The need to increase our understanding of factors that regulate animal population dynamics has been catalysed by recent, observed declines in wildlife populations worldwide. Reliable estimates of demographic parameters are critical for addressing basic and applied ecological questions and understanding the response of parameters to perturbations (e.g. disease, habitat loss, climate change). However, to fully assess the impact of perturbation on population dynamics, all parameters contributing to the response of the target population must be estimated.
We applied the reverse‐time model of Pradel in Program mark to 6 years of capture–recapture data from two populations of Anaxyrus boreas (boreal toad) populations, one with disease and one without. We then assessed a priori hypotheses about differences in survival and recruitment relative to local environmental conditions and the presence of disease.
We further explored the relative contribution of survival probability and recruitment rate to population growth and investigated how shifts in these parameters can alter population dynamics when a population is perturbed.
High recruitment rates (0·41) are probably compensating for low survival probability (range 0·51–0·54) in the population challenged by an emerging pathogen, resulting in a relatively slow rate of decline. In contrast, the population with no evidence of disease had high survival probability (range 0·75–0·78) but lower recruitment rates (0·25).
Synthesis and applications. We suggest that the relationship between survival and recruitment may be compensatory, providing evidence that populations challenged with disease are not necessarily doomed to extinction. A better understanding of these interactions may help to explain, and be used to predict, population regulation and persistence for wildlife threatened with disease. Further, reliable estimates of population parameters such as recruitment and survival can guide the formulation and implementation of conservation actions such as repatriations or habitat management aimed to improve recruitment.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02005.x","issn":"00218901","usgsCitation":"Muths, E., Scherer, R.D., and Pilliod, D., 2011, Compensatory effects of recruitment and survival when amphibian populations are perturbed by disease: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 873-879, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02005.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"873","endPage":"879","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487198,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02005.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217826,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02005.x"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8c8e4b0c8380cd4d2c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muths, E.","contributorId":6394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scherer, R. D.","contributorId":8061,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scherer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6674,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":457961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pilliod, D. S.","contributorId":45259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pilliod","given":"D. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036809,"text":"70036809 - 2011 - Seismic hazard and risk assessments for Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, China, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-21T13:24:44.333312","indexId":"70036809","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic hazard and risk assessments for Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, China, area","docAbstract":"Seismic hazard and risk in the Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan, China, area were estimated from 500-year intensity observations. First, we digitized the intensity observations (maps) using ArcGIS with a cell size of 0.1 × 0.1°. Second, we performed a statistical analysis on the digitized intensity data, determined an average b value (0.39), and derived the intensity–frequency relationship (hazard curve) for each cell. Finally, based on a Poisson model for earthquake occurrence, we calculated seismic risk in terms of a probability of I ≥ 7, 8, or 9 in 50 years. We also calculated the corresponding 10 percent probability of exceedance of these intensities in 50 years. The advantages of assessing seismic hazard and risk from intensity records are that (1) fewer assumptions (i.e., earthquake source and ground motion attenuation) are made, and (2) site-effect is included. Our study shows that the area has high seismic hazard and risk. Our study also suggests that current design peak ground acceleration or intensity for the area may not be adequate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00024-010-0115-z","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Xie, F., Wang, Z., and Liu, J., 2011, Seismic hazard and risk assessments for Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, China, area: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 168, no. 3-4, p. 731-738, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-010-0115-z.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"738","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"North China Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 113.6865234375,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n 119.06982421874999,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n 119.06982421874999,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n 113.6865234375,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n 113.6865234375,\n 37.75334401310656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"168","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8ae0e4b08c986b317430","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xie, F.","contributorId":34755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Z.","contributorId":67976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032265,"text":"70032265 - 2011 - Social network models predict movement and connectivity in ecological landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70032265","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Social network models predict movement and connectivity in ecological landscapes","docAbstract":"Network analysis is on the rise across scientific disciplines because of its ability to reveal complex, and often emergent, patterns and dynamics. Nonetheless, a growing concern in network analysis is the use of limited data for constructing networks. This concern is strikingly relevant to ecology and conservation biology, where network analysis is used to infer connectivity across landscapes. In this context, movement among patches is the crucial parameter for interpreting connectivity but because of the difficulty of collecting reliable movement data, most network analysis proceeds with only indirect information on movement across landscapes rather than using observed movement to construct networks. Statistical models developed for social networks provide promising alternatives for landscape network construction because they can leverage limited movement information to predict linkages. Using two mark-recapture datasets on individual movement and connectivity across landscapes, we test whether commonly used network constructions for interpreting connectivity can predict actual linkages and network structure, and we contrast these approaches to social network models. We find that currently applied network constructions for assessing connectivity consistently, and substantially, overpredict actual connectivity, resulting in considerable overestimation of metapopulation lifetime. Furthermore, social network models provide accurate predictions of network structure, and can do so with remarkably limited data on movement. Social network models offer a flexible and powerful way for not only understanding the factors influencing connectivity but also for providing more reliable estimates of connectivity and metapopulation persistence in the face of limited data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1107549108","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, R.J., Acevedo, M., Reichert, B.E., Pias, K., and Kitchens, W., 2011, Social network models predict movement and connectivity in ecological landscapes: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 108, no. 48, p. 19282-19287, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107549108.","startPage":"19282","endPage":"19287","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475302,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107549108","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214946,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107549108"},{"id":242707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91c2e4b08c986b319aa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, R. J. Jr.","contributorId":88120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acevedo, M.A.","contributorId":91317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichert, Brian E. 0000-0002-9640-0695","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-0695","contributorId":22166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichert","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":435330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pias, Kyle E.","contributorId":26535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pias","given":"Kyle E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kitchens, W.M.","contributorId":87647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036735,"text":"70036735 - 2011 - Positive feedback and momentum growth during debris-flow entrainment of wet bed sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-03T15:02:51.431151","indexId":"70036735","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Positive feedback and momentum growth during debris-flow entrainment of wet bed sediment","docAbstract":"Debris flows typically occur when intense rainfall or snowmelt triggers landslides or extensive erosion on steep, debris-mantled slopes. The flows can then grow dramatically in size and speed as they entrain material from their beds and banks, but the mechanism of this growth is unclear. Indeed, momentum conservation implies that entrainment of static material should retard the motion of the flows if friction remains unchanged. Here we use data from large-scale experiments to assess the entrainment of bed material by debris flows. We find that entrainment is accompanied by increased flow momentum and speed only if large positive pore pressures develop in wet bed sediments as the sediments are overridden by debris flows. The increased pore pressure facilitates progressive scour of the bed, reduces basal friction and instigates positive feedback that causes flow speed, mass and momentum to increase. If dryer bed sediment is entrained, however, the feedback becomes negative and flow momentum declines. We infer that analogous feedbacks could operate in other types of gravity-driven mass flow that interact with erodible beds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/ngeo1040","issn":"17520894","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., Reid, M.E., Logan, M., Lahusen, R.G., Godt, J.W., and Griswold, J.P., 2011, Positive feedback and momentum growth during debris-flow entrainment of wet bed sediment: Nature Geoscience, v. 4, no. 2, p. 116-121, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1040.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"116","endPage":"121","ipdsId":"IP-022785","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e06e4b0c8380cd7a2c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Logan, Matthew 0000-0002-3558-2405 mlogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-2405","contributorId":638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Matthew","email":"mlogan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahusen, Richard G. rlahusen@usgs.gov","contributorId":535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahusen","given":"Richard","email":"rlahusen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Griswold, Julia P. griswold@usgs.gov","contributorId":4148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griswold","given":"Julia","email":"griswold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":457575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70032302,"text":"70032302 - 2011 - Data logging of body temperatures provides precise information on phenology of reproductive events in a free-living arctic hibernator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T20:03:39","indexId":"70032302","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2226,"text":"Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Data logging of body temperatures provides precise information on phenology of reproductive events in a free-living arctic hibernator","docAbstract":"Precise measures of phenology are critical to understanding how animals organize their annual cycles and how individuals and populations respond to climate-induced changes in physical and ecological stressors. We show that patterns of core body temperature (T b) can be used to precisely determine the timing of key seasonal events including hibernation, mating and parturition, and immergence and emergence from the hibernacula in free-living arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii). Using temperature loggers that recorded T b every 20 min for up to 18 months, we monitored core T b from three females that subsequently gave birth in captivity and from 66 female and 57 male ground squirrels free-living in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range Alaska. In addition, dates of emergence from hibernation were visually confirmed for four free-living male squirrels. Average T b in captive females decreased by 0.5–1.0°C during gestation and abruptly increased by 1–1.5°C on the day of parturition. In free-living females, similar shifts in T b were observed in 78% (n = 9) of yearlings and 94% (n = 31) of adults; females without the shift are assumed not to have given birth. Three of four ground squirrels for which dates of emergence from hibernation were visually confirmed did not exhibit obvious diurnal rhythms in T b until they first emerged onto the surface when T b patterns became diurnal. In free-living males undergoing reproductive maturation, this pre-emergence euthermic interval averaged 20.4 days (n = 56). T b-loggers represent a cost-effective and logistically feasible method to precisely investigate the phenology of reproduction and hibernation in ground squirrels.
Permafrost contains an estimated 1672 Pg carbon (C), an amount roughly equivalent to the total currently contained within land plants and the atmosphere1,2,3. This reservoir of C is vulnerable to decomposition as rising global temperatures cause the permafrost to thaw2. During thaw, trapped organic matter may become more accessible for microbial degradation and result in greenhouse gas emissions4,5. Despite recent advances in the use of molecular tools to study permafrost microbial communities6,7,8,9, their response to thaw remains unclear. Here we use deep metagenomic sequencing to determine the impact of thaw on microbial phylogenetic and functional genes, and relate these data to measurements of methane emissions. Metagenomics, the direct sequencing of DNA from the environment, allows the examination of whole biochemical pathways and associated processes, as opposed to individual pieces of the metabolic puzzle. Our metagenome analyses reveal that during transition from a frozen to a thawed state there are rapid shifts in many microbial, phylogenetic and functional gene abundances and pathways. After one week of incubation at 5 °C, permafrost metagenomes converge to be more similar to each other than while they are frozen. We find that multiple genes involved in cycling of C and nitrogen shift rapidly during thaw. We also construct the first draft genome from a complex soil metagenome, which corresponds to a novel methanogen. Methane previously accumulated in permafrost is released during thaw and subsequently consumed by methanotrophic bacteria. Together these data point towards the importance of rapid cycling of methane and nitrogen in thawing permafrost.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/nature10576","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"MacKelprang, R., Waldrop, M., Deangelis, K., David, M., Chavarria, K., Blazewicz, S., Rubin, E., and Jansson, J., 2011, Metagenomic analysis of a permafrost microbial community reveals a rapid response to thaw: Nature, v. 480, no. 7377, p. 368-371, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10576.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"368","endPage":"371","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475153,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1051660","text":"External Repository"},{"id":241576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"480","issue":"7377","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a546ae4b0c8380cd6cf8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKelprang, R.","contributorId":96490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKelprang","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldrop, M. P. 0000-0003-1829-7140","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-7140","contributorId":105104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"M. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deangelis, K.M.","contributorId":103096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deangelis","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"David, M.M.","contributorId":55219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"David","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chavarria, K.L.","contributorId":82932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavarria","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blazewicz, S.J.","contributorId":98957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazewicz","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rubin, E.M.","contributorId":26890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jansson, J.K.","contributorId":85411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jansson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70032505,"text":"70032505 - 2011 - Evaluation of the Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) using ICESat geodetic control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-28T13:04:00.087566","indexId":"70032505","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of the Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) using ICESat geodetic control","docAbstract":"Supported by NASA's Earth Surface and Interior (ESI) Program, we are producing a global set of Ground Control Points (GCPs) derived from the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) altimetry data. From February of 2003, to October of 2009, ICESat obtained nearly global measurements of land topography (+/- 86deg latitudes) with unprecedented accuracy, sampling the Earth's surface at discrete approx.50 m diameter laser footprints spaced 170 m along the altimetry profiles. We apply stringent editing to select the highest quality elevations and use these GCPs to characterize and quantify spatially varying elevation biases in Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). In this paper, we present an evaluation of the soon to be released Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010). Elevation biases and error statistics have been analyzed as a function of land cover and relief. The GMTED2010 products are a large improvement over previous sources of elevation data at comparable resolutions. RMSEs for all products and terrain conditions are below 7 m and typically are about 4 m. The GMTED2010 products are biased upward with respect to the ICESat GCPs on average by approximately 3 m.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Lidar and Radar Mapping 2011: Technologies and Applications","conferenceDate":"May 26-29, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Nanjing, China","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.912776","usgsCitation":"Carabajal, C., Harding, D., Boy, J., Danielson, J.J., Gesch, D., and Suchdeo, V., 2011, Evaluation of the Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) using ICESat geodetic control, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 8286, Nanjing, China, May 26-29, 2011, 82861Y, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.912776.","productDescription":"82861Y","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8286","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cd4e4b0c8380cd52cf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carabajal, C.C.","contributorId":37544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carabajal","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harding, D.J.","contributorId":36723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boy, J.-P.","contributorId":84569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boy","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Danielson, Jeffrey J. 0000-0003-0907-034X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0907-034X","contributorId":40812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gesch, D.B. 0000-0002-8992-4933","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":26886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Suchdeo, V.P.","contributorId":44744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suchdeo","given":"V.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70032515,"text":"70032515 - 2011 - Survey of stranded gas and delivered costs to Europe of selected gas resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T12:18:50","indexId":"70032515","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Survey of stranded gas and delivered costs to Europe of selected gas resources","docAbstract":"Two important trends affecting the expected growth of global gas markets are (1) the shift by many industrialized countries from coal-fired electricity generation to the use of natural gas to generate electricity and (2) the industrialization of the heavily populated Asian countries of India and China. This paper surveys discovered gas in stranded conventional gas accumulations and presents estimates of the cost of developing and producing stranded gas in selected countries. Stranded gas is natural gas in discovered or identified fields that is not currently commercially producible for either physical or economic reasons. Published reserves of gas at the global level do not distinguish between volumes of gas in producing fields and volumes in nonproducing fields. Data on stranded gas reported here-that is the volumes, geographical distribution, and size distributions of stranded gas fields at the country and regional level-are based on the examination of individual-field data and represent a significant improvement in information available to industry and government decision makers. Globally, stranded gas is pervasive, but large volumes in large accumulations are concentrated in only a few areas. The cost component of the paper focuses on stranded conventional gas accumulations in Africa and South America that have the potential to augment supplies to Europe. The methods described for the computation of extraction and transport costs are innovative in that they use information on the sizes and geographical distribution of the identified stranded gas fields. The costs are based on industry data specific to the country and geologic basin where the stranded gas is located. Gas supplies to Europe can be increased significantly at competitive costs by the development of stranded gas. Net extraction costs of producing the identified gas depend critically on the natural-gas-liquids (NGLs) content, the prevailing prices of liquids, the size of the gas accumulation, and the deposit's location. The diversity of the distribution of stranded gas is one obstacle to the exercise of market power by the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF).
","conferenceTitle":"SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium 2010","conferenceDate":"March 8-9, 2010","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petroleum Engineers","issn":"21501173","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., and Freeman, P., 2011, Survey of stranded gas and delivered costs to Europe of selected gas resources, SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium 2010, March 8-9, 2010, p. 149-162.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"162","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba29ae4b08c986b31f806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":193092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Philip A. 0000-0002-0863-7431 pfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":193093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Philip A.","email":"pfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70194385,"text":"70194385 - 2011 - Long-term observations of Boreal Toads at an ARMI apex site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T14:22:30","indexId":"70194385","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Long-term observations of Boreal Toads at an ARMI apex site","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey’s Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI) is a national project with goals to monitor the status and trends of amphibians, conduct research on causes of declines, and provide information and support to management agencies for conservation of amphibian populations. ARMI activities are organized around extensive inventories and place-based monitoring (such as collaboration with the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network), and intensive population studies and research at selected locations (apex sites). One such site is an oxbow pond on the Buffalo Fork near the Black Rock Ranger Station east of Grand Teton National Park. We have been conducting mark-recapture of boreal toads (Anaxyrus boreas) at Black Rock since 2002. In concert with studies of other toad populations in the Rocky Mountains, we have documented a high rate of incidence of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and a negative rate of growth of the toad population, but not the population crash or extinction observed in other populations with high prevalence of Bd. Long-term observations at other ARMI apex sites have proven invaluable for studying effects of climate change on amphibian behavior, and the Black Rock site has been upgraded with onsite recording of weather data and auditory monitoring of other amphibian species. Continued research at Black Rock will be critical for understanding the interrelated effects of climate and disease on amphibians in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Questioning Greater Yellowstone’s future: Climate, land use, and invasive species. Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"10th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","conferenceDate":"October 11–13, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Yellowstone National Park, WY, and Laramie, WY","language":"English","publisher":"Yellowstone Center for Resources and University of Wyoming William D. Ruckelshaus Institute of Environment and Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Corn, P.S., Muths, E.L., and Pilliod, D., 2011, Long-term observations of Boreal Toads at an ARMI apex site, in Questioning Greater Yellowstone’s future: Climate, land use, and invasive species. Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Yellowstone National Park, WY, and Laramie, WY, October 11–13, 2010, p. 101-104.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349378,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2011_corn_p002.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6107fbe4b06e28e9c25624","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corn, Paul Stephen 0000-0002-4106-6335","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-6335","contributorId":31693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muths, Erin L. 0000-0002-5498-3132 muthse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-3132","contributorId":1260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"Erin","email":"muthse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pilliod, David S. 0000-0003-4207-3518 dpilliod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-3518","contributorId":147050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David S.","email":"dpilliod@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":723647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036583,"text":"70036583 - 2011 - The use (and misuse) of sediment traps in coral reef environments: Theory, observations, and suggested protocols","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T09:09:53","indexId":"70036583","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use (and misuse) of sediment traps in coral reef environments: Theory, observations, and suggested protocols","docAbstract":"Sediment traps are commonly used as standard tools for monitoring “sedimentation” in coral reef environments. In much of the literature where sediment traps were used to measure the effects of “sedimentation” on corals, it is clear from deployment descriptions and interpretations of the resulting data that information derived from sediment traps has frequently been misinterpreted or misapplied. Despite their widespread use in this setting, sediment traps do not provide quantitative information about “sedimentation” on coral surfaces. Traps can provide useful information about the relative magnitude of sediment dynamics if trap deployment standards are used. This conclusion is based first on a brief review of the state of knowledge of sediment trap dynamics, which has primarily focused on traps deployed high above the seabed in relatively deep water, followed by our understanding of near-bed sediment dynamics in shallow-water environments that characterize coral reefs. This overview is followed by the first synthesis of near-bed sediment trap data collected with concurrent hydrodynamic information in coral reef environments. This collective information is utilized to develop nine protocols for using sediment traps in coral reef environments, which focus on trap parameters that researchers can control such as trap height (H), trap mouth diameter (D), the height of the trap mouth above the substrate (z o ), and the spacing between traps. The hydrodynamic behavior of sediment traps and the limitations of data derived from these traps should be forefront when interpreting sediment trap data to infer sediment transport processes in coral reef environments.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00338-010-0705-3","issn":"07224028","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Field, M., and Bothner, M., 2011, The use (and misuse) of sediment traps in coral reef environments: Theory, observations, and suggested protocols: Coral Reefs, v. 30, no. 1, p. 23-38, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-010-0705-3.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"38","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475297,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-010-0705-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb157e4b08c986b3252df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, C. D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":98905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":456853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032575,"text":"70032575 - 2011 - Modeling hydrologic and geomorphic hazards across post-fire landscapes using a self-organizing map approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:37:23","indexId":"70032575","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling hydrologic and geomorphic hazards across post-fire landscapes using a self-organizing map approach","docAbstract":"Few studies attempt to model the range of possible post-fire hydrologic and geomorphic hazards because of the sparseness of data and the coupled, nonlinear, spatial, and temporal relationships among landscape variables. In this study, a type of unsupervised artificial neural network, called a self-organized map (SOM), is trained using data from 540 burned basins in the western United States. The sparsely populated data set includes variables from independent numerical landscape categories (climate, land surface form, geologic texture, and post-fire condition), independent landscape classes (bedrock geology and state), and dependent initiation processes (runoff, landslide, and runoff and landslide combination) and responses (debris flows, floods, and no events). Pattern analysis of the SOM-based component planes is used to identify and interpret relations among the variables. Application of the Davies-Bouldin criteria following k-means clustering of the SOM neurons identified eight conceptual regional models for focusing future research and empirical model development. A split-sample validation on 60 independent basins (not included in the training) indicates that simultaneous predictions of initiation process and response types are at least 78% accurate. As climate shifts from wet to dry conditions, forecasts across the burned landscape reveal a decreasing trend in the total number of debris flow, flood, and runoff events with considerable variability among individual basins. These findings suggest the SOM may be useful in forecasting real-time post-fire hazards, and long-term post-recovery processes and effects of climate change scenarios.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.001","issn":"13648152","usgsCitation":"Friedel, M.J., 2011, Modeling hydrologic and geomorphic hazards across post-fire landscapes using a self-organizing map approach: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 26, no. 12, p. 1660-1674, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.001.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1660","endPage":"1674","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c03e4b0c8380cd6f981","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedel, Michael J. 0000-0002-5060-3999 mfriedel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"Michael","email":"mfriedel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70036553,"text":"70036553 - 2011 - Position of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and timing of the end-Triassic extinctions on land: Data from the Moenave Formation on the southern Colorado Plateau, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-05T17:39:26.105536","indexId":"70036553","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Position of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and timing of the end-Triassic extinctions on land: Data from the Moenave Formation on the southern Colorado Plateau, USA","docAbstract":"Strata of the Moenave Formation on and adjacent to the southern Colorado Plateau in Utah–Arizona, U.S.A., represent one of the best known and most stratigraphically continuous, complete and fossiliferous terrestrial sections across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. We present a synthesis of new biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data collected from across the Moenave Formation outcrop belt, which extends from the St. George area in southwestern Utah to the Tuba City area in northern Arizona. These data include palynomorphs, conchostracans and vertebrate fossils (including footprints) and a composite polarity record based on four overlapping magnetostratigraphic sections. Placement of the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in strata of the Moenave Formation has long been imprecise and debatable, but these new data (especially the conchostracans) allow us to place the Triassic–Jurassic boundary relatively precisely in the middle part of the Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation, stratigraphically well above the highest occurrence of crurotarsan body fossils or footprints. Correlation to marine sections based on this placement indicates that major terrestrial vertebrate extinctions preceded marine extinctions across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary and therefore were likely unrelated to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) volcanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.009","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Lucas, S.G., Tanner, L., Donohoo-Hurley, L., Geissman, J.W., Kozur, H.W., Heckert, A., and Weems, R.E., 2011, Position of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and timing of the end-Triassic extinctions on land: Data from the Moenave Formation on the southern Colorado Plateau, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 302, no. 3-4, p. 194-205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.009.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"194","endPage":"205","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217699,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.009"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Moenave Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -110.654296875,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -110.654296875,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 34.14363482031264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"302","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e03e4b0c8380cd7a2b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, S. G.","contributorId":76934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanner, L.H.","contributorId":59622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donohoo-Hurley, L.","contributorId":7539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donohoo-Hurley","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geissman, J. W.","contributorId":105760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kozur, H. W.","contributorId":57301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kozur","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heckert, A.B.","contributorId":21387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heckert","given":"A.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weems, Robert E. 0000-0002-1907-7804 rweems@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1907-7804","contributorId":2663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"Robert","email":"rweems@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70036548,"text":"70036548 - 2011 - A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-13T06:37:10","indexId":"70036548","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus","docAbstract":"Life is mostly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Although these six elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and thus the bulk of living matter, it is theoretically possible that some other elements in the periodic table could serve the same functions. Here, we describe a bacterium, strain GFAJ-1 of the Halomonadaceae, isolated from Mono Lake, California, that is able to substitute arsenic for phosphorus to sustain its growth. Our data show evidence for arsenate in macromolecules that normally contain phosphate, most notably nucleic acids and proteins. Exchange of one of the major bio-elements may have profound evolutionary and geochemical importance.","language":"English","publisher":"Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1197258","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Wolfe-Simon, F., Blum, J.S., Kulp, T., Rattray, G.W., Hoeft, S., Pett-Ridge, J., Stolz, J., Webb, S., Weber, P., Davies, P., Anbar, A., and Oremland, R., 2011, A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus: Science, v. 332, no. 6034, p. 1163-1166, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197258.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1163","endPage":"1166","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475292,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1016932","text":"External Repository"},{"id":245600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"332","issue":"6034","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e316e4b0c8380cd45dff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe-Simon, Felisa","contributorId":37167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe-Simon","given":"Felisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blum, Jodi S. jsblum@usgs.gov","contributorId":4263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"Jodi","email":"jsblum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kulp, T.R.","contributorId":33032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulp","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rattray, Gordon W. 0000-0002-1690-3218 grattray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-3218","contributorId":2521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattray","given":"Gordon","email":"grattray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoeft, S.E.","contributorId":24479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoeft","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pett-Ridge, J.","contributorId":47129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pett-Ridge","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stolz, J.F.","contributorId":94022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolz","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Webb, S.M.","contributorId":12959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Weber, P.K.","contributorId":53574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Davies, P.C.W.","contributorId":21015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"P.C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Anbar, A.D.","contributorId":36365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anbar","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70036441,"text":"70036441 - 2011 - High-resolution three-dimensional imaging and analysis of rock falls in Yosemite valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:03:37","indexId":"70036441","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution three-dimensional imaging and analysis of rock falls in Yosemite valley, California","docAbstract":"We present quantitative analyses of recent large rock falls in Yosemite Valley, California, using integrated high-resolution imaging techniques. Rock falls commonly occur from the glacially sculpted granitic walls of Yosemite Valley, modifying this iconic landscape but also posing significant potential hazards and risks. Two large rock falls occurred from the cliff beneath Glacier Point in eastern Yosemite Valley on 7 and 8 October 2008, causing minor injuries and damaging structures in a developed area. We used a combination of gigapixel photography, airborne laser scanning (ALS) data, and ground-based terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data to characterize the rock-fall detachment surface and adjacent cliff area, quantify the rock-fall volume, evaluate the geologic structure that contributed to failure, and assess the likely failure mode. We merged the ALS and TLS data to resolve the complex, vertical to overhanging topography of the Glacier Point area in three dimensions, and integrated these data with gigapixel photographs to fully image the cliff face in high resolution. Three-dimensional analysis of repeat TLS data reveals that the cumulative failure consisted of a near-planar rock slab with a maximum length of 69.0 m, a mean thickness of 2.1 m, a detachment surface area of 2750 m2, and a volume of 5663 ± 36 m3. Failure occurred along a surface-parallel, vertically oriented sheeting joint in a clear example of granitic exfoliation. Stress concentration at crack tips likely propagated fractures through the partially attached slab, leading to failure. Our results demonstrate the utility of high-resolution imaging techniques for quantifying far-range (>1 km) rock falls occurring from the largely inaccessible, vertical rock faces of Yosemite Valley, and for providing highly accurate and precise data needed for rock-fall hazard assessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES00617.1","issn":"1553040X","usgsCitation":"Stock, G.M., Bawden, G.W., Green, J., Hanson, E., Downing, G., Collins, B.D., Bond, S., and Leslar, M., 2011, High-resolution three-dimensional imaging and analysis of rock falls in Yosemite valley, California: Geosphere, v. 7, no. 2, p. 573-581, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00617.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"581","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475299,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00617.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218177,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GES00617.1"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a313ae4b0c8380cd5dd3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stock, Gregory M.","contributorId":7493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stock","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bawden, Gerald W. gbawden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawden","given":"Gerald","email":"gbawden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, J.K.","contributorId":93746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanson, E.","contributorId":23796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Downing, G.","contributorId":69828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downing","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Collins, Brian D. 0000-0003-4881-5359 bcollins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4881-5359","contributorId":149278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian","email":"bcollins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bond, Sandra 0000-0003-0522-5287 sbond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-5287","contributorId":3328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"Sandra","email":"sbond@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Leslar, M.","contributorId":17862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslar","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70036439,"text":"70036439 - 2011 - Location and agricultural practices influence spring use of harvested cornfields by cranes and geese in Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-11T17:41:48.795813","indexId":"70036439","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Location and agricultural practices influence spring use of harvested cornfields by cranes and geese in Nebraska","docAbstract":"Millions of ducks, geese, and sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis; hereafter cranes) stop in the Central Platte River Valley (CPRV) of Nebraska to store nutrients for migration and reproduction by consuming corn remaining in fields after harvest. We examined factors that influence use of cornfields by cranes and geese (all mid‐continent species combined; e.g., Anser, Chen, and Branta spp.) because it is a key step to efficient conservation planning aimed at ensuring that adequate food resources are available to migratory birds stopping in the CPRV. Distance to night‐time roost site, segment of the CPRV (west to east), and agricultural practices (post‐harvest treatment of cornfields: idle, grazed, mulched, mulched and grazed, and tilled) were the most important and influential variables in our models for geese and cranes. Probability of cornfield use by geese and cranes decreased with increasing distance from the closest potential roosting site. The use of cornfields by geese increased with the density of corn present there during the early migration period, but field use by cranes appeared not to be influenced by early migration corn density. However, probability of cornfield use by cranes did increase with the amount of wet grassland habitat within 4.8 km of the field. Geese were most likely to use fields that were tilled and least likely to use fields that were mulched and grazed. Cranes were most likely to use fields that were mulched and least likely to use fields that were tilled, but grazing appeared not to influence the likelihood of field use by cranes. Geese were more likely to use cornfields in western segments of the CPRV, but cranes were more likely to use cornfields in eastern segments. Our data suggest that managers could favor crane use of fields and reduce direct competition with geese by reducing fall and spring tilling and increasing mulching. Moreover, crane conservation efforts would be most beneficial if they were focused in the eastern portions of the CPRV and in fields as close as possible to both known roosting and large amounts of wet grassland habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.135","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Anteau, M.J., Sherfy, M.H., and Bishop, A., 2011, Location and agricultural practices influence spring use of harvested cornfields by cranes and geese in Nebraska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 75, no. 5, p. 1004-1011, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.135.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1004","endPage":"1011","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218147,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.135"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Central Platte River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.6240234375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -99.55810546875,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -98.41552734375,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -98.06396484375,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -98.02001953125,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -98.6572265625,\n 40.93011520598305\n ],\n [\n -99.6240234375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4903e4b0c8380cd682d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anteau, Michael J. 0000-0002-5173-5870 manteau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-5870","contributorId":3427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"Michael","email":"manteau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherfy, Mark H. 0000-0003-3016-4105 msherfy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3016-4105","contributorId":125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherfy","given":"Mark","email":"msherfy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bishop, A.A.","contributorId":48423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036411,"text":"70036411 - 2011 - Winter habitat associations of diurnal raptors in Californias Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:04","indexId":"70036411","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3743,"text":"Western Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter habitat associations of diurnal raptors in Californias Central Valley","docAbstract":"The wintering raptors of California's Central Valley are abundant and diverse. Despite this, little information exists on the habitats used by these birds in winter. We recorded diurnal raptors along 19 roadside survey routes throughout the Central Valley for three consecutive winters between 2007 and 2010. We obtained data sufficient to determine significant positive and negative habitat associations for the White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus), Bald Eagle {Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus), American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), and Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus). The Prairie Falcon and Ferruginous and Rough-legged hawks showed expected strong positive associations with grasslands. The Bald Eagle and Northern Harrier were positively associated not only with wetlands but also with rice. The strongest positive association for the White-tailed Kite was with wetlands. The Red-tailed Hawk was positively associated with a variety of habitat types but most strongly with wetlands and rice. The American Kestrel, Northern Harrier, and White-tailed Kite were positively associated with alfalfa. Nearly all species were negatively associated with urbanized landscapes, orchards, and other intensive forms of agriculture. The White-tailed Kite, Northern Harrier, Redtailed Hawk, Ferruginous Hawk, and American Kestrel showed significant negative associations with oak savanna. Given the rapid conversion of the Central Valley to urban and intensive agricultural uses over the past few decades, these results have important implications for conservation of these wintering raptors in this region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01601121","usgsCitation":"Pandolrno, E., Herzog, M., Hooper, S., and Smith, Z., 2011, Winter habitat associations of diurnal raptors in Californias Central Valley: Western Birds, v. 42, no. 2, p. 62-84.","startPage":"62","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd150e4b08c986b32f363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pandolrno, E.R.","contributorId":55249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pandolrno","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herzog, M.P.","contributorId":37865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooper, S.L.","contributorId":33562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Z.","contributorId":53192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036391,"text":"70036391 - 2011 - Formulation of a correlated variables methodology for assessment of continuous gas resources with an application to the Woodford play, Arkoma Basin, eastern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-27T18:54:32.706382","indexId":"70036391","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1065,"text":"Boletin Geologico y Minero","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formulation of a correlated variables methodology for assessment of continuous gas resources with an application to the Woodford play, Arkoma Basin, eastern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Shale gas is a form of continuous unconventional hydrocarbon accumulation whose resource estimation is unfeasible through the inference of pore volume. Under these circumstances, the usual approach is to base the assessment on well productivity through estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). Unconventional resource assessments that consider uncertainty are typically done by applying analytical procedures based on classical statistics theory that ignores geographical location, does not take into account spatial correlation, and assumes independence of EUR from other variables that may enter into the modeling. We formulate a new, more comprehensive approach based on sequential simulation to test methodologies known to be capable of more fully utilizing the data and overcoming unrealistic simplifications. Theoretical requirements demand modeling of EUR as areal density instead of well EUR. The new experimental methodology is illustrated by evaluating a gas play in the Woodford Shale in the Arkoma Basin of Oklahoma. Differently from previous assessments, we used net thickness and vitrinite reflectance as secondary variables correlated to cell EUR. In addition to the traditional probability distribution for undiscovered resources, the new methodology provides maps of EUR density and maps with probabilities to reach any given cell EUR, which are useful to visualize geographical variations in prospectivity.
","language":"English, Spanish","issn":"03660176","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., Houseknecht, D., Garrity, C., and Cook, T.A., 2011, Formulation of a correlated variables methodology for assessment of continuous gas resources with an application to the Woodford play, Arkoma Basin, eastern Oklahoma: Boletin Geologico y Minero, v. 122, no. 4, p. 483-496.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"483","endPage":"496","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-024393","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246409,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arkoma Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.48688507080078,\n 35.23664622093195\n ],\n [\n -94.43744659423828,\n 35.23664622093195\n ],\n [\n -94.43744659423828,\n 35.35881619143943\n ],\n [\n -94.48688507080078,\n 35.35881619143943\n ],\n [\n -94.48688507080078,\n 35.23664622093195\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"122","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a135ce4b0c8380cd5462c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":455877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houseknecht, D.W. 0000-0002-9633-6910","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":33695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrity, C.P. 0000-0002-5565-1818","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1818","contributorId":10021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrity","given":"C.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cook, T. A.","contributorId":60169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036389,"text":"70036389 - 2011 - Bounding species distribution models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-07T21:06:16.85128","indexId":"70036389","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1362,"text":"Current Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bounding species distribution models","docAbstract":"Species distribution models are increasing in popularity for mapping suitable habitat for species of management concern. Many investigators now recognize that extrapolations of these models with geographic information systems (GIS) might be sensitive to the environmental bounds of the data used in their development, yet there is no recommended best practice for “clamping” model extrapolations. We relied on two commonly used modeling approaches: classification and regression tree (CART) and maximum entropy (Maxent) models, and we tested a simple alteration of the model extrapolations, bounding extrapolations to the maximum and minimum values of primary environmental predictors, to provide a more realistic map of suitable habitat of hybridized Africanized honey bees in the southwestern United States. Findings suggest that multiple models of bounding, and the most conservative bounding of species distribution models, like those presented here, should probably replace the unbounded or loosely bounded techniques currently used.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/czoolo/57.5.642","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., Jarnevich, C.S., Esaias, W.E., and Morisette, J., 2011, Bounding species distribution models: Current Zoology, v. 57, no. 5, p. 642-647, https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.5.642.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"642","endPage":"647","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.5.642","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f248e4b0c8380cd4b0cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarnevich, Catherine S. 0000-0002-9699-2336 jarnevichc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-2336","contributorId":3424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarnevich","given":"Catherine","email":"jarnevichc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esaias, Wayne E.","contributorId":12379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esaias","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morisette, Jeffery T. 0000-0002-0483-0082","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-0082","contributorId":39297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morisette","given":"Jeffery T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036334,"text":"70036334 - 2011 - Globally Gridded Satellite observations for climate studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T14:16:45","indexId":"70036334","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Globally Gridded Satellite observations for climate studies","docAbstract":"Geostationary satellites have provided routine, high temporal resolution Earth observations since the 1970s. Despite the long period of record, use of these data in climate studies has been limited for numerous reasons, among them that no central archive of geostationary data for all international satellites exists, full temporal and spatial resolution data are voluminous, and diverse calibration and navigation formats encumber the uniform processing needed for multisatellite climate studies. The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) set the stage for overcoming these issues by archiving a subset of the full-resolution geostationary data at ~10-km resolution at 3-hourly intervals since 1983. Recent efforts at NOAA's National Climatic Data Center to provide convenient access to these data include remapping the data to a standard map projection, recalibrating the data to optimize temporal homogeneity, extending the record of observations back to 1980, and reformatting the data for broad public distribution. The Gridded Satellite (GridSat) dataset includes observations from the visible, infrared window, and infrared water vapor channels. Data are stored in Network Common Data Format (netCDF) using standards that permit a wide variety of tools and libraries to process the data quickly and easily. A novel data layering approach, together with appropriate satellite and file metadata, allows users to access GridSat data at varying levels of complexity based on their needs. The result is a climate data record already in use by the meteorological community. Examples include reanalysis of tropical cyclones, studies of global precipitation, and detection and tracking of the intertropical convergence zone.","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/2011BAMS3039.1","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Knapp, K., Ansari, S., Bain, C., Bourassa, M., Dickinson, M., Funk, C., Helms, C., Hennon, C., Holmes, C., Huffman, G.J., Kossin, J., Lee, H., Loew, A., and Magnusdottir, G., 2011, Globally Gridded Satellite observations for climate studies: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 92, no. 7, p. 893-907, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011BAMS3039.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"893","endPage":"907","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475417,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2011bams3039.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218524,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011BAMS3039.1"}],"volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2966e4b0c8380cd5a8fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knapp, K.R.","contributorId":105954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ansari, S.","contributorId":64494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ansari","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bain, C.L.","contributorId":53214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bain","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bourassa, M.A.","contributorId":79341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourassa","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dickinson, M.J.","contributorId":103915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Funk, Chris 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":167070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Chris","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Helms, C.N.","contributorId":101130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helms","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hennon, C.C.","contributorId":68152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hennon","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Holmes, C.D.","contributorId":47218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Huffman, G. J.","contributorId":76122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kossin, J.P.","contributorId":25399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kossin","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lee, H.-T.","contributorId":16261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.-T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Loew, A.","contributorId":57707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loew","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Magnusdottir, G.","contributorId":54056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magnusdottir","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70036321,"text":"70036321 - 2011 - A nuclear localization of the infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus NV protein is necessary for optimal viral growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-30T20:03:27","indexId":"70036321","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A nuclear localization of the infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus NV protein is necessary for optimal viral growth","docAbstract":"The nonvirion (NV) protein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) has been previously reported to be essential for efficient growth and pathogenicity of IHNV. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the NV supports the viral growth. In this study, cellular localization of NV and its role in IHNV growth in host cells was investigated. Through transient transfection in RTG-2 cells of NV fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), a nuclear localization of NV was demonstrated. Deletion analyses showed that the 32EGDL35 residues were essential for nuclear localization of NV protein, and fusion of these 4 amino acids to GFP directed its transport to the nucleus. We generated a recombinant IHNV, rIHNV-NV-ΔEGDL in which the 32EGDL35 was deleted from the NV. rIHNVs with wild-type NV (rIHNV-NV) or with the NV gene replaced with GFP (rIHNV-ΔNV-GFP) were used as controls. RTG-2 cells infected with rIHNV-ΔNV-GFP and rIHNV-NV-ΔEGDL yielded 12- and 5-fold less infectious virion, respectively, than wild type rIHNV-infected cells at 48 h post-infection (p.i.). While treatment with poly I:C at 24 h p.i. did not inhibit replication of wild-type rIHNVs, replication rates of rIHNV-ΔNV-GFP and rIHNV-NV-ΔEGDL were inhibited by poly I:C. In addition, both rIHNV-ΔNV and rIHNV-NV-ΔEGDL induced higher levels of expressions of both IFN1 and Mx1 than wild-type rIHNV. These data suggest that the IHNV NV may support the growth of IHNV through inhibition of the INF system and the amino acid residues of 32EGDL35 responsible for nuclear localization are important for the inhibitory activity of NV.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"PLOS","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0022362","issn":"19326203","usgsCitation":"Choi, M., Moon, C.H., Ko, M., Lee, U., Cho, W., Cha, S., Do, J., Heo, G., Jeong, S., Hahm, Y., Harmache, A., Bremont, M., Kurath, G., and Park, J.W., 2011, A nuclear localization of the infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus NV protein is necessary for optimal viral growth: PLoS ONE, v. 6, no. 7, Article ID: e22362, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022362.","productDescription":"Article ID: e22362","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475450,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022362","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":218343,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022362"},{"id":246343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c7e4b0c8380cd46915","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choi, M.K.","contributorId":71038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choi","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moon, C. H.","contributorId":95607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ko, M.S.","contributorId":85019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ko","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, U.-H.","contributorId":60893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"U.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cho, W.","contributorId":7544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cho","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cha, S.J.","contributorId":63660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cha","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Do, J.W.","contributorId":71814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Do","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Heo, G.J.","contributorId":86206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heo","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jeong, S.G.","contributorId":106356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeong","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hahm, Y.S.","contributorId":27301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahm","given":"Y.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Harmache, A.","contributorId":98457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmache","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Bremont, M.","contributorId":30349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bremont","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":100522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Park, J. W.","contributorId":22084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70036301,"text":"70036301 - 2011 - An empirical model of the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-19T20:38:35.706332","indexId":"70036301","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2313,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research A: Space Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical model of the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation","docAbstract":"An empirical model of the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation has been constructed based on geomagnetic data obtained from 21 stations along the 210 Magnetic Meridian of the Circum‐pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) from 1996 to 2007. Using the least squares fitting method for geomagnetically quiet days (Kp ≤ 2+), the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation at each station was described as a function of solar activity SA, day of year DOY, lunar age LA, and local time LT. After interpolation in latitude, the model can describe solar‐activity dependence and seasonal dependence of solar quiet daily variations (S) and lunar quiet daily variations (L). We performed a spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) on these S and L variations to examine average characteristics of the equivalent external current systems. We found three particularly noteworthy results. First, the total current intensity of the S current system is largely controlled by solar activity while its focus position is not significantly affected by solar activity. Second, we found that seasonal variations of the S current intensity exhibit north‐south asymmetry; the current intensity of the northern vortex shows a prominent annual variation while the southern vortex shows a clear semi‐annual variation as well as annual variation. Thirdly, we found that the total intensity of the L current system changes depending on solar activity and season; seasonal variations of the L current intensity show an enhancement during the December solstice, independent of the level of solar activity.
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