The water supply of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area is adequate to satisfy present requirements and requirements for many years to come if the area continues to develop at about the present rate.
\nThe flow of -the Mississippi River at the Twin Cities is more than sufficient to meet the demands of the water-supply systems of Minneapolis and St. Paul. The lowest momentary flow during the period 1931-51 was more than twice the present combined maximum demand of Minneapolis and St. Paul. The lake storage of the St. Paul system combined with possible regulations by the Mississippi River headwater reservoir system, in case of an emergency, provides a reserve supply ample to meet a greatly expanded demand. The lowest average daily flow of the Mississippi River at the intakes of the Minneapolis and St. Paul water supply was 389 mgd (602 cfs), The flow at the water supply intakes has been less than 452 mgd (700 cfs) for not more than 6 consecutive days.
\nExcept for the Mississippi River, the streams in the Twin Cities area have not been extensively developed for water supply. The only known use of them for water supply is for the steam-electric. generating plant on the Minnesota River at Savage. Thus, the St. Croix River, within 12 miles on the east, the Minnesota River entering the Twin Cities from the southwest, the Vermilion within 12 miles on the south, and the Crow River within 25 miles on the west offer untapped supplies for industrial and municipal uses.
\nMany water-bearing formations occur in the area. A blanket of glacial deposits, as much as 400 feet thick, covers the area. Small domestic ground-water supplies can be developed practically everywhere in the glacial deposits, and larger industrial supplies can be obtained by exploring and testing. Below the glacial materials is a thick series of rock formations including several prolific sandstone aquifers. The formations dip toward the center of the area forming an artesian basin.
\nThe estimated average daily withdrawal of ground water from all aquifers in the area is about 90 mgd. Practically all the communities that are not supplied by the Minneapolis or St. Paul water-supply systems obtain their water from wells.
\nWhere many large-capacity wells have been concentrated in relatively small areas, there has been a great lowering of artesian pressures. However, there are large areas, distant from the centers of concentrated pumping, which are favorable for the development of additional ground water. With an adequate program of exploration and testing to determine precisely the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of the waterbearing formations, it is likely that large additional supplies of ground water can be developed for municipal and industrial uses.
\nBoth Minneapolis and St. Paul obtain their municipal water supplies from the Mississippi River above the TwinCities and are thus assured of a large supply that is not subject to contamination by industrial wastes and sewage effluents, Treatment at municipal plants for both cities provides water for diversified industrial use and for domestic use that meets U. S. Public Health Service drinking water standards., The treated water is remarkably uniform in chemical composition throughout the year and is virtually free of all color, iron, manganese, and turbidity. Currently, (1952). the two supplies are softened to about 75 ppm (as CaC03), which is an average reduction of about 55 percent in hardness of river water. The dissolvedsolids content of the treated water for St. Paul currently (1952) averages about 100 ppm; the dissolved-solids content of the Minneapolis water is slightly higher. As a matter of further interest to industrial consumers, temperatures of the untreated river water, which is only slightly altered at the Minneapolis treatment plant, averages less than 60 F for about 8 months of the year and is less than 40 F for 4 winter months.
\nThe Mississippi River as it enters the Twin Cities is moderately mineralized, averaging 241 ppm dissolved solids and 179 ppm hardness during the period 1940-49, Average turbidity is very low and silica is moderately low, but the quantities of iron and color in solution are relatively high. Color increases markedly during the period March to July in response to an increase in streamflow. The average chemical composition of the water has remained virtually unchanged except for seasonal variations since 1907.
\nData collected by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District have shown improved sanitary conditions of the river at the Twin Cities lock and dam since the sewage plant went into operation in 1939.
\nThe Minnesota River is more than twice as mineralized and hard as the Mississippi River, and it exerts a noticeable effect on the chemical and sanitary quality of the Mississippi River at St. Paul.
\nOther principal tributary streams to the Mississippi River, including Crow River, Vermilion River, and Bassett Creek, were sampled during the 1952 flood season, at which time they were of the calcium-bicarbonate type, more dilute, and of lower hardness than the Minnesota River. Lake waters in the Twin Cities area generally are less mineralized than those of the streams.
\nWaters from the drift deposits and bedrock formations overlying the Hinckley sandstone are hard and calcareous and generally contain troublesome quantities of iron. Regular treatment is required of some public-supply wells for removal of iron encrustations. Water fr.om these sources generally exceeds 300 ppm hardness, but in some places the St. Peter sandstone and St. Lawrence formation yield water of better quality. The Hinckley sandstone yields the best quality ground-water because of its comparatively lower hardness and uniform temperature (about 52 F). However, the average hardness of the treated municipal supplies of St. Paul and Minneapolis is considerably less than water from the Hinckley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir274","collaboration":"Based on data collected in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters and St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army","usgsCitation":"Prior, C.H., Schneider, R., and Durum, W.H., 1953, Water resources of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 274, Report: 49 p.; 3 Plates: 22.00 x 16.94 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir274.","productDescription":"Report: 49 p.; 3 Plates: 22.00 x 16.94 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408780,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23664.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30558,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30557,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247311,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Minneapolis, St. Paul","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.76968383789062,\n 44.630550504861795\n ],\n [\n -93.76968383789062,\n 45.298075138707965\n ],\n [\n -92.73971557617188,\n 45.298075138707965\n ],\n [\n -92.73971557617188,\n 44.630550504861795\n ],\n [\n -93.76968383789062,\n 44.630550504861795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prior, Charles Henry","contributorId":6839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prior","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3959,"text":"cir233 - 1953 - A geologic and geophysical reconnaissance of the Doney Park-Black Bill Park area, Arizona, with reference to ground water, with a section on geophysics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T21:28:34.97538","indexId":"cir233","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"233","title":"A geologic and geophysical reconnaissance of the Doney Park-Black Bill Park area, Arizona, with reference to ground water, with a section on geophysics","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir233","usgsCitation":"Feth, J.H., and Yost, C.B., 1953, A geologic and geophysical reconnaissance of the Doney Park-Black Bill Park area, Arizona, with reference to ground water, with a section on geophysics: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 233, Report: 11 p.; 1 Plate: 18.00 × 15.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir233.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; 1 Plate: 18.00 × 15.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392072,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24020.htm"},{"id":31047,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0233/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":31046,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0233/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0233/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Doney Park - Black Bill Park area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.595,\n 35.167\n ],\n [\n -111.446,\n 35.167\n ],\n [\n -111.446,\n 35.39\n ],\n [\n -111.595,\n 35.39\n ],\n [\n -111.595,\n 35.167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae679","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feth, John Henry Frederick","contributorId":37310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feth","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yost, Coyd Bickley","contributorId":13217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yost","given":"Coyd","email":"","middleInitial":"Bickley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":46653,"text":"ofr5329 - 1953 - Geologic map of the Smelterville and vicinity quadrangle, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":46653,"text":"ofr5329 - 1953 - Geologic map of the Smelterville and vicinity quadrangle, Idaho","indexId":"ofr5329","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Smelterville and vicinity quadrangle, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6042,"text":"pp478 - 1965 - Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho","indexId":"pp478","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6042,"text":"pp478 - 1965 - Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho","indexId":"pp478","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-30T14:56:32","indexId":"ofr5329","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-29","title":"Geologic map of the Smelterville and vicinity quadrangle, Idaho","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5329","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1953, Geologic map of the Smelterville and vicinity quadrangle, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-29, 1 map: 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5329.","productDescription":"1 map: 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":363391,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0029/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a78c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12561,"text":"ofr5310 - 1953 - Preliminary report on the Little Susitna district, Matanuska coal field, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T18:23:52.52312","indexId":"ofr5310","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-10","title":"Preliminary report on the Little Susitna district, Matanuska coal field, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Little Susitna district, as defined in this report, occupies an area roughly 25 miles long and 3 miles wide on the north side of the lower (western) extremity of the Matanuska Valley in south-central Alaska (fig. 1). The district is bounded on the north by the Talkeetna Mountains, on the south and east by the Little Susitna River, and on the west by the broad lowland of the Susitna River. (See pl. 1.)
This report is based on field work done in the summer of 1952, in which the writer was assisted by Alfred Oestreich, Lewis Ladwig, and Richard Pack. Prior to the present investigation very little was known geologically of the district, except that it was largely covered with alluvial and glacial deposits and that coal-bearing rocks were exposed at three widely separated localities. The purpose of the investigation was to determine, if possible from scattered outcrops and shallow test pits, whether any parts of the district offered sufficient promise of containing minable coal deposits to warrant a more detailed investigation using sub-surface methods.
As a result of this preliminary investigation, plans are being made to explore more thoroughly, by trenching and drilling, some of the more promising parts of the district.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5310","usgsCitation":"Barnes, F.F., 1953, Preliminary report on the Little Susitna district, Matanuska coal field, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-10, Report: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 55.28 x 30.23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5310.","productDescription":"Report: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 55.28 x 30.23 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":427862,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0010/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":427861,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0010/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Little Susitna district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.0228241956981,\n 61.68467749343503\n ],\n [\n -150.0228241956981,\n 61.59270879465117\n ],\n [\n -149.44386110930495,\n 61.59270879465117\n ],\n [\n -149.44386110930495,\n 61.68467749343503\n ],\n [\n -150.0228241956981,\n 61.68467749343503\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ca70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Farrell F.","contributorId":58624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Farrell","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51229,"text":"ofr5346 - 1953 - Letter to John H. Bliss, State Engineer of New Mexico, on ground-water conditions in the Upper Black River Valley, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:13","indexId":"ofr5346","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-46","title":"Letter to John H. Bliss, State Engineer of New Mexico, on ground-water conditions in the Upper Black River Valley, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5346","usgsCitation":"Conover, C., 1953, Letter to John H. Bliss, State Engineer of New Mexico, on ground-water conditions in the Upper Black River Valley, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-46, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5346.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a84a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conover, C.S.","contributorId":79862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conover","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35498,"text":"b1003A - 1953 - The \"Clinton\" sands in Canton, Dover, Massillon, and Navarre quadrangles, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T11:15:19","indexId":"b1003A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1003","chapter":"A","title":"The \"Clinton\" sands in Canton, Dover, Massillon, and Navarre quadrangles, Ohio","docAbstract":"The Canton, Dover, Massillon, and Navarre quadrangles cover about 880 square miles in eastern Ohio. Canton is the largest city in the mapped area. In these four quadrangles, the well drillers generally recognize three \"Clinton\" sands - in descending order, the \"stray Clinton\", the \"red Clinton\", and the \"white Clinton\". The Clinton sands of Ohio are of early Silurian age and probably correlate with the middle and upper part of the Albion sandstone in the Niagara gorge section in western New York.
The study of drillers' logs and examination of well samples show that of the three so-called Clinton sands, the red is most readily recognized. The \"Packer shell\", a probable equivalent of the Clinton formation of New York, and the Queenston shale - the drillers' \"red Medina\" - are also good units for short distance correlations.
Each of the Clinton sands consists of a thin layer that contains long narrow lenses of thicker sand. Although the pattern of the trend of the lenses varies for each of the Clinton sands, the trend generally is westward across the mapped area. It is thought that these lenses represent deposition in channels, probably offshore from a large delta.
Production of gas and oil from the so-called Clinton apparently is closely related to the sorting, porosity, and permeability of the sand. Stratigraphic traps contain the oil or gas, and structure appears to be relatively unimportant in localizing the accumulation of the petroleum.
East of the mapped area, the Clinton sands have not produced oil or gas in commercial quantities. Several parts of the mapped area may hold additional amounts of gas.
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