{"pageNumber":"700","pageRowStart":"17475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":69063,"records":[{"id":70032470,"text":"70032470 - 2012 - Generation and evolution of hydrothermal fluids at Yellowstone: Insights from the Heart Lake Geyser Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T13:00:34","indexId":"70032470","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation and evolution of hydrothermal fluids at Yellowstone: Insights from the Heart Lake Geyser Basin","docAbstract":"We sampled fumaroles and hot springs from the Heart Lake Geyser Basin (HLGB), measured water and gas discharge, and estimated heat and mass flux from this geothermal area in 2009. The combined data set reveals that diverse fluids share an origin by mixing of deep solute-rich parent water with dilute heated meteoric water, accompanied by subsequent boiling. A variety of chemical and isotopic geothermometers are consistent with a parent water that equilibrates with rocks at 205°C ± 10°C and then undergoes 21% ± 2% adiabatic boiling. Measured diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> flux and fumarole compositions are consistent with an initial dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> concentration of 21 ± 7 mmol upon arrival at the caldera boundary and prior to southeast flow, boiling, and discharge along the Witch Creek drainage. The calculated advective flow from the basin is 78 ± 16 L s<sup>−1</sup> of parent thermal water, corresponding to 68 ± 14 MW, or &ndash;1% of the estimated thermal flux from Yellowstone. Helium and carbon isotopes reveal minor addition of locally derived crustal, biogenic, and meteoric gases as this fluid boils and degasses, reducing the He isotope ratio (Rc/Ra) from 2.91 to 1.09. The HLGB is one of the few thermal areas at Yellowstone that approaches a closed system, where a series of progressively boiled waters can be sampled along with related steam and noncondensable gas. At other Yellowstone locations, steam and gas are found without associated neutral Cl waters (e.g., Hot Spring Basin) or Cl-rich waters emerge without significant associated steam and gas (Upper Geyser Basin).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011GC003835","issn":"15252027","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., Bergfeld, D., Evans, W.C., and Hurwitz, S., 2012, Generation and evolution of hydrothermal fluids at Yellowstone: Insights from the Heart Lake Geyser Basin: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 13, no. 1, 20 p.; Q01017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003835.","productDescription":"20 p.; Q01017","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474808,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gc003835","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214032,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003835"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park;Heart Lake Geyser","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.514654,44.27994 ], [ -110.514654,44.299944 ], [ -110.494646,44.299944 ], [ -110.494646,44.27994 ], [ -110.514654,44.27994 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a154ee4b0c8380cd54d4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergfeld, D.","contributorId":58053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hurwitz, S.","contributorId":61110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032286,"text":"70032286 - 2012 - Soil C and N patterns in a semiarid piñon-juniper woodland: Topography of slope and ephemeral channels add to canopy-intercanopy heterogeneity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T11:00:23","indexId":"70032286","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil C and N patterns in a semiarid piñon-juniper woodland: Topography of slope and ephemeral channels add to canopy-intercanopy heterogeneity","docAbstract":"<p><span>Carbon and nitrogen are crucial to semiarid woodlands, determining decomposition, production and redistribution of water and nutrients. Carbon and nitrogen are often greater beneath canopies than intercanopies. Upslope vs. downslope position and ephemeral channels might also cause variation in C and N. Yet, few studies have simultaneously evaluated spatial variation associated with canopy&ndash;intercanopy patches and topography. We estimated C and N upslope and downslope in an eroding pi&ntilde;on&ndash;juniper woodland for canopies beneath pi&ntilde;ons (</span><i>Pinus edulis</i><span>) and junipers, (</span><i>Juniperus monosperma</i><span>), intercanopies, and ephemeral channels. Soil C and N in the surface and profile beneath canopies exceeded that of intercanopies and channels. Relative to intercanopies, channels had more profile C upslope but less downslope (profile N was not significant). Relative to upslope, profile C downslope for intercanopies was greater and for channels was less (profile N was not significant). Relative to profile, surface soil C and N exhibited less heterogeneity. Although some topographic heterogeneity was detected, results did not collectively support our redistribution hypotheses, and we are unable to distinguish if this heterogeneity is due to&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;or redistribution effects. Nonetheless, results highlight finer topographical spatial variation in addition to predominant canopy and intercanopy variation that is applicable for semiarid woodland management.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.11.029","usgsCitation":"Law, D., Breshears, D.D., Ebinger, M.H., Meyer, C.W., and Allen, C.D., 2012, Soil C and N patterns in a semiarid piñon-juniper woodland: Topography of slope and ephemeral channels add to canopy-intercanopy heterogeneity: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 79, p. 20-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.11.029.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Pajarito Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.00634765625,\n              32.008075959291055\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.00634765625,\n              36.98500309285596\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.095703125,\n              36.98500309285596\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.095703125,\n              32.008075959291055\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.00634765625,\n              32.008075959291055\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"79","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91e0e4b08c986b319b69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Law, Darin J.","contributorId":98627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"Darin J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breshears, David D.","contributorId":51620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breshears","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":435440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ebinger, Michael H.","contributorId":11431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, Clifton W.","contributorId":43164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Clifton","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032360,"text":"70032360 - 2012 - Evaluation of MODFLOW-LGR in connection with a synthetic regional-scale model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T18:21:27.250191","indexId":"70032360","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of MODFLOW-LGR in connection with a synthetic regional-scale model","docAbstract":"<p><span>This work studies costs and benefits of utilizing local‐grid refinement (LGR) as implemented in MODFLOW‐LGR to simulate groundwater flow in a buried tunnel valley interacting with a regional aquifer. Two alternative LGR methods were used: the shared‐node (SN) method and the ghost‐node (GN) method. To conserve flows the SN method requires correction of sources and sinks in cells at the refined/coarse‐grid interface. We found that the optimal correction method is case dependent and difficult to identify in practice. However, the results showed little difference and suggest that identifying the optimal method was of minor importance in our case. The GN method does not require corrections at the models' interface, and it uses a simpler head interpolation scheme than the SN method. The simpler scheme is faster but less accurate so that more iterations may be necessary. However, the GN method solved our flow problem more efficiently than the SN method. The MODFLOW‐LGR results were compared with the results obtained using a globally coarse (GC) grid. The LGR simulations required one to two orders of magnitude longer run times than the GC model. However, the improvements of the numerical resolution around the buried valley substantially increased the accuracy of simulated heads and flows compared with the GC simulation. Accuracy further increased locally around the valley flanks when improving the geological resolution using the refined grid. Finally, comparing MODFLOW‐LGR simulation with a globally refined (GR) grid showed that the refinement proportion of the model should not exceed 10% to 15% in order to secure method efficiency.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Vilhelmsen, T., Christensen, S., and Mehl, S.W., 2012, Evaluation of MODFLOW-LGR in connection with a synthetic regional-scale model: Ground Water, v. 50, no. 1, p. 118-132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213905,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c18e4b0c8380cd52a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vilhelmsen, T.N.","contributorId":54024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilhelmsen","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":435775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032691,"text":"70032691 - 2012 - Increased atmospheric deposition of mercury in reference lakes near major urban areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T16:50:10.031699","indexId":"70032691","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased atmospheric deposition of mercury in reference lakes near major urban areas","docAbstract":"<p><span>Atmospheric deposition of Hg is the predominant pathway for Hg to reach sensitive ecosystems, but the importance of emissions on near-field deposition remains unclear. To better understand spatial variability in Hg deposition, mercury concentrations were analyzed in sediment cores from 12 lakes with undeveloped watersheds near to (&lt;50&nbsp;km) and remote from (&gt;150&nbsp;km) several major urban areas in the United States. Background and focusing corrected Hg fluxes and flux ratios (modern to background) in the near-urban lakes (68&nbsp;±&nbsp;6.9&nbsp;μg&nbsp;m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;and 9.8&nbsp;±&nbsp;4.8, respectively) greatly exceed those in the remote lakes (14&nbsp;±&nbsp;9.3&nbsp;μg&nbsp;m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;and 3.5&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.0) and the fluxes are strongly related to distance from the nearest major urban area (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.87) and to population and Hg emissions within 50–100&nbsp;km of the lakes. Comparison to monitored wet deposition suggests that dry deposition is a major contributor of Hg to lakes near major urban areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.003","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., 2012, Increased atmospheric deposition of mercury in reference lakes near major urban areas: Environmental Pollution, v. 162, p. 209-215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.003.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"215","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213799,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.003"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70146239,"text":"70146239 - 2012 - Time-dependent onshore tsunami response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-14T13:41:20","indexId":"70146239","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1262,"text":"Coastal Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-dependent onshore tsunami response","docAbstract":"<p><span>While bulk measures of the onshore impact of a tsunami, including the maximum run-up elevation and inundation distance, are important for hazard planning, the temporal evolution of the onshore flow dynamics likely controls the extent of the onshore destruction and the erosion and deposition of sediment that occurs. However, the time-varying dynamics of actual tsunamis are even more difficult to measure in situ than the bulk parameters. Here, a numerical model based on the non-linear shallow water equations is used to examine the effects variations in the wave characteristics, bed slope, and bottom roughness have on the temporal evolution of the onshore flow. Model results indicate that the onshore flow dynamics vary significantly over the parameter space examined. For example, the flow dynamics over steep, smooth morphologies tend to be temporally symmetric, with similar magnitude velocities generated during the run-up and run-down phases of inundation. Conversely, on shallow, rough onshore topographies the flow dynamics tend to be temporally skewed toward the run-down phase of inundation, with the magnitude of the flow velocities during run-up and run-down being significantly different. Furthermore, for near-breaking tsunami waves inundating over steep topography, the flow velocity tends to accelerate almost instantaneously to a maximum and then decrease monotonically. Conversely, when very long waves inundate over shallow topography, the flow accelerates more slowly and can remain steady for a period of time before beginning to decelerate. These results indicate that a single set of assumptions concerning the onshore flow dynamics cannot be applied to all tsunamis, and site specific analyses may be required.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.01.001","usgsCitation":"Apotsos, A., Gelfenbaum, G.R., and Jaffe, B.E., 2012, Time-dependent onshore tsunami response: Coastal Engineering, v. 64, p. 73-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.01.001.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-031593","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552e3a30e4b0b22a157fa0b1","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.01.001","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.01.001","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Apotsos Alex, Gelfenbaum Guy, Jaffe Bruce","journalName":"Coastal Engineering","publicationDate":"6/2012"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Apotsos, Alex","contributorId":60997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apotsos","given":"Alex","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy R. 0000-0003-1291-6107 ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1291-6107","contributorId":742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","email":"ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70193756,"text":"70193756 - 2012 - Use of electromagnetic induction methods to monitor remediation at the University of Connecticut landfill: 2004–2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T12:46:34","indexId":"70193756","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of electromagnetic induction methods to monitor remediation at the University of Connecticut landfill: 2004–2011","docAbstract":"<p><span>Time‐lapse geophysical surveys using frequency‐domain electromagnetics (FDEM) can indirectly measure time‐varying hydrologic parameters such as fluid saturation or solute concentration. Monitoring of these processes provides insight into aquifer properties and the effectiveness of constructed controls (such as leachate interceptor trenches), as well as aquifer responses to natural or induced stresses. At the University of Connecticut landfill, noninvasive, electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods were used to monitor changes in subsurface electrical conductivity that were related to the landfill‐closure activities. After the landfill was closed, EMI methods were used to monitor changes in water saturation and water quality. As part of a long‐term monitoring plan to observe changes associated with closure, redevelopment, and remediation of the former landfill, EMI data were collected to supplement information from groundwater samples collected in wells to the south and north of the landfill. In comparison to single‐point measurements that could have been collected by conventional installation of additional monitoring wells, the EMI methods provided increased spatial coverage, and were less invasive and therefore less destructive to the wetland north of the landfill. To monitor effects of closure activities on the subsurface conductivity, EMI measurements were collected from 2004 to 2011 along discrete transects north and south of the landfill prior to, during, and after the landfill closure. In general, the results indicated an overall decline in subsurface electrical conductivity with time and with distance from the former landfill. This decline in electrical conductivity indicated that the closure and remediation efforts reduced the amount of leachate that originated from the landfill and that entered the drainages to the north and south of the landfill.</span><span></span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2012","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.4133/1.4721692","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.D., White, E.A., and Joesten, P.K., 2012, Use of electromagnetic induction methods to monitor remediation at the University of Connecticut landfill: 2004–2011, <i>in</i> Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2012, p. 36-56, https://doi.org/10.4133/1.4721692.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"56","ipdsId":"IP-035804","costCenters":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a71926fe4b0a9a2e9dbde11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Eric A. 0000-0002-7782-146X eawhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7782-146X","contributorId":1737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Eric","email":"eawhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":720229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Joesten, Peter K. pjoesten@usgs.gov","contributorId":1929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"Peter","email":"pjoesten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70156874,"text":"70156874 - 2012 - Variance components estimation for continuous and discrete data, with emphasis on cross-classified sampling designs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-31T16:53:52","indexId":"70156874","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Variance components estimation for continuous and discrete data, with emphasis on cross-classified sampling designs","docAbstract":"<p><span>Variance components may play multiple roles (cf. Cox and Solomon 2003). First, magnitudes and relative magnitudes of the variances of random factors may have important scientific and management value in their own right. For example, variation in levels of invasive vegetation among and within lakes may suggest causal agents that operate at both spatial scales &ndash; a finding that may be important for scientific and management reasons. Second, variance components may also be of interest when they affect precision of means and covariate coefficients. For example, variation in the effect of water depth on the probability of aquatic plant presence in a study of multiple lakes may vary by lake. This variation will affect the precision of the average depth-presence association. Third, variance component estimates may be used when designing studies, including monitoring programs. For example, to estimate the numbers of years and of samples per year required to meet long-term monitoring goals, investigators need estimates of within and among-year variances. Other chapters in this volume (Chapters 7, 8, and 10) as well as extensive external literature outline a framework for applying estimates of variance components to the design of monitoring efforts. For example, a series of papers with an ecological monitoring theme examined the relative importance of multiple sources of variation, including variation in means among sites, years, and site-years, for the purposes of temporal trend detection and estimation (Larsen et al. 2004, and references therein).</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Design and analysis of long-term ecological monitoring studies","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publisherLocation":"Cambridge; New York","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139022422.013","usgsCitation":"Gray, B.R., 2012, Variance components estimation for continuous and discrete data, with emphasis on cross-classified sampling designs, chap. <i>of</i> Design and analysis of long-term ecological monitoring studies, p. 200-227, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139022422.013.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"227","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307764,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb71ae4b058f706e53f84","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gitzen, Robert A.","contributorId":75498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gitzen","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570915,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Millspaugh, Joshua J.","contributorId":11141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millspaugh","given":"Joshua J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570916,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, Andrew B.","contributorId":112048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570917,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Licht, Daniel S.","contributorId":113213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Licht","given":"Daniel S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570918,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Gray, Brian R. 0000-0001-7682-9550 brgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9550","contributorId":2615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Brian","email":"brgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70157177,"text":"70157177 - 2012 - The role of efflorescent sulfate salts in Indiana’s mine water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-05T13:36:11","indexId":"70157177","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The role of efflorescent sulfate salts in Indiana’s mine water quality","docAbstract":"<p>Efflorescent sulfate salts (ESS), which form from evaporating acid mine drainage and occur in a wide variety of environments, can significantly alter water quality and are, therefore, important considerations for remediation strategies at coal refuse sites. Many ESS, including melanterite, rozenite, siderotil, copiapite, halotrichite, coquimbite, epsomite, potash alum, and gypsum, are known to occur in Indiana. Because they build up on the gob-pile surface during dry periods and release acidity and metals in storm flushes, it is essential to understand the mineralogical and geochemical parameters that control ESS formation and dissolution in mine settings. The Friar Tuck site, in southwestern Indiana, is an ideal location for demonstrating the role of ESS in the generation of acid mine drainage and is included as a case study in this report. Examination of two gob piles at the site (northwest and southeast), in the same setting but with different mineralogies and depositional and reclamation histories, provides a unique opportunity to consider the transferability of lessons learned about the ESS between different sites.</p>\n<p>Hydraulic and chemical data, including data on aqueous and solid states (coal refuse and ESS), were collected from streams (adjacent to the gob piles and further downstream), seeps, surface runoff, and saturated and unsaturated groundwater at the northwest and southeast gob piles during 1988&ndash;89 and 1990&ndash;92, respectively. Samples were analyzed in the field for bulk indicators and in a laboratory (Indiana Geological Survey, Geochemistry Section) for concentrations of major and trace elements.</p>\n<p>Values of pH and specific conductance at the southeast gob pile indicated a trend of declining water quality with duration of the dry season, followed by dilution and improved water quality during the wet season; similar observations were made at the northwest gob pile. Concentrations of key water-quality indicators for the northwest and southeast gob piles show that acidity and concentrations of sulfate and iron are notably lower in the surface runoff and groundwater in saturated and unsaturated refuse at the southeast gob pile compared to the northwest gob pile. The dissolution of ESS is likely the cause for the decrease in water quality at both gob piles, but it has a greater effect at the northwest gob pile.</p>\n<p>The results of this study indicate that some generalizations about the effect of ESS on water quality (for example, the conditions that favor the precipitation of specific ESS; the development of acidic, metal-rich drainage; and so on) can be transferred from one coal-waste site to another. However, the specific geochemistry of the gob pile, the age and history of refuse, the source rock, and the coal-processing and reclamation activities at the specific site will determine the extent to which the processes described in this and other papers can be applied to unstudied gob piles.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of abandoned mine land reclamation on ground and surface water quality: Research and case histories from Indiana","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Indiana Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Pope, J., Bayless, E., Olyphant, G., and Branam, T., 2012, The role of efflorescent sulfate salts in Indiana’s mine water quality, chap. <i>of</i> Effects of abandoned mine land reclamation on ground and surface water quality: Research and case histories from Indiana, p. 259-279.","productDescription":"21 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G.","contributorId":147615,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olyphant","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Branam, T.","contributorId":147616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Branam","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032317,"text":"70032317 - 2012 - A new method of calculating electrical conductivity with applications to natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-17T13:17:58.66328","indexId":"70032317","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new method of calculating electrical conductivity with applications to natural waters","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id16\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id17\"><p id=\"sp005\">A new method is presented for calculating the electrical conductivity of natural waters that is accurate over a large range of effective ionic strength (0.0004–0.7&nbsp;mol&nbsp;kg<sup>−1</sup>), temperature (0–95&nbsp;°C), pH (1–10), and conductivity (30–70,000&nbsp;μS&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup>). The method incorporates a reliable set of equations to calculate the ionic molal conductivities of cations and anions (H<sup>+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, <span>NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></span>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Sr<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, F<sup>−</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, Br<sup>−</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>,<span> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>,<span> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></span>,<span> NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-5-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>, and OH<sup>−</sup>), environmentally important trace metals (Al<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup>), and ion pairs (HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>,<span> NaSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-7-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>,<span> NaCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-9-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>). These equations are based on new electrical conductivity measurements for electrolytes found in a wide range of natural waters. In addition, the method is coupled to a geochemical speciation model that is used to calculate the speciated concentrations required for accurate conductivity calculations. The method was thoroughly tested by calculating the conductivities of 1593 natural water samples and the mean difference between the calculated and measured conductivities was −0.7&nbsp;±&nbsp;5%. Many of the samples tested were selected to determine the limits of the method and include acid mine waters, geothermal waters, seawater, dilute mountain waters, and river water impacted by municipal waste water. Transport numbers were calculated and H<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>,<span> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-10-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>,<span> SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-11-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>,<span> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-12-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>,<span> CP<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-13-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>, F<sup>−</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>,<span> NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-14-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-15-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>substantially contributed (&gt;10%) to the conductivity of at least one of the samples. Conductivity imbalance in conjunction with charge imbalance can be used to identify whether a cation or an anion measurement is likely in error, thereby providing an additional quality assurance/quality control constraint on water analyses.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.031","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Ryan, J.N., and Ball, J.W., 2012, A new method of calculating electrical conductivity with applications to natural waters: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 77, p. 369-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.031.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"382","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a9e4b0c8380cd46802","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":523089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":523087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, J. N.","contributorId":118347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":523086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ball, J. W.","contributorId":119400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":523088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70157182,"text":"70157182 - 2012 - The Glen Canyon Dam adaptive management program: Progress and immediate challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T16:39:38.630228","indexId":"70157182","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The Glen Canyon Dam adaptive management program: Progress and immediate challenges","docAbstract":"<p><span>Adaptive management emerged as an important resource management strategy for major river systems in the United States (US) in the early 1990s. The Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program (&lsquo;the Program&rsquo;) was formally established in 1997 to fulfill a statutory requirement in the 1992 Grand Canyon Protection Act (GCPA). The GCPA aimed to improve natural resource conditions in the Colorado River corridor in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona that were affected by the Glen Canyon dam. The Program achieves this by using science and a variety of stakeholder perspectives to inform decisions about dam operations. Since the Program started the ecosystem is now much better understood and several biological and physical improvements have been achieved. These improvements include: (i) an estimated 50% increase in the adult population of endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha) between 2001 and 2008, following previous decline; (ii) a 90% decrease in non-native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which are known to compete with and prey on native fish, as a result of removal experiments; and (iii) the widespread reappearance of sandbars in response to an experimental high-flow release of dam water in March 2008.Although substantial progress has been made, the Program faces several immediate challenges. These include: (i) defining specific, measurable objectives and desired future conditions for important natural, cultural and recreational attributes to inform science and management decisions; (ii) implementing structural and operational changes to improve collaboration among stakeholders; (iii) establishing a long-term experimental programme and management plan; and (iv) securing long-term funding for monitoring programmes to assess ecosystem and other responses to management actions. Addressing these challenges and building on recent progress will require strong and consistent leadership from the US Department of the Interior officials who guide the Program.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"River conservation and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chester, UK","doi":"10.1002/9781119961819.ch26","usgsCitation":"Hamill, J.F., and Melis, T., 2012, The Glen Canyon Dam adaptive management program: Progress and immediate challenges, chap. <i>of</i> River conservation and management, p. 325-338, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119961819.ch26.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"338","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-023715","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Glen Canyon Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.49449348449707,\n              36.924988609754976\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.47174835205078,\n              36.924988609754976\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.47174835205078,\n              36.94268922503273\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.49449348449707,\n              36.94268922503273\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.49449348449707,\n              36.924988609754976\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb707e4b058f706e53eec","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Boon, Philip J.","contributorId":147624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boon","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572179,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raven, Paul J.","contributorId":147625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raven","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572180,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Hamill, John F.","contributorId":43061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamill","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melis, Theodore S. 0000-0003-0473-3968 tmelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-3968","contributorId":1829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"Theodore S.","email":"tmelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70136359,"text":"70136359 - 2012 - Can arsenic occurrence rate in bedrock aquifers be predicted?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-30T14:15:38","indexId":"70136359","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Can arsenic occurrence rate in bedrock aquifers be predicted?","docAbstract":"<p><span>A high percentage (31%) of groundwater samples from bedrock aquifers in the greater Augusta area, Maine was found to contain greater than 10 &mu;g L</span><span>&ndash;1</span><span>&nbsp;of arsenic. Elevated arsenic concentrations are associated with bedrock geology, and more frequently observed in samples with high pH, low dissolved oxygen, and low nitrate. These associations were quantitatively compared by statistical analysis. Stepwise logistic regression models using bedrock geology and/or water chemistry parameters are developed and tested with external data sets to explore the feasibility of predicting groundwater arsenic occurrence rates (the percentages of arsenic concentrations higher than 10 &mu;g L</span><span>&ndash;1</span><span>) in bedrock aquifers. Despite the under-prediction of high arsenic occurrence rates, models including groundwater geochemistry parameters predict arsenic occurrence rates better than those with bedrock geology only. Such simple models with very few parameters can be applied to obtain a preliminary arsenic risk assessment in bedrock aquifers at local to intermediate scales at other localities with similar geology.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es203793x","usgsCitation":"Yang, Q., Jung, H.B., Marvinney, R.G., Culbertson, C.W., and Zheng, Y., 2012, Can arsenic occurrence rate in bedrock aquifers be predicted?: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 46, no. 4, p. 2080-2087, https://doi.org/10.1021/es203793x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2080","endPage":"2087","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034607","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8rn3jhw","text":"External Repository"},{"id":296941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b4ae4b08de9379b32fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Qiang","contributorId":131129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Qiang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7255,"text":"City University of New York, Queens College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jung, Hun Bok","contributorId":131128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jung","given":"Hun","email":"","middleInitial":"Bok","affiliations":[{"id":7255,"text":"City University of New York, Queens College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marvinney, Robert G.","contributorId":131130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marvinney","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":7257,"text":"Maine Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Culbertson, Charles W. cculbert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"Charles","email":"cculbert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zheng, Yan","contributorId":99046,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zheng","given":"Yan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7255,"text":"City University of New York, Queens College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032667,"text":"70032667 - 2012 - An experimental test and models of drift and dispersal processes of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) free embryos in the Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:08:06","indexId":"70032667","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An experimental test and models of drift and dispersal processes of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) free embryos in the Missouri River","docAbstract":"Free embryos of wild pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus were released in the Missouri River and captured at downstream sites through a 180-km reach of the river to examine ontogenetic drift and dispersal processes. Free embryos drifted primarily in the fastest portion of the river channel, and initial drift velocities for all age groups (mean = 0.66–0.70 m s<sup>−1</sup>) were only slightly slower than mean water column velocity (0.72 m s<sup>−1</sup>). During the multi-day long-distance drift period, drift velocities of all age groups declined an average of 9.7% day<sup>−1</sup>. Younger free embryos remained in the drift upon termination of the study; whereas, older age groups transitioned from drifting to settling during the study. Models based on growth of free embryos, drift behavior, size-related variations in drift rates, and channel hydraulic characteristics were developed to estimate cumulative distance drifted during ontogenetic development through a range of simulated water temperatures and velocity conditions. Those models indicated that the average free embryo would be expected to drift several hundred km during ontogenetic development. Empirical data and model results highlight the long-duration, long-distance drift and dispersal processes for pallid sturgeon early life stages. In addition, results provide a likely mechanism for lack of pallid sturgeon recruitment in fragmented river reaches where dams and reservoirs reduce the length of free-flowing river available for pallid sturgeon free embryos during ontogenetic development.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9925-9","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Braaten, P., Fuller, D., Lott, R., Ruggles, M., Brandt, T., Legare, R., and Holm, R., 2012, An experimental test and models of drift and dispersal processes of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) free embryos in the Missouri River: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 3, p. 377-392, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9925-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"392","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213952,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9925-9"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea67e4b0c8380cd4883a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braaten, P.J.","contributorId":98857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braaten","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, D.B.","contributorId":74116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fuller","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5099,"text":"Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":437364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lott, R.D.","contributorId":93172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lott","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruggles, M.P.","contributorId":35964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggles","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brandt, T.F.","contributorId":72912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Legare, R.G.","contributorId":15323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legare","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Holm, R.J.","contributorId":73831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70032600,"text":"70032600 - 2012 - Tidally driven export of dissolved organic carbon, total mercury, and methylmercury from a mangrove-dominated estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T18:56:13.033445","indexId":"70032600","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tidally driven export of dissolved organic carbon, total mercury, and methylmercury from a mangrove-dominated estuary","docAbstract":"<p><span>The flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from mangrove swamps accounts for 10% of the global terrestrial flux of DOC to coastal oceans. Recent findings of high concentrations of mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in mangroves, in conjunction with the common co-occurrence of DOC and Hg species, have raised concerns that mercury fluxes may also be large. We used a novel approach to estimate export of DOC, Hg, and MeHg to coastal waters from a mangrove-dominated estuary in Everglades National Park (Florida, USA). Using in situ measurements of fluorescent dissolved organic matter as a proxy for DOC, filtered total Hg, and filtered MeHg, we estimated the DOC yield to be 180 (±12.6) g C m</span><sup>–2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>–1</sup><span>, which is in the range of previously reported values. Although Hg and MeHg yields from tidal mangrove swamps have not been previously measured, our estimated yields of Hg species (28 ± 4.5 μg total Hg m</span><sup>–2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>–1</sup><span>&nbsp;and 3.1 ± 0.4 μg methyl Hg m</span><sup>–2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>–1</sup><span>) were five times greater than is typically reported for terrestrial wetlands. These results indicate that in addition to the well documented contributions of DOC, tidally driven export from mangroves represents a significant potential source of Hg and MeHg to nearby coastal waters.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es2029137","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Bergamaschi, B.A., Krabbenhoft, D., Aiken, G., Patino, E., Rumbold, D., and Orem, W.H., 2012, Tidally driven export of dissolved organic carbon, total mercury, and methylmercury from a mangrove-dominated estuary: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 46, no. 3, p. 1371-1378, https://doi.org/10.1021/es2029137.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1371","endPage":"1378","ipdsId":"IP-031885","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474680,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/es2029137","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213949,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2029137"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Gunboat Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              24.9113494218506\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.4473876953125,\n              24.9113494218506\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.4473876953125,\n              26.00248714194576\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              26.00248714194576\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              24.9113494218506\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb381e4b08c986b325e1c","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/es2029137","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2029137","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Bergamaschi Brian A., Krabbenhoft David P., Aiken George R., Patino Eduardo, Rumbold Darren G., Orem William H.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"2/7/2012","auditedOn":"3/4/2016","publiclyAccessibleDate":"1/19/2012"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581 bbergama@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":140776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian","email":"bbergama@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, George","contributorId":209603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":436998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patino, Eduardo 0000-0003-1016-3658 epatino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-3658","contributorId":1743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Eduardo","email":"epatino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rumbold, D.G.","contributorId":76091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumbold","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Orem, William H. 0000-0003-4990-0539 borem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"William","email":"borem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70032504,"text":"70032504 - 2012 - A preliminary assessment of the spatial sources of contemporary suspended sediment in the Ohio River basin, United States, using water quality data from the NASQAN programme in a source tracing procedure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T22:59:35.127641","indexId":"70032504","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A preliminary assessment of the spatial sources of contemporary suspended sediment in the Ohio River basin, United States, using water quality data from the NASQAN programme in a source tracing procedure","docAbstract":"<p><span>Reliable information on catchment scale suspended sediment sources is required to inform the design of management strategies for helping abate the numerous environmental issues associated with enhanced sediment mobilization and off‐site loadings. Since sediment fingerprinting techniques avoid many of the logistical constraints associated with using more traditional indirect measurement methods at catchment scale, such approaches have been increasingly reported in the international literature and typically use data sets collected specifically for sediment source apportionment purposes. There remains scope for investigating the potential for using geochemical data sets assembled by routine monitoring programmes to fingerprint sediment provenance. In the United States, routine water quality samples are collected as part of the US Geological Survey's revised National Stream Quality Accounting Network programme. Accordingly, the geochemistry data generated from these samples over a 10‐year period (1996–2006) were used as the basis for a fingerprinting exercise to assess the key tributary sub‐catchment spatial sources of contemporary suspended sediment transported by the Ohio River. Uncertainty associated with the spatial source estimates was quantified using a Monte Carlo approach in conjunction with mass balance modelling. Relative frequency weighted means were used as an alternative way of summarizing the spatial source contributions, thereby avoiding the need to use confidence limits. The results should be interpreted in the context of the routine, but infrequent nature, of the suspended sediment samples used to assemble geochemistry as a basis for the sourcing exercise. Nonetheless, the study demonstrates how routine monitoring samples can be used to provide some preliminary information on sediment provenance in large drainage basins.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.8128","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Zhang, Y., Collins, A., and Horowitz, A.J., 2012, A preliminary assessment of the spatial sources of contemporary suspended sediment in the Ohio River basin, United States, using water quality data from the NASQAN programme in a source tracing procedure: Hydrological Processes, v. 26, no. 3, p. 326-334, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8128.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"326","endPage":"334","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214068,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8128"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee, Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.5390625,\n              41.705728515237524\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.978515625,\n              37.71859032558816\n            ],\n            [\n              -90,\n              35.460669951495305\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.19921875,\n              35.24561909420681\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73828125,\n              37.996162679728116\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.15625,\n              40.17887331434696\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.068359375,\n              41.77131167976407\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.19921875,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.5390625,\n              41.705728515237524\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4f1e4b0c8380cd46a2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Y.-S.","contributorId":94057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, A.L.","contributorId":67741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horowitz, Arthur J. 0000-0002-3296-730X horowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-730X","contributorId":1400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"Arthur","email":"horowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032602,"text":"70032602 - 2012 - Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T18:35:45.60633","indexId":"70032602","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"<p><span>River-floodplain ecosystems offer some of the most diverse and dynamic environments in the world. Accordingly, floodplain habitats harbor diverse fish assemblages. Fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes may be influenced by multiple variables operating on disparate scales, and these variables may exhibit a hierarchical organization depending on whether one variable governs another. In this study, we examined the interaction between primary variables descriptive of floodplain lake large-scale features, suites of secondary variables descriptive of water quality and primary productivity, and a set of tertiary variables descriptive of fish biodiversity across a range of floodplain lakes in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley of Mississippi and Arkansas (USA). Lakes varied considerably in their representation of primary, secondary, and tertiary variables. Multivariate direct gradient analyses indicated that lake maximum depth and the percentage of agricultural land surrounding a lake were the most important factors controlling variation in suites of secondary and tertiary variables, followed to a lesser extent by lake surface area. Fish biodiversity was generally greatest in large, deep lakes with lower proportions of watershed agricultural land. Our results may help foster a holistic approach to floodplain lake management and suggest the framework for a feedback model wherein primary variables can be manipulated for conservation and restoration purposes and secondary and tertiary variables can be used to monitor the success of such efforts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Dembkowski, D., and Miranda, L., 2012, Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 3, p. 357-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213978,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley region of Mississippi and Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.285400390625,\n              32.690243035492266\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.845947265625,\n              32.759562025650126\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.7855224609375,\n              33.902336404480685\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2801513671875,\n              34.67839374011646\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.84069824218749,\n              35.44724605551148\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.5877685546875,\n              35.51881428123057\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.3568115234375,\n              33.911454454267606\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.285400390625,\n              32.690243035492266\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30a7e4b0c8380cd5d822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dembkowski, D.J.","contributorId":31995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dembkowski","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miranda, L.E.","contributorId":58406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032510,"text":"70032510 - 2012 - Three-dimensional sensitivity distribution and sample volume of low-induction-number electromagnetic-induction instruments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T22:51:50.162574","indexId":"70032510","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional sensitivity distribution and sample volume of low-induction-number electromagnetic-induction instruments","docAbstract":"<p><span>There is an ongoing effort to improve the understanding of the correlation of soil properties with apparent soil electrical conductivity as measured by low‐induction‐number electromagnetic‐induction (LIN FEM) instruments. At a minimum, the dimensions of LIN FEM instruments' sample volume, the spatial distribution of sensitivity within that volume, and implications for surveying and analyses must be clearly defined and discussed. Therefore, a series of numerical simulations was done in which a conductive perturbation was moved systematically through homogeneous soil to elucidate the three‐dimensional sample volume of LIN FEM instruments. For a small perturbation with electrical conductivity similar to that of the soil, instrument response is a measure of local sensitivity (LS). Our results indicate that LS depends strongly on the orientation of the instrument's transmitter and receiver coils and includes regions of both positive and negative LS. Integration of the absolute value of LS from highest to lowest was used to contour cumulative sensitivity (CS). The 90% CS contour was used to define the sample volume. For both horizontal and vertical coplanar coil orientations, the longest dimension of the sample volume was at the surface along the main instrument axis with a length of about four times the intercoil spacing (s) with maximum thicknesses of about 1 and 0.3 s, respectively. The imaged distribution of spatial sensitivity within the sample volume is highly complex and should be considered in conjunction with the expected scale of heterogeneity before the use and interpretation of LIN FEM for mapping and profiling.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2011.0003","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Callegary, J.B., Ferre, T., and Groom, R., 2012, Three-dimensional sensitivity distribution and sample volume of low-induction-number electromagnetic-induction instruments: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 76, no. 1, p. 85-91, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0003.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213663,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0003"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb346e4b08c986b325cae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Callegary, James B. 0000-0003-3604-0517 jcallega@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-0517","contributorId":2171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callegary","given":"James","email":"jcallega@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferre, T.P.A.","contributorId":196167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferre","given":"T.P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Groom, R.W.","contributorId":59634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groom","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032534,"text":"70032534 - 2012 - Target loads of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition for protection of acid sensitive aquatic resources in the Adirondack Mountains, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:21","indexId":"70032534","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Target loads of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition for protection of acid sensitive aquatic resources in the Adirondack Mountains, New York","docAbstract":"The dynamic watershed acid-base chemistry model of acidification of groundwater in catchments (MAGIC) was used to calculate target loads (TLs) of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition expected to be protective of aquatic health in lakes in the Adirondack ecoregion of New York. The TLs were calculated for two future dates (2050 and 2100) and three levels of protection against lake acidification (acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of 0, 20, and 50 eq L  -1). Regional sulfur and nitrogen deposition estimates were combined with TLs to calculate exceedances. Target load results, and associated exceedances, were extrapolated to the regional population of Adirondack lakes. About 30% of Adirondack lakes had simulated TL of sulfur deposition less than 50 meq m  -2 yr to protect lake ANC to 50 eq L  -1. About 600 Adirondack lakes receive ambient sulfur deposition that is above this TL, in some cases by more than a factor of 2. Some critical criteria threshold values were simulated to be unobtainable in some lakes even if sulfur deposition was to be decreased to zero and held at zero until the specified endpoint year. We also summarize important lessons for the use of target loads in the management of acid-impacted aquatic ecosystems, such as those in North America, Europe, and Asia. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011171","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, T., Cosby, B., Driscoll, C.T., McDonnell, T., Herlihy, A., and Burns, D.A., 2012, Target loads of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition for protection of acid sensitive aquatic resources in the Adirondack Mountains, New York: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011171.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474639,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011171","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213974,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011171"},{"id":241652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba3e2e4b08c986b31ff63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, T.J.","contributorId":83734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cosby, B.J.","contributorId":96455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosby","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDonnell, T.C.","contributorId":82139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonnell","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herlihy, A.T.","contributorId":31168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herlihy","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70032386,"text":"70032386 - 2012 - Application of a weighted-averaging method for determining paleosalinity: a tool for restoration of south Florida's estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-08T22:28:07","indexId":"70032386","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of a weighted-averaging method for determining paleosalinity: a tool for restoration of south Florida's estuaries","docAbstract":"A molluscan analogue dataset is presented in conjunction with a weighted-averaging technique as a tool for estimating past salinity patterns in south Florida’s estuaries and developing targets for restoration based on these reconstructions. The method, here referred to as cumulative weighted percent (CWP), was tested using modern surficial samples collected in Florida Bay from sites located near fixed water monitoring stations that record salinity. The results were calibrated using species weighting factors derived from examining species occurrence patterns. A comparison of the resulting calibrated species-weighted CWP (SW-CWP) to the observed salinity at the water monitoring stations averaged over a 3-year time period indicates, on average, the SW-CWP comes within less than two salinity units of estimating the observed salinity. The SW-CWP reconstructions were conducted on a core from near the mouth of Taylor Slough to illustrate the application of the method.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries and Coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s12237-011-9441-3","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Wingard, G., and Hudley, J., 2012, Application of a weighted-averaging method for determining paleosalinity: a tool for restoration of south Florida's estuaries: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 35, no. 1, p. 262-280, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9441-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"280","costCenters":[{"id":563,"text":"South Florida Information Access","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":213780,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9441-3"},{"id":241438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.63,24.52 ], [ -87.63,31.0 ], [ -80.0,31.0 ], [ -80.0,24.52 ], [ -87.63,24.52 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec8be4b0c8380cd49325","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wingard, G.L.","contributorId":79981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingard","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudley, J.W.","contributorId":18872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudley","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032693,"text":"70032693 - 2012 - Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T14:31:18","indexId":"70032693","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement","docAbstract":"<p><span>The need for sustainable management of fresh water resources is one of the great challenges of the 21st century. Since most of the planet's liquid fresh water exists as groundwater, it is essential to develop non-invasive geophysical techniques to characterize groundwater aquifers. A field experiment was conducted in the High Plains Aquifer, central United States, to explore the mechanisms governing the non-invasive Surface NMR (SNMR) technology. We acquired both SNMR data and logging NMR data at a field site, along with lithology information from drill cuttings. This allowed us to directly compare the NMR relaxation parameter measured during logging,</span><i>T</i><sub>2</sub><span>, to the relaxation parameter<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>T</i><sub>2</sub><span>* measured using the SNMR method. The latter can be affected by inhomogeneity in the magnetic field, thus obscuring the link between the NMR relaxation parameter and the hydraulic conductivity of the geologic material. When the logging<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>T</i><sub>2</sub><span>data were transformed to pseudo-</span><i>T</i><sub>2</sub><span>* data, by accounting for inhomogeneity in the magnetic field and instrument dead time, we found good agreement with<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>T</i><sub>2</sub><span>* obtained from the SNMR measurement. These results, combined with the additional information about lithology at the site, allowed us to delineate the physical mechanisms governing the SNMR measurement. Such understanding is a critical step in developing SNMR as a reliable geophysical method for the assessment of groundwater resources.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2011GL050167","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., Grunewald, E., Irons, T., Dlubac, K., Song, Y., Bachman, H., Grau, B., Walsh, D., Abraham, J., and Cannia, J., 2012, Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, no. 3, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050167.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","ipdsId":"IP-030935","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213830,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050167"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fb7e4b0c8380cd539bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.","contributorId":22717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grunewald, E.","contributorId":62820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grunewald","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Irons, T.","contributorId":95698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dlubac, K.","contributorId":70607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dlubac","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Song, Y.","contributorId":92443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bachman, H.N.","contributorId":106324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"H.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Grau, B.","contributorId":70197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grau","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Walsh, D.","contributorId":7920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cannia, J.","contributorId":21358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70193210,"text":"70193210 - 2012 - Mechanics of debris flows and rock avalanches: Chapter 43","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-30T13:37:43","indexId":"70193210","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mechanics of debris flows and rock avalanches: Chapter 43","docAbstract":"<p><span>Debris flows are geophysical phenomena intermediate in character between rock avalanches and flash floods. They commonly originate as water-laden landslides on steep slopes and transform into liquefied masses of fragmented rock, muddy water, and entrained organic matter that disgorge from canyons onto valley floors. Typically including 50%–70% solid grains by volume, attaining speeds &gt;10 m/s, and ranging in size up to ∼109 m<sup>3</sup>, debris flows can denude mountainsides, inundate floodplains, and devastate people and property (Figure 43.1). Notable recent debris-flow disasters resulted in more than 20,000 fatalities in Armero, Colombia, in 1985 and in Vargas state, Venezuela, in&nbsp;1999.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of environmental fluid dynamics, Volume One","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","doi":"10.1201/b14241-47","isbn":"9781439816707","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 2012, Mechanics of debris flows and rock avalanches: Chapter 43, chap. <i>of</i> Handbook of environmental fluid dynamics, Volume One, p. 573-587, https://doi.org/10.1201/b14241-47.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"587","ipdsId":"IP-021709","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349598,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6105a0e4b06e28e9c2557b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Fernando, Harindra Joseph","contributorId":201042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernando","given":"Harindra","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724158,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70032320,"text":"70032320 - 2012 - Mercury speciation and transport via submarine groundwater discharge at a southern California coastal lagoon system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T21:14:55.639395","indexId":"70032320","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury speciation and transport via submarine groundwater discharge at a southern California coastal lagoon system","docAbstract":"<p>We measured total mercury (HgT) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) concentrations in coastal groundwater and seawater over a range of tidal conditions near Malibu Lagoon, California, and used 222Rn-derived estimates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to assess the flux of mercury species to nearshore seawater. We infer a groundwater-seawater mixing scenario based on salinity and temperature trends and suggest that increased groundwater discharge to the ocean during low tide transported mercury offshore. Unfiltered HgT (U-HgT) concentrations in groundwater (2.2–5.9 pM) and seawater (3.3–5.2 pM) decreased during a falling tide, with groundwater U-HgT concentrations typically lower than seawater concentrations. Despite the low HgT in groundwater, bioaccumulative MMHg was produced in onshore sediment as evidenced by elevated MMHg concentrations in groundwater (0.2–1 pM) relative to seawater (∼0.1 pM) throughout most of the tidal cycle. During low tide, groundwater appeared to transport MMHg to the coast, resulting in a 5-fold increase in seawater MMHg (from 0.1 to 0.5 pM). Similarly, filtered HgT (F-HgT) concentrations in seawater increased approximately 7-fold during low tide (from 0.5 to 3.6 pM). These elevated seawater F-HgT concentrations exceeded those in filtered and unfiltered groundwater during low tide, but were similar to seawater U-HgT concentrations, suggesting that enhanced SGD altered mercury partitioning and/or solubilization dynamics in coastal waters. Finally, we estimate that the SGD HgT and MMHg fluxes to seawater were 0.41 and 0.15 nmol m–2 d–1, respectively – comparable in magnitude to atmospheric and benthic fluxes in similar environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society.","doi":"10.1021/es202783u","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Ganguli, P., Conaway, C.H., Swarzenski, P.W., Izbicki, J., and Flegal, A., 2012, Mercury speciation and transport via submarine groundwater discharge at a southern California coastal lagoon system: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 46, no. 3, p. 1480-1488, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202783u.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1480","endPage":"1488","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214798,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202783u"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern California Coastal Lagoon System","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.68435859680176,\n              34.02861991381927\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.67337226867674,\n              34.02861991381927\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.67337226867674,\n              34.03900467904445\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.68435859680176,\n              34.03900467904445\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.68435859680176,\n              34.02861991381927\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a542ee4b0c8380cd6cedd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ganguli, P.M.","contributorId":79717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganguli","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conaway, Christopher H. 0000-0002-0991-033X cconaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-033X","contributorId":5074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Christopher","email":"cconaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swarzenski, Peter W. 0000-0003-0116-0578 pswarzen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":1070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"Peter","email":"pswarzen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Izbicki, J. A. 0000-0003-0816-4408","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":28244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flegal, A.R.","contributorId":64607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flegal","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032406,"text":"70032406 - 2012 - Functional ecology of saltglands in shorebirds: Flexible responses to variable environmental conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T12:55:45.584228","indexId":"70032406","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1711,"text":"Functional Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Functional ecology of saltglands in shorebirds: Flexible responses to variable environmental conditions","docAbstract":"<p>1. Birds of marine environments have specialized glands to excrete salt, the saltglands. Located on the skull between the eyes, the size of these organs is expected to reflect their demand, which will vary with water turnover rates as a function of environmental (heat load, salinity of prey and drinking water) and organismal (energy demand, physiological state) factors. On the basis of inter- and intraspecific comparisons of saltgland mass (msg) in 29 species of shorebird (suborder Charadrii) from saline, fresh and mixed water habitats, we assessed the relative roles of organism and environment in determining measured msg species. </p><p>2. The allometric exponent, scaling dry msg to shorebird total body mass (mb), was significantly higher for coastal marine species (0Æ88, N = 19) than for nonmarine species (0Æ43, N = 14). Within the marine species, those ingesting bivalves intact had significantly higher msg than species eating soft-bodied invertebrates, indicating that seawater contained within the shells added to the salt load. </p><p>3. In red knots (Calidris canutus), dry msg varied with monthly averaged ambient temperature in a U-shaped way, with the lowest mass at 12Æ5 C. This probably reflects increased energy demand for thermoregulation at low temperatures and elevated respiratory water loss at high temperatures. In fuelling bar-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica), dry msg was positively correlated with intestine mass, an indicator of relative food intake rates. These findings suggest once more that saltgland masses vary within species (and presumably individuals) in relation to salt load, that is a function of energy turnover (thermoregulation and fuelling) and evaporative water needs.</p><p> 4. Our results support the notion that msg is strongly influenced by habitat salinity, and also by factors influencing salt load and demand for osmotically free water including ambient temperature, prey type and energy intake rates. Saltglands are evidently highly flexible organs. The small size of saltglands when demands are low suggests that any time costs of adjustment are lower than the costs of maintaining a larger size in this small but essential piece of metabolic machinery.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01929.x","issn":"02698463","usgsCitation":"Gutierrez, J., Dietz, M., Masero, J., Gill, R., Dekinga, A., Battley, P.F., Sanchez-Guzman, J.M., and Piersma, T., 2012, Functional ecology of saltglands in shorebirds: Flexible responses to variable environmental conditions: Functional Ecology, v. 26, no. 1, p. 236-244, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01929.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"244","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474685,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01929.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1411e4b0c8380cd548bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutierrez, J.S.","contributorId":97334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietz, M.W.","contributorId":62842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietz","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masero, J.A.","contributorId":23773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masero","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dekinga, Anne","contributorId":52000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dekinga","given":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Battley, Phil F.","contributorId":27272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Battley","given":"Phil","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sanchez-Guzman, J. M.","contributorId":65677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez-Guzman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Piersma, Theunis","contributorId":45863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piersma","given":"Theunis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70043333,"text":"70043333 - 2012 - Old groundwater in parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Maryland, USA: Evidence from radiocarbon, chlorine-36 and helium-4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:43:23","indexId":"70043333","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Old groundwater in parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Maryland, USA: Evidence from radiocarbon, chlorine-36 and helium-4","docAbstract":"<p>Apparent groundwater ages along two flow paths in the upper Patapsco aquifer of the Maryland Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA, were estimated using <sup>14</sup>C, <sup>36</sup>Cl and <sup>4</sup>He data. Most of the ages range from modern to about 500&nbsp;ka, with one sample at 117&nbsp;km downgradient from the recharge area dated by radiogenic <sup>4</sup>He accumulation at more than one Ma. Last glacial maximum (LGM) water was located about 20&nbsp;km downgradient on the northern flow path, where the radiocarbon age was 21.5&nbsp;ka, paleorecharge temperatures were 0.5–1.5  °C (a maximum cooling of about 12 °C relative to the modern mean annual temperature of 13 °C), and Cl<sup>–</sup>, Cl/Br, and stable isotopes of water were minimum. Low recharge temperatures (typically 5–7 °C) indicate that recharge occurred predominantly during glacial periods when coastal heads were lowest due to low sea-level stand. Flow velocities averaged about 1.0 m a<sup>–1</sup> in upgradient parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer and decreased from 0.13 to 0.04 m a<sup>–1</sup> at 40 and 80&nbsp;km further downgradient, respectively. This study demonstrates that most water in the upper Patapsco aquifer is non-renewable on human timescales under natural gradients, thus highlighting the importance of effective water-supply management to prolong the resource.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-012-0871-1","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Eggleston, J.R., Raffensperger, J.P., Hunt, A.G., Casile, G.C., and Andreasen, D.C., 2012, Old groundwater in parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Maryland, USA: Evidence from radiocarbon, chlorine-36 and helium-4: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 20, no. 7, p. 1269-1294, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0871-1.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1269","endPage":"1294","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036422","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Anne Arundel","city":"Baltimore","volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c3a0e4b01197b08e9cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eggleston, John R. 0000-0001-6633-3041 jegglest@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-3041","contributorId":3068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"John","email":"jegglest@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raffensperger, Jeff P. 0000-0001-9275-6646 jpraffen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-6646","contributorId":199119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffensperger","given":"Jeff","email":"jpraffen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casile, Gerolamo C. jcasile@usgs.gov","contributorId":4007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casile","given":"Gerolamo","email":"jcasile@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Andreasen, D. C.","contributorId":32565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70043410,"text":"70043410 - 2012 - Production and disposal of waste materials from gas and oil extraction from the Marcellus Shale Play in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-24T12:58:51","indexId":"70043410","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1559,"text":"Environmental Practice","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Production and disposal of waste materials from gas and oil extraction from the Marcellus Shale Play in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The increasing world demand for energy has led to an increase in the exploration and extraction of natural gas, condensate, and oil from unconventional organic-rich shale plays. However, little is known about the quantity, transport, and disposal method of wastes produced during the extraction process. We examined the quantity of waste produced by gas extraction activities from the Marcellus Shale play in Pennsylvania for 2011. The main types of wastes included drilling cuttings and fluids from vertical and horizontal drilling and fluids generated from hydraulic fracturing [i.e., flowback and brine (formation) water]. Most reported drill cuttings (98.4%) were disposed of in landfills, and there was a high amount of interstate (49.2%) and interbasin (36.7%) transport. Drilling fluids were largely reused (70.7%), with little interstate (8.5%) and interbasin (5.8%) transport. Reported flowback water was mostly reused (89.8%) or disposed of in brine or industrial waste treatment plants (8.0%) and largely remained within Pennsylvania (interstate transport was 3.1%) with little interbasin transport (2.9%). Brine water was most often reused (55.7%), followed by disposal in injection wells (26.6%), and then disposed of in brine or industrial waste treatment plants (13.8%). Of the major types of fluid waste, brine water was most often transported to other states (28.2%) and to other basins (9.8%). In 2011, 71.5% of the reported brine water, drilling fluids, and flowback was recycled: 73.1% in the first half and 69.7% in the second half of 2011. Disposal of waste to municipal sewage treatment plants decreased nearly 100% from the first half to second half of 2011. When standardized against the total amount of gas produced, all reported wastes, except flowback sands, were less in the second half than the first half of 2011. Disposal of wastes into injection disposal wells increased 129.2% from the first half to the second half of 2011; other disposal methods decreased. Some issues with data were uncovered during the analytical process (e.g., correct geospatial location of disposal sites and the proper reporting of end use of waste) that obfuscated the analyses; correcting these issues will help future analyses.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Practice","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, UK","doi":"10.1017/S146604661200035X","usgsCitation":"Maloney, K.O., and Yoxtheimer, D.A., 2012, Production and disposal of waste materials from gas and oil extraction from the Marcellus Shale Play in Pennsylvania: Environmental Practice, v. 14, no. 4, p. 278-287, https://doi.org/10.1017/S146604661200035X.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"278","endPage":"287","numberOfPages":"10","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040757","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270404,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S146604661200035X"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515aac71e4b0105540728a60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maloney, Kelly O. 0000-0003-2304-0745 kmaloney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-0745","contributorId":4636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloney","given":"Kelly","email":"kmaloney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yoxtheimer, David A.","contributorId":53672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoxtheimer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70042699,"text":"70042699 - 2012 - In-ground disposal of human sewage can contaminate nearshore waters and reefs with bacteria and viruses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T13:27:39","indexId":"70042699","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"In-ground disposal of human sewage can contaminate nearshore waters and reefs with bacteria and viruses","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tropical connections: south Florida's marine environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"IAN Press","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, MD","usgsCitation":"Lipp, E.K., Griffin, D., and Futch, J., 2012, In-ground disposal of human sewage can contaminate nearshore waters and reefs with bacteria and viruses, chap. <i>of</i> Tropical connections: south Florida's marine environment, p. 147-148.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-024441","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.63,24.52 ], [ -87.63,31.0 ], [ -80.03,31.0 ], [ -80.03,24.52 ], [ -87.63,24.52 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c394e4b01197b08e9cab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipp, Erin K.","contributorId":73823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipp","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, Dale W.","contributorId":23668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Futch, J.C.","contributorId":87044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futch","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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