State water-quality professionals developing new biological assessment methods often have difficulty relating assessment results to narrative criteria in water-quality standards. An alternative to selecting index thresholds arbitrarily is to include the Biological Condition Gradient (BCG) in the development of the assessment method. The BCG describes tiers of biological community condition to help identify and communicate the position of a water body along a gradient of water quality ranging from natural to degraded. Although originally developed for fish and macroinvertebrate communities of streams and rivers, the BCG is easily adapted to other habitats and taxonomic groups. We developed a discriminant analysis model with stream algal data to predict attainment of tiered aquatic-life uses in Maine's water-quality standards. We modified the BCG framework for Maine stream algae, related the BCG tiers to Maine's tiered aquatic-life uses, and identified appropriate algal metrics for describing BCG tiers. Using a modified Delphi method, 5 aquatic biologists independently evaluated algal community metrics for 230 samples from streams and rivers across the state and assigned a BCG tier (1–6) and Maine water quality class (AA/A, B, C, nonattainment of any class) to each sample. We used minimally disturbed reference sites to approximate natural conditions (Tier 1). Biologist class assignments were unanimous for 53% of samples, and 42% of samples differed by 1 class. The biologists debated and developed consensus class assignments. A linear discriminant model built to replicate a priori class assignments correctly classified 95% of 150 samples in the model training set and 91% of 80 samples in the model validation set. Locally derived metrics based on BCG taxon tolerance groupings (e.g., sensitive, intermediate, tolerant) were more effective than were metrics developed in other regions. Adding the algal discriminant model to Maine's existing macroinvertebrate discriminant model will broaden detection of biological impairment and further diagnose sources of impairment. The algal discriminant model is specific to Maine, but our approach of explicitly tying an assessment tool to tiered aquatic-life goals is widely transferrable to other regions, taxonomic groups, and waterbody types.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Freshwater Science","doi":"10.1899/11-061.1","usgsCitation":"Danielson, T.J., Loftin, C., Tsomides, L., DiFranco, J.L., Connors, B., Courtemanch, D.L., Drummond, F., and Davies, S., 2012, An algal model for predicting attainment of tiered biological criteria of Maine's streams and rivers: Freshwater Science, v. 31, no. 2, p. 318-340, https://doi.org/10.1899/11-061.1.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"340","ipdsId":"IP-029126","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"599a9fb7e4b0b589267d58bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danielson, Thomas J.","contributorId":195761,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danielson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftin, Cyndy 0000-0001-9104-3724 cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-3724","contributorId":146427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Cyndy","email":"cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":708027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tsomides, Leonidas","contributorId":195762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsomides","given":"Leonidas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiFranco, Jeanne L.","contributorId":195763,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DiFranco","given":"Jeanne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Connors, Beth","contributorId":195764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connors","given":"Beth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Courtemanch, David L.","contributorId":70639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courtemanch","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Drummond, Francis","contributorId":195765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drummond","given":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Davies, Susan","contributorId":63249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70038965,"text":"ofr20121133 - 2012 - An environmental streamflow assessment for the Santiam River basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-10T01:01:44","indexId":"ofr20121133","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1133","title":"An environmental streamflow assessment for the Santiam River basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Santiam River is a tributary of the Willamette River in northwestern Oregon and drains an area of 1,810 square miles. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) operates four dams in the basin, which are used primarily for flood control, hydropower production, recreation, and water-quality improvement. The Detroit and Big Cliff Dams were constructed in 1953 on the North Santiam River. The Green Peter and Foster Dams were completed in 1967 on the South Santiam River. The impacts of the structures have included a decrease in the frequency and magnitude of floods and an increase in low flows. For three North Santiam River reaches, the median of annual 1-day maximum streamflows decreased 42–50 percent because of regulated streamflow conditions. Likewise, for three reaches in the South Santiam River basin, the median of annual 1-day maximum streamflows decreased 39–52 percent because of regulation. In contrast to their effect on high flows, the dams increased low flows. The median of annual 7-day minimum flows in six of the seven study reaches increased under regulated streamflow conditions between 60 and 334 percent. On a seasonal basis, median monthly streamflows decreased from February to May and increased from September to January in all the reaches. However, the magnitude of these impacts usually decreased farther downstream from dams because of cumulative inflow from unregulated tributaries and groundwater entering the North, South, and main-stem Santiam Rivers below the dams. A Wilcox rank-sum test of monthly precipitation data from Salem, Oregon, and Waterloo, Oregon, found no significant difference between the pre-and post-dam periods, which suggests that the construction and operation of the dams since the 1950s and 1960s are a primary cause of alterations to the Santiam River basin streamflow regime. In addition to the streamflow analysis, this report provides a geomorphic characterization of the Santiam River basin and the associated conceptual framework for assessing possible geomorphic and ecological changes in response to river-flow modifications. Suggestions for future biomonitoring and investigations are also provided. This study was one in a series of similar tributary streamflow and geomorphic studies conducted for the Willamette Sustainable Rivers Project. The Sustainable Rivers Project is a national effort by the USACE and The Nature Conservancy to develop environmental flow requirements in regulated river systems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Risley, J.C., Wallick, J., Mangano, J.F., and Jones, K.L., 2012, An environmental streamflow assessment for the Santiam River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1133, vi, 66 p.; Appendices; ZIP Downloads of Appendices A and C; XLSX Download of Appendix D, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121133.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p.; Appendices; ZIP Downloads of Appendices A and C; XLSX Download of Appendix D","startPage":"i","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1133.jpg"},{"id":258272,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1133/pdf/ofr20121133.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Santiam River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea3ee4b0c8380cd4871d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallick, J. Rose 0000-0002-9392-272X rosewall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-272X","contributorId":3583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallick","given":"J. Rose","email":"rosewall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mangano, Joseph F. 0000-0003-4213-8406 jmangano@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4213-8406","contributorId":4722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"Joseph","email":"jmangano@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, Krista L. 0000-0002-0301-4497 kljones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0301-4497","contributorId":4550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Krista","email":"kljones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70038964,"text":"fs20123068 - 2012 - National hydrography dataset--linear referencing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-10T01:01:44","indexId":"fs20123068","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3068","title":"National hydrography dataset--linear referencing","docAbstract":"Geospatial data normally have a certain set of standard attributes, such as an identification number, the type of feature, and name of the feature. These standard attributes are typically embedded into the default attribute table, which is directly linked to the geospatial features. However, it is impractical to embed too much information because it can create a complex, inflexible, and hard to maintain geospatial dataset. Many scientists prefer to create a modular, or relational, data design where the information about the features is stored and maintained separately, then linked to the geospatial data. For example, information about the water chemistry of a lake can be maintained in a separate file and linked to the lake. A Geographic Information System (GIS) can then relate the water chemistry to the lake and analyze it as one piece of information. For example, the GIS can select all lakes more than 50 acres, with turbidity greater than 1.5 milligrams per liter.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123068","collaboration":"National Geospatial Program","usgsCitation":"Simley, J., and Doumbouya, A., 2012, National hydrography dataset--linear referencing: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3068, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123068.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3068.gif"},{"id":258270,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258271,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3068/FS12-3068.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6271e4b0c8380cd71ef6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simley, Jeffrey","contributorId":31246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simley","given":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doumbouya, Ariel","contributorId":44025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doumbouya","given":"Ariel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038943,"text":"70038943 - 2012 - Ecosystem performance monitoring of rangelands by integrating modeling and remote sensing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T23:45:06","indexId":"70038943","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3228,"text":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","onlineIssn":"1551-5028","printIssn":"1550-7424","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem performance monitoring of rangelands by integrating modeling and remote sensing","docAbstract":"Monitoring rangeland ecosystem dynamics, production, and performance is valuable for researchers and land managers. However, ecosystem monitoring studies can be difficult to interpret and apply appropriately if management decisions and disturbances are inseparable from the ecosystem's climate signal. This study separates seasonal weather influences from influences caused by disturbances and management decisions, making interannual time-series analysis more consistent and interpretable. We compared the actual ecosystem performance (AEP) of five rangeland vegetation types in the Owyhee Uplands for 9 yr to their expected ecosystem performance (EEP). Integrated growing season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data for each of the nine growing seasons served as a proxy for annual AEP. Regression-tree models used long-term site potential, seasonal weather, and land cover data sets to generate annual EEP, an estimate of ecosystem performance incorporating annual weather variations. The difference between AEP and EEP provided a performance measure for each pixel in the study area. Ecosystem performance anomalies occurred when the ecosystem performed significantly better or worse than the model predicted. About 14% of the Owyhee Uplands showed a trend of significant underperformance or overperformance (P<0.10). Land managers can use results from weather-based rangeland ecosystem performance models to help support adaptive management strategies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","publisherLocation":"Wheat Ridge, CO","doi":"10.2111/REM-D-11-00058.1","usgsCitation":"Wylie, B.K., Boyte, S., and Major, D.J., 2012, Ecosystem performance monitoring of rangelands by integrating modeling and remote sensing: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 65, no. 3, p. 241-252, https://doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-11-00058.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"252","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474423,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/642631","text":"External Repository"},{"id":258235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258225,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-11-00058.1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Owyhee Uplands","volume":"65","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a059fe4b0c8380cd50e99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyte, Stephen P. 0000-0002-5462-3225","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5462-3225","contributorId":103539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyte","given":"Stephen P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Major, Donald J.","contributorId":83405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Major","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7217,"text":"Bureau of Land Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":465279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70038915,"text":"70038915 - 2012 - Interannual variability of snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, United States: examples from two alpine watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"70038915","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interannual variability of snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, United States: examples from two alpine watersheds","docAbstract":"The distribution of snow and the energy flux components of snowmelt are intrinsic characteristics of the alpine water cycle controlling the location of source waters and the effect of climate on streamflow. Interannual variability of these characteristics is relevant to the effect of climate change on alpine hydrology. Our objective is to characterize the interannual variability in the spatial distribution of snow and energy fluxes of snowmelt in watersheds of a maritime setting, Tokopah Basin (TOK) in California's southern Sierra Nevada, and a continental setting, Green Lake 4 Valley (GLV4) in Colorado's Front Range, using a 12 year database (1996–2007) of hydrometeorological observations and satellite-derived snow cover. Snowpacks observed in GLV4 exhibit substantially greater spatial variability than in TOK (0.75 versus 0.28 spatial coefficient of variation). In addition, modeling results indicate that the net turbulent energy flux contribution to snowmelt in GLV4 is, on average, 3 times greater in magnitude (mean 29% versus 10%) and interannual variability (standard deviation 17% versus 6%) than in TOK. These energy flux values exhibit strong seasonality, increasing as the melt season progresses to times later in the year (R2 = 0.54–0.77). This seasonality of energy flux appears to be associated with snowmelt rates that generally increase with onset date of melt (0.02 cm d-2). This seasonality in snowmelt rate, coupled to differences in hydrogeology, may account for the observed differences in correspondence between the timing of snowmelt and timing of streamflow in these watersheds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011006","usgsCitation":"Jepsen, S.M., Molotch, N., Williams, M.W., Rittger, K.E., and Sickman, J.O., 2012, Interannual variability of snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, United States: examples from two alpine watersheds: Water Resources Research, v. 48, 15 p.; W02529, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011006.","productDescription":"15 p.; W02529","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474424,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011006","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":258177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258169,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011006","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada;Rocky Mountains","volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ce9e4b0c8380cd63143","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jepsen, Steven M. sjepsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jepsen","given":"Steven","email":"sjepsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Molotch, Noah P.","contributorId":79741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molotch","given":"Noah P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Mark W.","contributorId":43046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rittger, Karl E.","contributorId":13850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rittger","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sickman, James O.","contributorId":30741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sickman","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038924,"text":"ofr20121116 - 2012 - P2S--Coupled simulation with the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Stream Temperature Network (SNTemp) Models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"ofr20121116","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1116","title":"P2S--Coupled simulation with the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Stream Temperature Network (SNTemp) Models","docAbstract":"A software program, called P2S, has been developed which couples the daily stream temperature simulation capabilities of the U.S. Geological Survey Stream Network Temperature model with the watershed hydrology simulation capabilities of the U.S. Geological Survey Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System is a modular, deterministic, distributed-parameter, physical-process watershed model that simulates hydrologic response to various combinations of climate and land use. Stream Network Temperature was developed to help aquatic biologists and engineers predict the effects of changes that hydrology and energy have on water temperatures. P2S will allow scientists and watershed managers to evaluate the effects of historical climate and projected climate change, landscape evolution, and resource management scenarios on watershed hydrology and in-stream water temperature.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121116","usgsCitation":"Markstrom, S., 2012, P2S--Coupled simulation with the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Stream Temperature Network (SNTemp) Models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1116, v, 19 p.; ill. (some col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121116.","productDescription":"v, 19 p.; ill. (some col.)","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":144,"text":"Branch of Regional Research","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1116.gif"},{"id":258167,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1116/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258168,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1116/OF12-1116.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a731de4b0c8380cd76e80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markstrom, Steven L. 0000-0001-7630-9547 markstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-9547","contributorId":1986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"Steven L.","email":"markstro@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156900,"text":"70156900 - 2012 - Modelling ecosystem service flows under uncertainty with stochiastic SPAN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T14:20:07.094242","indexId":"70156900","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modelling ecosystem service flows under uncertainty with stochiastic SPAN","docAbstract":"Ecosystem service models are increasingly in demand for decision making. However, the data required to run these models are often patchy, missing, outdated, or untrustworthy. Further, communication of data and model uncertainty to decision makers is often either absent or unintuitive. In this work, we introduce a systematic approach to addressing both the data gap and the difficulty in communicating uncertainty through a stochastic adaptation of the Service Path Attribution Networks (SPAN) framework. The SPAN formalism assesses ecosystem services through a set of up to 16 maps, which characterize the services in a study area in terms of flow pathways between ecosystems and human beneficiaries. Although the SPAN algorithms were originally defined deterministically, we present them here in a stochastic framework which combines probabilistic input data with a stochastic transport model in order to generate probabilistic spatial outputs. This enables a novel feature among ecosystem service models: the ability to spatially visualize uncertainty in the model results. The stochastic SPAN model can analyze areas where data limitations are prohibitive for deterministic models. Greater uncertainty in the model inputs (including missing data) should lead to greater uncertainty expressed in the model’s output distributions. By using Bayesian belief networks to fill data gaps and expert-provided trust assignments to augment untrustworthy or outdated information, we can account for uncertainty in input data, producing a model that is still able to run and provide information where strictly deterministic models could not. Taken together, these attributes enable more robust and intuitive modelling of ecosystem services under uncertainty.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"2012 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software: Managing resources of a limited planet","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2012 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software: Managing Resources of a Limited Planet","conferenceDate":"July 1-5, 2012","conferenceLocation":"Leipzig, Germany","language":"English","publisher":"International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs)","usgsCitation":"Johnson, G.W., Snapp, R.R., Villa, F., and Bagstad, K.J., 2012, Modelling ecosystem service flows under uncertainty with stochiastic SPAN, in 2012 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software: Managing resources of a limited planet, Leipzig, Germany, July 1-5, 2012, p. 1021-1028.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1028","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037621","costCenters":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307789,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb6d6e4b058f706e53d8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Gary W.","contributorId":90618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snapp, Robert R.","contributorId":147293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snapp","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Villa, Ferdinando","contributorId":84249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villa","given":"Ferdinando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bagstad, Kenneth J. 0000-0001-8857-5615 kjbagstad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-5615","contributorId":3680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagstad","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjbagstad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156645,"text":"70156645 - 2012 - Assessing the vulnerability of human and biological communities to changing ecosystem services using a GIS-based multi-criteria decision support tool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-08T18:29:31.215719","indexId":"70156645","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Assessing the vulnerability of human and biological communities to changing ecosystem services using a GIS-based multi-criteria decision support tool","docAbstract":"In this paper we describe an application of a GIS-based multi-criteria decision support web tool that models and evaluates relative changes in ecosystem services to policy and land management decisions. The Santa Cruz Watershed Ecosystem Portfolio (SCWEPM) was designed to provide credible forecasts of responses to ecosystem drivers and stressors and to illustrate the role of land use decisions on spatial and temporal distributions of ecosystem services within a binational (U.S. and Mexico) watershed. We present two SCWEPM sub-models that when analyzed together address bidirectional relationships between social and ecological vulnerability and ecosystem services. The first model employs the Modified Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index (M-SEVI), which assesses community vulnerability using information from U.S. and Mexico censuses on education, access to resources, migratory status, housing situation, and number of dependents. The second, relating land cover change to biodiversity (provisioning services), models changes in the distribution of terrestrial vertebrate habitat based on multitemporal vegetation and land cover maps, wildlife habitat relationships, and changes in land use/land cover patterns. When assessed concurrently, the models exposed some unexpected relationships between vulnerable communities and ecosystem services provisioning. For instance, the most species-rich habitat type in the watershed, Desert Riparian Forest, increased over time in areas occupied by the most vulnerable populations and declined in areas with less vulnerable populations. This type of information can be used to identify ecological conservation and restoration targets that enhance the livelihoods of people in vulnerable communities and promote biodiversity and ecosystem health.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the sixth biannial meeting of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society, Leipzig, Germany, July 1-5, 2012","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"6th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software (iEMSs)","conferenceDate":"July 1-5, 2012","conferenceLocation":"Leipzig, Germany","language":"English","publisher":"International Environmental Modelling and Software Society","usgsCitation":"Villarreal, M.L., Norman, L.M., and Labiosa, W.B., 2012, Assessing the vulnerability of human and biological communities to changing ecosystem services using a GIS-based multi-criteria decision support tool, in Proceedings of the sixth biannial meeting of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society, Leipzig, Germany, July 1-5, 2012, Leipzig, Germany, July 1-5, 2012, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035878","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307424,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.iemss.org/society/index.php/iemss-2012-proceedings"},{"id":307425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.89692933742873,\n 31.03338137501963\n ],\n [\n -110.53967132994711,\n 31.052045559357452\n ],\n [\n -110.18677012743555,\n 31.33156842538311\n ],\n [\n -110.26954942185198,\n 31.502599872693537\n ],\n [\n -110.38282635105342,\n 31.625104005550753\n ],\n [\n -110.35232871626839,\n 31.747447054283\n ],\n [\n -110.30876066657514,\n 32.14302307888684\n ],\n [\n -110.31311747154471,\n 32.23888675025003\n ],\n [\n -110.37411274111477,\n 32.308877076912594\n ],\n [\n -110.48303286534663,\n 32.32360500041531\n ],\n [\n -110.60066659951715,\n 32.470752409392915\n ],\n [\n -110.66166186908718,\n 32.507501770311265\n ],\n [\n -110.68780269890314,\n 32.64701233297025\n ],\n [\n -111.33260983435669,\n 32.75699878112739\n ],\n [\n -111.6245157672987,\n 33.19193960680832\n ],\n [\n -112.27803651269089,\n 33.29760843187891\n ],\n [\n -112.64836493508025,\n 33.14817722758413\n ],\n [\n -112.67886256986527,\n 32.936351431346736\n ],\n [\n -112.71371700961936,\n 32.63233723506134\n ],\n [\n -112.62222410526428,\n 32.470752409392915\n ],\n [\n -112.5525152257561,\n 32.29414675890112\n ],\n [\n -112.21268443815177,\n 32.117196384557545\n ],\n [\n -112.15168916858173,\n 31.98056250192039\n ],\n [\n -111.82492879588563,\n 31.947296406620424\n ],\n [\n -111.63322937723734,\n 31.817813784680425\n ],\n [\n -111.68986784183781,\n 31.702977332621856\n ],\n [\n -111.66808381699143,\n 31.59542081267658\n ],\n [\n -111.44588676355814,\n 31.53602604618385\n ],\n [\n -111.19319207533981,\n 31.402249647414394\n ],\n [\n -111.17140805049343,\n 31.201227169537006\n ],\n [\n -111.09734236601565,\n 31.111746348048058\n ],\n [\n -111.03634709644561,\n 31.089362946870978\n ],\n [\n -110.89692933742873,\n 31.03338137501963\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91aee4b0518e354dd12a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L. 0000-0003-0720-1422 mvillarreal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-1422","contributorId":1424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel","email":"mvillarreal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Labiosa, William B.","contributorId":20445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labiosa","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70038920,"text":"70038920 - 2012 - An initial investigation into the organic matter biogeochemistry of the Congo River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-05T01:01:42","indexId":"70038920","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An initial investigation into the organic matter biogeochemistry of the Congo River","docAbstract":"The Congo River, which drains pristine tropical forest and savannah and is the second largest exporter of terrestrial carbon to the ocean, was sampled in early 2008 to investigate organic matter (OM) dynamics in this historically understudied river basin. We examined the elemental (%OC, %N, C:N), isotopic (δ13C, Δ14C, δ15N) and biochemical composition (lignin phenols) of coarse particulate (>63 μm; CPOM) and fine particulate (0.7–63 μm; FPOM) OM and DOC, δ13C, Δ14C and lignin phenol composition with respect to dissolved OM (<0.7 μm; DOM) from five sites in the Congo River Basin. At all sample locations the organic carbon load was dominated by the dissolved phase (~82–89% of total organic carbon) and the total suspended sediment load was principally fine particulate material (~81–91% fine suspended sediment). Distinct compositional and isotopic differences were observed between all fractions. Congo CPOM, FPOM and DOM all originated from vegetation and soil inputs as evidenced by elemental, isotopic and lignin phenol data, however FPOM was derived from much older carbon pools (mean Δ14C = -62.2 ± -13.2‰, n = 5) compared to CPOM and DOM (mean Δ14C = 55.7 ± 30.6‰, n = 4 and 73.4 ± 16.1‰, n = 5 respectively). The modern radiocarbon ages for DOM belie a degraded lignin compositional signature (i.e. elevated acid:aldehyde ratios (Ad:Al) relative to CPOM and FPOM), and indicate that the application of OM degradation patterns derived from particulate phase studies to dissolved samples needs to be reassessed: these elevated ratios are likely attributable to fractionation processes during solubilization of plant material. The relatively low DOM carbon-normalized lignin yields (Λ8; 0.67–1.12 (mg(100 mg OC)-1)) could also reflect fractionation processes, however, they have also been interpreted as an indication of significant microbial or algal sources of DOM. CPOM appears to be well preserved higher vascular plant material as evidenced by its modern radiocarbon age, elevated C:N (17.2–27.1) and Λ8 values (4.56–7.59 (mg(100 mg OC)-1)). In relation to CPOM, the aged FPOM fraction (320–580 ybp 14C ages) was comparatively degraded, as demonstrated by its nitrogen enrichment (C:N 11.4–14.3), lower Λ8 (2.80–4.31 (mg(100 mg OC)-1)) and elevated lignin Ad:Al values similar to soil derived OM. In this study we observed little modification of the OM signature from sample sites near the cities of Brazzaville and Kinshasa to the head of the estuary (~350 km) highlighting the potential for future studies to assess seasonal and long-term OM dynamics from this logistically feasible location and derive relevant information with respect to OM exported to the Atlantic Ocean. The relative lack of OM data for the Congo River Basin highlights the importance of studies such as this for establishing baselines upon which to gauge future change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2012.01.013","usgsCitation":"Spencer, R., Hernes, P.J., Aufdenkampe, A., Baker, A., Gulliver, P., Stubbins, A., Aiken, G.R., Dyda, R.Y., Butler, K., Mwamba, V.L., Mangangu, A.M., Wabakanghanzi, J.N., and Six, J., 2012, An initial investigation into the organic matter biogeochemistry of the Congo River: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 84, p. 614-627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.01.013.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"614","endPage":"627","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258164,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.01.013","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"People's Republic Of Congo","otherGeospatial":"Congo River","volume":"84","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea7ce4b0c8380cd488be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, Robert G.M.","contributorId":76061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Robert G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hernes, Peter J.","contributorId":85311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hernes","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aufdenkampe, Anthony K.","contributorId":106743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aufdenkampe","given":"Anthony K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baker, Andy","contributorId":73053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Andy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gulliver, Pauline","contributorId":44786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulliver","given":"Pauline","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stubbins, Aron","contributorId":80949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stubbins","given":"Aron","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dyda, Rachael Y.","contributorId":33966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyda","given":"Rachael","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Butler, Kenna D.","contributorId":101503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Kenna D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mwamba, Vincent L.","contributorId":94908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mwamba","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mangangu, Arthur M.","contributorId":8330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangangu","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wabakanghanzi, Jose N.","contributorId":28854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wabakanghanzi","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Six, Johan","contributorId":41693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Six","given":"Johan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70046934,"text":"70046934 - 2012 - Process-based coastal erosion modeling for Drew Point (North Slope, Alaska)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-23T10:19:29","indexId":"70046934","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-03T09:56:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Process-based coastal erosion modeling for Drew Point (North Slope, Alaska)","docAbstract":"A predictive, coastal erosion/shoreline change model has been developed for a small coastal segment near Drew Point, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. This coastal setting has experienced a dramatic increase in erosion since the early 2000’s. The bluffs at this site are 3-4 m tall and consist of ice-wedge bounded blocks of fine-grained sediments cemented by ice-rich permafrost and capped with a thin organic layer. The bluffs are typically fronted by a narrow (∼ 5 m wide) beach or none at all. During a storm surge, the sea contacts the base of the bluff and a niche is formed through thermal and mechanical erosion. The niche grows both vertically and laterally and eventually undermines the bluff, leading to block failure or collapse. The fallen block is then eroded both thermally and mechanically by waves and currents, which must occur before a new niche forming episode may begin. The erosion model explicitly accounts for and integrates a number of these processes including: (1) storm surge generation resulting from wind and atmospheric forcing, (2) erosional niche growth resulting from wave-induced turbulent heat transfer and sediment transport (using the Kobayashi niche erosion model), and (3) thermal and mechanical erosion of the fallen block. The model was calibrated with historic shoreline change data for one time period (1979-2002), and validated with a later time period (2002-2007).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000106","usgsCitation":"Ravens, T.M., Jones, B.M., Zhang, J., Arp, C.D., and Schmutz, J.A., 2012, Process-based coastal erosion modeling for Drew Point (North Slope, Alaska): Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 138, no. 2, p. 122-130, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000106.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-026511","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275272,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000106"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Teshekpuk Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153.9444,70.5395 ], [ -153.9444,70.9763 ], [ -152.1354,70.9763 ], [ -152.1354,70.5395 ], [ -153.9444,70.5395 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"138","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51efa5f6e4b0b09fbe58f1d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ravens, Thomas M.","contributorId":24668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravens","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Jinlin","contributorId":25841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Jinlin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arp, Christopher D.","contributorId":17330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":480644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038898,"text":"ofr20111274 - 2012 - Paleontology and geochronology of the Long Beach core sites and monitoring wells, Long Beach, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-13T01:01:54","indexId":"ofr20111274","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1274","title":"Paleontology and geochronology of the Long Beach core sites and monitoring wells, Long Beach, California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's Focus on Quaternary Stratigraphy in Los Angeles (FOQUS-LA) project was a cooperative coring program between Federal, State, and local agencies. It was designed to provide a better understanding of earthquake potentials and to develop a stratigraphic model of the western Los Angeles Basin in California. The biostratigraphic, geochronologic, and paleoecologic analyses of eight wells drilled during the FOQUS-LA project are presented. These analyses are based on microfossils (benthic and planktic foraminifers), macrofossils, paleomagnetic stratigraphy, optically stimulated luminescence, thermoluminescence, radiocarbon dating, and tephrochronology. A geochronologic framework (incorporating paleomagnetism, luminescence, and tephrochronology) was used to calibrate the sequence stratigraphic units in the FOQUS-LA wells and also was used to calibrate the ages of the microfossil stage and zonal boundaries. The results of this study show that (1) the offshore California margin zones can be used in a nearshore setting, and (2) the California margin zonal scheme refines the chronostratigraphic resolution of the benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphic framework for the Pacific Coast. Benthic foraminiferal stages are modified by the recognition of an early Hallian substage, which is a faunal change recognized throughout the Los Angeles Basin. Although no detailed macrofossil zonations exist for the Quaternary of southern California, several species, whose distribution is regulated by the climatic conditions, are useful as secondary marker species in the shallower water deposits of the Los Angeles Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111274","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works and the Water Replenishment District of Southern California","usgsCitation":"McDougall, K., Hillhouse, J., Powell, C., Mahan, S., Wan, E., and Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., 2012, Paleontology and geochronology of the Long Beach core sites and monitoring wells, Long Beach, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1274, xi, 223 p.; Plates Folder; All Files Folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111274.","productDescription":"xi, 223 p.; Plates Folder; All Files Folder","numberOfPages":"235","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":671,"text":"Western Region Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258129,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1274/of2011-1274_report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258130,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1274/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1274.png"}],"country":"United States","city":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Beach;Los Angeles Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7437e4b0c8380cd774fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDougall, Kristin 0000-0002-8788-3664","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-3664","contributorId":85610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougall","given":"Kristin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hillhouse, John","contributorId":25400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillhouse","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, Charles II","contributorId":83379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Charles","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon 0000-0001-5214-7774","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":19239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wan, Elmira 0000-0002-9255-112X ewan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-112X","contributorId":3434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wan","given":"Elmira","email":"ewan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M. 0000-0002-0244-9149 asarna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":1046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"Andrei","email":"asarna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70102472,"text":"70102472 - 2012 - Gaining the necessary geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical understanding for additional brackish groundwater development, coastal San Diego, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-02T14:56:17","indexId":"70102472","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T15:38:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Gaining the necessary geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical understanding for additional brackish groundwater development, coastal San Diego, California, USA","docAbstract":"Local water agencies and the United States Geological Survey are using a \ncombination of techniques to better understand the scant freshwater resources and the much \nmore abundant brackish resources in coastal San Diego, California, USA. Techniques include \ninstallation of multiple-depth monitoring well sites; geologic and paleontological analysis of \ndrill cuttings; geophysical logging to identify formations and possible seawater intrusion; \nsampling of pore-water obtained from cores; analysis of chemical constituents including trace \nelements and isotopes; and use of scoping models including a three-dimensional geologic \nframework model, rainfall-runoff model, regional groundwater flow model, and coastal \ndensity-dependent groundwater flow model. Results show that most fresh groundwater was \nrecharged during the last glacial period and that the coastal aquifer has had recurring \nintrusions of fresh and saline water. These intrusions disguise the source, flowpaths, and \nhistory of ground water near the coast. The flow system includes a freshwater lens resting on \nbrackish water; a 100-meter-thick flowtube of freshwater discharging under brackish \nestuarine water and above highly saline water; and broad areas of fine-grained coastal \nsediment filled with fairly uniform brackish water. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen \nindicate the recharged water flows through many kilometers of fractured crystalline rock \nbefore entering the narrow coastal aquifer.
","largerWorkTitle":"22nd Salt Water Intrusion Meeting (SWIM)","conferenceTitle":"22nd Salt Water Intrusion Meeting (SWIM)","conferenceDate":"2012-06-17T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Buzios, Brazil","language":"English","publisher":"Salt Water Intrusion Meeting (SWIM)","usgsCitation":"Danskin, W.R., 2012, Gaining the necessary geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical understanding for additional brackish groundwater development, coastal San Diego, California, USA, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"5","ipdsId":"IP-037915","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286520,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/sandiego/abstracts/SWIM.Danskin.LoRes.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Diego","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.282167,32.534856 ], [ -117.282167,33.114249 ], [ -116.90816,33.114249 ], [ -116.90816,32.534856 ], [ -117.282167,32.534856 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b13ee4b0388651d9173b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danskin, Wesley R. 0000-0001-8672-5501 wdanskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-5501","contributorId":1034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danskin","given":"Wesley","email":"wdanskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70043338,"text":"70043338 - 2012 - Reflections on our Model Validation editorial","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-12T12:25:07","indexId":"70043338","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T12:22:55","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflections on our Model Validation editorial","docAbstract":"This reprinted editorial from 1993 helps to celebrate the legacy of ideas that have influenced generations of hydrogeologists. Drs. Bredehoeft and Konikow kindly provided the following reflections on their editorial.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00951.x","usgsCitation":"Bredehoeft, J.D., and Konikow, L.F., 2012, Reflections on our Model Validation editorial: Ground Water, v. 50, no. 4, p. 493-495, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00951.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"495","ipdsId":"IP-037619","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":624,"text":"Water Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274921,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00951.x"}],"country":"United States","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e1256fe4b02f5cae2b73ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bredehoeft, John D.","contributorId":86747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169880,"text":"70169880 - 2012 - Examining spring wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence along the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T10:43:41","indexId":"70169880","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Examining spring wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence along the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"Wet slab and glide snow avalanches are dangerous and yet can be particularly difficult to predict. Wet slab and glide avalanches are presumably triggered by free water moving through the snowpack and the subsequent interaction with layer or ground interfaces, and typically occur in the spring during warming and subsequent melt periods. In Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana, both types of avalanches can occur in the same year and affect the spring opening operations of the Going-to-the-Sun Road (GTSR).
\nWe investigated the timing of wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence along the GTSR from 2003 to 2011 using meteorological and snowpack data from two high-elevation weather stations, one SNOTEL site, and an avalanche database to characterize 55 wet slab and 182 glide avalanches. Daily wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence were combined to represent an avalanche day and were compared to non-avalanche days (no avalanche occurrence) for 60 variables (both direct and derived measurements) using a univariate analysis. A classification tree (CART) was then trained to capture the most important variables for examining specific meteorological and snowpack variables that contribute to these types of wet snow avalanches. The CART was 10-fold cross validated using the data for 2003–2010 seasons and resulted in overall predictive accuracy of 73%. We then used the statistically optimal CART as a predictive model for the spring avalanche season of 2011, which resulted in an overall predictive accuracy of 82% for both avalanche and non-avalanche days, and a predictive accuracy of 91% for avalanche days.
\nThe results suggest that the role of air temperature and snowpack settlement appear to be the most important variables in wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence. When applied to the 2011 season, the results of the CART model are encouraging and they enhance our understanding of some of the required meteorological and snowpack conditions for wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.01.012","usgsCitation":"Peitzsch, E.H., Hendrikx, J., Fagre, D.B., and Reardon, B., 2012, Examining spring wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence along the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA: Cold Regions Science and Technology, v. 78, p. 73-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.01.012.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"81","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032503","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fba7a5e4b0a6037df1a140","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peitzsch, Erich H. 0000-0001-7624-0455 epeitzsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-0455","contributorId":3786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peitzsch","given":"Erich","email":"epeitzsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendrikx, Jordy","contributorId":166967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hendrikx","given":"Jordy","affiliations":[{"id":13628,"text":"Department of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 173480, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA. 59717.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reardon, Blase","contributorId":168313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reardon","given":"Blase","affiliations":[{"id":25251,"text":"University of Montana, Department of Geosciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70146269,"text":"70146269 - 2012 - A unifying model for planform straightness of ripples and dunes in air and water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-15T12:45:48","indexId":"70146269","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1431,"text":"Earth-Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A unifying model for planform straightness of ripples and dunes in air and water","docAbstract":"Geologists, physicists, and mathematicians have studied ripples and dunes for more than a century, but despite considerable effort, no general model has been proposed to explain perhaps the most fundamental property of their morphology: why are some bedforms straight, continuous, parallel, and uniform in planform geometry (i.e. two-dimensional) whereas others are irregular (three-dimensional)? Here we argue that physical coupling along the crest of a bedform is required to produce straight crests and that along-crest flow and sand transport provide effective physical mechanisms for that coupling. Ripples and dunes with the straightest and most continuous crests include longitudinal and oblique dunes in unidirectional flows, wave ripples, dunes in reversing flows, wind ripples, and ripples migrating along a slope. At first glance, these bedforms appear quite different (ripples and dunes; air and water; transverse, oblique, and longitudinal orientations relative to the net sand-transport direction), but they all have one property in common: a process that increases the amount of along-crest sand transport (that lengthens and straightens their crests) relative to the across-crest transport (that makes them migrate and take the more typical and more three-dimensional planform geometry). In unidirectional flows that produce straight bedforms, along-crest transport of sand is caused by along-crest flow (non-transverse bedform orientation), gravitational transport along an inclined crest, or ballistic splash in air. Bedforms in reversing flows tend to be straighter than their unidirectional counterparts, because reverse transport across the bedform crest reduces the net across-crest transport (that causes the more typical irregular geometry) relative to the along-crest transport (that smoothes and straightens planform geometry).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.010","usgsCitation":"Rubin, D.M., 2012, A unifying model for planform straightness of ripples and dunes in air and water: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 113, no. 3-4, p. 176-185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.010.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"176","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-031080","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474427,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299695,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"3-4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552f8bb0e4b0b22a158031df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70193551,"text":"70193551 - 2012 - Transtensional deformation and structural control of contiguous but independent magmatic systems: Mono-Inyo Craters, Mammoth Mountain, and Long Valley Caldera, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-02T15:10:06","indexId":"70193551","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transtensional deformation and structural control of contiguous but independent magmatic systems: Mono-Inyo Craters, Mammoth Mountain, and Long Valley Caldera, California","docAbstract":"The Long Valley region of eastern California (United States) is the site of abundant late Tertiary–present magmatism, including three geochemically distinct stages of magmatism since ca. 3 Ma: Mammoth Mountain, the Mono-Inyo volcanic chain, and Long Valley Caldera. We propose two tectonic models, one explaining the Mammoth Mountain–Mono-Inyo magmatism and the other explaining the presence of Long Valley Caldera. First, the ongoing Mammoth Mountain–Mono-Inyo volcanic chain magmatism is explained by a ridge-transform-ridge system, with the Mono-Inyo volcanic chain acting as one ridge segment and the South Moat fault acting as a transform fault. Implicit in this first model is that this region of eastern California is beginning to act as an incipient plate boundary. Second, the older Long Valley Caldera system is hypothesized to occur in a region of enhanced extension resulting from regional fault block rotation, specifically involving activation of the sinistral faults of the Mina deflection. The tectonic models are consistent with observed spatial and temporal differences in the geochemistry of the regional magmas, and the westward progression of magmatism since ca. 12 Ma.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES00662.1","usgsCitation":"Riley, P., Tikoff, B., and Hildreth, W., 2012, Transtensional deformation and structural control of contiguous but independent magmatic systems: Mono-Inyo Craters, Mammoth Mountain, and Long Valley Caldera, California: Geosphere, v. 8, no. 4, p. 740-751, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00662.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"740","endPage":"751","ipdsId":"IP-035825","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00662.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348120,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Mountain, Mono-Inyo Craters","volume":"8","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2eb0e4b0531197b28018","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riley, P.","contributorId":199518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riley","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tikoff, B.","contributorId":90934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tikoff","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hildreth, Wes 0000-0002-7925-4251 hildreth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":2221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Wes","email":"hildreth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70045128,"text":"70045128 - 2012 - Refinements to the method of epicentral location based on surface waves from ambient seismic noise: introducing Love waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-25T15:34:20","indexId":"70045128","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Refinements to the method of epicentral location based on surface waves from ambient seismic noise: introducing Love waves","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study is to develop and test a modification to a previous method of regional seismic event location based on Empirical Green’s Functions (EGFs) produced from ambient seismic noise. Elastic EGFs between pairs of seismic stations are determined by cross-correlating long ambient noise time-series recorded at the two stations. The EGFs principally contain Rayleigh- and Love-wave energy on the vertical and transverse components, respectively, and we utilize these signals between about 5 and 12 s period. The previous method, based exclusively on Rayleigh waves, may yield biased epicentral locations for certain event types with hypocentral depths between 2 and 5 km. Here we present theoretical arguments that show how Love waves can be introduced to reduce or potentially eliminate the bias. We also present applications of Rayleigh- and Love-wave EGFs to locate 10 reference events in the western United States. The separate Rayleigh and Love epicentral locations and the joint locations using a combination of the two waves agree to within 1 km distance, on average, but confidence ellipses are smallest when both types of waves are used.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05631.x","usgsCitation":"Levshin, A.L., Barmin, M.P., Moschetti, M.P., Mendoza, C., and Ritzwoller, M.H., 2012, Refinements to the method of epicentral location based on surface waves from ambient seismic noise: introducing Love waves: Geophysical Journal International, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05631.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-040412","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2012.05631.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":274226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274225,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05631.x"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51cabbe4e4b0d298e5434c70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levshin, Anatoli L.","contributorId":21444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levshin","given":"Anatoli","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barmin, Mikhail P.","contributorId":93363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barmin","given":"Mikhail","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moschetti, Morgan P. 0000-0001-7261-0295 mmoschetti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7261-0295","contributorId":1662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moschetti","given":"Morgan","email":"mmoschetti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mendoza, Carlos","contributorId":10313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"Carlos","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ritzwoller, Michael H.","contributorId":58168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritzwoller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70042692,"text":"70042692 - 2012 - Isotope geochemistry and fluxes of carbon and organic matter in tropical small mountainous river systems and adjacent coastal waters of the Caribbean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T07:57:23","indexId":"70042692","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotope geochemistry and fluxes of carbon and organic matter in tropical small mountainous river systems and adjacent coastal waters of the Caribbean","docAbstract":"Recent studies have shown that small mountainous rivers (SMRs) may act as sources of aged and/or refractory carbon (C) to the coastal ocean, which may increase organic C burial at sea and subsidize coastal food webs and heterotrophy. However, the characteristics and spatial and temporal variability of C and organic matter (OM) exported from tropical SMR systems remain poorly constrained. To address this, the abundance and isotopic character (δ13C and Δ14C) of the three major C pools were measured in two Puerto Rico SMRs with catchments dominated by different land uses (agricultural vs. non-agricultural recovering forest). The abundance and character of C pools in associated estuaries and adjacent coastal waters were also examined. Riverine dissolved and particulate organic C (DOC and POC, respectively) concentrations were highly variable with respect to land use and sampling month, while dissolved inorganic C (DIC) was significantly higher at all times in the agricultural catchment. In both systems, riverine DOC and POC ranged from modern to highly aged (2,340 years before present), while DIC was always modern. The agricultural river and irrigation canals contained very old DOC (1,184 and 2,340 years before present, respectively), which is consistent with findings in temperate SMRs and indicates that these tropical SMRs provide a source of aged DOC to the ocean. During months of high river discharge, OM in estuarine and coastal waters had C isotope signatures reflective of direct terrestrial input, indicating that relatively unaltered OM is transported to the coastal ocean at these times. This is also consistent with findings in temperate SMRs and indicates that C transported to the coastal ocean by SMRs may differ from that of larger rivers because it is exported from smaller catchments that have steeper terrains and fewer land-use types.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10533-012-9751-y","usgsCitation":"Moyer, R., Bauer, J., and Grottoli, A., 2012, Isotope geochemistry and fluxes of carbon and organic matter in tropical small mountainous river systems and adjacent coastal waters of the Caribbean: Biogeochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9751-y.","ipdsId":"IP-021879","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267980,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9751-y"},{"id":267981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5129f330e4b04edf7e93f8f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moyer, Ryan","contributorId":48460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyer","given":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bauer, James","contributorId":75407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grottoli, Andrea","contributorId":57340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grottoli","given":"Andrea","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70038895,"text":"sir20125003 - 2012 - Statistical relations of salt and selenium loads to geospatial characteristics of corresponding subbasins of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-03T17:03:09","indexId":"sir20125003","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5003","title":"Statistical relations of salt and selenium loads to geospatial characteristics of corresponding subbasins of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers in Colorado","docAbstract":"Elevated loads of salt and selenium can impair the quality of water for both anthropogenic and natural uses. Understanding the environmental processes controlling how salt and selenium are introduced to streams is critical to managing and mitigating the effects of elevated loads. Dominant relations between salt and selenium loads and environmental characteristics can be established by using geospatial data. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, investigated statistical relations between seasonal salt or selenium loads emanating from the Upper Colorado River Basin and geospatial data. Salt and selenium loads measured during the irrigation and nonirrigation seasons were related to geospatial variables for 168 subbasins within the Gunnison and Colorado River Basins. These geospatial variables represented subbasin characteristics of the physical environment, precipitation, geology, land use, and the irrigation network. All subbasin variables with units of area had statistically significant relations with load. The few variables that were not in units of area but were statistically significant helped to identify types of geospatial data that might influence salt and selenium loading. Following a stepwise approach, combinations of these statistically significant variables were used to develop multiple linear regression models. The models can be used to help prioritize areas where salt and selenium control projects might be most effective.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Leib, K.J., Linard, J.I., and Williams, C.A., 2012, Statistical relations of salt and selenium loads to geospatial characteristics of corresponding subbasins of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5003, v, 31 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125003.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.; Appendices","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5003.gif"},{"id":258123,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258124,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5003/SIR12-5003.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River;Gunnison River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9740e4b08c986b31b98f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linard, Joshua I. jilinard@usgs.gov","contributorId":1465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linard","given":"Joshua","email":"jilinard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70045207,"text":"70045207 - 2012 - Structural stability of coprecipitated natural organic matter and ferric iron under reducing conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T14:55:37","indexId":"70045207","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural stability of coprecipitated natural organic matter and ferric iron under reducing conditions","docAbstract":"The objective was to assess the interaction of Fe coprecipitated with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its effect on Fe (hydr)oxide crystallinity and DOM retention under abiotic reducing conditions. A Fe-based coagulant was reacted with DOM from an agricultural drain and the resulting precipitate (floc) was exposed to S(-II) and Fe(II). Solution concentrations of Fe(II/III) and DOM were monitored, floc crystallinity was determined using X-ray diffraction, and the composition and distribution of functional groups were assessed using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Results indicate coprecipitation of Fe(III) with DOM forms a non-crystalline floc that withstands crystallization regardless of change in pH, Fe:DOM ratio and type of reductant added. There was no evidence that exposure to reducing conditions led to release of DOM from the floc, indicating that coprecipitation with complex natural DOM in aquatic environments may stabilize Fe (hydr)oxides against crystallization upon reaction with reduced species and lead to long term sequestration of the DOM. STXM analysis identified spatially distinct regions with remarkable functional group purity, contrary to the model of DOM as a relatively uniform complex polymer lacking identifiable organic compounds. Polysaccharide-like OM was strongly and directly correlated with the presence of Fe but showed different Fe binding strength depending on the presence of carboxylic acid functional groups, whereas amide and aromatic functional groups were inversely correlated with Fe content.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.04.005","usgsCitation":"Henneberry, Y.K., Kraus, T., Nico, P.S., and Horwath, W., 2012, Structural stability of coprecipitated natural organic matter and ferric iron under reducing conditions: Organic Geochemistry, v. 48, p. 81-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.04.005.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-033359","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1212438","text":"External Repository"},{"id":272039,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272038,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.04.005"}],"country":"United States","volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518a227ae4b061e1bd5334d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henneberry, Yumiko K.","contributorId":66157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henneberry","given":"Yumiko","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, Tamara E.C. 0000-0002-5187-8644","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-8644","contributorId":92410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Tamara E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nico, Peter S.","contributorId":22663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nico","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Horwath, William R.","contributorId":37234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horwath","given":"William R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70045135,"text":"70045135 - 2012 - Objective definition of rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of post-fire debris flows in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-17T20:25:15","indexId":"70045135","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2604,"text":"Landslides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Objective definition of rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of post-fire debris flows in southern California","docAbstract":"Rainfall intensity–duration (ID) thresholds are commonly used to predict the temporal occurrence of debris flows and shallow landslides. Typically, thresholds are subjectively defined as the upper limit of peak rainstorm intensities that do not produce debris flows and landslides, or as the lower limit of peak rainstorm intensities that initiate debris flows and landslides. In addition, peak rainstorm intensities are often used to define thresholds, as data regarding the precise timing of debris flows and associated rainfall intensities are usually not available, and rainfall characteristics are often estimated from distant gauging locations. Here, we attempt to improve the performance of existing threshold-based predictions of post-fire debris-flow occurrence by utilizing data on the precise timing of debris flows relative to rainfall intensity, and develop an objective method to define the threshold intensities. We objectively defined the thresholds by maximizing the number of correct predictions of debris flow occurrence while minimizing the rate of both Type I (false positive) and Type II (false negative) errors. We identified that (1) there were statistically significant differences between peak storm and triggering intensities, (2) the objectively defined threshold model presents a better balance between predictive success, false alarms and failed alarms than previous subjectively defined thresholds, (3) thresholds based on measurements of rainfall intensity over shorter duration (≤60 min) are better predictors of post-fire debris-flow initiation than longer duration thresholds, and (4) the objectively defined thresholds were exceeded prior to the recorded time of debris flow at frequencies similar to or better than subjective thresholds. Our findings highlight the need to better constrain the timing and processes of initiation of landslides and debris flows for future threshold studies. In addition, the methods used to define rainfall thresholds in this study represent a computationally simple means of deriving critical values for other studies of nonlinear phenomena characterized by thresholds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landslides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10346-012-0341-9","usgsCitation":"Staley, D., Kean, J.W., Cannon, S.H., Schmidt, K.M., and Laber, J.L., 2012, Objective definition of rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of post-fire debris flows in southern California: Landslides, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0341-9.","ipdsId":"IP-036312","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271027,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0341-9"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516fc467e4b05024ef3cd415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staley, Dennis","contributorId":44290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staley","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kean, Jason W. 0000-0003-3089-0369 jwkean@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":1654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"Jason","email":"jwkean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, Susan H. cannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Susan","email":"cannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Kevin M. 0000-0003-2365-8035 kschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-8035","contributorId":1985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Kevin","email":"kschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Laber, Jayme L.","contributorId":36832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laber","given":"Jayme","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70202716,"text":"70202716 - 2012 - Since “Groundwater and surface water–A single resource”: some U.S. Geological Survey advances in modeling groundwater/surface-water interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-21T08:43:49","indexId":"70202716","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-30T08:41:25","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5821,"text":"Acque Sotterranee: Italian Journal of Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Since “Groundwater and surface water–A single resource”: some U.S. Geological Survey advances in modeling groundwater/surface-water interactions","docAbstract":"