for any volatile organic compounds, and the only detections were for three trihalomethanes in one sample.
The pH of the groundwater had a large influence on chemical characteristics and ranged from 6.18 to 9.31. Generally, the higher pH samples had higher potential for elevated concentrations of several constituents, including total dissolved solids, sodium, lithium, chloride, fluoride, boron, arsenic, and methane. For the Bradford County well-water samples, calcium/bicarbonate type waters were most abundant, with others classified as sodium/bicarbonate or mixed water types including calcium-sodium/bicarbonate, calcium-sodium/bicarbonate-chloride, sodium/bicarbonate-chloride, sodium/bicarbonate-sulfate, or sodium/chloride types. Six principal components (pH, redox, hardness, chloride-bromide, strontium-barium, and molybdenum-arsenic) explained nearly 78.3 percent of the variance in the groundwater dataset.
Groundwater from 12.5 percent of the wells had concentrations of methane greater than the Pennsylvania action level of 7 milligrams per liter (mg/L); detectable methane concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 77 mg/L. In addition, low levels of ethane (as much as 0.13 mg/L) were present in seven samples with the highest methane concentrations. The isotopic composition of methane in five of these groundwater samples was consistent with the isotopic compositions reported for mud-gas logging samples from these geologic units and a thermogenic source. Isotopic composition from a sixth sample suggested the methane in that sample may be of microbial origin. Well-water samples with the higher methane concentrations also had higher pH values and elevated concentrations of sodium, lithium, boron, fluoride, arsenic, and bromide. Relatively elevated concentrations of some other constituents, such as barium and chloride, commonly were present in, but not limited to, those well-water samples with elevated methane.
Four of the six groundwater samples with the highest methane concentrations had chloride/bromide ratios that indicate mixing with a small amount of brine (0.02 percent or less) similar in composition to those reported for gas and oil well brines in Pennsylvania. In several other eastern Pennsylvania counties where gas drilling is absent, groundwater with comparable chloride/bromide ratios and chloride concentrations have been reported, implying a potential natural source of brine. Most of Bradford County well-water samples have chloride concentrations less than 20 mg/L, and those with higher chloride concentrations have chloride/bromide ratios that indicate anthropogenic sources (such as road-deicing salt and septic effluent) or brine. Brines that are naturally present may originate from deeper parts of the aquifer system, whereas anthropogenic sources are more likely to affect shallow groundwater because they occur on or near the land surface.
The available data for this study indicate that no one physical factor, such as the topographic setting, well depth, or altitude at the bottom of the well, was particularly useful for predicting those well locations with an elevated dissolved concentration of methane. The 2016 assessment of groundwater quality in Bradford County shows groundwater is generally of good quality, but methane and some constituents that occur in high concentration in naturally occurring brine and also in produced waters may be present at low to moderate concentrations in groundwater in various parts of the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Northern Tier Regional Planning and Development Commission","usgsCitation":"Clune, J.W., and Cravotta, C.A., III, 2019, Drinking water health standards comparison and chemical analysis of groundwater for 72 domestic wells in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 2016 (ver 1.2, May 30, 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5170, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185170.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 66 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"76","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098593","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5170/coverthb4.jpg"},{"id":363132,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5170/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"1.24 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":363047,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VRV6US","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Compilation of Data Not Available in the National Water Information System for Domestic Wells Sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, May-August 2016"},{"id":363040,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5170/sir20185170.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5170"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Bradford County ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-76.9291,42.0024],[-76.9095,42.0025],[-76.8966,42.0026],[-76.6476,42.0019],[-76.6334,42.0017],[-76.5964,42.0013],[-76.5618,42.0009],[-76.5531,42.0008],[-76.5229,42.0005],[-76.466,41.9999],[-76.3826,41.9989],[-76.1467,41.9991],[-76.1382,41.898],[-76.1336,41.8467],[-76.1285,41.7935],[-76.1258,41.773],[-76.1219,41.7217],[-76.1171,41.6531],[-76.1959,41.648],[-76.1996,41.6467],[-76.2015,41.6435],[-76.2015,41.6426],[-76.2015,41.6408],[-76.2016,41.6353],[-76.2016,41.6344],[-76.2023,41.6335],[-76.2029,41.6322],[-76.2063,41.6145],[-76.209,41.6004],[-76.2091,41.5982],[-76.2184,41.5579],[-76.2217,41.5447],[-76.2383,41.5458],[-76.2432,41.5463],[-76.2487,41.5468],[-76.3277,41.5526],[-76.4454,41.5608],[-76.5,41.5649],[-76.5975,41.5715],[-76.6367,41.5745],[-76.6478,41.5755],[-76.6619,41.5765],[-76.679,41.578],[-76.6938,41.579],[-76.6993,41.5795],[-76.7496,41.5834],[-76.7569,41.5839],[-76.787,41.5872],[-76.7949,41.5882],[-76.8005,41.5887],[-76.8103,41.5896],[-76.8133,41.5901],[-76.8219,41.5911],[-76.8379,41.593],[-76.8747,41.5968],[-76.8747,41.599],[-76.8805,41.6363],[-76.8833,41.6681],[-76.8838,41.6717],[-76.885,41.6781],[-76.8873,41.6999],[-76.8907,41.7267],[-76.8936,41.7503],[-76.8976,41.783],[-76.8987,41.8007],[-76.8993,41.808],[-76.9022,41.8248],[-76.9022,41.8257],[-76.9051,41.8466],[-76.9162,41.918],[-76.9209,41.9507],[-76.9238,41.9711],[-76.9291,42.0024]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bradford\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.2: May 30, 2019; Version 1.1: April 23, 2019; Version 1.0: April 19, 2019","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
1,2,3-Trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP) is a volatile organic chemical of eminent concern due to its carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reproductive effects, and its frequent occurrence at concentrations of concern worldwide. In California, 1,2,3-TCP was detected in 6.5% of 1237 wells sampled by the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). About 8% of domestic wells had a detection of 1,2,3-TCP, compared to 5% of public-supply wells. 1,2,3-TCP was detected in 5.5% of most recent samples from 7787 public-supply well sources of the California State Water Resources Control Board Division of Drinking Water (DDW). Concentrations ranged from <0.005 to 2.7 μg/L. The California maximum contaminant level (MCL) is 0.005 μg/L. Most of the detections occurred in the San Joaquin Valley, where 1,2,3-TCP was detected above the MCL in 16% of USGS sampled wells and 18% of DDW wells. 1,2,3-TCP occurrence and concentrations are related to legacy fumigant use and hydrogeologic factors. Understanding factors affecting 1,2,3-TCP will aid in determining vulnerability and long term persistence in the San Joaquin Valley, which can help focus efforts to manage drinking water resources on the most vulnerable areas and also inform efforts in other areas of the state and worldwide. Widespread occurrence of 1,2,3-TCP is related to nonpoint source agricultural contaminant inputs. High concentrations of 1,2,3-TCP are in young, shallow, oxic groundwater beneath primarily orchard/vineyard crops. These areas are in coarse-grained sediments that promote rapid recharge, related to proximal alluvial fan sediments deposited by large streams that drain glaciated watersheds of the Sierra Nevada. 1,2,3-TCP co-occurs with 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) throughout modern age groundwater, indicating its long term persistence with little degradation. The highest concentrations of 1,2,3-TCP were observed at point source cleanup sites in urban areas; depending on the age and source of groundwater to nearby public-supply wells, these areas may see increasing concentrations of 1,2,3-TCP.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.420","usgsCitation":"Burow, K.R., Floyd, W.D., and Landon, M.K., 2019, Factors affecting 1,2,3-trichloropropane contamination in groundwater in California: Science of the Total Envionrment, v. 672, no. 1 July 2019, p. 324-334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.420.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"324","endPage":"334","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487474,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.420","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":427698,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":427783,"rank":2,"type":{"id":42,"text":"Open Access USGS Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ja/70252905/70252905.pdf","text":"USGS open-access version of article","size":"5 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\"}}]}","volume":"672","issue":"1 July 2019","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burow, Karen R. 0000-0001-6006-6667 krburow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-6667","contributorId":1504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burow","given":"Karen","email":"krburow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":898681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Floyd, Walter D.","contributorId":335551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Floyd","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":898682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 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pollutants and larval amphibians in wetlands contaminated by energy-related brines are potentially mediated by feeding traits","docAbstract":"Energy production in the Williston Basin, located in the Prairie Pothole Region of central North America, has increased rapidly over the last several decades. Advances in recycling and disposal practices of saline wastewaters (brines) co-produced during energy production have reduced ecological risks, but spills still occur often and legacy practices of releasing brines into the environment caused persistent salinization in many areas. Aside from sodium and chloride, these brines contain elevated concentrations of metals and metalloids (lead, selenium, strontium, antimony and vanadium), ammonium, volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, and radionuclides. Amphibians are especially sensitive to chloride and some metals, increasing potential effects in wetlands contaminated by brines. We collected bed sediment and larval amphibians (Ambystoma mavortium, Lithobates pipiens and Pseudacris maculata) from wetlands in Montana and North Dakota representing a range of brine contamination history and severity to determine if contamination was associated with metal concentrations in sediments and if metal accumulation in tissues varied by species. In wetland sediments, brine contamination was positively associated with the concentrations of sodium and strontium, both known to occur in oil and gas wastewater, but negatively correlated with mercury. In amphibian tissues, selenium and vanadium were associated with brine contamination. Metal tissue concentrations were higher in tadpoles that graze compared to predatory salamanders; this suggests frequent contact with the sediments could lead to greater ingestion of metal-laden materials. Although many of these metals may not be directly linked with energy development, the potential additive or synergistic effects of exposure along with elevated chloride from brines could have important consequences for aquatic organisms. To effectively manage amphibian populations in wetlands contaminated by saline wastewaters we need a better understanding of how life history traits, species-specific susceptibilities and the physical-chemical properties of metals co-occurring in wetland sediments interact with other stressors like chloride and wetland drying.
","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Pollution","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.033","usgsCitation":"Smalling, K.L., Anderson, C.W., Honeycutt, R.K., Cozzarelli, I.M., Preston, T.M., and Hossack, B.R., 2019, Associations between environmental pollutants and larval amphibians in wetlands contaminated by energy-related brines are potentially mediated by feeding traits: Environmental Pollution, v. 248, p. 260-268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.033.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"268","ipdsId":"IP-099068","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.033","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":361466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Williston Basin","volume":"248","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smalling, Kelly L. 0000-0002-1214-4920 ksmall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1214-4920","contributorId":190789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalling","given":"Kelly","email":"ksmall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":140160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Honeycutt, R. Ken 0000-0002-7157-7195 rhoneycutt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7157-7195","contributorId":156282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honeycutt","given":"R.","email":"rhoneycutt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ken","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Preston, Todd M. 0000-0002-8812-9233 tmpreston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8812-9233","contributorId":1664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"Todd","email":"tmpreston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hossack, Blake R. 0000-0001-7456-9564 blake_hossack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7456-9564","contributorId":1177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hossack","given":"Blake","email":"blake_hossack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70202012,"text":"70202012 - 2019 - Space-based imaging radar studies of U.S. volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-05T12:51:45","indexId":"70202012","displayToPublicDate":"2019-02-05T12:51:41","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5232,"text":"Frontiers in Earth Science","onlineIssn":"2296-6463","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Space-based imaging radar studies of U.S. volcanoes","docAbstract":"The arrival of space-based imaging radar as a revolutionary land-surface mapping and monitoring tool little more than a quarter century ago enabled a spate of innovative volcano research worldwide. Soon after launch of European Space Agency’s ERS-1 spacecraft in 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey began SAR and InSAR studies of volcanoes in the Aleutian and Cascades arcs, in Hawai’i, and elsewhere in the western U.S. including the Yellowstone and Long Valley calderas. This paper summarizes results of that effort and presents new findings concerning: (1) prevalence of volcano deformation in the Aleutian and Cascade arcs; (2) surface-change detection and hazard assessment during eruptions at Aleutian and Hawaiian volcanoes; (3) geodetic imaging of magma storage and transport systems in Hawai’i; and (4) deformation sources and processes at the Yellowstone and Long Valley calderas. Surface deformation caused by a variety of processes is common in arc settings and could easily escape detection without systematic InSAR surveillance. Space-based SAR imaging of active lava flows and domes in remote or heavily vegetated settings, including during periods of bad weather and darkness, extends land-based monitoring capabilities and improves hazards assessments. At Kīlauea Volcano, comprehensive SAR and InSAR observations identify multiple magma storage zones beneath the summit area and along the East Rift Zone, and illuminate magma transport pathways. The same approach at Yellowstone tracks the ascent of magmatic volatiles from a mid-crustal intrusion to shallow depth and relates that process to increased hydrothermal activity at the surface. Together with recent and planned launches of highly capable imaging-radar satellites, these findings support an optimistic outlook for near-real time surveillance of volcanoes at global scale in the coming decade.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/feart.2018.00249","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Lu, Z., Poland, M.P., and Wicks, C.W., 2019, Space-based imaging radar studies of U.S. volcanoes: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 6, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00249.","productDescription":"Article 249; 15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","ipdsId":"IP-099931","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00249","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":361027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-02-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Zhong","contributorId":202550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","affiliations":[{"id":20300,"text":"Southern Methodist University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":756679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wicks, Charles W. Jr. 0000-0002-0809-1328 cwicks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-1328","contributorId":127701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Charles","suffix":"Jr.","email":"cwicks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70215996,"text":"70215996 - 2019 - When ignimbrite meets water: Megascale gas-escape structures formed during welding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-02T15:24:55.004234","indexId":"70215996","displayToPublicDate":"2018-12-07T09:18:18","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"When ignimbrite meets water: Megascale gas-escape structures formed during welding","docAbstract":"Diverse welding, crystallization, and structural features develop when a hot ignimbrite encounters external water, depending largely on volatile-rock ratios. Such processes are spectacularly documented by a regional ignimbrite, where ponded within an older caldera in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Interaction of hot pyroclastic flows with moist underlying sediments or standing water in a stream valley or shallow-lakeshore environment produced mega-scale gas-escape structures, quenched adjacent tuff, inhibited welding, and generated nonplanar crystallization zones. This site provides a context for reviewing examples of ignimbrite-water interaction elsewhere.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G45772.1","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., 2019, When ignimbrite meets water: Megascale gas-escape structures formed during welding: Geology, v. 47, no. 1, p. 63-66, https://doi.org/10.1130/G45772.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"66","ipdsId":"IP-103031","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 36.94989178681327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":203612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":803725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208397,"text":"70208397 - 2019 - Reflectance increase from broad beam ion milling of coals and organic-rich shales due to increased surface flatness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T13:44:31","indexId":"70208397","displayToPublicDate":"2018-11-18T13:42:41","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflectance increase from broad beam ion milling of coals and organic-rich shales due to increased surface flatness","docAbstract":"Broad ion beam (BIB) milling is useful in organic petrology because it can yield flat sample surfaces and avert the ‘smearing’ of organic matter (OM) that results from traditional mechanical polishing. This potentially makes BIB especially useful in the study of nano-porosity, where even minor mechanical disruption of the sample surface distorts the sample characteristic of interest—the pore structure. However, several studies have observed an OM reflectance increase after BIB milling, concluding that ion milling may cause thermal alteration to OM surfaces. To better understand ion milling effects on organic matter, coal (subbituminous, high volatile bituminous, medium volatile bituminous, anthracite) and shale [Bakken Formation, Ohio Shale-Huron Member (5), Kimmeridge Clay Formation, Alum Shale, New Albany Shale] samples were prepared using traditional mechanical polishing methods. Reflectance measurements (% Ro) were gathered on all maceral types present before BIB milling, followed by re-measurement of OM reflectance at the same locations after milling. Most OM increased in reflectance after BIB milling, with some exceptions in high maturity samples. Liptinite macerals in both coal and shale samples showed the greatest percent reflectance increase on average (+133%; n=338), followed by solid bitumen (+49%; n=313), vitrinite (+26%; n=413), and inertinite (+9%; n=220). Despite the increases to OM reflectance caused by BIB milling, no evidence was found for kerogen conversion (e.g., change in maceral abundances), or for migration of newly generated petroleum (e.g., pseudomorphic replacement of kerogen by solid bitumen). Such changes occur when samples are thermally altered from immature conditions into the oil window (e.g., by hydrous pyrolysis), and, if the increases in OM reflectance were thermally driven (by BIB milling), they should have been observed in the above experiments. Herein, we also used atomic force microscopy to document a decrease in surface roughness of correlative locations of OM on pre- and post-ion milled samples. This improved surface polish caused by BIB milling appears to be the root cause of increased OM reflectance, as no other supporting evidence of thermal alteration could be found. That is, the fraction of light formerly lost to oblique scatter in diffuse reflectance from a mechanically polished surface is converted to specular reflectance after BIB ion milling. Thus the light leaves the surface at a near normal angle and returns to the detector, resulting in increased OM reflectance.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2018.11.004","usgsCitation":"Valentine, B.J., Hackley, P.C., Hatcherian, J.J., and Yu, J., 2019, Reflectance increase from broad beam ion milling of coals and organic-rich shales due to increased surface flatness: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 201, p. 86-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2018.11.004.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"101","ipdsId":"IP-096737","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":468054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2018.11.004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372178,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"201","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hatcherian, Javin J. 0000-0001-9151-6798 jhatcherian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9151-6798","contributorId":195770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcherian","given":"Javin","email":"jhatcherian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781723,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yu, Jing-Jiang","contributorId":222260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yu","given":"Jing-Jiang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40509,"text":"Hitachi High Technologies America, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":781724,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, Brett J. 0000-0002-8678-2431 bvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2431","contributorId":3846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Brett","email":"bvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatcherian, Javin J. 0000-0001-9151-6798 jhatcherian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9151-6798","contributorId":195770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcherian","given":"Javin","email":"jhatcherian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yu, Jing-Jiang","contributorId":222260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yu","given":"Jing-Jiang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40509,"text":"Hitachi High Technologies America, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":781878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70202922,"text":"70202922 - 2019 - Isotopic evidence that nitrogen enrichment intensifies nitrogen losses to the atmosphere from subtropical mangroves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-15T11:54:06","indexId":"70202922","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-08T11:31:02","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic evidence that nitrogen enrichment intensifies nitrogen losses to the atmosphere from subtropical mangroves","docAbstract":"Nitrogen (N) enrichment can have large effects on mangroves’ capacity to provide critical ecosystem services by affecting fundamental functions such as N cycling and primary productivity. However, our understanding of excess N input effects on N cycling in mangroves remains quite limited. To advance our understanding of how N enrichment via water or air pollution affects mangroves, we evaluated whether increasing N inputs would decrease biological N fixation (BNF), but intensify N dynamics and N losses to the atmosphere in these systems. We measured N concentrations in sediment and vegetation, rates of BNF in sediment and litter, and net sediment ammonification and nitrification rates. We also evaluated long-term integrated N dynamics and N losses to the atmosphere using the natural abundance of N stable isotopes (δ15N) in the sediment–plant system and in estuarine water. We performed these analyses at non-N-enriched and N-enriched (that is, polluted) fringe and basin mangroves in southeastern Brazil. The δ15N in the sediment–plant system was higher at N-enriched than non-N-enriched fringe sites, indicating increased N losses to the atmosphere from N-enriched sites. However, N concentrations in sediment and vegetation were similar or lower at N-enriched relative to non-N-enriched sites. BNF and net ammonification and nitrification rates were also similar between N-enriched and non-N-enriched sites. Excess N inputs intensified N losses to the atmosphere from mangroves, but N pools, BNF, and net ammonification and nitrification rates were not affected by N enrichment, likely because excess N was quickly lost from the system by direct denitrification and volatilization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-018-0327-0","usgsCitation":"Reis, C.R., Reed, S.C., Oliveira, R.S., and Nardoto, G.B., 2019, Isotopic evidence that nitrogen enrichment intensifies nitrogen losses to the atmosphere from subtropical mangroves: Ecosystems, v. 22, no. 5, p. 1126-1144, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0327-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1126","endPage":"1144","ipdsId":"IP-102196","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","state":"São Paulo","otherGeospatial":"Estuarine Lagunar Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -47.471923828125,\n -24.705043861733333\n ],\n 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]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reis, Carla Roberta Goncalves","contributorId":214647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reis","given":"Carla","email":"","middleInitial":"Roberta Goncalves","affiliations":[{"id":39103,"text":"Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":760483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Sasha C. 0000-0002-8597-8619 screed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619","contributorId":462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Sasha","email":"screed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":760482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oliveira, Rafael Silva","contributorId":214648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oliveira","given":"Rafael","email":"","middleInitial":"Silva","affiliations":[{"id":39104,"text":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-862, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":760484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nardoto, Gabriela Bielefeld","contributorId":214649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nardoto","given":"Gabriela","email":"","middleInitial":"Bielefeld","affiliations":[{"id":39103,"text":"Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":760485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70205078,"text":"ofr20191098 - No Year - Analysis of groundwater response to tidal fluctuations, Operable Unit 1, Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-06T09:13:04","indexId":"ofr20191098","displayToPublicDate":"2019-09-05T13:41:56","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":true,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-1098","displayTitle":"Analysis of Groundwater Response to Tidal Fluctuations, Operable Unit 1, Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington","title":"Analysis of groundwater response to tidal fluctuations, Operable Unit 1, Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington","docAbstract":"Chlorinated volatile organic compounds have affected groundwater beneath a former 9-acre landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1) of Naval Base Kitsap (NBK) Keyport, in Keyport, Washington. The landfill was the primary disposal area for domestic and industrial waste generated by NBK Keyport from the 1930s through 1973. Naval Facilities Engineering Command Northwest, in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency, Washington State Department of Ecology, and the Suquamish Tribe, is charged with collecting necessary data to monitor the contamination left in place and to ensure that the site does not pose a risk to human health or the environment.
To support these efforts, refined information was collected on how groundwater levels throughout OU 1 respond to tidal fluctuations at this nearshore site adjacent to Liberty Bay, an inlet of Puget Sound. The information was analyzed to determine the optimal times during the semidiurnal and the neap-spring tidal cycles to sample groundwater for contaminants associated with fresh groundwater originating from OU 1. The optimal times for sampling are presumed to be when fresh groundwater flowing seaward is least impeded by elevated tides, and those times are related to predicted tide levels by tidal lags, the durations between low tides, and corresponding low groundwater levels. Discrete groundwater-specific conductance data also were collected to determine if a seawater/freshwater interface was present at any of the monitoring wells, and to inform decisions on the depth at which groundwater should be sampled in existing wells.
Groundwater and surface-water levels were monitored at 19 monitoring wells and five adjacent surface-water sites. Specific conductance was monitored in each surface-water site. All time-series data parameters were collected every 15 minutes during a 4-week duration to measure how nearshore groundwater responds to tidal forcing. Time-series data were collected from July 12, 2018, to August 8, 2018, a period that included neap and spring tides. Vertical water-quality profiles were measured once in the screened interval of nine selected monitoring wells. The profiles included measurements at the top, middle, and bottom of each saturated screen interval.
Tidal lag times were determined relative to tidal levels in Liberty Bay (rather than in the more nearby Tide Flats) because the predicted tides for the Poulsbo, Washington Station (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] Station 9445719) that are used to schedule groundwater sampling represent open-water conditions in the area; a sill that separates Dogfish Bay from the Tide Flats clearly affects the timing and magnitude of low-low tides in the Tide Flats. Calculated tidal lag times were divided into three general groups: (1) wells where groundwater responded to tidal level changes immediately, (2) wells where groundwater responded to tidal level changes within about 2–5 hours, and (3) wells where groundwater had minimal response to tidal level changes. Groundwater levels in the middle group of wells primarily responded in concert with tidal level changes in the Tide Flats rather than tidal level changes in Liberty Bay.
An intended sampling depth refinement based on an assessment of transient seawater intrusion was not completed because of a failure to collect specific-conductance time-series data in select wells. Instead, discrete specific-conductance data from this and prior studies were evaluated to determine that the midpoint of well screens in OU 1 wells can be assumed to be a reasonably representative of undiluted groundwater. When sampling during spring (rather than neap) tides (as has generally been the standard practice at OU 1), the optimal time to sample the monitoring wells influenced by tides would be to add the tidal lags presented in this report to the time of the predicted low-low tide for Liberty Bay as measured at NOAA Station 9445719 at Poulsbo, Washington. Sampling schedules for the six wells where groundwater levels were only minimally influenced by tide changes should not be constrained by tidal conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Opatz, C.C., and Dinicola, R.S., 2019, Analysis of groundwater response to tidal fluctuations, Operable Unit 1, Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1098, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191098.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-107656","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1098/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":367169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1098/ofr20191098.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1098"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Keyport","otherGeospatial":"Naval Base Kitsap","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.62941598892212,\n 47.694699930336995\n ],\n [\n -122.62280702590942,\n 47.694699930336995\n ],\n [\n -122.62280702590942,\n 47.69943693711954\n ],\n [\n -122.62941598892212,\n 47.69943693711954\n ],\n [\n -122.62941598892212,\n 47.694699930336995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
In 2015–16, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District, led a study to assess baseline (2015–16) surface-water quality in six lake drainage basins within the Muskingum River watershed that are in the early years of shale-gas development. In 2015, 9 of the 10 most active counties in Ohio for oil and gas development were wholly or partially within the Muskingum River watershed. In addition to shale gas development, the area has a history of conventional oil and gas development and coal mining.
In all, 30 surface-water sites were sampled: 20 in tributaries flowing to the lakes, 4 in lakes themselves, and 6 downstream of the lakes. At each of the 30 sites, 6 samples were collected to characterize surface-water chemistry throughout a range of hydrologic conditions. The sampling generally occurred during low flows (periods of greater groundwater contribution) rather than during runoff events (periods of high stream stage).
Trilinear diagrams of major ion chemistry revealed three main types of water in the study area―sulfate-dominated waters, bicarbonate-dominated waters, and waters with mixed bicarbonate and chloride anions. Most sites produced samples of bicarbonate-dominated water, and 11 sites produced samples with sulfate-type waters. Mixed bicarbonate and chloride waters were found in samples from two of the six lake drainage basins studied.
The baseline (2015–16) assessment of surface-water quality in the study area indicated that few water-chemistry constituents and properties occurred at concentrations or levels that would adversely affect aquatic organisms. Chemical-specific, aquatic life use criteria were not met in only three instances: two were for total dissolved solids at sites likely impacted by coal mining in their drainage basins (hereafter referred to as “mine-impacted sites”), and one was for dissolved oxygen.
Mine drainage from historical coal mining in the region likely affected the quality of about one-third of the streams sampled. To simplify interpretation of water-chemistry results, 11 sites with sulfate-type water were identified as mine-impacted sites based on water-quality criteria established by Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mineral Resources Management, and separated out for subsequent statistical analysis. Concentrations or levels of bicarbonate, boron, calcium, carbonate, total dissolved solids, fluoride, magnesium, lithium, pH, potassium, sodium, specific conductance, strontium, sulfate, and suspended sediment in water were higher (significance level of 0.05) at mine-impacted stream sites than at non-mine-impacted stream sites.
An accidental release of oil- and gas-related brines could increase salinity (sodium and chloride), the concentration of total dissolved solids in shallow groundwater and streams, and specific conductance. For this study, chloride concentrations in the study area ranged from 2.12 to 76.1 milligrams per liter. Sources of chloride in water samples were evaluated using binary mixing curves and ratios of chloride to bromide. These ratios indicated that 13 samples from 3 sites in the drainage basin that contained the highest density of conventional oil and gas wells in the study, as well as 4 samples collected from other drainage basins, likely contained a component of brine. Concentrations or levels of barium, bromide, chloride, iron, lithium, manganese, and sodium were significantly higher (alpha = 0.05) in samples with a component of brine than in samples without a component of brine.
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), compounds that occur naturally in crude oil, made up 24 of the 45 detections (53 percent) of volatile organic compounds in the study area. The BTEX detections were not associated with sites containing a component of brine. The only volatile organic compound detected in any of the 17 samples that contained a component of brine was acetone, detected in 3 (18 percent) of these samples and in 11 percent of samples not containing a component of brine. Considering that BTEX are gasoline hydrocarbons and that most of the detections occurred during warmer months in and around the lakes, the BTEX detections likely are associated with increases in outdoor activities such as automobile and boating traffic.
Radium-226 and radium-228 were included in the list of analytes for this study because production water from shale-gas drilling can contain these naturally occurring radioactive materials. Concentrations of radium-226 exceeded background levels in only two surface-water samples. Concentrations of radium-228 exceeded background levels in one surface-water sample.
A brine signature potentially indicative of oil and gas contamination was detected in samples collected at two sites that contained active or plugged waste injection wells, or both. Results from the study indicated significant differences in the median concentrations of bromide, chloride, lithium, manganese, sodium, and total dissolved nitrogen between sites with and without injection wells in their drainage areas. Median concentrations of bromide, chloride, lithium, and sodium, which are common oil- and gas-related contaminants, were higher at sites with injection wells in their drainage areas compared to sites without injection wells.
Historical (1960s, 1970s, and 1980s) chloride concentrations and streamflow data at or near five of the six sampling sites downstream from each lake dam were compared to current (2015–16) values. An analysis of covariance was done to test the effects of streamflow, time (decade), and the combined effects (cross product) of streamflow and time on chloride concentrations. Those analyses indicated that streamflow was not significant in explaining the variation in chloride concentration, likely because streamflow in those locations is controlled by dam operations; therefore, association between runoff-generating events and streamflow is less direct than in unregulated streams. From the 1980s to the study period (2015–16), data for three of the five lakes indicated an increase in chloride concentrations. The comparison of historical and current (2015–16) study data from samples collected at another lake indicated that chloride concentrations increased from the 1960s to the 1970s, but concentrations in the 1970s and 2015–16 were similar even though 13 samples from this lake drainage basin were classified as having a component of brine. Median chloride concentrations for the fifth lake, however, seemed to decrease from the 1980s to 2015–16.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185113","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Covert, S.A., Jagucki, M.L., and Huitger, C., 2018, Baseline water quality of an area undergoing shale-gas development in the Muskingum River watershed, Ohio, 2015–16: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5113, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185113.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 129 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-091174","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359613,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7GF0SRT","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data from quality-control equipment blanks, field blanks, and field replicates for baseline water quality of an area undergoing shale-gas development in the Muskingum River watershed, Ohio, 2015-16 "},{"id":359612,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5113/sir20185113.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5113"},{"id":359611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5113/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Muskingum River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -80.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -80.75,\n 40.6667\n ],\n [\n -81.75,\n 40.6667\n ],\n [\n -81.75,\n 39.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
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The Piceance and Yellow Creek watersheds in Rio Blanco County, Colorado, are known to contain important energy resources (oil shale and natural gas) and mineral resources (nahcolite). The primary sources of fresh groundwater in the Piceance and Yellow Creek watersheds are bedrock aquifers in the Uinta and Green River Formations. The aquifers are divided into an upper and lower aquifer separated by a regionally extensive semiconfining layer. These aquifers provide water to streams and springs in the watersheds and are an important resource to people living and working in the area. Development of energy and mineral resources has the potential to affect the quality of groundwater in several ways. The Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Geological Survey began groundwater monitoring in 2010 to characterize the groundwater quality and water-level elevations of shallow bedrock aquifers in the Piceance and Yellow Creek watersheds. The purpose of this report is to present ground-water chemistry and water-level elevations collected during 2013–16. Comparisons are made to data that were collected from the bedrock aquifers from 2010 to 2012 to identify the potential for changes in water quality and water-level elevations.
Appreciable changes in water-level elevations and hydraulic gradient were observed in early April 2015 in two wells completed in the upper and lower aquifers. The hydraulic gradient between the two wells was consistently downward from the upper aquifer to the lower aquifer during 2010–15; however, in early April 2015, the gradient changed from downward to upward between the two aquifers. Overall, water-level elevations declined by about 14 and 11 feet in the upper and lower aquifers, respectively, from 2013 to 2016. Previously published data estimated groundwater ages at 1,200 years old in the upper aquifer and 9,600 years old in the lower aquifer. These groundwater ages indicate that ground-water was recharged over thousands of years. With such long periods of time for aquifer recharge, declines in water-level elevation over short time steps (a few months) have important implications for sustainable management of this resource. Solution mining activities or drilling for oil and natural gas in the area could be related to the changes observed in water-level elevations in these wells; however, further investigation would be needed to evaluate causation.
Changes in major-ion chemistry were evaluated in the bedrock aquifer using time series plots of select major-ion data from 2010 to 2016. Major-ion chemistry was variable for a single well from 2010 to 2016 where alkalinity and sulfate were the most variable constituents. One possible explanation for the observed changes in major-ion chemistry may be that the sample depth for that well no longer represents the most appreciable flow in the borehole. On a larger scale, potential changes in flow within the borehole may indicate changes in the regional flow system. Methane and volatile organic compound concentrations were evaluated using a similar approach to that of major ions and had similar findings. Methane concentrations in wells sampled from 2010 to 2016 were generally constant. The only exception was observed at a single well where the range of methane concentrations was from 57.4 (2010) to 4.02 milligrams per liter (2013). This is the same well where changes in water-level elevation, hydraulic gradient, and major-ion chemistry were observed, providing multiple lines of evidence to indicate change in the bedrock aquifers. Sampling of a well located in an area with little energy development but where faults or fractures could provide a path for the migration of fluids indicate mixing of groundwater between the upper and lower aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, White River Field Office","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.C., and McMahon, P.B., 2018, Groundwater chemistry and water-level elevations in bedrock aquifers of the Piceance and Yellow Creek watersheds, Rio Blanco County, Colorado, 2013–16: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5142, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185142.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-093390","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5142/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359633,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5142/sir20185142.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018–5142"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Rio Blanco County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.75,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -107.75,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -107.75,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -108.75,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -108.75,\n 39.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 415
Denver, CO 80225
The extensive development of oil and natural-gas resources in south Texas during the past 10 years has led to questions regarding possible environmental effects of processes associated with oil and natural-gas production, in particular the process of hydraulic fracturing, on water and other natural resources. Part of the lower San Antonio River watershed intersects an area of oil and natural-gas production from the sedimentary rocks that compose the Eagle Ford Group.
The rapid expansion of infrastructure associated with oil and natural-gas production increases potential pathways for inorganic and organic contaminants to enter surface-water systems. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio River Authority, analyzed geospatial data from different years (2008 and 2015) to evaluate changes in land cover associated with oil and natural-gas production activities in the lower San Antonio River watershed. Impervious surface in this study is defined as land cover consisting of well pads, oil- and gas-related features, or roads. The areal coverage associated with impervious surface increased from 201 acres to 5,390 acres (net increase of 5,189 acres) between 2008 and 2015. The total percentage of the study area accounted for by impervious surface resulting from oil and natural-gas production activities increased from 0.034 percent to 0.912 percent, which is an increase of approximately 27-fold. Collectively, 0.878 percent of the study area was converted to new impervious surface between 2008 and 2015. If the area associated with new storage ponds (0.066 percent) is added to the estimate of total land-cover changes as a result of oil and natural-gas production, then 0.944 percent of the study area was altered.
During 2015–17, surface-water samples collected from 5 sites and streambed-sediment samples collected from 17 sites in the lower San Antonio River watershed were analyzed for a broad range of constituents that might be associated with oil and natural-gas production. All major elements, trace elements, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in surface-water samples were detected at concentrations less than any of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s water-quality standards. In general, the greatest SVOC and VOC concentrations were observed in samples collected from sites upstream from the area of active oil and natural-gas production and just downstream from urban areas. The lack of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and all isomers of xylene (hereinafter referred to as BTEX) for most sites within the area of active oil and natural-gas production indicates that little, if any, local runoff associated with the area of active oil and natural-gas production has contaminated the surface water with BTEX compounds. Glycols, which are commonly used in hydraulic fracturing fluids as scale inhibitors, were detected in one surface-water sample from Ecleto Creek within the area of oil and natural-gas production; however, the presence of glycols does not necessarily indicate contamination from hydraulic fracturing fluid. The glycols detected also have other potential sources including the use of diethylene and ethylene glycols in antifreeze used in vehicles and the use of triethylene glycol in antibacterial air sanitizers.
The concentrations of select constituents in the streambed-sediment samples were compared to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The SQGs evaluate the potential toxicity of bed sediments to sediment-dwelling organisms. Two SQG concentration levels are used: (1) a lower level, called the threshold effect concentration (TEC), below which harmful effects to benthic biota are not expected, and (2) a higher level, the probable effect concentration (PEC), above which harmful effects are expected to occur frequently. The PEC for arsenic was exceeded in a sample collected from one site on Ecleto Creek. The origin of the elevated arsenic concentration is unknown; the contamination likely is not related to oil and natural-gas production because the site of the sample collection is located upstream from the area of active oil and natural-gas production. Streambed-sediment samples were analyzed for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) because PAHs can be used as indicators of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with produced waters. Each streambed-sediment sample was analyzed for two size fractions of PAHs: less than (<) 63 micrometers (μm) and < 2 millimeters (mm). Total PAH concentrations in all samples, regardless of size fraction, were less than the TEC for total PAHs of 1,610 micrograms per kilogram. Total PAH concentrations generally were greater in the <63-μm size-fraction samples than in the <2-mm size-fraction samples, indicating that PAHs could potentially sorb more readily to the exclusively silt- and clay-sized particles that compose <63-μm size-fraction samples than to the mixture of silt and clay and larger sized particles that compose the <2-mm size-fraction samples. Total PAH concentrations typically were greater in the samples collected from the sites upstream from the area of active oil and natural-gas production compared to those collected from sites within the area in both the <2-mm and <63-μm size-fraction samples. The smaller PAH concentrations measured in samples collected from within the area of active oil and natural-gas production in comparison to the upstream urbanized areas indicate relatively minor additional local contributions of PAHs of uncertain origin to the watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185119","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio River Authority","usgsCitation":"Crow, C.L., Opsahl, S.P., Pedraza, D.E., Pease, E.C., and Kushnereit, R.K., 2018, Land-cover changes associated with oil and natural-gas production and concentrations of selected constituents in surface-water and streambed-sediment samples collected upstream from and within an area of oil and natural-gas production, south Texas, 2008–17: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5119, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185119.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 52 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-095610","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437689,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F74J0DDQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Land-Cover, Surface-water, and Streambed-sediment data Collected Upstream from and Within an Area of Oil and Natural-Gas Production, South Texas, 2008-17"},{"id":359271,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F74J0DDQ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Land-use, water-quality, and sediment-quality data from an area upstream from and within an area of oil and natural-gas production in the lower San Antonio River watershed, south Texas, 2008–17"},{"id":359269,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5119/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359270,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5119/sir20185119.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.51 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018–5119"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"San Antonio River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.38531494140624,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n -96.91314697265625,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n -96.91314697265625,\n 29.652255607121884\n ],\n [\n -98.38531494140624,\n 29.652255607121884\n ],\n [\n -98.38531494140624,\n 28.459033019728043\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Texas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1505 Ferguson Lane
Austin, Texas 78754–4501
In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Environmental Health Mission Area, initiated the Tapwater Exposure Study as part of an infrastructure project to assess human exposure to potential threats from complex mixtures of contaminants. In the pilot phase (2016), samples were collected from 11 States throughout the United States, and in the second phase (2017), the study focused on the Greater Chicago area, including North and South Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana. Residential tapwater samples were collected at private residences during both phases, and during the first phase, samples were collected from Federal office buildings and from one office 19-liter water-bottle source. During the second phase, raw intake and treated (pre-distributional) water samples also were collected from four drinking-water treatment facilities in the Greater Chicago area. Samples were sent to laboratories at the USGS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and Colorado School of Mines Center for Environmental Risk Assessment, for potential drinking-water pathogens, chemical, and bioassay analyses. These analyses included more than 400 chemicals such as trace elements, steroid hormones, pharmaceuticals, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances, cyanotoxins, and other organic compounds. The in vitro bioassay analyses included estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado School of Mines, Center for Environmental Risk Assessment; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS), National Toxicology Program Laboratory; University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Romanok, K.M., Kolpin, D.W., Meppelink, S.M., Argos, M., Brown, J.B., DeVito, M.J., Dietze, J.E., Givens, C.E., Gray, J.L., Higgins, C.P., Hladik, M.L., Iwanowicz, L.R., Loftin, K.A., McCleskey, R.B., McDonough, C.A., Meyer, M.T., Strynar, M.J., Weis, C.P., Wilson, V.S., and Bradley, P.M., 2018, Methods used for the collection and analysis of chemical and biological data for the Tapwater Exposure Study, United States, 2016–17: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1098, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181098.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 79 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-094498","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1098/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358921,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1098/ofr20181098.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.07 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1098"},{"id":358923,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181071","text":"Open-File Report 2018-1071","linkHelpText":"- Concentrations of Lead and Other Inorganic Constituents in Samples of Raw Intake and Treated Drinking Water From the Municipal Water Filtration Plant and Residential Tapwater in Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana, July–December 2017"},{"id":358922,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7959GVJ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Target-Chemical Concentrations, Exposure Activity Ratios, and Bioassay Results for Assessment of Mixed-Organic/Inorganic-Chemical Exposure in USA Tapwater, 2016"},{"id":359038,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F70R9NN0","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Occurrence and Concentrations of Trace Elements in Discrete Tapwater Samples Collected in Chicago, Illinois and East Chicago, Indiana, 2017"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n 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U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
Elevated tritium, radiocarbon, Hg, and volatile organic compounds associated with low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) at the USGS Amargosa Desert Research Site (ADRS) have stimulated research on factors and processes that affect contaminant gas distribution and transport. Consequently, we examined the sources, mixing, and biogeochemistry of CO2 and CH4, two additional important species in the unsaturated zone at ADRS. In spring 2015 and 2016, shallow unsaturated zone gas samples were collected from the 1.5-m depth both inside and outside the LLRW disposal area. Samples also were collected from two 110-m-deep multilevel gas-sampling boreholes and a distant background site. These samples were analyzed for CO2 mole fraction (xCO2) and C isotopic composition (δ13C-CO2) and CH4 mole fraction (xCH4). Graphical analysis of the results indicates mixing of CO2 characteristic of the root zone (δ13C −18 to −19‰), deep soil gas of the capillary fringe (−13 to −15‰), and CO2produced by microbial respiration of organic matter disposed in the LLRW trenches (−22 to −25‰). Distribution of CH4 overall reflects atmospheric sources and production in anaerobic microzones in the LLRW area and methanotrophy in the undisturbed shallow subsurface outside the LLRW area. Although xCH4 reflecting lateral transport from the LLRW area is decreasing with time in the deep profiles, deep unsaturated zone xCO2 has changed little in recent decades. The results imply that CH4 and δ13C-CO2 may serve as good tracers of anthropogenic effects in the unsaturated zone even when CO2 primarily reflects natural processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/vzj2017.11.0200","usgsCitation":"Conaway, C., Walvoord, M., Thomas, R.B., Green, C., Baker, R., Thordsen, J., Stonestrom, D.A., and Andraski, B.J., 2018, Unsaturated zone CO2, CH4, and δ13C-CO2 at an arid region low-level radioactive waste disposal site: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 17, no. 1, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2017.11.0200.","productDescription":"Article 70200.; 11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","ipdsId":"IP-092520","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":468267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2017.11.0200","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":359130,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"USGS Amargosa Desert Research Site","volume":"17","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10a8fee4b034bf6a7e4ed4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conaway, Christopher H. 0000-0002-0991-033X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-033X","contributorId":201932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Christopher H.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":204724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Randall B.","contributorId":204725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36978,"text":"NETL DOE","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":734804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, Christopher 0000-0002-6480-8194","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-8194","contributorId":201642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baker, R.J.","contributorId":85915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thordsen, James J. jthordsn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordsen","given":"James J.","email":"jthordsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":750712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70199146,"text":"ds1096 - 2018 - Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Bunker Hill and Yucaipa Groundwater Subbasins, San Bernardino County, California, 1974–2016","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T14:16:01","indexId":"ds1096","displayToPublicDate":"2018-10-31T10:49:21","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1096","title":"Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Bunker Hill and Yucaipa Groundwater Subbasins, San Bernardino County, California, 1974–2016","docAbstract":"In 1974, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District, initiated a study to assess the regional groundwater resources in the Bunker Hill Subbasin of the Upper Santa Ana Valley Groundwater Basin in San Bernardino County, California. The study area expanded east into the Yucaipa Subbasin in 1996. This report compiles the geologic (borehole lithology and geophysical logs) and hydrologic (water-quality and water-level) data collected from 1974–2016 for 11 multiple-well monitoring sites (48 individual wells) constructed by the USGS in the Bunker Hill (7 sites) and Yucaipa (4 sites) Groundwater Subbasins.
Approximately 240 water-quality samples from the 11 sites were analyzed for constituents including major and minor ions, nutrients, selected trace elements, organic wastewater compounds (OWCs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides and pesticide degradates, the stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and the radiogenic isotopes of tritium and carbon-14. All environmental data associated with these sites are available on the project web page for the San Bernardino Optimal Basin Management study (https://ca.water.usgs.gov/sanbern/) and the Yucaipa Valley Hydrogeology study (https://ca.water.usgs.gov/yucaipa/).
Quality-assurance blank samples were processed periodically throughout the study and show that approximately 2.4 percent of the analytical results for major and minor ions, trace elements, and nutrients, and 1.5 percent of the results for VOCs fall below the acceptable study reporting limits and therefore are censored.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds1096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District","usgsCitation":"Mendez, G.O., Anders, R., McPherson, K.R., and Danskin, W.R., 2018, Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Bunker Hill and Yucaipa Groundwater Subbasins, San Bernardino County, California, 1974–2016 (ver 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1096, 215 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1096.","productDescription":"viii, 215 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1974-01-01","temporalEnd":"2016-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-077227","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1096/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359774,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1096/versionHist.txt","size":"3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"DS 1096 Version History"},{"id":358989,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1096/ds1096_v1.1.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 1096"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.54547119140624,\n 33.863573814253485\n ],\n [\n -116.54022216796875,\n 33.863573814253485\n ],\n [\n -116.54022216796875,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -117.54547119140624,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -117.54547119140624,\n 33.863573814253485\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: November 2018; Version 1.0: October 2018","contact":"Director,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
In 2017, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, drilled and constructed borehole TAN-2312 for stratigraphic framework analyses and long-term groundwater monitoring of the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Laboratory in southeast Idaho. The location of borehole TAN-2312 was selected because it was downgradient from TAN and believed to be the outer extent of waste plumes originating from the TAN facility. Borehole TAN-2312 initially was cored to collect continuous geologic data, and then re-drilled to complete construction as a monitor well. The final construction for borehole TAN-2312 required 16- and 10-inch (in.) diameter carbon-steel well casing to 37 and 228 feet below land surface (ft BLS), respectively, and 9.9-in. diameter open-hole completion below the casing to 522 ft BLS. Depth to water is measured near 244 ft BLS. Following construction and data collection, a temporary submersible pump and water-level access line were placed near 340 ft BLS to allow for aquifer testing, for collecting periodic water samples, and for measuring water levels.
Borehole TAN-2312 was cored continuously, starting at the first basalt contact (about 37 ft BLS) to a depth of 568 ft BLS. Not including surface sediment (0–37 ft), recovery of basalt and sediment core at borehole TAN-2312 was about 93 percent; however, core recovery from 170 to 568 ft BLS was 100 percent. Based on visual inspection of core and geophysical data, basalt examined from 37 to 568 ft BLS consists of about 32 basalt flows that range from approximately 3 to 87 ft in thickness and 4 sediment layers with a combined thickness of approximately 76 ft. About 2 ft of total sediment was described for the saturated zone, observed from 244 to 568 ft BLS, near 296 and 481 ft BLS. Sediment described for the saturated zone were composed of fine-grained sand and silt with a lesser amount of clay. Basalt texture for borehole TAN-2312 generally was described as aphanitic, phaneritic, and porphyritic. Basalt flows varied from highly fractured to dense with high to low vesiculation.
Geophysical and borehole video logs were collected after core drilling and after final construction at borehole TAN-2312. Geophysical logs were examined synergistically with available core material to suggest zones where groundwater flow was anticipated. Natural gamma log measurements were used to assess sediment layer thickness and location. Neutron and gamma-gamma source logs were used to identify fractured areas for aquifer testing. Acoustic televiewer logs, fluid logs, and electromagnetic flow meter results were used to identify fractures and assess groundwater movement when compared against neutron measurements. Furthermore, gyroscopic deviation measurements were used to measure horizontal and vertical displacement for borehole TAN-2312.
After construction of borehole TAN-2312, a single-well aquifer test was completed September 27, 2017, to provide estimates of transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity. Estimates for transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity were 1.51×102 feet squared per day and 0.23 feet per day, respectively. During the 220-minute aquifer test, well TAN-2312 had about 23 ft of measured drawdown at sustained pumping rate of 27.2 gallons per minute. The transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity estimates for well TAN-2312 were lower than the values determined from previous aquifer tests in other wells near Test Area North.
Water samples were analyzed for cations, anions, metals, nutrients, volatile organic compounds, stable isotopes, and radionuclides. Water samples for most of the inorganic constituents showed concentrations near background levels for eastern regional groundwater. Water samples for stable isotopes of oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur indicated some possible influence of irrigation on the water quality. The volatile organic compound data indicated that this well had some minor influence by wastewater disposal practices at Test Area North.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185118","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Twining, B.V., Bartholomay, R.C., and Hodges, M.K.V., 2018, Completion summary for borehole TAN-2312 at Test Area North, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018-5118, DOE/ID-22247, 29 p., plus appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185118.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 29 p.; Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-090126","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5118/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358289,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5118/sir20185118.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5118"},{"id":358290,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5118/sir20185118_appendix01.pdf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"85 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5118 Appendix 1"},{"id":358291,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5118/sir20185118_appendix02.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"27 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5118 Appendix 2"},{"id":358292,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5118/sir20185118_appendix03.pdf","text":"Appendix 3","size":"2.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5118 Appendix 3"},{"id":358293,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5118/sir20185118_appendix04.pdf","text":"Appendix 4","size":"138 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5118 Appendix 4"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.75,\n 43.8167\n ],\n [\n -112.6833,\n 43.8167\n ],\n [\n -112.6833,\n 43.8667\n ],\n [\n -112.75,\n 43.8667\n ],\n [\n -112.75,\n 43.8167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702
A mathematically sound approach for summarizing chemical analyses of feed coal and all its combustion products (bottom ash, economizer fly ash, and fly ash) is presented. The nature of the data requires the application of compositional techniques when conducting statistical analysis, techniques that have not been applied before to the study of partitioning of elements between the coal that enters the boiler and the associated coal combustion products. A collection of descriptive and inferential compositional techniques was used to analyze the coal combustion products from a Wyoming power plant burning Paleocene Wyodak–Anderson coal. The significance of the fluctuation in ash composition is determined by using a Hotelling’s T-squared test and bootstrapping. Tree displays allow for visualization of the progressive effect of filters in removal of chemical species based on their geochemical composition. Results indicate that, in general, as the suspended combustion products entrained in the flue gases move closer to the stack, chemical species are removed from the combustion gas, starting with minerals associated with elements having the lowest volatility.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11004-018-9736-z","usgsCitation":"Martín-Fernández, J., Olea, R., and Ruppert, L.F., 2018, Compositional data analysis of coal combustion products with an application to a Wyoming power plant: Mathematical Geosciences, v. 50, no. 6, p. 639-657, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-018-9736-z.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"657","ipdsId":"IP-089735","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357569,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bc02f99e4b0fc368eb538dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martín-Fernández, J. A.","contributorId":208080,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martín-Fernández","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":745765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061 lruppert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie","email":"lruppert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70219075,"text":"70219075 - 2018 - Suppression of vitrinite reflectance by bitumen generated from liptinite during hydrous pyrolysis of artificial source rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-23T15:17:41.264305","indexId":"70219075","displayToPublicDate":"2018-09-19T10:15:45","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Suppression of vitrinite reflectance by bitumen generated from liptinite during hydrous pyrolysis of artificial source rock","docAbstract":"Mean random vitrinite reflectance (Ro) is the most widely accepted method to determine thermal maturity of coal and other sedimentary rocks. However, oil-immersion Ro of polished rock or kerogen samples is commonly lower than Ro values measured in samples from adjacent vitrinite-rich coals that have undergone the same level of thermal stress. So-called suppressed Ro values have also been observed in hydrous pyrolysis experiments designed to simulate petroleum formation. Various hypotheses to explain Ro suppression, such as sorption of products generated from liptinite during maturation, diagenetic formation of perhydrous vitrinite or overpressure, remain controversial. To experimentally test for suppression of vitrinite reflectance, artificial rock was prepared using silica and a calcined blend of limestone and clay with various proportions of thermally immature vitrinite-rich Wyodak-Anderson coal and liptinite-rich kerogen isolated from the oil-prone Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation. The samples were subjected to hydrous pyrolysis for 72 h. at isothermal temperatures of 300 °C, 330 °C, and 350 °C to simulate burial maturation. Compared to artificial rock that contains only coal, samples with different proportions of oil-prone kerogen show distinct suppression of calibrated Ro at 300 °C and 330 °C. The reflectance of solid bitumen generated during heating of the samples is lower than that of the associated vitrinite and does not interfere with the Ro measurements. These results provide the first experimental evidence that Ro suppression occurs in vitrinite mixed with liptinite-rich kerogen in a rock matrix. Although the precise chemical mechanism for Ro suppression by liptinite remains unclear, free radicals generated from solid bitumen and associated volatile products during maturation of liptinite may contribute to termination reactions that slow the aromatization and rearrangement of polyaromatic sheets in vitrinite, thus suppressing Ro. This mechanism does not preclude Ro suppression that might result from overpressure or differences in redox conditions during diagenesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.09.010","usgsCitation":"Peters, K.E., Hackley, P.C., Thomas, J., and Pomerantz, A.E., 2018, Suppression of vitrinite reflectance by bitumen generated from liptinite during hydrous pyrolysis of artificial source rock: Organic Geochemistry, v. 125, p. 220-228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.09.010.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"228","ipdsId":"IP-098867","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":468384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.09.010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":437748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9S3CVNI","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data release for mean random reflectance for products of hydrous pyrolysis experiments on artificial rock mixtures of humic Wyodak-Anderson coal (2018)"},{"id":437747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9S3CVNI","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data release for mean random reflectance for products of hydrous pyrolysis experiments on artificial rock mixtures of humic Wyodak-Anderson coal (2018)"},{"id":384586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Kenneth E.","contributorId":213618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peters","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":27162,"text":"Schlumberger","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":812668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, J. J.","contributorId":255620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":27322,"text":"Schlumberger-Doll Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":812670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pomerantz, A. E.","contributorId":255623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pomerantz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":27322,"text":"Schlumberger-Doll Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":812671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70197935,"text":"70197935 - 2018 - When oil and water mix: Understanding the environmental impacts of shale development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T12:34:03","indexId":"70197935","displayToPublicDate":"2018-09-03T12:33:56","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"When oil and water mix: Understanding the environmental impacts of shale development","docAbstract":"Development of shale gas and tight oil, or unconventional oil and gas (UOG), has dramatically increased domestic energy production in the U.S. UOG resources are typically developed through the use of hydraulic fracturing, which creates high-permeability flow paths into large volumes of tight rocks to provide a means for hydrocarbons to move to a wellbore. This process uses significant volumes of water, sand, and chemicals, raising concerns about risks to the environment and to human health. Researchers in various disciplines have been working to make UOG development more efficient, and to better understand the risks to air quality, water quality, landscapes, human health, and ecosystems. Risks to air include releases of methane, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter. Water-resource risks include excessive withdrawals, stray gas in drinking-water aquifers, and surface spills of fluids or chemicals. Landscapes can be significantly altered by the infrastructure installed to support large drilling platforms and associated equipment. Exposure routes, fate and transport, and toxicology of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process are poorly understood, as are the potential effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and human health. This is made all the more difficult by an adaptable and evolving industry that frequently changes methods and constantly introduces new chemicals. Geoscientists responding to questions about the risks of UOG should refer to recent, rigorous scientific research.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GSATG361A.1","usgsCitation":"Soeder, D.J., and Kent, D.B., 2018, When oil and water mix: Understanding the environmental impacts of shale development: GSA Today, v. 28, p. 4-10, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG361A.1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"10","ipdsId":"IP-091326","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg361a.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":357776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bc02fa2e4b0fc368eb53945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soeder, Daniel J.","contributorId":70040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soeder","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":739233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, Douglas B. 0000-0003-3758-8322 dbkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-8322","contributorId":1871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Douglas","email":"dbkent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":739234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201695,"text":"70201695 - 2018 - Deep fluid pathways beneath Mammoth Mountain, California, illuminated by migrating earthquake swarms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T13:33:39","indexId":"70201695","displayToPublicDate":"2018-08-15T13:33:32","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5010,"text":"Science Advances","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep fluid pathways beneath Mammoth Mountain, California, illuminated by migrating earthquake swarms","docAbstract":"Although most volcanic seismicity is shallow (within several kilometers of the surface), some volcanoes exhibit deeper seismicity (10 to 30+ km) that may reflect active processes such as magma resupply and volatile transfer. One such volcano is Mammoth Mountain, California, which has also recently exhibited high rates of CO2 discharge at the surface. We perform high-resolution earthquake detection and relocation to reveal punctuated episodes of rapidly propagating seismicity at mid-crustal depths along a narrow fracture zone surrounding a body of partial melt. We infer that these earthquakes track dike intrusions or fluid pressure pulses associated with CO2 exsolution, suggesting that the deep plumbing system of Mammoth Mountain is an active conduit for fluid transport from the base of the crust to the surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aat5258","usgsCitation":"Hotovec-Ellis, A.J., Shelly, D.R., Hill, D.P., Pitt, A.M., Dawson, P.B., and Chouet, B.A., 2018, Deep fluid pathways beneath Mammoth Mountain, California, illuminated by migrating earthquake swarms: Science Advances, v. 4, no. 8, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat5258.","productDescription":"eaat5258; 7 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","ipdsId":"IP-094119","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":468495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat5258","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":360682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mammoth Mountain","volume":"4","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c1e0a32e4b0708288cb0223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hotovec-Ellis, Alicia J. 0000-0003-1917-0205","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1917-0205","contributorId":211785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hotovec-Ellis","given":"Alicia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelly, David R. 0000-0003-2783-5158 dshelly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2783-5158","contributorId":206750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelly","given":"David","email":"dshelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, David P. 0000-0002-1619-2006 dhill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-2006","contributorId":206752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"David","email":"dhill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitt, Andrew M. 0000-0003-4119-0907 pitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-0907","contributorId":211786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"Andrew","email":"pitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dawson, Phillip B. 0000-0003-4065-0588 dawson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":206751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Phillip","email":"dawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":211787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70194792,"text":"sir20175161 - 2018 - Simulation of zones of groundwater contribution to wells south of the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant in Bethpage, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T14:19:31","indexId":"sir20175161","displayToPublicDate":"2018-07-31T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2017-5161","title":"Simulation of zones of groundwater contribution to wells south of the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant in Bethpage, New York","docAbstract":"A steady-state three-dimensional groundwater-flow model that simulates present conditions was coupled with the particle-tracking program MODPATH to delineate zones of contribution to wells pumping from the Magothy aquifer near a chlorinated volatile organic compound (VOC) plume. This modeling was part of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Naval Facilities Engineering Command to delineate groundwater near the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant in Bethpage, New York. Because rates of advection within the coarse-grained sediments typically exceed 0.1 foot per day, transport by dispersion and (or) diffusion was assumed to be negligible. Resulting zones of contribution are complex shapes, influenced by hydrogeologic features including confining beds and a basal gravel zone, and the interplay of nearby hydrologic stresses. The use of two particle tracking techniques identified zones of contribution to wells. Particles are backtracked from pumping well screens, and particles are forward tracked from the location of a VOC plume, as defined by surfaces of equal total VOC concentration. During any period of 5 years or less, about 1 to 3 percent of particles backtracked from pumping wells within a focus area intersected the 5-part per billion (ppb) VOC plume shell, indicating that the vast majority of particles were not sourced from the plume. During 5 years or less, none of the particles backtracked from pumping wells intersected the 50-ppb VOC plume shell. Forward-tracking techniques identified the fate of water within the VOC plume after 5 years as it moves toward ultimate well capture and (or) discharge to model constant head and drain boundaries. Out of 4,813 forward tracked particles started within the 50-ppb VOC plume shell, 1 forward-tracked particle was captured by well ANY8480. Out of 22,958 forward tracked particles started within the 5-ppb VOC plume shell, 100 were captured by production wells (less than 1 percent). The subset of forward pathlines that represent well plume capture are similar in number and shape to those of backtracked pathlines.
Model simulations were conducted to assess uncertainties and improve understanding of how variability in hydraulic properties, pumpage rates, and maximum particle traveltime affect delineation of zones of contribution. By use of driller’s’ logs, a transitional probability approach generated nine alternative realizations of heterogeneity within the Magothy aquifer to assess uncertainty in model representation. Fine-grained sediments with low hydraulic conductivity were realized as laterally discontinuous, thickening towards the south, and comprising about 27 percent of the total aquifer volume within the transitional probability subgrid. Model simulations with alternative pumpage rates, porosity terms, and alternative maximum particle traveltime were also used to demonstrate how the size and shape of zones of contribution may vary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20175161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"Misut, P.E., 2018, Simulation of zones of groundwater contribution to wells south of the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant in Bethpage, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5161, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175161.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 45 p.; Data release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-087126","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355559,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F770809V","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-2005 model archive for simulation of zones of groundwater contribution to wells south of the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant in Bethpage, New York"},{"id":355557,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5161/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":355558,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5161/sir20175161.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2017-5161"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"Bethpage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.5167,\n 40.7167\n ],\n [\n -73.45,\n 40.7167\n ],\n [\n -73.45,\n 40.7667\n ],\n [\n -73.5167,\n 40.7667\n ],\n [\n -73.5167,\n 40.7167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2045 Route 112, Building 4
Coram, NY 11727