The Rapid Valley unit is in Pennington County, S. Dak., and extends from the east city limits of Rapid City southeastward for 21 miles along Rapid Creek.
\nThe bedrock formations that underlie the region are chiefly marine in origin, and they generally dip eastward from the center of the Black Hills uplift. The exposed formations are of Cretaceous age and consist of the Greenhorn limestone, the Carlile shale, the Niobrara formation, and the Pierre shale. The Pierre shale, which underlies the unconsolidated flood plain and terrace deposits in much Of the region is exposed in the erosional slopes along the south side of the valley and in the deeper draws on the north side. The areas in which the other formations are exposed are relatively small and are restricted to the western part of-the region.
\nFour terraces are present on the north side of Rapid Creek. The lowest terrace and the flood plain in the western half of the region are irrigated at the present time, and the two lower terraces and the flood plain in the eastern half have been proposed for irrigation.
\nAbundant supplies of ground water occur in the flood plain and terrace deposits where they are now irrigated. Because the waterbearing materials consist of interfingering layers of differing permeability, the ground water is under water-table conditions in some places whereas it is confined in others.
\nLocally, where there is a confining layer below other water-bearing materials or where a confined layer is itself saturated, the ground water may occur under both water-table and artesian conditions. Seepage from irrigation canals, which is the principal source of recharge, causes high ground-water levels from June to November; as a result, parts of the areas have become waterlogged. In the parts of the region that are not now affected by irrigation, the surface of the ground water is only a few feet above the bedrock surface and 6 ft to 42 ft below land surface; its position is relatively constant throughout the year.
\nHarmful concentrations of salt in the soil are in part due to evaporation of ground water. These are found only locally in the Rapid Valley region and do not present a serious problem at this time. It is thought, however, that the fine-grained materials underlying the Rapid terrace may contain sufficient salt to cause detrimental salt accumulations in the soil if the proposed irrigation causes ground-water levels to rise close to the surface.
\nLining of the irrigation canals would reduce the amount of seepage and would effect a lowering of ground-water levels, if irrigation practices are extended to other areas, drainage facilities will be necessary both to avoid aggravating the existing conditions of waterlogging and to prevent the waterlogging of other low-lying lands.
\nThe flow of Rapid Creek is affected by a variety of conditions. A few miles west of Rapid City, where Rapid Creek flows over the Englewood and Pahasapa limestones and the Minnelusa sandstone, there is a loss of about 8 cfs of water in a distance of a few miles. In the 3-mile reach of Rapid Creek between the Canyon Lake stream-gaging station and the Rapid City stream-gaging station there is a gain of about 20 cfs; much of this gain in flow may be attributed to the inflow from Cleghorn and Jackson springs and to the addition of water from the State-owned cement plant. In the Rapid Valley unit, the flow of the creek during the irrigation season is affected largely by the amount of water diverted for irrigation. The irrigation canals act as bypass channels, much of the water being returned to Rapid Creek by way of spillage into normally dry tributary creek channels and by movement through ground-water bodies that discharge into Rapid Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/cir201","usgsCitation":"Rosier, A.J., and Snell, L., 1953, Ground-water resources of the Rapid Valley unit, Cheyenne Division, South Dakota, with a section on the surface waters of Rapid Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 201, iii, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir201.","productDescription":"iii, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30502,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0201/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0201/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.8922119140625,\n 43.361132106881726\n ],\n [\n -102.073974609375,\n 43.361132106881726\n ],\n [\n -102.073974609375,\n 44.55133484083592\n ],\n [\n -103.8922119140625,\n 44.55133484083592\n ],\n [\n -103.8922119140625,\n 43.361132106881726\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a685","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosier, Arthur J.","contributorId":69537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosier","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snell, L.J.","contributorId":25555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snell","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16436,"text":"ofr53278 - 1953 - Additional Field Methods Used in Geochemical Prospecting by the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:09","indexId":"ofr53278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-278","title":"Additional Field Methods Used in Geochemical Prospecting by the U.S. Geological Survey","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr53278","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1953, Additional Field Methods Used in Geochemical Prospecting by the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-278, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53278.","productDescription":"42 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0278/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45415,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0278/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699be0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":798,"text":"wsp1165 - 1953 - Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States, 1950, Part 1, Northeastern States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:09","indexId":"wsp1165","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1165","title":"Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States, 1950, Part 1, Northeastern States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1165","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1953, Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States, 1950, Part 1, Northeastern States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1165, vi, 407 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1165.","productDescription":"vi, 407 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1165/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25365,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9f08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3608,"text":"cir166 - 1953 - Ground water for irrigation in Box Butte County, Nebraska, with a section on the chemical quality of the water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir166","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"166","title":"Ground water for irrigation in Box Butte County, Nebraska, with a section on the chemical quality of the water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir166","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., and Durum, W.H., 1953, Ground water for irrigation in Box Butte County, Nebraska, with a section on the chemical quality of the water: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 166, iii, 39 p. :ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir166.","productDescription":"iii, 39 p. :ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0166/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30643,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0166/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30644,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0166/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3555,"text":"cir294 - 1953 - Results of reconnaissance for radioactive minerals in parts of the Alma district, Park County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"cir294","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"294","title":"Results of reconnaissance for radioactive minerals in parts of the Alma district, Park County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Pitchblende was discovered in July 1951 in the Alma mining district, Park County, Colo., by the U. S. Geological Survey acting on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. \r\n\r\nThe pitchblende is associated with Tertiary veins of three different geologic environments: (1) veins in pre-Cambrian rocks, (2) the London vein system in the footwall block of the London fault, and (3) veins in a mineralized area east of the Cooper Gulch fault. Pitchblende is probably not associated with silver-lead replacement deposits in dolomite. \r\n\r\nSecondary uranium minerals, as yet undetermined, are associated with pitchblende on two London vein system mine dumps and occur in oxidized vein material from dumps of mines in the other environments. \r\n\r\nAlthough none of the known occurrences is of commercial importance, the Alma district is considered a moderately favorable area in which to prospect for uranium ore because 24 of the 43 localities examined show anomalous radioactivity; samples from anomalously radioactive localities, which include mine dumps and some underground workings, have uranium contents ranging from 0.001 to 1.66 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir294","usgsCitation":"Pierson, C.T., and Singewald, Q.D., 1953, Results of reconnaissance for radioactive minerals in parts of the Alma district, Park County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 294, 9 p. :map (1 folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir294.","productDescription":"9 p. :map (1 folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0294/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30575,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0294/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ebd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierson, Charles Thomas","contributorId":13216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singewald, Quentin Dreyer","contributorId":87115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singewald","given":"Quentin","email":"","middleInitial":"Dreyer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4506,"text":"cir244 - 1953 - Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the vicinity of Teller and Cape Nome, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 1946-47","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:48","indexId":"cir244","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"244","title":"Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the vicinity of Teller and Cape Nome, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 1946-47","docAbstract":"Placer-mining areas and bedrock exposures near Teller on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, were investigated in June and July, 1946, for possible sources of radioactive materials. The areas that were investigated are: Dese Creek, southeast of Teller; Bluestone River basin, south and southeast of Teller; Sunset Creek and other small streams flowing south into Grantley Harbor, northeast of Teller; and, also northeast of Teller, Swanson Creek and its tributaries, which flow north into the Agiapuk River basin. \r\n\r\nNo significant amount of radioactive material was found, either in the stream gravels or in the bedrock of any of the areas. A heavy-mineral fraction obtained from a granite boulder probably derived from a bench gravel on Gold Run contains 0. 017 percent equivalent uranium, but the radioactivity is due to allanite and zircon. \r\n\r\nThe types of bedrock tested include schist, slate, and greenstone. Readings on fresh surfaces of rock were the same as, or only slightly above the background count. The maximum radioactivity in stream concentrates is 0. 004 percent equivalent uranium in a sluice concentrate from Sunset Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/cir244","usgsCitation":"White, M.G., West, W., and Matzko, J., 1953, Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the vicinity of Teller and Cape Nome, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 1946-47: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 244, i, 8 p.:2 fold. maps (in pocket):27 cm.27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir244.","productDescription":"i, 8 p.:2 fold. maps (in pocket):27 cm.27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0244/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31566,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0244/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644060","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Max Gregg","contributorId":91841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Max","email":"","middleInitial":"Gregg","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"West, W.S.","contributorId":30609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matzko, J.J.","contributorId":87927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzko","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4056,"text":"cir302 - 1953 - Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Montana, 1949-50, part 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"cir302","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"302","title":"Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Montana, 1949-50, part 1","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir302","usgsCitation":"Cressman, E.R., Wilson, W., Tandy, C., and Garmoe, W., 1953, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Montana, 1949-50, part 1: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 302, 23 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir302.","productDescription":"23 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0302/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31150,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0302/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cressman, Earle Rupert","contributorId":43324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cressman","given":"Earle","email":"","middleInitial":"Rupert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, W.H.","contributorId":32293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tandy, C.W.","contributorId":86628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tandy","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garmoe, W.J.","contributorId":60072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garmoe","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":51343,"text":"ofr53182 - 1953 - Geologic and seismic investigation for the relocation of Route 20, in West Stockbridge, Massachusetts, grade separation at Albany Street, stations 100-109","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr53182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-182","title":"Geologic and seismic investigation for the relocation of Route 20, in West Stockbridge, Massachusetts, grade separation at Albany Street, stations 100-109","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53182","usgsCitation":"Maynard, J., and Hazelwood, R., 1953, Geologic and seismic investigation for the relocation of Route 20, in West Stockbridge, Massachusetts, grade separation at Albany Street, stations 100-109: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-182, 2 p., 2 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53182.","productDescription":"2 p., 2 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a814d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maynard, J.E.","contributorId":26005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maynard","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hazelwood, R.M.","contributorId":41883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazelwood","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":645,"text":"wsp1208 - 1953 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1951, Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:08","indexId":"wsp1208","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1208","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1951, Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1208","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1953, Surface water supply of the United States, 1951, Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1208, xii, 543 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1208.","productDescription":"xii, 543 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1208/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1208/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":635,"text":"wsp1171 - 1953 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1950, Part I, North Atlantic slope basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:08","indexId":"wsp1171","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1171","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1950, Part I, North Atlantic slope basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1171","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1953, Surface water supply of the United States, 1950, Part I, North Atlantic slope basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1171, xiv, 778 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1171.","productDescription":"xiv, 778 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1171/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25198,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1171/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69658d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":646,"text":"wsp1212 - 1953 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1951. Part 8. Western Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:08","indexId":"wsp1212","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1212","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1951. Part 8. Western Gulf of Mexico basins","docAbstract":"This volume is one of a series of 18 reports presenting measurements of stage, discharge, and content of streams, lakes, and reservoirs in the United States during the water year ending September 30, 1951. Since 1888, when the United States Geological Survey first studied streamflow in relation to problems of irrigation, similar measurements have been made at more than 12,400 gaging stations in the 48 States and at many others in the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii. On September 30, 1951, the Geological Survey and cooperating organization' were maintaining 6,730 gaging stations, including those in Alaska and Hawaii. \r\nMiscellaneous discharge measurements were made at many other points in the 1951 water year.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1212","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1953, Surface water supply of the United States, 1951. Part 8. Western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1212, x, 391 p. :ill., map ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1212.","productDescription":"x, 391 p. :ill., map ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25209,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696142","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37598,"text":"ssrw22 - 1953 - 1953 status report of waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:52","indexId":"ssrw22","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"22","title":"1953 status report of waterfowl","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.S., 1953, 1953 status report of waterfowl: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 22, 64 p.","productDescription":"64 p.","numberOfPages":"64","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":101731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924055486660?urlappend=%3Bseq=389"},{"id":164697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd490fe4b0b290850eed85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, C. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir198","usgsCitation":"Moulder, E.A., Torrey, A.E., and Koopman, F.C., 1953, Ground-water factors affecting the drainage of Area IV, First Division, Buffalo Rapids irrigation project, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 198, iv, 46 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm. + plates folded in pocket., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir198.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 46 p.; 4 Plates: 14.50 x 12.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":500492,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119217.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30667,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30666,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0198/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30665,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0198/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30664,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0198/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30663,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0198/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117412,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0198/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Dawson County","otherGeospatial":"Area IV, First Division, Buffalo Rapids irrigation project","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.92,\n 46.95\n ],\n [\n -104.92,\n 46.89\n ],\n [\n -104.84,\n 46.89\n ],\n [\n -104.84,\n 46.95\n ],\n [\n -104.92,\n 46.95\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulder, E. 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1953 - Fecundity of Hudson River shad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:56","indexId":"rr33","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":74,"text":"Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"33","title":"Fecundity of Hudson River shad","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Lehman, B.A., 1953, Fecundity of Hudson River shad: Research Report 33, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lehman, Burton A.","contributorId":63857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehman","given":"Burton","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37118,"text":"rr35 - 1953 - Use of impounded water for fish culture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:52","indexId":"rr35","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":74,"text":"Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"35","title":"Use of impounded water for fish culture","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Johnson, H.E., and Brice, R.F., 1953, Use of impounded water for fish culture: Research Report 35, ii, 35 p. : ill., maps ; 23 cm.","productDescription":"ii, 35 p. : ill., maps ; 23 cm","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685908","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Harlan E.","contributorId":59496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Harlan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brice, Richard F.","contributorId":41872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brice","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":63048,"text":"gq23 - 1953 - Geology of the Coaldale quadrangle, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:47","indexId":"gq23","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"23","title":"Geology of the Coaldale quadrangle, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq23","usgsCitation":"Ferguson, H.G., Muller, S.W., and Cathcart, S.H., 1953, Geology of the Coaldale quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 23, 1 map :col. ;44 x 35 cm. on sheet 76 x 128 cm., folded to 76 x 64 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq23.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;44 x 35 cm. on sheet 76 x 128 cm., folded to 76 x 64 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102234,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_683.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"683"},{"id":187291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"25000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,38 ], [ -118,38.5 ], [ -117.5,38.5 ], [ -117.5,38 ], [ -118,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6830f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferguson, Henry Gardiner","contributorId":72041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"Gardiner","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muller, Siemon W.","contributorId":65919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"Siemon","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cathcart, Stanley Holman","contributorId":88434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cathcart","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Holman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":61804,"text":"gq28 - 1953 - Geology of the Carlisle quadrangle, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:50","indexId":"gq28","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"28","title":"Geology of the Carlisle quadrangle, Pennsylvania","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq28","usgsCitation":"Stose, G.W., 1953, Geology of the Carlisle quadrangle, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 28, 1 map, [4] p. :col. ;76 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq28.","productDescription":"1 map, [4] p. :col. ;76 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102287,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_736.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"736"},{"id":187217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.25,40 ], [ -77.25,40.25 ], [ -77,40.25 ], [ -77,40 ], [ -77.25,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683221","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stose, George W.","contributorId":46067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stose","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13627,"text":"ofr5371 - 1953 - Stratigraphic relations of the Shakopee dolomite and the St. Peter sandstone in southwestern Wisconsin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13627,"text":"ofr5371 - 1953 - Stratigraphic relations of the Shakopee dolomite and the St. Peter sandstone in southwestern Wisconsin","indexId":"ofr5371","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Stratigraphic relations of the Shakopee dolomite and the St. Peter sandstone in southwestern Wisconsin"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39134,"text":"pp274K - 1956 - Stratigraphy of Middle Ordovician rocks in the zinc-lead district of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa","indexId":"pp274K","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"Stratigraphy of Middle Ordovician rocks in the zinc-lead district of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39134,"text":"pp274K - 1956 - Stratigraphy of Middle Ordovician rocks in the zinc-lead district of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa","indexId":"pp274K","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Stratigraphy of Middle Ordovician rocks in the zinc-lead district of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T15:29:52.003884","indexId":"ofr5371","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-71","title":"Stratigraphic relations of the Shakopee dolomite and the St. Peter sandstone in southwestern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This paper is concerned with the origin and geologic history of the boundary that separates the widespread St. Peter sandstone from the underlying Shakopee dolomite. That international surface is highly undulatory, and most contemporary geologists who have examined it believe that the contact irregularities result from pre-St. Peter subaerial erosion of the upper Shakopee surface. Some earlier investigators do not entirely concur.
This report is a by-product of work done for the U. S. Geological Survey during an investigation of the lead-zinc resources of Wisconsin by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. Attention was focused on the problem by stratigraphic studies of the Prairie du Chien formations, particularly of the Shakopee dolomite, in which structural and lithologic characters observed in the carbonate sediments seemed to be incompatible with the widely accepted erosional origin of the upper Shakopee surface. It was decided, in 1950, to explore the whole problem of the Shakopee-St. Peter relations by detailed outcrop examinations, supplemented by subsurface and other studies that might contribute to a better understanding of the genetic relationships involved. The area of the investigation was restricted to three counties in southwestern Wisconsin and closely adjacent areas in Iowa(fig. 1), differing in this respect from the broader and more general studies that previously have tended to be the rule.
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