Riparian evapotranspiration (ET) was measured on a salt cedar (Tamarix spp.) dominated river terrace on the Lower Colorado River from 2007 to 2009 using tissue-heat-balance sap flux sensors at six sites representing very dense, medium dense, and sparse stands of plants. Salt cedar ET varied markedly across sites, and sap flux sensors showed that plants were subject to various degrees of stress, detected as mid-day depression of transpiration and stomatal conductance. Sap flux results were scaled from the leaf level of measurement to the stand level by measuring plant-specific leaf area index and fractional ground cover at each site. Results were compared to Bowen ratio moisture tower data available for three of the sites. Sap flux sensors and flux tower results ranked the sites the same and had similar estimates of ET. A regression equation, relating measured ET of salt cedar and other riparian plants and crops on the Lower Colorado River to the Enhanced Vegetation Index from the MODIS sensor on the Terra satellite and reference crop ET measured at meteorological stations, was able to predict actual ET with an accuracy or uncertainty of about 20%, despite between-site differences for salt cedar. Peak summer salt cedar ET averaged about 6 mm d-1 across sites and methods of measurement.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing and hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Commission on Remote Sensing of IAHS","conferenceDate":"September 27-30 2010","conferenceLocation":"Jacksonhole, Wyoming","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS Press","usgsCitation":"Nagler, P.L., Glenn, E.P., and Morino, K., 2010, Comparison of sap flux, moisture flux tower and MODIS enhanced vegetation index methods for estimating riparian evapotranspiration, in Remote sensing and hydrology, v. 352, Jacksonhole, Wyoming, September 27-30 2010, p. 410-413.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"410","endPage":"413","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-024491","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307439,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iahs.info/Publications-News.do"}],"volume":"352","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91afe4b0518e354dd13a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Neale, Christopher M.U","contributorId":146997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neale","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"M.U","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569820,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cosh, Michael H.","contributorId":146998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cosh","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569821,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Nagler, Pamela L. 0000-0003-0674-103X pnagler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":1398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","email":"pnagler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glenn, Edward P.","contributorId":19289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morino, Kiyomi","contributorId":78210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morino","given":"Kiyomi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042015,"text":"70042015 - 2010 - The North American upper mantle: Density, composition, and evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T16:07:19.457916","indexId":"70042015","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The North American upper mantle: Density, composition, and evolution","docAbstract":"The upper mantle of North America has been well studied using various seismic methods. Here we investigate the density structure of the North American (NA) upper mantle based on the integrative use of the gravity field and seismic data. The basis of our study is the removal of the gravitational effect of the crust to determine the mantle gravity anomalies. The effect of the crust is removed in three steps by subtracting the gravitational contributions of (1) topography and bathymetry, (2) low-density sedimentary accumulations, and (3) the three-dimensional density structure of the crystalline crust as determined by seismic observations. Information regarding sedimentary accumulations, including thickness and density, are taken from published maps and summaries of borehole measurements of densities; the seismic structure of the crust is based on a recent compilation, with layer densities estimated from P-wave velocities. The resultant mantle gravity anomaly map shows a pronounced negative anomaly (−50 to −400 mGal) beneath western North America and the adjacent oceanic region and positive anomalies (+50 to +350 mGal) east of the NA Cordillera. This pattern reflects the well-known division of North America into the stable eastern region and the tectonically active western region. The close correlation of large-scale features of the mantle anomaly map with those of the topographic map indicates that a significant amount of the topographic uplift in western NA is due to buoyancy in the hot upper mantle, a conclusion supported by previous investigations. To separate the contributions of mantle temperature anomalies from mantle compositional anomalies, we apply an additional correction to the mantle anomaly map for the thermal structure of the uppermost mantle. The thermal model is based on the conversion of seismic shear-wave velocities to temperature and is consistent with mantle temperatures that are independently estimated from heat flow and heat production data. The thermally corrected mantle density map reveals density anomalies that are chiefly due to compositional variations. These compositional density anomalies cause gravitational anomalies that reach ~250 mGal. A pronounced negative anomaly (−50 to −200 mGal) is found over the Canadian shield, which is consistent with chemical depletion and a corresponding low density of the lithospheric mantle, also referred to as the mantle tectosphere. The strongest positive anomaly is coincident with the Gulf of Mexico and indicates a positive density anomaly in the upper mantle, possibly an eclogite layer that has caused subsidence in the Gulf. Two linear positive anomalies are also seen south of 40°N: one with a NE-SW trend in the eastern United States, roughly coincident with the Grenville-Appalachians, and a second with a NW-SE trend beneath the states of Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. These anomalies are interpreted as being due to (1) the presence of remnants of an oceanic slab in the upper mantle beneath the Grenville-Appalachian suture and (2) mantle thickening caused by a period of shallow, flat subduction during the Laramie orogeny, respectively. Based on these geophysical results, the evolution of the NA upper mantle is depicted in a series of maps and cartoons that display the primary processes that have formed and modified the NA crust and lithospheric upper mantle.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.1029/2010JB000866","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., and Kaban, M.K., 2010, The North American upper mantle: Density, composition, and evolution: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, no. B12, B12424, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB000866.","productDescription":"B12424, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-024985","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jb000866","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":264788,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 177.1,5.6 ], [ 177.1,85.4 ], [ -4.0,85.4 ], [ -4.0,5.6 ], [ 177.1,5.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4fd81e4b0e8fec6ce888a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaban, Mikhail K.","contributorId":53257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaban","given":"Mikhail","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041898,"text":"70041898 - 2010 - The bioeconomic impact of different management regulations on the Chesapeake Bay blue crab fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-26T11:27:13","indexId":"70041898","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The bioeconomic impact of different management regulations on the Chesapeake Bay blue crab fishery","docAbstract":"The harvest of blue crabs Callinectes sapidus in Chesapeake Bay declined 46% between 1993 and 2001 and remained low through 2008. Because the total market value of this fishery has declined by an average of US $ 3.3 million per year since 1993, the commercial fishery has been challenged to maintain profitability. We developed a bioeconomic simulation model of the Chesapeake Bay blue crab fishery to aid managers in determining which regulations will maximize revenues while ensuring a sustainable harvest. We compared 15 different management scenarios, including those implemented by Maryland and Virginia between 2007 and 2009, that sought to reduce female crab harvest and nine others that used seasonal closures, different size regulations, or the elimination of fishing for specific market categories. Six scenarios produced the highest revenues: the 2008 and 2009 Maryland regulations, spring and fall closures for female blue crabs, and 152- and 165-mm maximum size limits for females. Our most important finding was that for each state the 2008 and 2009 scenarios that implemented early closures of the female crab fishery produced higher revenues than the 2007 scenario, in which no early female closures were implemented. We conclude that the use of maximum size limits for female crabs would not be feasible despite their potentially high revenue, given the likelihood that the soft-shell and peeler fisheries cannot be expanded beyond their current capacity and the potentially high mortality rate for culled individuals that are the incorrect size. Our model results support the current use of seasonal closures for females, which permit relatively high exploitation of males and soft-shell and peeler blue crabs (which have high prices) while keeping the female crab harvest sustainable. Further, our bioeconomic model allows for the inclusion of an economic viewpoint along with biological data when target reference points are set by managers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/M09-182.1","usgsCitation":"Bunnell, D., Lipton, D., and Miller, T.J., 2010, The bioeconomic impact of different management regulations on the Chesapeake Bay blue crab fishery: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1505-1521, https://doi.org/10.1577/M09-182.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1521","ipdsId":"IP-017131","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264781,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M09-182.1"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.4633,36.9078 ], [ -76.4633,37.9656 ], [ -75.6353,37.9656 ], [ -75.6353,36.9078 ], [ -76.4633,36.9078 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e50102e4b0e8fec6ce90bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunnell, David B.","contributorId":14360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipton, Douglas W.","contributorId":67784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipton","given":"Douglas W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Thomas J.","contributorId":6353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041658,"text":"70041658 - 2010 - Time-averaged paleomagnetic field at the equator: Complete data and results from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-11T09:56:57","indexId":"70041658","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-averaged paleomagnetic field at the equator: Complete data and results from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador","docAbstract":"We present here the complete paleomagnetic laboratory results from a collection of approximately 1500 oriented cores from all 16 of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, collected by Allan Cox in 1964–1965 but nearly all previously unpublished. The islands are located in the eastern Pacific Ocean within 1.4° of latitude from the equator and range in age from historically erupted to 3 Ma, mostly determined by published K-Ar and 3He isotopic dating. The number of sites collected on each island ranges from 1 to 28, for a total of 186. After combining duplicate site mean directions, 149 are used for an overall mean direction and 8 represent excursions and one reversal path. Divided by geomagnetic polarity chron, 110 site means are Brunhes or Jaramillo (normal polarity), 27 are Matuyama (reversed polarity), and 12 are Gauss (both polarities). We have completed the magnetic cleaning that was commenced in the late 1960s. Secondary (mostly viscous) magnetizations were nearly all removed by alternating field demagnetization at 10 mT. We have used the so-called blanket cleaning method, generally at 10 mT. All sites were in basalt flows and gave good paleomagnetic results; none was rejected in toto, and only a few core specimens were magnetically unsatisfactory. Nearly all sites had eight independently oriented cores, and within-site angular standard deviations of directions range from 1° to 8°. We used both Fisher and Bingham statistics to analyze the data and found that many of the direction populations are strongly elongate along the paleomagnetic meridian, while the corresponding virtual pole (VGP) populations are essentially circularly distributed. The paleomagnetic poles, calculated as the means of VGPs, are as follows: Brunhes and Jaramillo, north latitude = 86.9°, east longitude = 245.1°, and 95% confidence radius A95 = 1.9°; Matuyama, latitude = 87.2°, longitude = 158.2°, and A95 = 3.8°; Gauss, latitude = 83.0°, longitude = 204.7°, and A95 = 7.0°. These paleomagnetic poles do not differ significantly from one another, but the Brunhes and Jaramillo combined pole is significantly near-sided with respect to the Galapagos, as is the overall mean pole, which is at latitude = 87.1° and longitude = 227.6°, with A95 = 1.7°. Omitting the excursion and reversal path data, the overall angular standard deviation of VGPs is 11.7° with lower and upper 95% confidence limits of 10.8° and 12.7°, respectively, in good agreement with previously published values for near-equatorial sampling latitudes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2010GC003090","usgsCitation":"Gromme, S., Mankinen, E.A., and Prevot, M., 2010, Time-averaged paleomagnetic field at the equator: Complete data and results from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 11, 41 p.; Q11009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003090.","productDescription":"41 p.; Q11009","ipdsId":"IP-019050","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gc003090","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263910,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003090"}],"country":"Ecuador","otherGeospatial":"Galapagos Islands","volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c86468e4b03bc63bd67a23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gromme, Sherman","contributorId":59318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"Sherman","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prevot, Michel","contributorId":60510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prevot","given":"Michel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041765,"text":"70041765 - 2010 - Coherence of Mach fronts during heterogeneous supershear earthquake rupture propagation: Simulations and comparison with observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T22:33:39","indexId":"70041765","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coherence of Mach fronts during heterogeneous supershear earthquake rupture propagation: Simulations and comparison with observations","docAbstract":"We study how heterogeneous rupture propagation affects the coherence of shear and Rayleigh Mach wavefronts radiated by supershear earthquakes. We address this question using numerical simulations of ruptures on a planar, vertical strike-slip fault embedded in a three-dimensional, homogeneous, linear elastic half-space. Ruptures propagate spontaneously in accordance with a linear slip-weakening friction law through both homogeneous and heterogeneous initial shear stress fields. In the 3-D homogeneous case, rupture fronts are curved owing to interactions with the free surface and the finite fault width; however, this curvature does not greatly diminish the coherence of Mach fronts relative to cases in which the rupture front is constrained to be straight, as studied by Dunham and Bhat (2008a). Introducing heterogeneity in the initial shear stress distribution causes ruptures to propagate at speeds that locally fluctuate above and below the shear wave speed. Calculations of the Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) of ground velocity time histories corroborate the kinematic results of Bizzarri and Spudich (2008a): (1) The ground motion of a supershear rupture is richer in high frequency with respect to a subshear one. (2) When a Mach pulse is present, its high frequency content overwhelms that arising from stress heterogeneity. Present numerical experiments indicate that a Mach pulse causes approximately an ω−1.7 high frequency falloff in the FAS of ground displacement. Moreover, within the context of the employed representation of heterogeneities and over the range of parameter space that is accessible with current computational resources, our simulations suggest that while heterogeneities reduce peak ground velocity and diminish the coherence of the Mach fronts, ground motion at stations experiencing Mach pulses should be richer in high frequencies compared to stations without Mach pulses. In contrast to the foregoing theoretical results, we find no average elevation of 5%-damped absolute response spectral accelerations (SA) in the period band 0.05–0.4 s observed at stations that presumably experienced Mach pulses during the 1979 Imperial Valley, 1999 Kocaeli, and 2002 Denali Fault earthquakes compared to SA observed at non-Mach pulse stations in the same earthquakes. A 20% amplification of short period SA is seen only at a few of the Imperial Valley stations closest to the fault. This lack of elevated SA suggests that either Mach pulses in real earthquakes are even more incoherent that in our simulations or that Mach pulses are vulnerable to attenuation through nonlinear soil response. In any case, this result might imply that current engineering models of high frequency earthquake ground motions do not need to be modified by more than 20% close to the fault to account for Mach pulses, provided that the existing data are adequately representative of ground motions from supershear earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006819","usgsCitation":"Bizzarri, A., Dunham, E.M., and Spudich, P., 2010, Coherence of Mach fronts during heterogeneous supershear earthquake rupture propagation: Simulations and comparison with observations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, no. B8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006819.","productDescription":"22 p.;","startPage":"B08301","ipdsId":"IP-015708","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jb006819","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":264023,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264022,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006819"}],"volume":"115","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50cb57e1e4b09e092d6f03ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bizzarri, A.","contributorId":68070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bizzarri","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunham, Eric M.","contributorId":72273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spudich, P.","contributorId":85700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042059,"text":"70042059 - 2010 - Vegetation monitoring for Guatemala: a comparison between simulated VIIRS and MODIS satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-27T11:43:44","indexId":"70042059","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation monitoring for Guatemala: a comparison between simulated VIIRS and MODIS satellite data","docAbstract":"The advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data are being widely used for vegetation monitoring across the globe. However, sensors will discontinue collecting these data in the near future. National Aeronautics and Space Administration is planning to launch a new sensor, visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS), to continue to provide satellite data for vegetation monitoring. This article presents a case study of Guatemala and compares the simulated VIIRS-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with MODIS-NDVI for four different dates each in 2003 and 2005. The dissimilarity between VIIRS-NDVI and MODIS-NDVI was examined on the basis of the percent difference, the two-tailed student's t-test, and the coefficient of determination, R 2. The per cent difference was found to be within 3%, the p-value ranged between 0.52 and 0.99, and R 2 exceeded 0.88 for all major types of vegetation (basic grains, rubber, sugarcane, coffee and forests) found in Guatemala. It was therefore concluded that VIIRS will be almost equally capable of vegetation monitoring as MODIS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geocarto International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/10106049.2010.519786","usgsCitation":"Boken, V.K., Easson, G.L., and Rowland, J., 2010, Vegetation monitoring for Guatemala: a comparison between simulated VIIRS and MODIS satellite data: Geocarto International, v. 25, no. 8, p. 617-627, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2010.519786.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"627","ipdsId":"IP-020993","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264819,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2010.519786"}],"country":"Guatemala","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.23,13.74 ], [ -92.23,17.82 ], [ -88.23,17.82 ], [ -88.23,13.74 ], [ -92.23,13.74 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"25","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e56738e4b0a4aa5bb050db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boken, Vijendra K.","contributorId":27331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boken","given":"Vijendra","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Easson, Gregory L.","contributorId":50797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easson","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowland, James 0000-0003-4837-3511 rowland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4837-3511","contributorId":3108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"James","email":"rowland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":470696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041883,"text":"70041883 - 2010 - Decline of shortjaw cisco in Lake Superior: the role of overfishing and risk of extinction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-19T14:36:04","indexId":"70041883","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decline of shortjaw cisco in Lake Superior: the role of overfishing and risk of extinction","docAbstract":"Recent reviews have further documented the decline of the shortjaw cisco Coregonus zenithicus in Lake Superior. This fish was the most abundant deepwater cisco species in Lake Superior in the early 1920s but presently makes up less than 1% of all deepwater ciscoes (i.e., including shortjaw cisco, bloater C. hoyi, and kiyi C. kiyi) captured in biological surveys. Directed overfishing of deepwater cisco species during the 1930s and again during the mid-1960s and 1970s has been suggested as the cause of the shortjaw cisco's demise. In this paper, we re-examined the overfishing hypothesis by using historical and recent survey data to estimate the proportion of the historical commercial fishery landings that comprised shortjaw ciscoes. We developed time series of estimated harvest and relative abundance for all statistical districts in Michigan waters of Lake Superior during 1929–1996, for which aggregate catch and effort data were available but not previously examined. The spatial distribution of the fishery and the relationships of catch to fishing effort were examined for evidence of overfishing. Our analysis suggested that directed overfishing was probably not the cause of shortjaw cisco demise, as this species appeared to be declining in all statistical districts regardless of the intensity of the fishery. A count-based population viability analysis indicated that quasi-extinction of the shortjaw cisco is highly probable in the near future. We propose an alternative hypothesis based on the decline of Lake Superior's keystone predator, the lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, which resulted in an expansion of the population of its principal prey, the cisco C. artedi, due to release from predation pressure. Competitive or predation interactions between the cisco and shortjaw cisco may be more likely explanations for the demise of the latter species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/T09-019.1","usgsCitation":"Bronte, C.R., Hoff, M.H., Gorman, O.T., Thogmartin, W.E., Schneeberger, P.J., and Todd, T.N., 2010, Decline of shortjaw cisco in Lake Superior: the role of overfishing and risk of extinction: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 139, no. 3, p. 735-748, https://doi.org/10.1577/T09-019.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"748","ipdsId":"IP-017838","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264639,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T09-019.1"}],"country":"United States;Canada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.1122,46.41 ], [ -92.1122,48.8794 ], [ -84.354,48.8794 ], [ -84.354,46.41 ], [ -92.1122,46.41 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"139","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d9f4dfe4b07a5aecdeff61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bronte, Charles R.","contributorId":83050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoff, Michael H.","contributorId":23878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorman, Owen T. 0000-0003-0451-110X otgorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0451-110X","contributorId":2888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorman","given":"Owen","email":"otgorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schneeberger, Philip J.","contributorId":43313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneeberger","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Todd, Thomas N.","contributorId":42547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70041930,"text":"70041930 - 2010 - Analysis of nonvolcanic tremor on the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, CA using U.S. Geological Survey Parkfield Seismic Array","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-11T15:41:50","indexId":"70041930","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of nonvolcanic tremor on the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, CA using U.S. Geological Survey Parkfield Seismic Array","docAbstract":"Reports by Nadeau and Dolenc (2005) that tremor had been detected near Cholame Valley spawned an effort to use UPSAR (U. S. Geological Survey Parkfield Seismic Array) to study characteristics of tremor. UPSAR was modified to record three channels of velocity at 40–50 sps continuously in January 2005 and ran for about 1 month, during which time we recorded numerous episodes of tremor. One tremor, on 21 January at 0728, was recorded with particularly high signal levels as well as another episode 3 days later. Both events were very emergent, had a frequency content between 2 and 8 Hz, and had numerous high-amplitude, short-duration arrivals within the tremor signal. Here using the first episode as an example, we discuss an analysis procedure, which yields azimuth and apparent velocity of the tremor at UPSAR. We then provide locations for both tremor episodes. The emphasis here is how the tremor episode evolves. Twelve stations were operating at the time of recording. Slowness of arrivals was determined using cross correlation of pairs of stations; the same method used in analyzing the main shock data from 28 September 2004. A feature of this analysis is that 20 s of the time series were used at a time to calculate correlation; the longer windows resulted in more consistent estimates of slowness, but lower peak correlations. These values of correlation (peaks of about 0.25), however, are similar to that obtained for the S wave of a microearthquake. Observed peaks in slowness were traced back to source locations assumed to lie on the San Andreas fault. Our inferred locations for the two tremor events cluster near the locations of previously observed tremor, south of the Cholame Valley. Tremor source depths are in the 14–24 km range, which is below the seismogenic brittle zone, but above the Moho. Estimates of error do not preclude locations below the Moho, however. The tremor signal is very emergent but contains packets that are several times larger than the background tremor signal and lasts about 5 s. These impulsive wavelets are similar to low-frequency earthquakes signals seen in Japan but appear to be broader band rather than just higher in low-frequency energy. They may be more appropriately called high-energy tremor (HET). HET signals at UPSAR correlate well with the record of this event from station GHIB of the HRSN borehole array at Parkfield and HETs typically have a higher cross-correlation coefficient than the rest of the tremor event. The amplitudes of a large HET are consistent with a magnitude of 0.1 when compared with a M2.3 event that had about the same epicenter. Polarizations of the tremor episode at UPSAR are mostly just north of east. Both linearity and azimuth evolve over time suggesting a change in tremor source location over time and linearity is typically higher at the HETs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2010JB007511","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, J.B., and Baker, L.M., 2010, Analysis of nonvolcanic tremor on the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, CA using U.S. Geological Survey Parkfield Seismic Array: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, no. B10, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007511.","productDescription":"21 p.","numberOfPages":"21","ipdsId":"IP-013762","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jb007511","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":264636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264635,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007511"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.442655,35.889685 ], [ -120.442655,35.909689 ], [ -120.422648,35.909689 ], [ -120.422648,35.889685 ], [ -120.442655,35.889685 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d7d974e4b0c5576aef6fd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Jon B.","contributorId":65614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, Lawrence M. 0000-0001-8563-2362 baker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8563-2362","contributorId":3337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Lawrence","email":"baker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041352,"text":"70041352 - 2010 - Field evaluation of a two-dimensinal hydrodynamic model near boulders for habitat calculation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-16T19:55:22","indexId":"70041352","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field evaluation of a two-dimensinal hydrodynamic model near boulders for habitat calculation","docAbstract":"Two-dimensional hydrodynamic models are now widely used in aquatic habitat studies. To test the sensitivity of calculated habitat outcomes to limitations of such a model and of typical field data, bathymetry, depth and velocity data were collected for three discharges in the vicinity of two large boulders in the South Platte River (Colorado) and used in the River2D model. Simulated depth and velocity were compared with observed values at 204 locations and the differences in habitat numbers produced by observed and simulated conditions were calculated. The bulk of the differences between simulated and observed depth and velocity values were found to lie within the likely error of measurement. However, the effect of flow simulation outliers on potential habitat outcomes must be considered when using 2D models for habitat simulation. Furthermore, the shape of the habitat suitability relation can influence the effects of simulation errors. Habitat relations with steep slopes in the velocity ranges found in similar study areas are expected to be sensitive to the magnitude of error found here. Comparison of habitat values derived from simulated and observed depth and velocity revealed a small tendency to under-predict habitat values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/rra.1278","usgsCitation":"Waddle, T., 2010, Field evaluation of a two-dimensinal hydrodynamic model near boulders for habitat calculation: River Research and Applications, v. 26, no. 6, p. 730-741, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1278.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"730","endPage":"741","ipdsId":"IP-008149","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1278","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263648,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1278"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfbd85e4b01744973f77fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waddle, Terry","contributorId":47848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041344,"text":"70041344 - 2010 - Volcano monitoring using GPS: Developing data analysis strategies based on the June 2007 Kīlauea Volcano intrusion and eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T12:35:15","indexId":"70041344","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano monitoring using GPS: Developing data analysis strategies based on the June 2007 Kīlauea Volcano intrusion and eruption","docAbstract":"The global positioning system (GPS) is one of the most common techniques, and the current state of the art, used to monitor volcano deformation. In addition to slow (several centimeters per year) displacement rates, GPS can be used to study eruptions and intrusions that result in much larger (tens of centimeters over hours-days) displacements. It is challenging to resolve precise positions using GPS at subdaily time intervals because of error sources such as multipath and atmospheric refraction. In this paper, the impact of errors due to multipath and atmospheric refraction at subdaily periods is examined using data from the GPS network on Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i. Methods for filtering position estimates to enhance precision are both simulated and tested on data collected during the June 2007 intrusion and eruption. Comparisons with tiltmeter records show that GPS instruments can precisely recover the timing of the activity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2009JB007022","usgsCitation":"Larson, K.M., Poland, M., and Miklius, A., 2010, Volcano monitoring using GPS: Developing data analysis strategies based on the June 2007 Kīlauea Volcano intrusion and eruption: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007022.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"B07406","ipdsId":"IP-019227","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jb007022","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263650,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263649,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007022"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.75,19.0 ], [ -155.75,20.0 ], [ -154.75,20.0 ], [ -154.75,19.0 ], [ -155.75,19.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfbe2fe4b01744973f786d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Kristine M.","contributorId":15495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Kristine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poland, Michael 0000-0001-5240-6123","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":47044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miklius, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886 asta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":2060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miklius","given":"Asta","email":"asta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041341,"text":"70041341 - 2010 - Anisotropy, repeating earthquakes, and seismicity associated with the 2008 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-03T20:16:04","indexId":"70041341","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anisotropy, repeating earthquakes, and seismicity associated with the 2008 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"We use shear wave splitting (SWS) analysis and double-difference relocation to examine temporal variations in seismic properties prior to and accompanying magmatic activity associated with the 2008 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska. Using bispectrum cross-correlation, a multiplet of 25 earthquakes is identified spanning five years leading up to the eruption, each event having first motions compatible with a normal fault striking NE–SW. Cross-correlation differential times are used to relocate earthquakes occurring between January 2003 and February 2009. The bulk of the seismicity prior to the onset of the eruption on 12 July 2008 occurred southwest of the caldera beneath a geothermal field. Earthquakes associated with the onset of the eruption occurred beneath the northern portion of the caldera and started as deep as 13 km. Subsequent earthquakes occurred predominantly at 3 km depth, coinciding with the depth at which the magma body has been modeled using geodetic data. Automated SWS analysis of the Okmok catalog reveals radial polarization outside the caldera and a northwest-southeast polarization within. We interpret these polarizations in terms of a magma reservoir near the center of the caldera, which we model with a Mogi point source. SWS analysis using the same input processing parameters for each event in the multiplet reveals no temporal changes in anisotropy over the duration of the multiplet, suggesting either a short-term or small increase in stress just before the eruption that was not detected by GPS, or eruption triggering by a mechanism other than a change of stress in the system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006991","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., Prejean, S., Savage, M.K., and Townend, J., 2010, Anisotropy, repeating earthquakes, and seismicity associated with the 2008 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 115, B00B04; 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006991.","productDescription":"B00B04; 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-021090","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jb006991","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263640,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006991"},{"id":263641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Okmok Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ 130.0,71.4 ], [ 130.0,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-09-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bdd7fae4b0f63017347684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Jessica H. jessjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jessica","email":"jessjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prejean, Stephanie","contributorId":61916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savage, Martha K.","contributorId":82199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Townend, John","contributorId":94568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townend","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041346,"text":"70041346 - 2010 - Ground surface deformation patterns, magma supply, and magma storage at Okmok volcano, Alaska, from InSAR analysis: 2. Coeruptive deflation, July-August 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T16:37:47","indexId":"70041346","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground surface deformation patterns, magma supply, and magma storage at Okmok volcano, Alaska, from InSAR analysis: 2. Coeruptive deflation, July-August 2008","docAbstract":"A hydrovolcanic eruption near Cone D on the floor of Okmok caldera, Alaska, began on 12 July 2008 and continued until late August 2008. The eruption was preceded by inflation of a magma reservoir located beneath the center of the caldera and ∼3 km below sea level (bsl), which began immediately after Okmok's previous eruption in 1997. In this paper we use data from several radar satellites and advanced interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques to produce a suite of 2008 coeruption deformation maps. Most of the surface deformation that occurred during the eruption is explained by deflation of a Mogi-type source located beneath the center of the caldera and 2–3 km bsl, i.e., essentially the same source that inflated prior to the eruption. During the eruption the reservoir deflated at a rate that decreased exponentially with time with a 1/e time constant of ∼13 days. We envision a sponge-like network of interconnected fractures and melt bodies that in aggregate constitute a complex magma storage zone beneath Okmok caldera. The rate at which the reservoir deflates during an eruption may be controlled by the diminishing pressure difference between the reservoir and surface. A similar mechanism might explain the tendency for reservoir inflation to slow as an eruption approaches until the pressure difference between a deep magma production zone and the reservoir is great enough to drive an intrusion or eruption along the caldera ring-fracture system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006970","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., and Dzurisin, D., 2010, Ground surface deformation patterns, magma supply, and magma storage at Okmok volcano, Alaska, from InSAR analysis: 2. Coeruptive deflation, July-August 2008: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, B00B03: 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006970.","productDescription":"B00B03: 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-016397","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263657,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263654,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006970"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mt. Okmok","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -168.185415,53.457548 ], [ -168.185415,53.477552 ], [ -168.1654,53.477552 ], [ -168.1654,53.457548 ], [ -168.185415,53.457548 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfbd8fe4b01744973f7805","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":469584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004023,"text":"70004023 - 2010 - The 2003-2008 summary of the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:00","indexId":"70004023","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-22T13:03:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1051,"text":"Bird Populations","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 2003-2008 summary of the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"Data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey were used to estimate continental and regional changes in bird populations for the 6-yr period 2003-2008 and the 2-yr period 2007-2008. These short-term changes were placed in the context of population trends estimated over the 1966-2008 interval. Across the entire survey area, a higher proportion of species exhibited positive growth during 2003-2008 (64%) than during the long-term (46%) or the more recent 2-yr-term (39%). The 2003-2008 growth occurred relatively evenly across the Western, Central, and Eastern BBS regions, with 59%, 66%, and 61% of all species increasing, respectively. We additionally evaluated the proportion of species with positive trend estimates in each of 12 life-history based groupings at continental and regional levels. Survey-wide, birds in the grassland guild demonstrated the lowest proportion of positive trends over the entire survey period (21% increasing), with significant declines occurring in both the Eastern and Western regions (5% increasing and 18% increasing, respectively). Birds in the wetland breeding guild exhibited the greatest proportion of positive trends, with a significant number of increasing species (between 77-90%) occurring in all three BBS regions during 2003-2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Institute for Bird Populations","publisherLocation":"Point Reyes Station, CA","usgsCitation":"Ziolkowski, D., Pardieck, K.L., and Sauer, J., 2010, The 2003-2008 summary of the North American Breeding Bird Survey: Bird Populations, v. 10, p. 90-109.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"20","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":21771,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://birdpop.net/pubs/files/2010/V10_090_109_BBS.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":204221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba647e4b08c986b320ff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ziolkowski, David J. Jr. 0000-0002-2500-4417","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2500-4417","contributorId":38271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziolkowski","given":"David J.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pardieck, Keith L. 0000-0003-2779-4392 kpardieck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2779-4392","contributorId":4104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardieck","given":"Keith","email":"kpardieck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":350186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70007122,"text":"70007122 - 2010 - A role for analytical chemistry in advancing our understanding of the occurrence, fate, and effects of Corexit Oil Dispersants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T15:15:31.942135","indexId":"70007122","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T20:41:10","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A role for analytical chemistry in advancing our understanding of the occurrence, fate, and effects of Corexit Oil Dispersants","docAbstract":"On April 24, 2010, the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig resulted in the release of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. As of July 19, 2010, the federal government's Deepwater Horizon Incident Joint Information Center estimates the cumulative range of oil released is 3,067,000 to 5,258,000 barrels, with a relief well to be completed in early August. By comparison, the Exxon Valdez oil spill released a total of 260,000 barrels of crude oil into the environment. As of June 9, BP has used over 1 million gallons of Corexit oil dispersants to solubilize oil and help prevent the development of a surface oil slick. Oil dispersants are mixtures containing solvents and surfactants that can exhibit toxicity toward aquatic life and may enhance the toxicity of components of weathered crude oil. Detailed knowledge of the composition of both Corexit formulations and other dispersants applied in the Gulf will facilitate comprehensive monitoring programs for determining the occurrence, fate, and biological effects of the dispersant chemicals. The lack of information on the potential impacts of oil dispersants has caught industry, federal, and state officials off guard. Until compositions of Corexit 9500 and 9527 were released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency online, the only information available consisted of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), patent documentation, and a National Research Council report on oil dispersants. Several trade and common names are used for the components of the Corexits. For example, Tween 80 and Tween 85 are oligomeric mixtures.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es102319w","usgsCitation":"Place, B., Anderson, B., Mekebri, A., Furlong, E.T., Gray, J.L., Tjeerdema, R., and Field, J., 2010, A role for analytical chemistry in advancing our understanding of the occurrence, fate, and effects of Corexit Oil Dispersants: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 44, no. 16, p. 6016-6018, https://doi.org/10.1021/es102319w.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"6016","endPage":"6018","costCenters":[{"id":140,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (National Water Quality Laboratory)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e565e4b0c8380cd46d32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Place, Ben","contributorId":103791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Place","given":"Ben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Brian","contributorId":55573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mekebri, Abdou","contributorId":41587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mekebri","given":"Abdou","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gray, James L. 0000-0002-0807-5635 jlgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-5635","contributorId":1253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"James","email":"jlgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tjeerdema, Ron","contributorId":83661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tjeerdema","given":"Ron","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Field, Jennifer","contributorId":34650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70003570,"text":"70003570 - 2010 - Spatially explicit inference for open populations: Estimating demographic parameters from camera-trap studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-18T12:38:42.145805","indexId":"70003570","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T11:36:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatially explicit inference for open populations: Estimating demographic parameters from camera-trap studies","docAbstract":"We develop a hierarchical capture–recapture model for demographically open populations when auxiliary spatial information about location of capture is obtained. Such spatial capture–recapture data arise from studies based on camera trapping, DNA sampling, and other situations in which a spatial array of devices records encounters of unique individuals. We integrate an individual‐based formulation of a Jolly‐Seber type model with recently developed spatially explicit capture–recapture models to estimate density and demographic parameters for survival and recruitment. We adopt a Bayesian framework for inference under this model using the method of data augmentation which is implemented in the software program WinBUGS. The model was motivated by a camera trapping study of Pampas cats Leopardus colocolo from Argentina, which we present as an illustration of the model in this paper. We provide estimates of density and the first quantitative assessment of vital rates for the Pampas cat in the High Andes. The precision of these estimates is poor due likely to the sparse data set. Unlike conventional inference methods which usually rely on asymptotic arguments, Bayesian inferences are valid in arbitrary sample sizes, and thus the method is ideal for the study of rare or endangered species for which small data sets are typical.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/09-0804.1","usgsCitation":"Gardner, B., Reppucci, J., Lucherini, M., and Royle, J., 2010, Spatially explicit inference for open populations: Estimating demographic parameters from camera-trap studies: Ecology, v. 91, no. 11, p. 3376-3383, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0804.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3376","endPage":"3383","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0804.1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":382188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94c5e4b08c986b31ac39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Beth","contributorId":91612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Beth","affiliations":[{"id":13553,"text":"University of Washington-Seattle","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reppucci, Juan","contributorId":24487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reppucci","given":"Juan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucherini, Mauro","contributorId":24488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucherini","given":"Mauro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":80808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006201,"text":"mineral2010 - 2010 - Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T10:57:27","indexId":"mineral2010","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":323,"text":"Mineral Commodity Summaries","code":"MCS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010","title":"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010","docAbstract":"Each chapter of the 2010 edition of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries (MCS) includes information on events, trends, and issues for each mineral commodity as well as discussions and tabular presentations on domestic industry structure, Government programs, tariffs, 5-year salient statistics, and world production and resources. The MCS is the earliest comprehensive source of 2009 mineral production data for the world. More than 90 individual minerals and materials are covered by two-page synopses. For mineral commodities for which there is a Government stockpile, detailed information concerning the stockpile status is included in the two-page synopsis. National reserves information for most mineral commodities found in this report, including those for the United States, are derived from a variety of sources. The ideal source of such information would be comprehensive evaluations that apply the same criteria to deposits in different geographic areas and report the results by country. In the absence of such evaluations, national reserves estimates compiled by countries for selected mineral commodities are a primary source of national reserves information. Lacking national assessment information by governments, sources such as academic articles, company reports, presentations by company representatives, and trade journal articles, or a combination of these, serve as the basis for national reserves information reported in the mineral commodity sections of this publication. A national estimate may be assembled from the following: historically reported reserves information carried for years without alteration because no new information is available; historically reported reserves reduced by the amount of historical production; and company reported reserves. International minerals availability studies conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM), before 1996, and estimates of identified resources by an international collaborative effort (the International Strategic Minerals Inventory) are the basis for some reserves estimates. The USGS collects information about the quantity and quality of mineral resources but does not directly measure reserves, and companies or governments do not directly report reserves to the USGS. Reassessment of reserves is a continuing process, and the intensity of this process differs for mineral commodities, countries, and time period. Throughout the history of Mineral Commodity Summaries and its predecessor prior to 1978, Commodity Data Summaries, the presentation of resource data has evolved. Although world resources have been discussed each year, presentation of reserves and reserve base data varied. From 1957 through 1979, only reserves information was published in the reports, but from 1980 through 1987, only estimates of reserve base, a concept introduced by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) and the USGS in 1980, were published. Beginning in 1988, both reserves and reserve base information were listed for each mineral commodity where applicable and available. Prior to 1996, the minerals availability studies conducted by the USBM and work with international collaborators were the basis for reserve base data reported in Mineral Commodity Summaries. When the USBM was closed in 1996, this function was discontinued. Since that time, reserve base estimates have been updated to be consistent with changes in reserves, but the nonreserves component of the information upon which the reserve base data were estimated is not current enough to support defensible reserve base estimates. For that reason, publication of reserve base estimates was discontinued for Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010. Abbreviations and units of measure, and definitions of selected terms used in the report, are in Appendix A and Appendix B, respectively. A resource/reserve classification for minerals, based on USGS Circular 831 (published with the U.S. Bureau of Mines) is Appendix C, and a directory of USGS minerals information country specialists and their responsibilities is Appendix D. The USGS continually strives to improve the value of its publications to users. Constructive comments and suggestions by readers of the MCS 2010 are welcomed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mineral2010","isbn":"9781411326668","usgsCitation":"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010; 2010; MINERAL; 2010; U.S. Geological Survey","productDescription":"193 p; 4 Appendixes (6 p.); Individual Commodity Data Sheets; Available Online, Printed, and on CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112028,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":204360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mineral_2010.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a574de4b0c8380cd6dbb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006107,"text":"ofr20091275 - 2010 - Groundwater conditions and studies in the Brunswick–Glynn County area, Georgia, 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T13:26:41","indexId":"ofr20091275","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1275","title":"Groundwater conditions and studies in the Brunswick–Glynn County area, Georgia, 2008","docAbstract":"The Upper Floridan aquifer is contaminated with saltwater in a 2-square-mile area of downtown Brunswick, Georgia. This contamination has limited development of the groundwater supply in the Glynn County area. Hydrologic, geologic, and water-quality data are needed to effectively manage water resources. Since 1959, the U.S. Geological Survey has conducted a cooperative water program with the City of Brunswick to monitor and assess the effect of groundwater development on saltwater contamination of the Floridan aquifer system. During calendar year 2008, the cooperative water program included continuous water-level recording of 12 wells completed in the Floridan, Brunswick, and surficial aquifer systems; collecting water levels from 21 wells to map the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer during July 2008; and collecting and analyzing water samples from 26 wells to map chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer during July 2008. Equipment was installed on 3 wells for real-time water level and specific conductance monitoring. In addition, work was continued to refine an existing groundwater-flow model for evaluation of water-management scenarios.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091275","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Brunswick and Glynn County","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., Peck, M., Painter, J.A., and Stayton, W.L., 2010, Groundwater conditions and studies in the Brunswick–Glynn County area, Georgia, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1275, vi, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091275.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"60","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1275.jpg"},{"id":110960,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1275/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Glynn County","city":"Brunswick","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.87973022460938,\n 30.85625820510563\n ],\n [\n -81.87973022460938,\n 31.399363152588798\n ],\n [\n -81.15188598632812,\n 31.399363152588798\n ],\n [\n -81.15188598632812,\n 30.85625820510563\n ],\n [\n -81.87973022460938,\n 30.85625820510563\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db64140b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, Gregory S. 0000-0002-5567-1587 gccherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-1587","contributorId":1567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","email":"gccherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peck, Michael F. mfpeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":1467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Michael F.","email":"mfpeck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Painter, Jaime A. 0000-0001-8883-9158 jpainter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8883-9158","contributorId":1466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Painter","given":"Jaime","email":"jpainter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stayton, Welby L.","contributorId":19573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stayton","given":"Welby","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006098,"text":"ofr20101330 - 2010 - Geomorphology and depositional subenvironments of Gulf Islands National Seashore, Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-06T14:56:47.427165","indexId":"ofr20101330","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1330","title":"Geomorphology and depositional subenvironments of Gulf Islands National Seashore, Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island, Florida","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is studying coastal hazards and coastal change to improve our understanding of coastal ecosystems and to develop better capabilities of predicting future coastal change. One approach to understanding the dynamics of coastal systems is to monitor changes in barrier-island subenvironments through time. This involves examining morphologic and topographic change at temporal scales ranging from millennia to years and spatial scales ranging from tens of kilometers to meters. Of particular interest are the processes that produce those changes and the determination of whether or not those processes are likely to persist into the future. In these analyses of hazards and change, both natural and anthropogenic influences are considered. Quantifying past magnitudes and rates of coastal change and knowing the principal factors that govern those changes are critical to predicting what changes are likely to occur under different scenarios, such as short-term impacts of extreme storms or long-term impacts of sea-level rise. Gulf Islands National Seashore was selected for detailed mapping of barrier-island morphology and topography because the islands offer a diversity of depositional subenvironments and because island areas and positions have changed substantially in historical time. The geomorphologic and subenvironmental maps emphasize the processes that formed the surficial features and also serve as a basis for documenting which subenvironments are relatively stable, such as the vegetated barrier core, and those which are highly dynamic, such as the beach and inactive overwash zones.\nThe primary mapping procedures were supervised functions within a Geographic Information System (GIS) that were applied to delineate and classify depositional subenvironments and features, collectively referred to as map units. The delineated boundaries of the map units were exported to create one shapefile, and are differentiated by the field \"Type\" in the associated attribute table. Map units were delineated and classified based on differences in tonal patterns of features in contrast to adjacent features observed on orthophotography. Land elevations from recent lidar surveys served as supplementary data to assist in delineating the map unit boundaries.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101330","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., and Montgomery, M.C., 2010, Geomorphology and depositional subenvironments of Gulf Islands National Seashore, Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1330, HTML Document: 3 Plates: 34.00 x 44.01 inches; Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101330.","productDescription":"HTML Document: 3 Plates: 34.00 x 44.01 inches; Dataset","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423270,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94714.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110951,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1330/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":204525,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Islands National Seashore, Perdido Key, Santa Rosa Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.42756910118067,\n 30.329523529268045\n ],\n [\n -87.48836081585162,\n 30.286087521833977\n ],\n [\n -86.5028678919051,\n 30.374099281627934\n ],\n [\n -86.52689931130675,\n 30.429898811234565\n ],\n [\n -87.42756910118067,\n 30.329523529268045\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c502","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":88333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montgomery, Marilyn C.","contributorId":76876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006094,"text":"sir20105244 - 2010 - Analysis and simulation of water-level, specific conductance, and total phosphorus dynamics of the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, 1995-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20105244","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5244","title":"Analysis and simulation of water-level, specific conductance, and total phosphorus dynamics of the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, 1995-2006","docAbstract":"The Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) was established in 1951 through a license agreement between the South Florida Water Management District and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) as part of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act. Under the license agreement, the State of Florida owns the land of the Refuge and the USFWS manages the land. Fifty-seven miles of levees and borrow canals surround the Refuge. Water in the canals surrounding the marsh is controlled by inflows and outflows through control structures. The transport of canal water with higher specific conductance and nutrient concentrations to the interior marsh has the potential to alter critical ecosystem functions of the marsh.\nData-mining techniques were applied to 12 years (1995-2006) of historical data to systematically synthesize and analyze the dataset to enhance the understanding of the hydrology and water quality of the Refuge. From the analysis, empirical models, including artificial neural network (ANN) models, were developed to answer critical questions related to the relative effects of controlled releases, precipitation, and meteorological forcing on water levels, specific conductance, and phosphorous concentrations of the interior marsh. Data mining is a powerful tool for converting large databases into information to solve complex problems resulting from large numbers of explanatory variables or poorly understood process physics. For the application of the linear regression and ANN models to the Refuge, data-mining methods were applied to maximize the information content in the raw data. Signal processing techniques used in the data analysis and model development included signal decomposition, digital filtering, time derivatives, time delays, and running averages. Inputs to the empirical models included time series, or signals, of inflows and outflows from the control structures, precipitation, and evapotranspiration. For a complex hydrologic system like the Refuge, the statistical accuracy of the models and predictive capability were good. The water-level models have coefficient of determination (R2 values ranging from 0.90 to 0.98. The R2 for the specific conductance model is 0.82, and the R2 for the total phosphorus model is 0.51. The accuracy of the models was attributable to the quantity and quality of the available data.\nTo make the models directly available to all stakeholders, an easy-to-use decision support system (DSS) called the Loxahatchee Artificial Neural Network Model (LOXANN) DSS was developed as a spreadsheet application that integrates the historical database, linear regression and ANN models, model controls, streaming graphics, and model output. The LOXANN DSS allows Refuge managers and other users to easily execute the water level, specific conductance, and phosphorous models to evaluate various water-resource management scenarios. The user is able to choose from three options in setting the control-structure flows: as a percentage of historical flow, as a constant flow, or as a user-defined hydrograph. Output from the LOXANN DSS includes tabular time series of predictions of the measured data and predictions of the user-specified conditions. A three-dimensional visualization routine also was developed that displays longitudinal specific conductance conditions.\nTwo scenarios were simulated with the LOXANN DSS. One scenario increased the historical flows at four control structures by 40 percent. The second scenario used a user-defined hydrograph to set the outflow from the Refuge to the weekly average inflow to the Refuge delayed by 2 days. Both scenarios decreased the potential of canal water intruding into the marsh by decreasing the slope of the water level between the canals and the marsh.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105244","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystem Science","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., and Roehl, E.A., 2010, Analysis and simulation of water-level, specific conductance, and total phosphorus dynamics of the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, 1995-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5244, viii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105244.","productDescription":"viii, 42 p.","costCenters":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5244.jpg"},{"id":110948,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5244/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Florida","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaf7e4b0c8380cd48b24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roehl, Edwin A. Jr.","contributorId":108083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roehl","given":"Edwin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003707,"text":"70003707 - 2010 - Scale-dependent associations of Band-tailed Pigeon counts at mineral sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:58","indexId":"70003707","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2901,"text":"Northwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scale-dependent associations of Band-tailed Pigeon counts at mineral sites","docAbstract":"The abundance of Band-tailed Pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis) has declined substantially from historic numbers along the Pacific Coast. Identification of patterns and causative factors of this decline are hampered because habitat use data are limited, and temporal and spatial variability patterns associated with population indices are not known. Furthermore, counts are influenced not only by pigeon abundance but also by rate of visitation to mineral sites, which may not be consistent. To address these issues, we conducted mineral site counts during 2001 and 2002 at 20 locations from 4 regions in the Pacific Northwest, including central Oregon and western Washington, USA, and British Columbia, Canada. We developed inference models that consisted of environmental factors and spatial characteristics at multiple spatial scales. Based on information theory, we compared models within a final set that included variables measured at 3 spatial scales (0.03 ha, 3.14 ha, and 7850 ha). Pigeon counts increased from central Oregon through northern Oregon and decreased into British Columbia. After accounting for this spatial pattern, we found that pigeon counts increased 12% ± 2.7 with a 10% increase in the amount of deciduous forested area within 100 m from a mineral site. Also, distance from the mineral site of interest to the nearest known mineral site was positively related to pigeon counts. These findings provide direction for future research focusing on understanding the relationships between indices of relative abundance and complete counts (censuses) of pigeon populations by identifying habitat characteristics that might influence visitation rates. Furthermore, our results suggest that spatial arrangement of mineral sites influences Band-tailed Pigeon counts and the populations which those counts represent.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","publisherLocation":"Olympia, WA","usgsCitation":"Overton, C.T., Casazza, M.L., and Coates, P.S., 2010, Scale-dependent associations of Band-tailed Pigeon counts at mineral sites: Northwestern Naturalist, v. 91, no. 3, p. 299-308.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"10","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":21734,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1898/NWN09-34.1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":204315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States;Canada","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Northwest","volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdcb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Overton, Cory T. 0000-0002-5060-7447 coverton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-7447","contributorId":3262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"Cory","email":"coverton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006086,"text":"sir20105086 - 2010 - Contamination movement around a permeable reactive barrier at Solid Waste Management Unit 12, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T10:36:55","indexId":"sir20105086","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5086","title":"Contamination movement around a permeable reactive barrier at Solid Waste Management Unit 12, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina, 2009","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southeast investigated natural and engineered remediation of chlorinated volatile organic compound groundwater contamination at Solid Waste Management Unit 12 at the Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina, beginning in 2000. In early 2004, groundwater contaminants began moving around the southern end of a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) installed by a consultant in December 2002. The PRB is a 130-foot-long and 3-foot-wide barrier consisting of varying amounts of zero-valent iron with or without sand mixture. Contamination moving around the PRB probably has been transported at least 75 feet downgradient from the PRB at a rate of about 15 to 29 feet per year.\nThe diversion of contamination around the southern end of the PRB may be due to construction difficulties associated with the PRB installation or to reduced permeability in the PRB. An event that took place during installation of the PRB, which may have caused permeability loss, was the collapse and subsequent abandonment of a 110-foot-long trench originally designed to be the PRB on November 11, 2002, approximately 25 feet upgradient (west) from the final PRB. Guar gum with antimicrobial preservative in a polymer slurry had been used to stabilize the abandoned trench prior to collapse and was only partially recovered. Residual guar gum can cause permeability reduction in a PRB. It also is possible that permeability reduction took place within the PRB by slow degradation of the guar gum slurry or mineral precipitation. Despite the likely permeability reduction in and near the PRB immediately following installation, there is evidence that contaminants moved through the PRB and were degraded, consistent with the planned purpose of the PRB.\nVolatile organic compound contamination in groundwater downgradient from the PRB is subject to attenuation by phytovolatilization, sorption, and biodegradation. Pulses of contamination increases have been observed in some monitoring wells downgradient from the PRB. The pulses may reflect downgradient transport of contaminant pulses; however, lateral shifting of the plume is a more likely explanation for the concentration changes at well 12MW-12S.\nThe ability to monitor the fate and behavior of the plume in the forest is severely limited because the present axis of maximum contamination in that area bypasses all but one of the existing monitoring wells (12MW-12S). Moreover, the 2009 data indicate that there are no optimally placed sentinel wells in the probable path of contaminant transport. Thus the monitoring network is no longer adequate to monitor the groundwater contamination downgradient from the PRB.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105086","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southeast","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., Petkewich, M.D., and Conlon, K.J., 2010, Contamination movement around a permeable reactive barrier at Solid Waste Management Unit 12, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5086, vi, 30 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105086.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5086.jpg"},{"id":110944,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"North Charleston","otherGeospatial":"Naval Weapons Station Charleston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.05,32.86666666666667 ], [ -80.05,33.083333333333336 ], [ -79.88333333333334,33.083333333333336 ], [ -79.88333333333334,32.86666666666667 ], [ -80.05,32.86666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4799e4b07f02db48fbb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petkewich, Matthew D. 0000-0002-5749-6356 mdpetkew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-6356","contributorId":982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"Matthew","email":"mdpetkew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conlon, Kevin J. 0000-0003-0798-368X kjconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-368X","contributorId":2561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Kevin","email":"kjconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006080,"text":"ofr20101169 - 2010 - Continuous tidal streamflow, water level, and specific conductance data for Union Creek and the Little Back, Middle, and Front Rivers, Savannah River Estuary, November 2008 to March 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T14:15:33","indexId":"ofr20101169","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1169","title":"Continuous tidal streamflow, water level, and specific conductance data for Union Creek and the Little Back, Middle, and Front Rivers, Savannah River Estuary, November 2008 to March 2009","docAbstract":"In the Water Resource Development Act of 1999, the U.S. Congress authorized the deepening of the Savannah Harbor. Additional studies were then identified by the Georgia Ports Authority and other local and regional stakeholders to determine and fully describe the potential environmental effects of deepening the channel. One need that was identified was the validation of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model developed to evaluate mitigation scenarios for a potential harbor deepening and the effects on the Savannah River estuary. The streamflow in the estuary is very complex due to reversing tidal flows, interconnections of streams and tidal creeks, and the daily flooding and draining of the marshes. The model was calibrated using very limited streamflow data and no continuous streamflow measurements. To better characterize the streamflow dynamics and mass transport of the estuary, two index-velocity sites were instrumented with continuous acoustic velocity, water level, and specific conductance sensors on the Little Back and Middle Rivers for the 5-month period of November 2008 through March 2009. During the same period, a third acoustic velocity meter was installed on the Front River just downstream from U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging station 02198920 (Savannah River at GA 25, at Port Wentworth, Georgia) where water level and specific conductance data were being collected. A fourth index-velocity site was instrumented with continuous acoustic velocity, water level, and specific conductance sensors on Union Creek for a 2-month period starting in November 2008. In addition to monitoring the tidal cycles, streamflow measurements were made at the four index-velocity sites to develop ratings to compute continuous discharge for each site. The maximum flood (incoming) and ebb (outgoing) tides measured on Little Back River were –4,570 and 7,990 cubic feet per second, respectively. On Middle River, the maximum flood and ebb tides measured were –9,630 and 13,600 cubic feet per second, respectively. On Front River, the maximum flood and ebb tides were –34,500 and 43,700 cubic feet per second, respectively; and on Union Creek, the maximum flood and ebb tides were –2,390 and 4,610 cubic feet per second, respectively. During the 5-month instrumentation deployment, computed tidal streamflows on Little Back River ranged from –7,820 to 9,600 cubic feet per second for the flood and ebb tides, respectively. On Middle River, the computed tidal streamflows ranged from –17,500 to 22,500 cubic feet per second for the flood and ebb tides, respectively. The computed tidal streamflows on Front River ranged from –78,900 to 87,200 cubic feet per second, and from –3,850 to 6,130 cubic feet per second on Union Creek for the flood and ebb tides, respectively. The streamgages on the Little Back, Middle, and Front Rivers have continued in operation following the initial 5-month deployment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101169","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Environmental Protection Division, the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Lanier, T.H., and Conrads, P., 2010, Continuous tidal streamflow, water level, and specific conductance data for Union Creek and the Little Back, Middle, and Front Rivers, Savannah River Estuary, November 2008 to March 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1169, vi, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101169.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"31","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-11-01","temporalEnd":"2009-03-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1169.jpg"},{"id":110937,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1169/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"NAD 83","country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Front River, Little Back River, Middle River, Savannah River Estuary, Union Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.43341064453125,\n 31.868227816180674\n ],\n [\n -81.43341064453125,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -80.79071044921875,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -80.79071044921875,\n 31.868227816180674\n ],\n [\n -81.43341064453125,\n 31.868227816180674\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4799e4b07f02db48fbbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanier, Timothy H. 0000-0001-5104-3308 thlanier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-3308","contributorId":4171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanier","given":"Timothy","email":"thlanier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006083,"text":"sir20105066 - 2010 - Flood-depth frequency relations for rural streams in Alabama, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:01","indexId":"sir20105066","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5066","title":"Flood-depth frequency relations for rural streams in Alabama, 2003","docAbstract":"Equations have been defined for estimating the depth of water for floods having a 67-, 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, and 1-percent chance exceedance on rural streams in Alabama. Multiple regression analyses of streamgage data were used to define the equations. Eight basin and climatic characteristics that were computed by using a geographical information system were evaluated as independent variables to determine their statistical significance for the dependent variable, flood depth.\nDrainage area was the most statistically significant independent variable tested. Addition of other significant variables did not decrease the standard error of prediction by more than 2 percent. Regression relations, for four different hydrologic regions, were developed to estimate flood depth for rural, ungaged streams as a function of the basin drainage area. These relations are based on computed depths that correspond to the flood magnitude and frequency for 164 streamgages in Alabama and 42 streamgages in adjacent States having at least 10 years of consecutive record. These relations utilize observed flood data collected through 2003. The geologic, physiographic, and climatic variability affecting flood depth is reflected in the constant (intercept) and exponent (slope) for each regional regression equation. Average standard errors of prediction for these regression equations range from 18 to 38 percent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alabama Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Lee, K., and Hedgecock, T., 2010, Flood-depth frequency relations for rural streams in Alabama, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5066, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105066.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":105,"text":"Alabama Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5066.jpg"},{"id":110941,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Alabama","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89,30 ], [ -89,35 ], [ -84,35 ], [ -84,30 ], [ -89,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6a89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, K.G.","contributorId":28319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedgecock, T.S.","contributorId":16107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedgecock","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006089,"text":"sir20105206 - 2010 - Occurrence and distribution of organic chemicals and nutrients and comparison of water-quality data from public drinking-water supplies in the Columbia aquifer in Delaware, 2000-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T12:40:21.808021","indexId":"sir20105206","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5206","title":"Occurrence and distribution of organic chemicals and nutrients and comparison of water-quality data from public drinking-water supplies in the Columbia aquifer in Delaware, 2000-08","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control and the Delaware Geological Survey, conducted a groundwater-quality investigation to (a) describe the occurrence and distribution of selected contaminants, and (b) document any changes in groundwater quality in the Columbia aquifer public water-supply wells in the Coastal Plain in Delaware between 2000 and 2008. Thirty public water-supply wells located throughout the Columbia aquifer of the Delaware Coastal Plain were sampled from August through November of 2008. Twenty-two of the wells in the sampling network for this project were previously sampled in 2000. Eight new wells were selected to replace wells no longer in use. Groundwater collected from the wells was analyzed for the occurrence and distribution of selected pesticides, pesticide degradates, volatile organic compounds, nutrients, and major inorganic ions. Nine of the wells were analyzed for radioactive elements (radium-226, radium-228, and radon). Groundwater-quality data were compared for sites sampled in both 2000 and 2008 to document any changes in water quality. One or more pesticides were detected in samples from 29 of the 30 wells. There were no significant differences in pesticide and pesticide degradate concentrations and similar compounds were detected when comparing sampling results from 2000 and 2008. Pesticide and pesticide degradate concentrations were generally less than 1 microgram per liter. Twenty-four compounds, 14 pesticides, and 10 pesticide degradates were detected in at least one sample; the pesticide degradates, metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid, deethylatrazine, and alachlor ethanesulfonic acid were the most frequently detected compounds, each found in more than 50 percent of samples. Almost 80 percent of the detected pesticides were agricultural herbicides, which reflects the prevalence and wide distribution of agriculture in sampled areas, as well the dominance of agricultural pesticides among the target analytes for this study. No concentration of a pesticide or pesticide degradate exceeded any regulatory standard. Dieldrin, an insecticide that has been banned for several decades, was detected at a concentration that exceeded a non-regulatory health-based screening level of 0.002 micrograms per liter at nine sites. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were generally detected at concentrations of less than 1 microgram per liter, although 7 of the 31 detected VOCs had concentrations greater than 1 microgram per liter. There were no significant differences in VOC concentrations from 2000 to 2008; however, among the resampled wells, the mean number of VOCs detected per well was significantly different over the 8-year period. The number of VOCs detected per well decreased in 73 percent of the resampled wells; the decrease ranged from one to eight fewer detections in 2008 than in 2000. Chloroform and methyl tert-butyl ether were the most frequently detected VOCs, at 90 percent and 63 percent, respectively, among the 30 wells. Solvents were the most frequently detected class of VOCs. All measured concentrations of VOCs in groundwater were below established standards for drinking water and below other health-based guidelines. There were no significant differences in nutrient or major-ion concentrations between 2000 and 2008, however, the medians of two field measurements, pH and dissolved oxygen, were significantly higher in 2008 than in 2000 in the resampled wells. Although pH and dissolved oxygen were higher, water was still acidic and predominantly oxic. Nitrate was the predominant nutrient species in the Columbia aquifer, with a 90-percent detection frequency. The median nitrate concentration in groundwater was 4.88 milligrams per liter, which was slightly lower than, but not significantly different from, the median of 5.23 milligrams per liter for the 2000 samples. Concentrations of nitrate exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level or Federal drinking-water standard of 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen in samples from two wells. Eight of the 30 wells sampled had iron or manganese concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level; nine samples exceeded the Health Advisory Limit set by the Delaware Division of Public Health of 20 milligrams per liter for sodium in drinking water. Two radiochemical isotopes, radium-226 and radon-222, were detected in all nine groundwater samples analyzed; five samples had detectable levels of radium-228 activity. None of the samples exceeded the U.S Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level for radium or radon in drinking water. Although radioactive elements were more frequently detected in 2008 than in 2000, this increased detection frequency is more likely due to lower detection levels in 2008 than 2000. The average age of groundwater entering the screens of the production wells sampled in 2008 ranged from 6 to 35 years, with a median groundwater age of 22 years. Groundwater age was positively correlated with well depth and negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen. Data from the 22 resampled wells indicate a significant positive difference in the average modeled groundwater-sample-age results. The average groundwater age from samples collected in 2008 was generally 7 years older than the average groundwater age from samples collected in 2000.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105206","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control and the Delaware Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reyes, B., 2010, Occurrence and distribution of organic chemicals and nutrients and comparison of water-quality data from public drinking-water supplies in the Columbia aquifer in Delaware, 2000-08: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5206, Report: vii, 37 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105206.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 37 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116710,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5206.gif"},{"id":110946,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5206/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76,38.46666666666667 ], [ -76,40 ], [ -74.83333333333333,40 ], [ -74.83333333333333,38.46666666666667 ], [ -76,38.46666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4799e4b07f02db48faba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reyes, Betzaida 0000-0002-1398-0824 breyes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-0824","contributorId":2250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reyes","given":"Betzaida","email":"breyes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}