This work was done because niobium (columbium) has been found in several of the minerals and rocks of the Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs areas. Niobium is in demand for use in high-temperature and non-creep steels.
The Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs areas are in central Arkansas between Malvern and Hot Springs. They are underlain by similar alkaline igneous complexes consisting of nepheline syenite, more basic alkaline rocks, and calcite rock or carbonatite. The igneous rocks intrude Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and are truncated by a Late Cretaceous erosion surface.
At Magnet Cove deposits of rutile (TiO2) occur within the igneous complex; two deposits of brookite (TiO2) occur in quartzite of the Arkansas novaculite formation of probable Devonian and Mississippian age, near the margin of the complex. Perovskite (calcium titanate) occurs in several places in the igneous complex.
Niobium is present in rutile, brookite, and perovskite, and also probably in other minerals not yet analyzed.
In order to determine the distribution and average content of niobium in the larger titanium deposits, drill core and channel samples were analyzed for niobium, titanium, and other elements; and average figures were calculated. Concentrates and single crystals were also analyzed. Material from drill cores of perovskite-bearing magnetite-pyroxene rock on the Mo-Ti Corporation property was studied and analyzed. The Kimsey calcite quarry area was mapped, and channel samples and single crystals were analyzed. Channel samples from trenches on the Wilson prospect at Potash Sulphur Springs were analyzed.
The areas studied contain large resources of titanium and niobium, of low grade. The major results of the analytical work are summarized in the following table.
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\"}}]}","edition":"Superceded by: B-1015-B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cf4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fryklund, Verne Charles Jr.","contributorId":104886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryklund","given":"Verne","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harner, R. S.","contributorId":42600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaiser, E.P.","contributorId":105725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":13025,"text":"ofr5337 - 1953 - Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13025,"text":"ofr5337 - 1953 - Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan","indexId":"ofr5337","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39115,"text":"pp310 - 1961 - Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan","indexId":"pp310","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39115,"text":"pp310 - 1961 - Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan","indexId":"pp310","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-20T15:39:52.951017","indexId":"ofr5337","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-37","title":"Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Norway Lake area straddles the south margin of the Sagola basin, an embayment of Ruronian sedimentary rocks into the west side of a complex of crystalline and sedimentary rocks of pre-Ruronian age. The north part of the Norway Lake area is underlain by the Randville dolomite, an unnamed succession of slates, Vulcan iron-formation, and interbedded slates and graywackes of the Sagola basin. The Sturgeon quartzite has not been definitely recognized in the Norway Lake area. The Handville dolomite is more than 800 feet thick and can be subdivided into upper and lower dolomite members separated by a slate member. The Vulcan iron-formation and the footwall slates are exposed only in the Deerhunt exploration. A thick section of red and gray slates with interbedded graywacke, of probable Upper Huronian age, underlies the northwest part of the mapped area. The south part of the Norway Lake area is underlain by granite gneiss, an arkose series, and schists, all of pre-Huronian age.
The principal structural elements of the Norway Lake area are high angle faults, and such faults form most of the boundary between Huronian and pre-Huronian rocks in the area. The structure of the Huronian rocks. particularly in the vicinity of the Deerhunt exploration, cannot be determined with certainty on the basis of information now available. Magnetic anomalies were found to be associated with the slate member of the Randville dolomite, basalt interbedded with the arkose series, and a magnetite-bearing member in hornblende schist.
It is possible that economic deposits of iron ore occur within the mapped area. However, exploration will be tedious and costly because of the structural complexity of the area and the paucity of exposures. Furthermore, the absence of strong magnetic anomalies, such as typically are present in areas known to be underlain by Vulcan iron-formation, suggests that the iron-formation is not present in abundance; in fact, it may be limited to the immediate vicinity of the Deerhunt exploration.
Field mapping and petrographic examination do not provide data to determine whether the granite gneiss formed from a magma. Chemical analysis of one sample suggests that it was formed from rocks of the earth's crust rather than by fractional crystallization of a basaltic magma.
The original feldspars of the granite gneiss were probably anorthoclase and analbite. During uplift and denudation these were changed to microcline microperthite and albite. These feldspars were contributed to the arkose series. During regional metamorphism of the granite gneiss and arkose replacement type microperthite and secondary perthite were formed, probably by redistribution of feldspars already present tither than by metasomatism.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5337","collaboration":"Prepared with the cooperation of Geological Survey Division Michigan Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"Clark, L.D., 1953, Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan (Superceded by: P-310): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-37, Report: viii, 63 p.; 3 Plates: 48.61 x 18.04 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5337.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 63 p.; 3 Plates: 48.61 x 18.04 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":465396,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465397,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465398,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465399,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Norway Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.70774798791976,\n 46.427449588878034\n ],\n [\n -88.70774798791976,\n 46.40114703982681\n ],\n [\n -88.6676931895693,\n 46.40114703982681\n ],\n [\n -88.6676931895693,\n 46.427449588878034\n ],\n [\n -88.70774798791976,\n 46.427449588878034\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Superceded by: P-310","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db681312","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Lorin Delbert","contributorId":44144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Lorin","email":"","middleInitial":"Delbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14260,"text":"ofr53135 - 1953 - Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14260,"text":"ofr53135 - 1953 - Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska","indexId":"ofr53135","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042910,"text":"70042910 - 1954 - Correlation of the cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska","indexId":"70042910","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Correlation of the cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70042910,"text":"70042910 - 1954 - Correlation of the cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska","indexId":"70042910","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Correlation of the cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-14T19:14:02.39316","indexId":"ofr53135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-135","title":"Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska","docAbstract":"This is Number 10d of a series of correlation charts prepared for the Committee on Stratigraphy of the National Research Council. It has been sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey and has required about seven months' time of both authors gathering and compiling data and evaluating fossil evidence. As the two regions dealt with in the chart are widely separated, the lists of references are also given separately. The annotations dealing with Greenland are based entirely on published information. The annotations dealing with Alaska are based on a re-examination of nearly all the Cretaceous fossils from Alaska are based on a re-examination of nearly all the Cretaceous fossils from Alaska in the collections of the Geological Survey. This has resulted in many concepts not hitherto published and in some concepts that are completely at variance with those that have been published. Naturally for large areas undergoing active exploration, such as Alaska, a correlation chart is out of date in many particulars as soon as published. Nevertheless it is valuable to the field man whose activities are confined to small areas but who must interpret much of his data in terms of surrounding areas that he has not seen. It is valuable to the student and to the general geologist because it organizes scattered information in a manner that can be applied in their field problems, makes quite unnecessary the memorization of stratigraphic correlations are based on observation and reasoning and not on a vast memory. It is probably of greatest value to the specialist who makes the chart because he discovers what areas and problems are most in need of research and can thereby direct his efforts and those of his associates in a manner that will yield the greatest results.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr53135","usgsCitation":"Imlay, R.W., and Reeside, J.B., 1953, Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-135, Report: 41 p.; 1 Plate: 93.78 x 31.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53135.","productDescription":"Report: 41 p.; 1 Plate: 93.78 x 31.01 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The primary purpose of the drilling was to supply information required for geologic mapping in upland areas where bedrock exposures are sparse or absent. Where possible, the doles were located also on the extension of known mineralized trends.
Seven holes aggregating 1,687 feet were drilled with cable tools. Descriptive logs, prepared by A. E. Flint and C. E. Brown frog binocular microscope study of cuttings that were recovered from the drilling, are accompanied by assay values of significant mineralized samples. Index maps show hole locations.
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fig.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/381/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90722,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/381/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63eaae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duncan, Donald Cave","contributorId":27427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncan","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"Cave","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51305,"text":"ofr53136 - 1953 - Progress report, Monroeville project, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr53136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-136","title":"Progress report, Monroeville project, Alabama","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53136","usgsCitation":"Ivey, J., and LaMoreaux, P., 1953, Progress report, Monroeville project, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-136, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53136.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688416","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivey, J.B.","contributorId":81896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivey","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaMoreaux, P.E.","contributorId":18835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaMoreaux","given":"P.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71162,"text":"tei56 - 1953 - Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the Eagle-Nation area, east-central Alaska, 1948","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:45","indexId":"tei56","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56","title":"Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the Eagle-Nation area, east-central Alaska, 1948","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei56","usgsCitation":"Wedow, H., 1953, Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the Eagle-Nation area, east-central Alaska, 1948: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 56, 27 p. : maps : 2 fig. ; 29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei56.","productDescription":"27 p. : maps : 2 fig. ; 29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90567,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/056/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90568,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/056/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90569,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db64446a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedow, Helmuth Jr.","contributorId":14374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"Helmuth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39245,"text":"pp243D - 1953 - Cenomanian ammonite fauna from the Mosby sandstone of central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:16","indexId":"pp243D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"243","chapter":"D","title":"Cenomanian ammonite fauna from the Mosby sandstone of central Montana","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1952","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp243D","usgsCitation":"Cobban, W.A., 1953, Cenomanian ammonite fauna from the Mosby sandstone of central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 243, p. 45-55, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp243D.","productDescription":"p. 45-55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0243d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66982,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0243d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6faa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cobban, W. A.","contributorId":21577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50,"text":"wsp1137F - 1953 - Floods of November-December 1950 in the Central Valley basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T21:56:03.437077","indexId":"wsp1137F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1137","chapter":"F","title":"Floods of November-December 1950 in the Central Valley basin, California","docAbstract":"The flood of November-December 1950 in the Central Valley basin was the greatest in most parts of the basin since the turn of the century and probably was exceeded in the lower San Joaquin River basin only by the historic flood of 1862. In respect to monetary loss, the 1950 flood was the most disastrous in the history of the basin. Loss of life was remarkably small when one considers the extensive damage and destruction to homes and other property, which is estimated at 33 million dollars. Outstanding features of the flood were its unprecedented occurrence so early in the winter flood season, its magnitude in respect to both peak and volume in most major tributaries, and the occurrence of a succession of near-peak flows with a period of three weeks. \r\n\r\nThe flood was caused by a series of storms during the period November 16 to December 8, which brought exceptionally warm, moisture-laden air inland against the Sierra Nevada range and caused intense rainfall, instead of snowfall, at unusually high altitudes. Basin-wide totals of rainfall during the period ranged from 30 inches over the Yuba and American River basins to 13 inches over the upper Sacramento and Feather River basins. \r\n\r\nBased on continuous records of discharge on major tributaries for periods ranging from 22 to 55 years and averaging about 43 years, the 1950 flood peaks were the greatest of record on the American, Cosumnes, Mokelumne, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Merced, Chowchilla, Fresno, lower San Joaquin, Kings, Kaweah, Tule, and Kern Rivers. Second highest peak of record occurred during the flood of March 1928 on the Yuba, American and Mokelumne Rivers; the flood of Marcn 1940 on Cosumnes River; the flood of January 1911 on the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers; the flood of December 1937 on the Merced, Kings, and Kaweah Rivers; the flood of March 1938 on the Chowchilla, Fresno, and lower San Joaquin Rivers; and the flood of March 1943 on the Tule and Kern Rivers. Peak discharges for 1950 did not exceed previous maxima on Bear, Yuba, Feather, and upper Sacramento Rivers, nor on west side tributaries of lower Sacramento River, Calaveras River, and upper San Joaquin River (above Friant Reservoir). \r\n\r\nNotable high rates of discharge were 354 cfs per square mile from 39.5 square miles in North Fork of Middle Fork Tule River, 225 cfs per square mile from 198 square miles in Rubicon River, 115 cfs per square mile from 999 square miles in North Fork of American River and 93.7 cfs per square mile from 1,921 square miles in American River at Fair Oaks. \r\n\r\nThis report presents a general description of the 1950 flood, details and estimates of the damage incurred, records of stage and discharge for the period of the flood at 171 stream-gaging stations, records of storage in 14 reservoirs, a summary of peak discharges with comparative data for previous floods at 252 measurement points, and tables showing crest stages along the main stem and major tributary channels of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. \r\n\r\nThe report also includes a discussion of meteorologic and hydrologic conditions associated with the flood, examples of the flood regulation afforded by storage reservoirs, a brief study of runoff characteristics, and a summary and comparison with previous floods in the Central Valley basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1137F","usgsCitation":"Paulsen, C.G., 1953, Floods of November-December 1950 in the Central Valley basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1137, Report: ix, 85 p.; 6 Plate: 29.00 x 35.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1137F.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 85 p.; 6 Plate: 29.00 x 35.50 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411810,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24230.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":24687,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24686,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137f/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24685,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137f/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24684,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137f/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24683,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137f/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24682,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137f/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24681,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.00217681950107,\n 35.13952919516764\n ],\n [\n -118.44677630187559,\n 36.447316753430925\n ],\n [\n -120.27199477688288,\n 38.169213736701124\n ],\n [\n -121.83334007970987,\n 40.062197180496526\n ],\n [\n -121.87363587923997,\n 40.74570155104911\n ],\n [\n -122.73875148861515,\n 40.49630948575876\n ],\n [\n -122.72263734102694,\n 39.539602288586565\n ],\n [\n -121.46737875338653,\n 37.74605097908976\n ],\n [\n -120.18232868135271,\n 36.10951673244216\n ],\n [\n -119.33641582011342,\n 35.142729172215766\n ],\n [\n -119.00217681950107,\n 35.13952919516764\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulsen, C. G.","contributorId":96239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulsen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4216,"text":"cir231 - 1953 - Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950-51","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12408,"text":"ofr521 - 1952 - Description of rock formations and minerals from holes drilled in Tete des Morts area, Iowa","indexId":"ofr521","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"title":"Description of rock formations and minerals from holes drilled in Tete des Morts area, Iowa"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4216,"text":"cir231 - 1953 - Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950-51","indexId":"cir231","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950-51"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T20:36:34.125772","indexId":"cir231","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"231","title":"Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950-51","docAbstract":"The Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district covers 2, 500 square miles of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa. It is one of the oldest mining districts in the United States, as lead mining by settlers began in 1788. Zinc has been mined since 1859, and the present production is more than ten times that of lead. \r\n\r\nRecks exposed in the district range from Early Ordovician to Middle Silurian in age, and, except for the St. Peter sandstone and the Maquoketa shale, consist mainly of dolomite. Structural compression has resulted in gentle folds and faults; principal trends are northwestward, northeastward, and eastward. \r\n\r\nGalena (lead sulfide) has been mined principally from vertical joints in the upper, noncherty part of the Galena dolomite. On the other hand, sphalerite (zinc sulfide) and a minor amount of smithsonite (zinc carbonate) are found as veins, breccia ore, and disseminations in the lower, cherty part of the Galena dolomite, in strata of the Decorah formation, and in the upper beds of the Platteville formation; these 'lower-run' ore bodies are in inclined reverse faults (pitches) and associated bedding-plane faults (flats) that are localized along synclinal trends. Lead and zinc minerals are found in beds of the Prairie du Chien group where they are exposed along the northern edge of the district. \r\n\r\nSince 1942 the U. S. Geological Survey has been studying the geology of the zinc-lead district and has been mapping the structure, stratigraphy, and the occurrences of ore bodies. The program here described was centered in two areas at the margin of the district. Twenty-five holes that totalled 7,466 feet were drilled in 1950-51. In the Tete des Morts area, Iowa, the drilling showed lithology, structure, and evidences of mineralization that are favorable indications of the possible existence of pitch-type lower-run ore bodies; it showed a lateral extension of the potentially productive part of the district. In the Highland area, Wisconsin, lithology and evidences of mineralization found in strata of the Prairie du Chien group indicate that this unit might warrant further investigation as a potential source of ore at a lower stratigraphic position than that now being prospected in the main part of the zinc-lead district, farther south. Drilling in beds of the Prairie du Chien showed a vertical extension of the potentially productive part of the district.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir231","usgsCitation":"Agnew, A.F., Flint, A., and Allingham, J.W., 1953, Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950-51: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 231, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir231.","productDescription":"37 p.","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":463625,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23567.htm","text":"Highland area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126711,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0231/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0231/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":463626,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23855.htm","text":"Tetes Des Morts area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8c11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Agnew, Allen Francis","contributorId":78727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnew","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Arthur E.","contributorId":45300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Arthur E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allingham, John W.","contributorId":91848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allingham","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":48,"text":"wsp1137D - 1953 - Floods of May-July 1950 in southeastern Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp1137D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1137","chapter":"D","title":"Floods of May-July 1950 in southeastern Nebraska","docAbstract":"Four floods occurred in southeast Nebraska during the period of May to July 1950. Two of these were the greatest known in the State if the size of the drainage areas is considered, and the other two were not so spectacular but were of notable size and of possible hydrologic significance in their relation to the two major floods. Although property loss and damage have been exceeded in previous floods in Nebraska, notably in the flood of May-June 1935 on the Republican River, they were extremely high in the period covered by this report. Loss of life, which resulted largely from the rapid cresting of the streams, was likewise high. \r\n\r\nEach of the floods was caused by heavy precipitation, which at times reached intensities seldom recorded in the Missouri River basin. On May 8, 1950, more than 14 inches of rain fell over certain areas of the Little Nemaha River basin within a period of a few hours. One center of the storm of July 8, 1950,occurred at York, Nebr., where 11 inches of rain was recorded within a 4-hour period, and the storm total exceeded 13 inches. \r\n\r\nNotable high rates of discharge produced by the intense rainfall were 1,030 cfs per square mile from 218 square miles of drainage area in the Little Nemaha River basin on May 9, 1950; 1,020 cfs per square mile from 2.5 square miles drainage area in the Elkhorn River basin on June 2, 1950; and 3,320 cfs per square mile from 6.93 square miles of drainage area in the Big Blue River basin on July 9, 1950. \r\n\r\nThis report presents records of stage and discharge for the flood. periods at 36 stream-gaging stations in southeast Nebraska, and a summary of peak discharges, with comparative data for previously known floods at 45 measurement points. The report also includes a discussion of the weather associated with the floods and other data pertinent to the floods.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1137D","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1953, Floods of May-July 1950 in southeastern Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1137, 351-411 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1137D.","productDescription":"351-411 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24677,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5df949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological 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Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:16","indexId":"pp245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"245","title":"Geology and ore deposits of the Boulder County tungsten district, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp245","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T.S., and Tweto, O., 1953, Geology and ore deposits of the Boulder County tungsten district, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 245, 199 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp245.","productDescription":"199 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S.","contributorId":108085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tweto, Ogden","contributorId":52939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tweto","given":"Ogden","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":42,"text":"wsp1137G - 1953 - Floods of 1950 in the upper Mississippi River and Lake Superior basins in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp1137G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1137","chapter":"G","title":"Floods of 1950 in the upper Mississippi River and Lake Superior basins in Minnesota","docAbstract":"In areal coverage and magnitude of peak discharge the floods of April-May 1950 in the Missouri River Basin in North and South Dakota were unprecedented in the area. These floods were characterized by an extremely late spring breakup of ice, by great flood peaks resulting from snow melt, and by two separate floods in the James River Valley in less than a month. \r\n\r\nThe primary cause of the floods was the rapid melting of the season's great accumulation of snow, one of the deepest on record. In the period between the normal spring breakup time and the actual breakup of river ice, considerably more snow accumulated. Some of this was melted by a few .warm days and the melt was stored as water behind snow barriers in upland watercourses. A sudden increase in temperature beginning April 13 and lasting until most of the snow had been converted into runoff resulted in rapid rise of flood waters. \r\n\r\nTributary flood waters made the Missouri River from Mobridge to Yankton, S. Oak., rise to near the maximum recorded discharge. At Sioux City, Iowa, the 1950 flood peak-discharge exceeded any previously recorded by the Geological Survey. \r\n\r\nThe center of the flooded area west of the Missouri River lay m the Cannonball River Basin which had the greatest water content of snow on the ground just before the ice broke up Floods north and south of this area were relatively less intense. Scattered records of the Cannonball River and a study of newspaper accounts and other information show that the flood of 1950 was greatest since the area was settled. Flooding of the James River at Jamestown was the greatest since 1897, and the floods of April and May 1950 were of nearly the same stage. Itemized flood damages were made by Federal and State agencies, and relief was sent to the area by the Department of the Army and the American National Red Cross. \r\n\r\nData include records of stage and discharge at 54 gaging stations for the period of flood, a summary of peak discharges and comparative data for past and present maxima, a table of crest stages, and weather associated with the 1950 flood.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1137G","usgsCitation":"Paulsen, C.G., 1953, Floods of 1950 in the upper Mississippi River and Lake Superior basins in Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1137, p. 791-895 :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1137G.","productDescription":"p. 791-895 :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24663,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24664,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0da5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulsen, C. G.","contributorId":96239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulsen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35344,"text":"b988I - 1953 - Prospecting for uranium with car-mounted equipment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:40","indexId":"b988I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"988","chapter":"I","title":"Prospecting for uranium with car-mounted equipment","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b988I","usgsCitation":"Nelson, J.M., 1953, Prospecting for uranium with car-mounted equipment: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 988, p. 211-221, ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b988I.","productDescription":"p. 211-221, ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0988i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63199,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0988i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68819b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, John M.","contributorId":83578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39247,"text":"pp243H - 1953 - Cranial morphology of some Oligocene Artiodactyla","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:16","indexId":"pp243H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"243","chapter":"H","title":"Cranial morphology of some Oligocene Artiodactyla","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1952","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp243H","usgsCitation":"Whitmore, F., 1953, Cranial morphology of some Oligocene Artiodactyla: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 243, p. 117-159, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp243H.","productDescription":"p. 117-159","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0243h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66984,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0243h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68378e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitmore, F.C. Jr.","contributorId":16895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitmore","given":"F.C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16360,"text":"ofr53260 - 1953 - The theory of direct current prospecting in the presence of curved boundary surfaces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T17:37:57.630353","indexId":"ofr53260","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-260","title":"The theory of direct current prospecting in the presence of curved boundary surfaces","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr53260","usgsCitation":"Van Nostrand, R.G., 1953, The theory of direct current prospecting in the presence of curved boundary surfaces: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-260, iii, 110 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53260.","productDescription":"iii, 110 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484697,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0260/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147487,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0260/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635201","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Nostrand, Robert Gaige","contributorId":106490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Nostrand","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Gaige","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3502,"text":"cir254 - 1953 - Water supply of the Birmingham area, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"cir254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"254","title":"Water supply of the Birmingham area, Alabama","docAbstract":"Sufficient water is available in the streams of the area surrounding Birmingham to supply any foreseeable demand; however, to utilize these streams impounding reservoirs and rather long supply lines will be required. Moderate supplies of ground water are available from wells, springs, and mines. The average water use in the area, not including reclaimed and recirculated water, was about 157 mgd during 1951. About 55 mgd was used for domestic or commercial purposes, and 102 mgd was used for industrial purposes. The .quantity of water withdrawn would have to be much greater if a considerable amount of reclaimed and recirculated water had not been used. The Birmingham water-supply systems are used at almost full capacity, and plans are being considered by the city to expand its supply greatly. \r\n\r\nAn estimated 4 mgd of ground water from wells and springs is used for municipal supplies, and 8 mgd is used for industrial purposes. Smaller amounts of ground water are used for irrigation and rural supply. Individual springs in the area are capable of yielding as much as 750 gpm and wells as much as 500 gpm. Some water from worked and abandoned coal and iron mines is used for .public and industrial supplies. One of the conclusions reached by the ground-water study is that ground water has not been fully developed in wells and springs of the area and that mine water which would have to be treated for most municipal and industrial purposes is a potential source of water. \r\n\r\nGenerally, the surface water in the Birmingham. area is of better quality than ground water. Surface water is low in dissolved mineral matter and is extremely soft. Some of the streams carry excessive quantities of iron. Village and Valley Creeks carry some surface pollution making the water unsuitable for many uses. Ground water in this area is usually low in color and ranges in temperature from 62 ? to 72 ?F. Water from limestone, dolomite, and chert usually is moderately to extremely hard. Calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the predominant constituents. The quantity of iron in ground water from most of the aquifers is low, except from the Pottsville formation. The Floyd shale and the Parkwood formation yield sodium bicarbonate waters high in sulfate and low in calcium, magnesium, chloride, and nitrate. Ground water from the Pottsville formation is more variable in quality than water from other formations in the area. Water samples from the mine shafts yielding from this formation were .highly mineralized and extremely, hard.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir254","usgsCitation":"Robinson, W., Ivey, J., and Billingsley, G., 1953, Water supply of the Birmingham area, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 254, 53 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir254.","productDescription":"53 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30514,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30515,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd26f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, W.H.","contributorId":91478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivey, J.B.","contributorId":81896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivey","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Billingsley, G. A.","contributorId":33694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"G. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}