{"pageNumber":"705","pageRowStart":"17600","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":70038671,"text":"sir20115182 - 2012 - Hydrogeology, water chemistry, and transport processes in the zone of contribution of a public-supply well in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2007-9","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-13T01:01:48","indexId":"sir20115182","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5182","title":"Hydrogeology, water chemistry, and transport processes in the zone of contribution of a public-supply well in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2007-9","docAbstract":"The National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) of the U.S. Geological Survey began a series of groundwater studies in 2001 in representative aquifers across the Nation in order to increase understanding of the factors that affect transport of anthropogenic and natural contaminants (TANC) to public-supply wells. One of 10 regional-scale TANC studies was conducted in the Middle Rio Grande Basin (MRGB) in New Mexico, where a more detailed local-scale study subsequently investigated the hydrogeology, water chemistry, and factors affecting the transport of contaminants in the zone of contribution of one 363-meter (m) deep public-supply well in Albuquerque. During 2007 through 2009, samples were collected for the local-scale study from 22 monitoring wells and 3 public-supply (supply) wells for analysis of major and trace elements, arsenic speciation, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), dissolved gases, stable isotopes, and tracers of young and old water. To study groundwater chemistry and ages at various depths within the aquifer, the monitoring wells were divided into three categories: (1) each shallow well was screened across the water table or had a screen midpoint within 18.3 m of the water level in the well; (2) each intermediate well had a screen midpoint between about 27.1 and 79.6 m below the water level in the well; and (3) each deep well had a screen midpoint about 185 m or more below the water level in the well. The 24-square-kilometer study area surrounding the \"studied supply well\" (SSW), one of the three supply wells, consists of primarily urban land within the MRGB, a deep alluvial basin with an aquifer composed of unconsolidated to moderately consolidated deposits of sand, gravel, silt, and clay. Conditions generally are unconfined, but are semiconfined at depth. Groundwater withdrawals for public supply have substantially changed the primary direction of flow from northeast to southwest under predevelopment conditions, to west to east under modern conditions. Analysis of age tracers indicates that groundwater from most sampled wells is dominated by old (pre-1950) water, ranging in mean age from about 4,000 years to more than 22,000 years, but includes a fraction of young (post-1950) recharge. Patterns in chemical and isotopic data are consistent with the conclusions that shallow groundwater in the area typically includes a fraction that evaporated prior to recharge and (or) flushed accumulated solutes out of the unsaturated zone during recharge, and that shallow groundwater has mixed to deeper parts of the aquifer, which receives recharge mainly by seepage from the Rio Grande. Among shallow and intermediate wells that produced water with a fraction of young recharge, that fraction ranged between 1.5 and 46 percent. Samples from the two deep wells had groundwater ages exceeding 18,000 years, with no fraction of young recharge. Two supply wells (including the SSW) had a fraction of young recharge, which ranged between about 3 and 11 percent, despite mean groundwater ages exceeding 10,000 years. The fraction of young recharge to the SSW varied seasonally, probably because seasonal pumping patterns affected local hydraulic gradients and (or) because of flow through the well bore when the SSW is not pumping. Well-bore flow data collected during winter (low-pumping season) indicated that about 61 percent of the water pumped from the SSW entered the well from the intermediate part of the aquifer, and that the remaining 39 percent entered from the deep part of the aquifer. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in samples from most shallow and intermediate monitoring wells and from two of three supply wells, including the SSW. Detected VOCs were primarily chlorinated solvents or their degradation products. Many of the wells in which most of these VOCs were detected are located near known sites of solvent contamination that were targeted for sampling because trichloroethylene (TCE) and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene had been detected in the SSW, and several of these wells may have become contaminated at least partly because of enhanced vertical migration associated with the pumping of and (or) direct migration down deep well bores. Except for TCE in the sample from a shallow monitoring well, all detections of VOCs were at concentrations below Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Concentrations of all VOCs detected in the supply wells were less than one-tenth of the corresponding MCLs. However, the presence of VOCs in all but deep groundwater, including the detection of chloroform (a chlorination byproduct) in several shallow wells, indicates that groundwater in the study area commonly is affected by human activities, even to substantial depths. The only natural contaminant detected at concentrations near or above its MCL was arsenic, which has been detected at elevated concentrations across broad areas of the MRGB. Concentrations of arsenic, present primarily as arsenate, exceeded the MCL of 10 micrograms per liter (μg/L) in water from the two deep wells (one of which had the highest concentration, 35 μg/L), from one intermediate well, and from two supply wells, including the SSW. Water-quality and solid-phase data from this study are consistent with elevated arsenic concentrations in groundwater being related to pH-dependent desorption of arsenic from ferric oxyhydroxides in sediments in deep parts of the aquifer. Concentrations of nitrate ranged between 1.3 and 5.4 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in water from shallow wells screened across the water table, but were less than 0.9 mg/L in water from all but one deeper well. Nitrogen isotopes and chloride/bromide ratios for shallow wells were consistent with natural soil nitrogen. Nitrate concentrations and nitrogen isotopes indicated that denitrification is occurring at intermediate aquifer depths, and that the progress of the denitrification reaction typically is greatest for wells that include a fraction of groundwater associated with particular recharge sources or with known sites of contamination contributing organic compounds that can provide a carbon source for microbial respiration. Overall, hydrologic and chemical data from the study area indicate that young recharge is reaching the aquifer across broad areas and is migrating from shallow to intermediate depths of the aquifer as a result of mixing that is associated with human development of groundwater. Consequently, groundwater that human activities in the urban study area have affected is present at depths that are within the screened intervals of public-supply wells, resulting in detections of VOCs and implying greater vulnerability to anthropogenic contamination than might be assumed based on the dominantly old age of the regional groundwater. However, the fractions of old groundwater that public-supply wells produce substantially dilute the anthropogenic contaminants, while contributing natural contaminants (primarily arsenic) to the wells. Based on data from the SSW, vulnerability of public-supply wells to natural and anthropogenic contaminants in the area changes through time, including with seasonal changes in pumping stresses that alter the fractions of young and old water being contributed to wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115182","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Bexfield, L.M., Jurgens, B., Crilley, D.M., and Christenson, S.C., 2012, Hydrogeology, water chemistry, and transport processes in the zone of contribution of a public-supply well in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2007-9: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5182, xi, 109 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115182.","productDescription":"xi, 109 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5182.gif"},{"id":257478,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5182/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 13","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Bernalillo;Cibola;Sandoval;Santa Fe;Socorro;Torrance;Valencia","city":"Albuquerque","otherGeospatial":"Middle Rio Grande Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.41666666666667,34.25 ], [ -107.41666666666667,35.75 ], [ -106.08333333333333,35.75 ], [ -106.08333333333333,34.25 ], [ -107.41666666666667,34.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a34e8e4b0c8380cd5fb11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bexfield, Laura M. 0000-0002-1789-654X bexfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-654X","contributorId":1273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"Laura","email":"bexfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jurgens, Bryant C. 0000-0002-1572-113X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":22454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"Bryant C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crilley, Dianna M. 0000-0003-0432-5948 dcrilley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-5948","contributorId":3896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crilley","given":"Dianna","email":"dcrilley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70038662,"text":"ofr20121125 - 2012 - A multi-year analysis of spillway survival for juvenile salmonids as a function of spill bay operations at McNary Dam, Washington and Oregon, 2004-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-13T01:01:48","indexId":"ofr20121125","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1125","title":"A multi-year analysis of spillway survival for juvenile salmonids as a function of spill bay operations at McNary Dam, Washington and Oregon, 2004-09","docAbstract":"We analyzed 6 years (2004-09) of passage and survival data collected at McNary Dam to examine how spill bay operations affect survival of juvenile salmonids passing through the spillway at McNary Dam. We also examined the relations between spill bay operations and survival through the juvenile fish bypass in an attempt to determine if survival through the bypass is influenced by spill bay operations. We used a Cormack-Jolly-Seber release-recapture model (CJS model) to determine how the survival of juvenile salmonids passing through McNary Dam relates to spill bay operations. Results of these analyses, while not designed to yield predictive models, can be used to help develop dam-operation strategies that optimize juvenile salmonid survival. For example, increasing total discharge typically had a positive effect on both spillway and bypass survival for all species except sockeye salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>). Likewise, an increase in spill bay discharge improved spillway survival for yearling Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>), and an increase in spillway discharge positively affected spillway survival for juvenile steelhead (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>). The strong linear relation between increased spill and increased survival indicates that increasing the amount of water through the spillway is one strategy that could be used to improve spillway survival for yearling Chinook salmon and juvenile steelhead. However, increased spill did not improve spillway survival for subyearling Chinook salmon and sockeye salmon. Our results indicate that a uniform spill pattern would provide the highest spillway survival and bypass survival for subyearling Chinook salmon. Conversely, a predominantly south spill pattern provided the highest spillway survival for yearling Chinook salmon and juvenile steelhead. Although spill pattern was not a factor for spillway survival of sockeye salmon, spill bay operations that optimize passage through the north and south spill bays maximized spillway survival for this species. Bypass survival of yearling Chinook salmon could be improved by optimizing conditions to facilitate bypass passage at night, but the method to do so is not apparent from this analysis because photoperiod was the only factor affecting bypass survival based on the best and only supported model. Bypass survival of juvenile steelhead would benefit from lower water temperatures and increased total and spillway discharge. Likewise, subyearling Chinook salmon bypass survival would improve with lower water temperatures, increased total discharge, and a uniform spill pattern.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121125","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Adams, N.S., Hansel, H.C., Perry, R.W., and Evans, S.D., 2012, A multi-year analysis of spillway survival for juvenile salmonids as a function of spill bay operations at McNary Dam, Washington and Oregon, 2004-09: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1125, vi, 51 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121125.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p.; Appendices","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1125.jpg"},{"id":257472,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1125/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mcnary Dam;Columbia River;Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121,45.25 ], [ -121,48.25 ], [ -117.75,48.25 ], [ -117.75,45.25 ], [ -121,45.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e48ce4b0c8380cd466f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansel, Hal C. 0000-0002-3537-8244 hhansel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3537-8244","contributorId":2887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"Hal","email":"hhansel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perry, Russell W. 0000-0003-4110-8619 rperry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-8619","contributorId":2820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","email":"rperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, Scott D. 0000-0003-0452-7726 sdevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-7726","contributorId":4408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Scott","email":"sdevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70038674,"text":"pp1791 - 2012 - The Novarupta-Katmai eruption of 1912 - largest eruption of the twentieth century; centennial perspectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T13:49:18","indexId":"pp1791","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1791","title":"The Novarupta-Katmai eruption of 1912 - largest eruption of the twentieth century; centennial perspectives","docAbstract":"The explosive outburst at Novarupta (Alaska) in June 1912 was the 20th century's most voluminous volcanic eruption. Marking its centennial, we illustrate and document the complex eruptive sequence, which was long misattributed to nearby Mount Katmai, and how its deposits have provided key insights about volcanic and magmatic processes. It was one of the few historical eruptions to produce a collapsed caldera, voluminous high-silica rhyolite, wide compositional zonation (51-78 percent SiO<sub>2</sub>), banded pumice, welded tuff, and an aerosol/dust veil that depressed global temperature measurably. It emplaced a series of ash flows that filled what became the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, sustaining high-temperature metal-transporting fumaroles for a decade. Three explosive episodes spanned ~60 hours, depositing ~17 km<sup>3</sup> of fallout and 11&plusmn;2 km<sup>3</sup> of ignimbrite, together representing ~13.5 km<sup>3</sup> of zoned magma. No observers were nearby and no aircraft were in Alaska, and so the eruption narrative was assembled from scattered villages and ship reports. Because volcanology was in its infancy and the early investigations (1915-23) were conducted under arduous expeditionary conditions, many provocative misapprehensions attended reports based on those studies. Fieldwork at Katmai was not resumed until 1953, but, since then, global advances in physical volcanology and chemical petrology have gone hand in hand with studies of the 1912 deposits, clarifying the sequence of events and processes and turning the eruption into one of the best studied in the world. To provide perspective on this century-long evolution, we describe the geologic and geographic setting of the eruption - in a remote, sparsely inhabited wilderness; we review the cultural and scientific contexts at the time of the eruption and early expeditions; and we compile a chronology of the many Katmai investigations since 1912. Products of the eruption are described in detail, including eight layers of regionwide fallout, nine packages of ash flows, and three lava domes that followed the explosive pyroclastic episodes. Changes in the proportions of coerupting rhyolite, dacite, and andesite pumice documented for the fallout and ash-flow successions, which are locally interbedded, permit close correlation of those synchronously emplaced sequences and their varied facies. Petrological correlation of the sequence of deposits near Novarupta with ash layers at Kodiak village, 170 km downwind, where three episodes of ashfall were recorded (to the hour), provides key constraints on timing of the eruptive events. Syneruptive collapse of a kilometer-deep caldera took place atop Mount Katmai, a stratovolcano centered 10 km east of the eruption site at Novarupta, owing to drainage of magma from beneath the Katmai edifice. Correlation of ~50 earthquakes recorded at distant seismic stations (including 14 shocks of magnitude 6.0 to 7.0) to fitful caldera collapse provides further constraints on eruption timing, because layers of nonjuvenile breccia and mud ejected from Mount Katmai during collapse pulses are intercalated with the pumice-fall layers from Novarupta. Structure of the Novarupta vent, a 2-km-wide depression backfilled by welded tuff and inferred to be funnel-shaped at depth, is described in detail, as is the 4-km-wide caldera at Mount Katmai. Discussions are also provided concerning: (1) the impact on global climate of the great mass of sulfur-poor but halogen-rich aerosol ejected into the atmosphere by the rhyolite-dominated eruption; (2) chemical and mineralogical effects of the fumarolic acid gases; and (3) the timing of several syneruptive landslide deposits sandwiched within the pumice-fall sequence. Secondary posteruption phenomena characterized include impounded lakes, ash-rich debris flows, phreatic craters on the ignimbrite sheet, responses of glaciers to the fallout blanket and to beheading by caldera collapse, growth of new glaciers inside the caldera, and gradual filling of the caldera lake. Structure, composition, and ages of the several andesite-dacite stratovolcanoes, closely clustered near Novarupta, all of which remain fumarolically and seismically active, are summarized. But among them only Mount Katmai extends compositionally to include basalt and rhyolite. The petrological affinities of 1912 magmas erupted at Novarupta with pre-1912 Katmai lavas are outlined, and various chemical, mineralogical, isotopic, and experimental data are assembled to construct a model of preeruptive magma storage beneath Mount Katmai. The monograph concludes by comparing the 1912 eruption with several other well-studied large explosive eruptions, 14 of them historical and 9 prehistoric. Finally, we retrospectively review the historical difficulties in understanding what had actually taken place at Katmai in 1912 and the century of progress in volcano science that has allowed most of it to be figured out.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1791","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., and Fierstein, J., 2012, The Novarupta-Katmai eruption of 1912 - largest eruption of the twentieth century; centennial perspectives: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1791, xiv, 244 p.; Appendices; E-Book Version, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1791.","productDescription":"xiv, 244 p.; Appendices; E-Book Version","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1791.gif"},{"id":257479,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1791/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States;Canada","state":"Alaska;British Columbia;Washington;Yukon","otherGeospatial":"Novarupta Volcano;Mount Katmai","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -170,40 ], [ -170,75 ], [ -110,75 ], [ -110,40 ], [ -170,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba861e4b08c986b321bac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, Wes","contributorId":15996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Wes","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, Judy","contributorId":88337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"Judy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70189060,"text":"70189060 - 2012 - State of the art satellite and airborne marine oil spill remote sensing: Application to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T09:41:05","indexId":"70189060","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"State of the art satellite and airborne marine oil spill remote sensing: Application to the BP <i>Deepwater Horizon</i> oil spill","title":"State of the art satellite and airborne marine oil spill remote sensing: Application to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill","docAbstract":"<p id=\"sp0005\">The vast and persistent<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Deepwater Horizon</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(DWH) spill challenged response capabilities, which required accurate, quantitative oil assessment at synoptic and operational scales. Although experienced observers are a spill response's mainstay, few trained observers and confounding factors including weather, oil emulsification, and scene illumination geometry present challenges. DWH spill and impact monitoring was aided by extensive airborne and spaceborne passive and active remote sensing.</p><p id=\"sp0010\">Oil slick thickness and oil-to-water emulsion ratios are key spill response parameters for containment/cleanup and were derived quantitatively for thick (&gt;&nbsp;0.1&nbsp;mm) slicks from AVIRIS (Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) data using a spectral library approach based on the shape and depth of near infrared spectral absorption features. MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite, visible-spectrum broadband data of surface-slick modulation of sunglint reflection allowed extrapolation to the total slick. A multispectral expert system used a neural network approach to provide Rapid Response thickness class maps.</p><p id=\"sp0015\">Airborne and satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides synoptic data under all-sky conditions; however, SAR generally cannot discriminate thick (&gt;&nbsp;100&nbsp;μm) oil slicks from thin sheens (to 0.1&nbsp;μm). The UAVSAR's (Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle SAR) significantly greater signal-to-noise ratio and finer spatial resolution allowed successful pattern discrimination related to a combination of oil slick thickness, fractional surface coverage, and emulsification.</p><p id=\"sp0020\">In situ burning and smoke plumes were studied with AVIRIS and corroborated spaceborne CALIPSO (Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) observations of combustion aerosols. CALIPSO and bathymetry lidar data documented shallow subsurface oil, although ancillary data were required for confirmation.</p><p id=\"sp0025\">Airborne hyperspectral, thermal infrared data have nighttime and overcast collection advantages and were collected as well as MODIS thermal data. However, interpretation challenges and a lack of Rapid Response Products prevented significant use. Rapid Response Products were key to response utilization—data needs are time critical; thus, a high technological readiness level is critical to operational use of remote sensing products. DWH's experience demonstrated that development and operationalization of new spill response remote sensing tools must precede the next major oil spill.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.024","usgsCitation":"Leifer, I., Lehr, W.J., Simecek-Beatty, D., Bradley, E., Clark, R.N., Dennison, P.E., Hu, Y., Matheson, S., Jones, C., Holt, B., Reif, M., Roberts, D.A., Svejkovsky, J., Swayze, G.A., and Wozencraft, J.M., 2012, State of the art satellite and airborne marine oil spill remote sensing: Application to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 124, p. 185-209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.024.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"209","ipdsId":"IP-028402","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343150,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595611c6e4b0d1f9f05067dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leifer, Ira","contributorId":57988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leifer","given":"Ira","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lehr, William J.","contributorId":193968,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lehr","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simecek-Beatty, Debra","contributorId":193944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simecek-Beatty","given":"Debra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Eliza","contributorId":61130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Eliza","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":702687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dennison, Philip E.","contributorId":105132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennison","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hu, Yongxiang","contributorId":193969,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hu","given":"Yongxiang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Matheson, Scott","contributorId":193970,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matheson","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jones, Cathleen E","contributorId":189314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Cathleen E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Holt, Benjamin","contributorId":118403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holt","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Reif, Molly","contributorId":193971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reif","given":"Molly","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Roberts, Dar A.","contributorId":100503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Dar","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12804,"text":"Univ. of California Santa Barbara","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":702749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Svejkovsky, Jan","contributorId":53208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svejkovsky","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Swayze, Gregg A. 0000-0002-1814-7823 gswayze@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"Gregg","email":"gswayze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":702686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Wozencraft, Jennifer M.","contributorId":60964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wozencraft","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70176228,"text":"70176228 - 2012 - Organic geochemistry and petrology of subsurface Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox and Claiborne Group coal beds, Zavala County, Maverick Basin, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-01T12:31:31","indexId":"70176228","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic geochemistry and petrology of subsurface Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox and Claiborne Group coal beds, Zavala County, Maverick Basin, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Coal samples from a coalbed methane exploration well in northern Zavala County, Maverick Basin, Texas, were characterized through an integrated analytical program. The well was drilled in February, 2006 and shut in after coal core desorption indicated negligible gas content. Cuttings samples from two levels in the Eocene Claiborne Group were evaluated by way of petrographic techniques and Rock–Eval pyrolysis. Core samples from the Paleocene–Eocene Indio Formation (Wilcox Group) were characterized via proximate–ultimate analysis in addition to petrography and pyrolysis. Two Indio Formation coal samples were selected for detailed evaluation via gas chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and </span><sup>13</sup><span>C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. Samples are subbituminous rank as determined from multiple thermal maturity parameters. Elevated rank (relative to similar age coal beds elsewhere in the Gulf Coast Basin) in the study area is interpreted to be a result of stratigraphic and/or structural thickening related to Laramide compression and construction of the Sierra Madre Oriental to the southwest. Vitrinite reflectance data, along with extant data, suggest the presence of an erosional unconformity or change in regional heat flow between the Cretaceous and Tertiary sections and erosion of up to &gt;5&nbsp;km over the Cretaceous. The presence of liptinite-rich coals in the Claiborne at the well site may indicate moderately persistent or recurring coal-forming paleoenvironments, interpreted as perennially submerged peat in shallow ephemeral lakes with herbaceous and/or flotant vegetation. However, significant continuity of individual Eocene coal beds in the subsurface is not suggested. Indio Formation coal samples contain abundant telovitrinite interpreted to be preserved from arborescent, above-ground woody vegetation that developed during the middle portion of mire development in forested swamps. Other petrographic criteria suggest enhanced biological, chemical and physical degradation at the beginning and end of Indio mire development. Fluorescence spectra of sporinite and resinite are consistent and distinctly different from each other, attributed to the presence of a greater proportion of complex asphaltene and polar molecules in resinite. Gas chromatography of resinite-rich coal shows sesquiterpenoid and diterpenoid peaks in the C</span><sub>14–17</sub><span> range, which are not present in resinite-poor coal. Quantities of extracts suggest bitumen concentration below the threshold for effective source rocks [30–50&nbsp;mg hydrocarbon/g total organic carbon (HC/g TOC)]. Saturate/aromatic and pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios are different from values for nearby Tertiary-reservoired crude oil, suggesting that the Indio coals are too immature to source liquid hydrocarbons in the area. However, moderately high HI values (200–400&nbsp;mg HC/g rock) may suggest some potential for naphthenic–paraffinic oil generation where buried more deeply down stratigraphic/structural dip. Extractable phenols and C</span><sub>20+</sub><span> alkanes are suggested as possible intermediates for acetate fermentation in microbial methanogenesis which may, however, be limited by poor nutrient supply related to low rainfall and meteoric recharge rate or high local sulfate concentration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.02.008","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P.C., Warwick, P.D., Hook, R.W., Alimi, H., Mastalerz, M., and Swanson, S.M., 2012, Organic geochemistry and petrology of subsurface Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox and Claiborne Group coal beds, Zavala County, Maverick Basin, Texas, USA: Organic Geochemistry, v. 46, p. 137-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.02.008.","startPage":"137","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-028083","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328217,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Zavala County","otherGeospatial":"Maverick Basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-99.4107,29.087],[-99.4009,28.6417],[-100.1118,28.6383],[-100.112,28.743],[-100.1119,29.0844],[-99.6813,29.0872],[-99.4107,29.087]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Zavala\",\"state\":\"TX\"}}]}","volume":"46","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57caa2abe4b0f2f0cec2049e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hook, Robert W.","contributorId":26006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alimi, Hossein","contributorId":74279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alimi","given":"Hossein","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":105788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[{"id":17608,"text":"Indiana Univesity","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swanson, Sharon M. 0000-0002-4235-1736 smswanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-1736","contributorId":590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Sharon","email":"smswanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70038661,"text":"sir20115219 - 2012 - Airborne electromagnetic mapping of the base of aquifer in areas of western Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-12T01:01:50","indexId":"sir20115219","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5219","title":"Airborne electromagnetic mapping of the base of aquifer in areas of western Nebraska","docAbstract":"Airborne geophysical surveys of selected areas of the North and South Platte River valleys of Nebraska, including Lodgepole Creek valley, collected data to map aquifers and bedrock topography and thus improve the understanding of groundwater - surface-water relationships to be used in water-management decisions. Frequency-domain helicopter electromagnetic surveys, using a unique survey flight-line design, collected resistivity data that can be related to lithologic information for refinement of groundwater model inputs. To make the geophysical data useful to multidimensional groundwater models, numerical inversion converted measured data into a depth-dependent subsurface resistivity model. The inverted resistivity model, along with sensitivity analyses and test-hole information, is used to identify hydrogeologic features such as bedrock highs and paleochannels, to improve estimates of groundwater storage. The two- and three-dimensional interpretations provide the groundwater modeler with a high-resolution hydrogeologic framework and a quantitative estimate of framework uncertainty. The new hydrogeologic frameworks improve understanding of the flow-path orientation by refining the location of paleochannels and associated base of aquifer highs. These interpretations provide resource managers high-resolution hydrogeologic frameworks and quantitative estimates of framework uncertainty. The improved base of aquifer configuration represents the hydrogeology at a level of detail not achievable with previously available data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115219","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Platte Natural Resources District, the South Platte Natural Resources District, and the Nebraska Environmental Trust","usgsCitation":"Abraham, J., Cannia, J.C., Bedrosian, P.A., Johnson, M., Ball, L.B., and Sibray, S.S., 2012, Airborne electromagnetic mapping of the base of aquifer in areas of western Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5219, v, 30 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115219.","productDescription":"v, 30 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5219.gif"},{"id":257464,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5219/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Platte River;Lodgepole Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.5,39.5 ], [ -104.5,44 ], [ -95,44 ], [ -95,39.5 ], [ -104.5,39.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e920e4b0c8380cd480f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abraham, Jared D.","contributorId":42630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"Jared D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannia, James C.","contributorId":94356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bedrosian, Paul A. 0000-0002-6786-1038 pbedrosian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","contributorId":839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Paul","email":"pbedrosian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ball, Lyndsay B. 0000-0002-6356-4693 lbball@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-4693","contributorId":1138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Lyndsay","email":"lbball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sibray, Steven S.","contributorId":88589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibray","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70038659,"text":"ofr20121003 - 2012 - Apalachicola Bay interpreted seismic horizons and updated IRIS chirp seismic-reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-12T01:01:50","indexId":"ofr20121003","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1003","title":"Apalachicola Bay interpreted seismic horizons and updated IRIS chirp seismic-reflection data","docAbstract":"Apalachicola Bay and St. George Sound contain the largest oyster fishery in Florida, and the growth and distribution of the numerous oyster reefs here are the combined product of modern estuarine conditions and the late Holocene evolution of the bay. A suite of geophysical data and cores were collected during a cooperative study by the U.S. Geological Survey, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Services Center, and the Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve to refine the geology of the bay floor as well as the bay's Holocene stratigraphy. Sidescan-sonar imagery, bathymetry, high-resolution seismic profiles, and cores show that oyster reefs occupy the crests of sandy shoals that range from 1 to 7 kilometers in length, while most of the remainder of the bay floor is covered by mud. The sandy shoals are the surficial expression of broader sand deposits associated with deltas that advanced southward into the bay between 6,400 and 4,400 years before present. The seismic and core data indicate that the extent of oyster reefs was greatest between 2,400 and 1,200 years before present and has decreased since then due to the continued input of mud to the bay by the Apalachicola River. The association of oyster reefs with the middle to late Holocene sandy delta deposits indicates that the present distribution of oyster beds is controlled in part by the geologic evolution of the estuary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121003","usgsCitation":"Cross, V., Twichell, D., Foster, D., and O’Brien, T., 2012, Apalachicola Bay interpreted seismic horizons and updated IRIS chirp seismic-reflection data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1003, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121003.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1003.gif"},{"id":257457,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola Bay;St. George Sound","geographicExtents":"{\"crs\": {\"type\": \"name\", \"properties\": {\"name\": \"urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84\"}}, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [[[-85.02728249940354, 29.60094279613019], [-85.06982300088733, 29.613662139736885], [-85.07587739172085, 29.620678508293896], [-85.09644316661681, 29.62902080962291], [-85.08816605878464, 29.650513310578308], [-85.05943573688862, 29.667625142537283], [-85.06314983130476, 29.67515801741644], [-85.04552725419063, 29.681152907250436], [-85.04438108902136, 29.685060356544486], [-85.03347024431788, 29.689896549330513], [-85.03138591115187, 29.687864061304822], [-85.02175614039125, 29.69213116982222], [-85.01258171163003, 29.691663872580836], [-85.00210971978203, 29.696302061981868], [-84.98707360421308, 29.694746810316033], [-84.98270362225699, 29.68658714055262], [-84.9722922434921, 29.686821549795628], [-84.95720803974183, 29.69655349080144], [-84.95424671527581, 29.703400142290466], [-84.94113823548686, 29.70957695609251], [-84.93770091801306, 29.725087214601054], [-84.93387323506657, 29.724239083445788], [-84.9349480595978, 29.70793787808766], [-84.90726714856699, 29.718519635594838], [-84.8912700784833, 29.717614872956197], [-84.88810421499034, 29.694995912612445], [-84.87580138048259, 29.677235928077888], [-84.8961458113084, 29.668209172584532], [-84.8900619554147, 29.66558229937589], [-84.9055696166748, 29.65566537323226], [-84.92480482942827, 29.65265093374542], [-84.9354210639168, 29.647910493496102], [-84.93529305473724, 29.6427786392981], [-84.93931680160523, 29.63703617022677], [-84.95960506625498, 29.621834102869816], [-84.98758381277477, 29.612348656547987], [-85.00073260962643, 29.613921327011045], [-85.00833226776997, 29.608502652639295], [-85.02118847137471, 29.610050484145432], [-85.02378467634672, 29.60298330878684], [-85.02728249940354, 29.60094279613019]]]}, \"properties\": {\"extentType\": \"Custom\", \"code\": \"\", \"name\": \"\", \"notes\": \"\", \"promotedForReuse\": false, \"abbreviation\": \"\", \"shortName\": \"\", \"description\": \"\"}, \"bbox\": [-85.09644316661681, 29.60094279613019, -84.87580138048259, 29.725087214601054], \"type\": \"Feature\", \"id\": \"3091969\"}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec70e4b0c8380cd49285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cross, V.A.","contributorId":88687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Brien, T.F.","contributorId":86309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70038648,"text":"sir20125075 - 2012 - Relations between precipitation, groundwater withdrawals, and changes in hydrologic conditions at selected monitoring sites in Volusia County, Florida, 1995--2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-09T01:01:37","indexId":"sir20125075","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5075","title":"Relations between precipitation, groundwater withdrawals, and changes in hydrologic conditions at selected monitoring sites in Volusia County, Florida, 1995--2010","docAbstract":"A study to examine the influences of climatic and anthropogenic stressors on groundwater levels, lake stages, and surface-water discharge at selected sites in northern Volusia County, Florida, was conducted in 2009 by the U.S. Geological Survey. Water-level data collected at 20 monitoring sites (17 groundwater and 3 lake sites) in the vicinity of a wetland area were analyzed with multiple linear regression to examine the relative influences of precipitation and groundwater withdrawals on changes in groundwater levels and lake stage. Analyses were conducted across varying periods of record between 1995 and 2010 and included the effects of groundwater withdrawals aggregated from municipal water-supply wells located within 12 miles of the project sites. Surface-water discharge data at the U.S. Geological Survey Tiger Bay canal site were analyzed for changes in flow between 1978 and 2001. As expected, water-level changes in monitoring wells located closer to areas of concentrated groundwater withdrawals were more highly correlated with withdrawals than were water-level changes measured in wells further removed from municipal well fields. Similarly, water-level changes in wells tapping the Upper Floridan aquifer, the source of municipal supply, were more highly correlated with groundwater withdrawals than were water-level changes in wells tapping the shallower surficial aquifer system. Water-level changes predicted by the regression models over precipitation-averaged periods of record were underestimated for observations having large positive monthly changes (generally greater than 1.0 foot). Such observations are associated with high precipitation and were identified as points in the regression analyses that produced large standardized residuals and/or observations of high influence. Thus, regression models produced by multiple linear regression analyses may have better predictive capability in wetland environments when applied to periods of average or below average precipitation conditions than during wetter than average conditions. For precipitation-averaged hydrologic conditions, water-level changes in the surficial aquifer system were statistically correlated solely with precipitation or were more highly correlated with precipitation than with groundwater withdrawals. Changes in Upper Floridan aquifer water levels and in water-surface stage (stage) at Indian and Scoggin Lakes tended to be highly correlated with both precipitation and withdrawals. The greater influence of withdrawals on stage changes, relative to changes in nearby surficial aquifer system water levels, indicates that these karstic lakes may be better connected hydraulically with the underlying Upper Floridan aquifer than is the surficial aquifer system at the other monitoring sites. At most sites, and for both aquifers, the 2-month moving average of precipitation or groundwater withdrawals included as an explanatory variable in the regression models indicates that water-level changes are not only influenced by stressor conditions across the current month, but also by those of the previous month. The relations between changes in water levels, precipitation, and groundwater withdrawals varied seasonally and in response to a period of drought. Water-level changes tended to be most highly correlated with withdrawals during the spring, when relatively large increases contributed to water-level declines, and during the fall when reduced withdrawal rates contributed to water-level recovery. Water-level changes tended to be most highly (or solely) correlated with precipitation in the winter, when withdrawals are minimal, and in the summer when precipitation is greatest. Water-level changes measured during the drought of October 2005 to June 2008 tended to be more highly correlated with groundwater withdrawals at Upper Floridan aquifer sites than at surficial aquifer system sites, results that were similar to those for precipitation-averaged conditions. Also, changes in stage at Indian and Scoggin Lakes were highly correlated with precipitation and groundwater withdrawals during the drought. Groundwater-withdrawal rates during the drought were, on average, greater than those for precipitation-averaged conditions. Accounting only for withdrawals aggregated from pumping wells located within varying radial distances of less than 12 miles of each site produced essentially the same relation between water-level changes and groundwater withdrawals as that determined for withdrawals aggregated within 12 miles of the site. Similarly, increases in withdrawals aggregated over distances of 1 to 12 miles of the sites had little effect on adjusted R-squared values. Analyses of streamflow measurements collected between 1978 and 2001 at the U.S. Geological Survey Tiger Bay canal site indicate that significant changes occurred during base-flow conditions during that period. Hypothesis and trend testing, together with analyses of flow duration, the number of zero-flow days, and double-mass curves indicate that, after 1988, when a municipal well field began production, base flow was statistically lower than the period before 1988. This decrease in base flow could not be explained by variations in precipitation between these two periods.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125075","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Murray, L.C., 2012, Relations between precipitation, groundwater withdrawals, and changes in hydrologic conditions at selected monitoring sites in Volusia County, Florida, 1995--2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5075, vi, 43 p.; XLS Download of Appendices 1-18, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125075.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.; XLS Download of Appendices 1-18","startPage":"i","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257387,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":257388,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5075/pdf/2012-5075.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":257405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5075.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Volusia County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a6fde4b0e8fec6cdc326","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, Louis C. Jr.","contributorId":19980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Louis","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70038513,"text":"70038513 - 2012 - Biodiversity of man-made open habitats in an underused country: a class of multispecies abundance models for count data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-07T01:01:38","indexId":"70038513","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biodiversity of man-made open habitats in an underused country: a class of multispecies abundance models for count data","docAbstract":"Since the 1960s, Japan has become highly dependent on foreign countries for natural resources, and the amount of managed lands (e.g. coppice, grassland, and agricultural field) has declined. Due to infrequent natural and human disturbance, early-successional species are now declining in Japan. Here we surveyed bees, birds, and plants in four human-disturbed open habitats (pasture, meadow, young planted forest, and abandoned clear-cut) and two forest habitats (mature planted forest and natural old-growth). We extended a recently developed multispecies abundance model to accommodate count data, and used the resulting models to estimate species-, functional group-, and community-level state variables (abundance and species richness) at each site, and compared them among the six habitats. Estimated individual-level detection probability was quite low for bee species (mean across species = 0.003; 0.16 for birds). Thirty-two (95% credible interval: 13-64) and one (0-4) bee and bird species, respectively, were suggested to be undetected by the field survey. Although habitats in which community-level abundance and species richness was highest differed among taxa, species richness and abundance of early-successional species were similar in the four disturbed open habitats across taxa except for plants in the pasture habitat which was a good habitat only for several exotic species. Our results suggest that human disturbance, especially the revival of plantation forestry, may contribute to the restoration of early-successional species in Japan","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biodiversity and Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s10531-012-0244-z","usgsCitation":"Yamaura, Y., Royle, J., Shimada, N., Asanuma, S., Sato, T., Taki, H., and Makino, S., 2012, Biodiversity of man-made open habitats in an underused country: a class of multispecies abundance models for count data: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 21, no. 6, p. 1365-1380, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0244-z.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1365","endPage":"1380","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257258,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0244-z","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Japan","volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f14be4b0c8380cd4ab78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yamaura, Yuichi","contributorId":95997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamaura","given":"Yuichi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":80808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shimada, Naoaki","contributorId":89395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shimada","given":"Naoaki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Asanuma, Seigo","contributorId":73456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asanuma","given":"Seigo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sato, Tamotsu","contributorId":98993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sato","given":"Tamotsu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taki, Hisatomo","contributorId":16697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taki","given":"Hisatomo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Makino, Shun’ichi","contributorId":66401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Makino","given":"Shun’ichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70005962,"text":"70005962 - 2012 - Soil greenhouse gas fluxes during wetland forest retreat along the Lower Savannah River, Georgia (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T15:51:03.363673","indexId":"70005962","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil greenhouse gas fluxes during wetland forest retreat along the Lower Savannah River, Georgia (USA)","docAbstract":"Tidal freshwater forested wetlands (tidal swamps) are periodically affected by salinity intrusion at seaward transitions with marsh, which, along with altered hydrology, may affect the balance of gaseous carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses from soils. We measured greenhouse gas emissions (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O) from healthy, moderately degraded, and degraded tidal swamp soils undergoing sea-level-rise-induced retreat along the lower Savannah River, Georgia, USA. Soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux ranged from 90.2 to 179.1 mg CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> among study sites, and was the dominant greenhouse gas emitted. CO<sub>2</sub> flux differed among sites in some months, while CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes were 0.18 mg CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> and 1.23 &mu;g N<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, with no differences among sites. Hydrology, soil temperature, and air temperature, but not salinity, controlled the annual balance of soil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from tidal swamp soils. No clear drivers were found for CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. On occasion, large ebbing or very low tides were even found to draw CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes into the soil (dark CO<sub>2</sub> uptake), along with CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O. Overall, we hypothesized a much greater role for salinity and site condition in controlling the suite of greenhouse gases emitted from tidal swamps than we discovered, and found that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions&ndash;not CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O&ndash;contributed most to the global warming potential from these tidal swamp soils.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s13157-011-0246-8","usgsCitation":"Krauss, K.W., and Whitbeck, J., 2012, Soil greenhouse gas fluxes during wetland forest retreat along the Lower Savannah River, Georgia (USA): Wetlands, v. 32, no. 1, p. 73-81, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0246-8.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Lower Savannah River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.24359855858506,\n              32.41264335871314\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.24359855858506,\n              32.085773981824474\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.02094536280346,\n              32.085773981824474\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.02094536280346,\n              32.41264335871314\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.24359855858506,\n              32.41264335871314\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9204e4b08c986b319c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitbeck, Julie L.","contributorId":6698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitbeck","given":"Julie L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70003726,"text":"70003726 - 2012 - Pore- and fracture-filling gas hydrate reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II Green Canyon 955 H well","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-09T01:01:37","indexId":"70003726","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pore- and fracture-filling gas hydrate reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II Green Canyon 955 H well","docAbstract":"High-quality logging-while-drilling (LWD) downhole logs were acquired in seven wells drilled during the Gulf of MexicoGasHydrateJointIndustryProjectLegII in the spring of 2009. Well logs obtained in one of the wells, the GreenCanyon Block 955Hwell (GC955-H), indicate that a 27.4-m thick zone at the depth of 428 m below sea floor (mbsf; 1404 feet below sea floor (fbsf)) contains gashydrate within sand with average gashydrate saturations estimated at 60% from the compressional-wave (P-wave) velocity and 65% (locally more than 80%) from resistivity logs if the gashydrate is assumed to be uniformly distributed in this mostly sand-rich section. Similar analysis, however, of log data from a shallow clay-rich interval between 183 and 366 mbsf (600 and 1200 fbsf) yielded average gashydrate saturations of about 20% from the resistivity log (locally 50-60%) and negligible amounts of gashydrate from the P-wave velocity logs. Differences in saturations estimated between resistivity and P-wave velocities within the upper clay-rich interval are caused by the nature of the gashydrate occurrences. In the case of the shallow clay-rich interval, gashydrate fills vertical (or high angle) fractures in rather than fillingpore space in sands. In this study, isotropic and anisotropic resistivity and velocity models are used to analyze the occurrence of gashydrate within both the clay-rich and sand dominated gas-hydrate-bearing reservoirs in the GC955-Hwell.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.08.002","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., and Collett, T.S., 2012, Pore- and fracture-filling gas hydrate reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II Green Canyon 955 H well: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 34, no. 1, p. 62-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.08.002.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257393,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.08.002","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":257400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7dcde4b0c8380cd7a17e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collett, T. S. 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":86342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70003905,"text":"70003905 - 2012 - The physical hydrogeology of ore deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T13:21:00.16966","indexId":"70003905","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The physical hydrogeology of ore deposits","docAbstract":"Hydrothermal ore deposits represent a convergence of fluid flow, thermal energy, and solute flux that is hydrogeologically unusual. From the hydrogeologic perspective, hydrothermal ore deposition represents a complex coupled-flow problem&mdash;sufficiently complex that physically rigorous description of the coupled thermal (T), hydraulic (H), mechanical (M), and chemical (C) processes (THMC modeling) continues to challenge our computational ability. Though research into these coupled behaviors has found only a limited subset to be quantitatively tractable, it has yielded valuable insights into the workings of hydrothermal systems in a wide range of geologic environments including sedimentary, metamorphic, and magmatic. Examples of these insights include the quantification of likely driving mechanisms, rates and paths of fluid flow, ore-mineral precipitation mechanisms, longevity of hydrothermal systems, mechanisms by which hydrothermal fluids acquire their temperature and composition, and the controlling influence of permeability and other rock properties on hydrothermal fluid behavior. In this communication we review some of the fundamental theory needed to characterize the physical hydrogeology of hydrothermal systems and discuss how this theory has been applied in studies of Mississippi Valley-type, tabular uranium, porphyry, epithermal, and mid-ocean ridge ore-forming systems. A key limitation in the computational state-of-the-art is the inability to describe fluid flow and transport fully in the many ore systems that show evidence of repeated shear or tensional failure with associated dynamic variations in permeability. However, we discuss global-scale compilations that suggest some numerical constraints on both mean and dynamically enhanced crustal permeability. Principles of physical hydrogeology can be powerful tools for investigating hydrothermal ore formation and are becoming increasingly accessible with ongoing advances in modeling software.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.107.4.559","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Appold, M., 2012, The physical hydrogeology of ore deposits: Economic Geology, v. 107, no. 4, p. 559-584, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.4.559.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"584","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257343,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/?econgeo.107.4.559","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"107","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae96e4b08c986b3241d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, Steven E. 0000-0001-6917-9369 seingebr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-9369","contributorId":818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"Steven","email":"seingebr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Appold, M.S.","contributorId":45170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appold","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70003853,"text":"70003853 - 2012 - Rodent middens reveal episodic, long-distance plant colonizations across the hyperarid Atacama Desert over the last 34,000 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-09T01:01:37","indexId":"70003853","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rodent middens reveal episodic, long-distance plant colonizations across the hyperarid Atacama Desert over the last 34,000 years","docAbstract":"<b>Aim</b>  To document the impact of late Quaternary pluvial events on plant movements between the coast and the Andes across the Atacama Desert, northern Chile.  <b>Location</b>  Sites are located along the lower and upper fringes of absolute desert (1100&ndash;2800 m a.s.l.), between the western slope of the Andes and the Coastal Ranges of northern Chile (24&ndash;26&deg; S).  <b>Methods</b>  We collected and individually radiocarbon dated 21 rodent middens. Plant macrofossils (fruits, seeds, flowers and leaves) were identified and pollen content analysed. Midden assemblages afford brief snapshots of local plant communities that existed within the rodents' limited foraging range during the several years to decades that it took the midden to accumulate. These assemblages were then compared with modern floras to determine the presence of extralocal species and species provenance.  <b>Results</b>  Five middens span the last glacial period (34&ndash;21 ka) and three middens are from the last glacial&ndash;interglacial transition (19&ndash;11 ka). The remaining 13 middens span the last 7000 years. Coastal hyperarid sites exhibit low taxonomic richness in middens at 19.3, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.5 ka and a modern sample. Middens are also dominated by the same plants that occur today. In contrast, middens dated to 28.1, 21.3, 17.3, 3.7 and 0.5 ka contain more species, including Andean extralocals. Precordillera middens (c. 2700 m) show a prominent increase in plant macrofossil richness, along with the appearance of Andean extralocals and sedges at 34.5 and 18.9 ka. Six younger middens dated to 6.1&ndash;0.1 ka are similar to the modern local vegetation.  <b>Main conclusions</b>  Increased species richness and Andean extralocal plants occurred along the current lower fringes of absolute desert during the last glacial&ndash;interglacial transition and late Holocene. The absence of soil carbonates indicates the persistence of absolute desert throughout the Quaternary. Colonization by Andean plants could have been accomplished through long-distance seed dispersal either by animals or floods that originated in the Andes. We postulate that dispersal would have been most frequent during regional pluvial events and associated increases in groundwater levels, forming local wetlands in the absolute desert, and generating large floods capable of crossing the Central Depression.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02617.x","usgsCitation":"Diaz, F.P., Latorre, C., Maldonado, A., Quade, J., and Betancourt, J.L., 2012, Rodent middens reveal episodic, long-distance plant colonizations across the hyperarid Atacama Desert over the last 34,000 years: Journal of Biogeography, v. 39, no. 3, p. 510-525, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02617.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"510","endPage":"525","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488012,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://americanae.aecid.es/americanae/es/registros/registro.do?tipoRegistro=MTD&idBib=3264893","text":"External Repository"},{"id":257360,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02617.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":257362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Atacama Desert","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae2ae4b0c8380cd87032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz, Francisca P.","contributorId":80530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"Francisca","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Latorre, Claudio","contributorId":94019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latorre","given":"Claudio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maldonado, Antonio","contributorId":65707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maldonado","given":"Antonio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":104197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70005963,"text":"70005963 - 2012 - Evaluation of NDVI to assess avian abundance and richness along the upper San Pedro River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T13:48:25","indexId":"70005963","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of NDVI to assess avian abundance and richness along the upper San Pedro River","docAbstract":"Remote-sensing models have become increasingly popular for identifying, characterizing, monitoring, and predicting avian habitat but have largely focused on single bird species. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been shown to positively correlate with avian abundance and richness and has been successfully applied to southwestern riparian systems which are uniquely composed of narrow bands of vegetation in an otherwise dry landscape. Desert riparian ecosystems are important breeding and stopover sites for many bird species but have been degraded due to altered hydrology and land management practices. Here we investigated the use of NDVI, coupled with vegetation, to model the avian community structure along the San Pedro River, Arizona. We also investigated how vegetation and physical features measured locally compared to those data that can be gathered through remote-sensing. We found that NDVI has statistically significant relationships with both avian abundance and species richness, although is better applied at the individual species level. However, the amount of variation explained by even our best models was quite low, suggesting that NDVI habitat models may not presently be an accurate tool for extensive modeling of avian communities. We suggest additional studies in other watersheds to increase our understanding of these bird/NDVI relationships.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.09.010","usgsCitation":"McFarland, T., van Riper, C., and Johnson, G.E., 2012, Evaluation of NDVI to assess avian abundance and richness along the upper San Pedro River: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 77, p. 45-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.09.010.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"53","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257390,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.09.010","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"San Pedro River","volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c1ce4b0c8380cd52a37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McFarland, T.M.","contributorId":68580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, G. E.","contributorId":103261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70038637,"text":"pp1792 - 2012 - Geomorphic response of the Sandy River, Oregon, to removal of Marmot Dam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T13:02:40","indexId":"pp1792","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1792","title":"Geomorphic response of the Sandy River, Oregon, to removal of Marmot Dam","docAbstract":"The October 2007 breaching of a temporary cofferdam constructed during removal of the 15-meter (m)-tall Marmot Dam on the Sandy River, Oregon, triggered a rapid sequence of fluvial responses as ~730,000 cubic meters (m<sup>3</sup>) of sand and gravel filling the former reservoir became available to a high-gradient river. Using direct measurements of sediment transport, photogrammetry, airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) surveys, and, between transport events, repeat ground surveys of the reservoir reach and channel downstream, we monitored the erosion, transport, and deposition of this sediment in the hours, days, and months following breaching of the cofferdam. Rapid erosion of reservoir sediment led to exceptional suspended-sediment and bedload-sediment transport rates near the dam site, as well as to elevated transport rates at downstream measurement sites in the weeks and months after breaching. Measurements of sediment transport 0.4 kilometers (km) downstream of the dam site during and following breaching show a spike in the transport of fine suspended sediment within minutes after breaching, followed by high rates of suspended-load and bedload transport of sand. Significant transport of gravel bedload past the measurement site did not begin until 18 to 20 hours after breaching. For at least 7 months after breaching, bedload transport rates just below the dam site during high flows remained as much as 10 times above rates measured upstream of the dam site and farther downstream. The elevated sediment load was derived from eroded reservoir sediment, which began eroding when a meters-tall knickpoint migrated about 200 m upstream in the first hour after breaching. Rapid knickpoint migration triggered vertical incision and bank collapse in unconsolidated sand and gravel, leading to rapid channel widening. Over the following days and months, the knickpoint migrated upstream more slowly, simultaneously decreasing in height and becoming less distinct. Within 7 months, the knickpoint had migrated 2 km upstream from the dam site and became a riffle-like feature approximately 1 m high and a few tens of meters long. Knickpoint migration, vertical incision, and lateral erosion evacuated about 15 percent of the initial reservoir volume (125,000 m<sup>3</sup>) within 60 hours following breaching, and by the end of the high flows in May 2008, about 50 percent of the volume had been evacuated. Large stormflows in November 2008 and January 2009 eroded another 6 percent of the original volume of impounded sediment. Little additional sediment eroded during the remainder of the second year following breaching. The rapid erosion of sediment by the modest flow that accompanied dam breaching was driven mainly by the steep hydraulic gradient associated with the abrupt change of base level and knickpoint formation and was aided by the unconsolidated and cohesionless character of the reservoir sediment. In the ensuing months, transport competence diminished as channel geometry evolved and the river gradient through the reservoir reach diminished. Changes in profile gradient in conjunction with channel coarsening and widening led to a rapid slowing of the rate of reservoir erosion. Sediment transport and deposition were strongly controlled by channel-gradient discontinuities and valley morphology downstream of the dam site. Those influences led to a strong divergence of sand and gravel transport and to deposition of a sediment wedge, as much as 4 m thick, that tapered to the preremoval channel bed 1.3 km downstream of the dam site. After 2 years, that deposit contained about 25 percent of the total volume of sediment eroded from the reservoir. The balance was distributed among pools within the Sandy River gorge, a narrow bedrock canyon extending 2 to 9 km downstream of the dam site, and along the channel farther downstream. A two-fraction sediment budget for the first year following breaching indicates that most of the gravel eroded from the reservoir reach was deposited within the sediment wedge and within the gorge, whereas eroded sand largely passed through the gorge and was broadly dispersed farther downstream. The sequence of transporting flows affected the specific trajectory of reservoir erosion and downstream sediment transport during the 2 years following breaching. However, because the overall erosion was largely a consequence of knickpoint retreat and channel widening, which in the 2 years after removal had affected most of the reservoir reach, it is unlikely that the specific sequence of flows significantly affected the overall outcome. Because the knickpoint had largely passed through the reservoir within 2 years, and the remaining reservoir sediment is mostly isolated high above armored or bedrock banks, it is unlikely that substantial additional sediment from the reservoir site will enter the system unless very large flows occur. Continued channel evolution downstream of the dam site is probable as deposits formed in the first 2 years are episodically mobilized. Below the Sandy River gorge, detection of effects related to release of reservoir sediment is challenging, especially in areas of sand deposition, because of the high background supply of sand in the river and substantial channel dynamism.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1792","usgsCitation":"Major, J.J., O'Connor, J., Podolak, C.J., Keith, M., Grant, G., Spicer, K.R., Pittman, S., Bragg, H., Wallick, J., Tanner, D.Q., Rhode, A., and Wilcock, P.R., 2012, Geomorphic response of the Sandy River, Oregon, to removal of Marmot Dam: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1792, viii, 64 p.; Appendix; Appendix A1-A3 Download Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1792.","productDescription":"viii, 64 p.; Appendix; Appendix A1-A3 Download Directory","costCenters":[{"id":271,"text":"Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257325,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1792/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":257335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1792.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Marmot Dam, Sandy River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,45.166666666666664 ], [ -122.5,45.75 ], [ -121.75,45.75 ], [ -121.75,45.166666666666664 ], [ -122.5,45.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2796e4b0c8380cd59a08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":464565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Podolak, Charles J.","contributorId":52849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podolak","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keith, Mackenzie K.","contributorId":16560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Mackenzie K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grant, Gordon E.","contributorId":30881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grant","given":"Gordon E.","affiliations":[{"id":12647,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":464566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spicer, Kurt R. 0000-0001-5030-3198 krspicer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-3198","contributorId":2684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"Kurt","email":"krspicer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pittman, Smokey","contributorId":56115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pittman","given":"Smokey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bragg, Heather M. hmbragg@usgs.gov","contributorId":428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"Heather M.","email":"hmbragg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wallick, J. Rose 0000-0002-9392-272X rosewall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-272X","contributorId":3583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallick","given":"J. Rose","email":"rosewall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tanner, Dwight Q.","contributorId":93452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rhode, Abagail","contributorId":73476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhode","given":"Abagail","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wilcock, Peter R.","contributorId":52049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70038636,"text":"cir1375 - 2012 - A brief history and summary of the effects of river engineering and dams on the Mississippi River system and delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:23:13","indexId":"cir1375","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1375","title":"A brief history and summary of the effects of river engineering and dams on the Mississippi River system and delta","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey Forecast Mekong project is providing technical assistance and information to aid management decisions and build science capacity of institutions in the Mekong River Basin. A component of this effort is to produce a synthesis of the effects of dams and other engineering structures on large-river hydrology, sediment transport, geomorphology, ecology, water quality, and deltaic systems. The Mississippi River Basin (MRB) of the United States was used as the backdrop and context for this synthesis because it is a continental scale river system with a total annual water discharge proportional to the Mekong River, has been highly engineered over the past two centuries, and the effects of engineering have been widely studied and documented by scientists and engineers. The MRB is controlled and regulated by dams and river-engineering structures. These modifications have resulted in multiple benefits including navigation, flood control, hydropower, bank stabilization, and recreation. Dams and other river-engineering structures in the MRB have afforded the United States substantial socioeconomic benefits; however, these benefits also have transformed the hydrologic, sediment transport, geomorphic, water-quality, and ecologic characteristics of the river and its delta. Large dams on the middle Missouri River have substantially reduced the magnitude of peak floods, increased base discharges, and reduced the overall variability of intraannual discharges. The extensive system of levees and wing dikes throughout the MRB, although providing protection from intermediate magnitude floods, have reduced overall channel capacity and increased flood stage by up to 4 meters for higher magnitude floods. Prior to major river engineering, the estimated average annual sediment yield of the Mississippi River Basin was approximately 400 million metric tons. The construction of large main-channel reservoirs on the Missouri and Arkansas Rivers, sedimentation in dike fields, and protection of channel banks by revetments throughout the basin, have reduced the overall sediment yield of the MRB by more than 60 percent. The primary alterations to channel morphology by dams and other engineering projects have been (1) channel simplification and reduced dynamism; (2) lowering of channel-bed elevation; and (3) disconnection of the river channel from the flood plain, except during extreme flood events. Freshwater discharge from the Mississippi River and its associated sediment and nutrient loads strongly influence the physical and biological components in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ninety percent of the nitrogen load reaching the Gulf of Mexico is from nonpoint sources with about 60 percent coming from fertilizer and mineralized soil nitrogen. Much of the phosphorus is from animal manure from pasture and rangelands followed by fertilizer applied to corn and soybeans. Increased nutrient enrichment in the northern Gulf of Mexico has resulted in the degradation of water quality as more phytoplankton grow, which increases turbidity and depletes oxygen in the lower depths creating what is known as the \"dead zone.\" In 2002, the dead zone was 22,000 square kilometers (km2), an area similar to the size of the State of Massachusetts. Changes in the flow regime from engineered structures have had direct and indirect effects on the fish communities. The navigation pools in the upper Mississippi River have aged, and these overwintering habitats, which were created when the pools filled, have declined as sedimentation reduces water depth. Reproduction of paddlefish may have been adversely affected by dams, which impede access to suitable spawning habitats. Fishes that inhabit swift-current habitats in the unimpounded lower Mississippi River have not declined as much as in the upper Mississippi River. The decline of the pallid sturgeon may be attributable to channelization of the Missouri River above St. Louis, Missouri. The Missouri River supports a rich fish community and remains relatively intact. Nevertheless, the widespread and long history of human intervention in river discharge has contributed to the declines of about 25 percent of the species. The Mississippi River Delta Plain is built from six delta complexes composed of a massive area of coastal wetlands that support the largest commercial fishery in the conterminous United States. Since the early 20th century, approximately 4,900 km2 of coastal lands have been lost in Louisiana. One of the primary mechanisms of wetland loss on the Plaquemines-Balize complex is believed to be the disconnection of the river distributary network from the delta plain by the massive system of levees on the delta top, which prevent overbank flooding and replenishment of the delta top by sediment and nutrient deliveries. Efforts by Federal and State agencies to conserve and restore the Mississippi River Delta Plain began over three decades ago and have accelerated over the past decade. Regardless of these efforts, however, land losses are expected to continue because the reduced upstream sediment supplies are not sufficient to keep up with the projected depositional space being created by the combined forces of delta plain subsidence and global sea-level rise.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA.","doi":"10.3133/cir1375","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of State","usgsCitation":"Alexander, J.S., Wilson, R.C., and Green, W.R., 2012, A brief history and summary of the effects of river engineering and dams on the Mississippi River system and delta: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1375, v., 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1375.","productDescription":"v., 43 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257319,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1375/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":300769,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1375/C1375.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.57 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":257322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1375.gif"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States;Canada","state":"Alabama;Alberta;Arkansas;Colorado;Georgia;Illinois;Indiana;Iowa;Kanas;Kentucky;Louisiana;Michigan;Minnesota;Mississippi;Missouri;Montana;Nebraska;New Mexico;New York;North Carolina;North Dakota;Ohio;Oklahoma;Pennsylvania;Saskatchewan;South Dakota;Tennessee;Texas;Virginia;West Virginia;Wisconsin;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,27 ], [ -118,50 ], [ -78,50 ], [ -78,27 ], [ -118,27 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd497ae4b0b290850ef36d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Jason S. 0000-0002-1602-482X jalexand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1602-482X","contributorId":2802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Jason","email":"jalexand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":464558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Richard C. wilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Richard","email":"wilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70038486,"text":"70038486 - 2012 - Landscape controls on total and methyl Hg in the Upper Hudson River basin, New York, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-07T01:01:38","indexId":"70038486","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-06T12:58:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape controls on total and methyl Hg in the Upper Hudson River basin, New York, USA","docAbstract":"Approaches are needed to better predict spatial variation in riverine Hg concentrations across heterogeneous landscapes that include mountains, wetlands, and open waters. We applied multivariate linear regression to determine the landscape factors and chemical variables that best account for the spatial variation of total Hg (THg) and methyl Hg (MeHg) concentrations in 27 sub-basins across the 493 km<sup>2</sup> upper Hudson River basin in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. THg concentrations varied by sixfold, and those of MeHg by 40-fold in synoptic samples collected at low-to-moderate flow, during spring and summer of 2006 and 2008. Bivariate linear regression relations of THg and MeHg concentrations with either percent wetland area or DOC concentrations were significant but could account for only about 1/3 of the variation in these Hg forms in summer. In contrast, multivariate linear regression relations that included metrics of (1) hydrogeomorphology, (2) riparian/wetland area, and (3) open water, explained about 66% to >90% of spatial variation in each Hg form in spring and summer samples. These metrics reflect the influence of basin morphometry and riparian soils on Hg source and transport, and the role of open water as a Hg sink. Multivariate models based solely on these landscape metrics generally accounted for as much or more of the variation in Hg concentrations than models based on chemical and physical metrics, and show great promise for identifying waters with expected high Hg concentrations in the Adirondack region and similar glaciated riverine ecosystems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011JG001812","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., Riva-Murray, K., Bradley, P., Aiken, G., and Brigham, M.E., 2012, Landscape controls on total and methyl Hg in the Upper Hudson River basin, New York, USA: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001812.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"G01034","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257261,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001812","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Adirondack Mountains","volume":"117","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4408e4b0c8380cd667cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riva-Murray, K.","contributorId":82481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riva-Murray","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brigham, M. E.","contributorId":87535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70038153,"text":"70038153 - 2012 - Semiparametric bivariate zero-inflated Poisson models with application to studies of abundance for multiple species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T15:43:30","indexId":"70038153","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-06T11:47:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1577,"text":"Environmetrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Semiparametric bivariate zero-inflated Poisson models with application to studies of abundance for multiple species","docAbstract":"Ecological studies involving counts of abundance, presence&ndash;absence or occupancy rates often produce data having a substantial proportion of zeros. Furthermore, these types of processes are typically multivariate and only adequately described by complex nonlinear relationships involving externally measured covariates. Ignoring these aspects of the data and implementing standard approaches can lead to models that fail to provide adequate scientific understanding of the underlying ecological processes, possibly resulting in a loss of inferential power. One method of dealing with data having excess zeros is to consider the class of univariate zero-inflated generalized linear models. However, this class of models fails to address the multivariate and nonlinear aspects associated with the data usually encountered in practice. Therefore, we propose a semiparametric bivariate zero-inflated Poisson model that takes into account both of these data attributes. The general modeling framework is hierarchical Bayes and is suitable for a broad range of applications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model through a motivating example on modeling catch per unit area for multiple species using data from the Missouri River Benthic Fishes Study, implemented by the United States Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/env.1142","usgsCitation":"Arab, A., Holan, S.H., Wikle, C.K., and Wildhaber, M.L., 2012, Semiparametric bivariate zero-inflated Poisson models with application to studies of abundance for multiple species: Environmetrics, v. 23, no. 2, p. 183-196, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.1142.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"196","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.3169","text":"External Repository"},{"id":257436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d14e4b08c986b31825a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arab, Ali","contributorId":75002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arab","given":"Ali","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holan, Scott H.","contributorId":15878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holan","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wikle, Christopher K.","contributorId":55680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wikle","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wildhaber, Mark L. 0000-0002-6538-9083 mwildhaber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":1386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"Mark","email":"mwildhaber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70038319,"text":"70038319 - 2012 - Reconciling estimates of the contemporary North American carbon balance among terrestrial biosphere models, atmospheric inversions, and a new approach for estimating net ecosystem exchange from inventory-based data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-17T13:10:31","indexId":"70038319","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-06T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconciling estimates of the contemporary North American carbon balance among terrestrial biosphere models, atmospheric inversions, and a new approach for estimating net ecosystem exchange from inventory-based data","docAbstract":"<p>We develop an approach for estimating net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using inventory-based information over North America (NA) for a recent 7-year period (ca. 2000&ndash;2006). The approach notably retains information on the spatial distribution of NEE, or the vertical exchange between land and atmosphere of all non-fossil fuel sources and sinks of CO<sub>2</sub>, while accounting for lateral transfers of forest and crop products as well as their eventual emissions. The total NEE estimate of a -327 &plusmn; 252 TgC yr<sup>-1</sup> sink for NA was driven primarily by CO<sub>2</sub> uptake in the Forest Lands sector (-248 TgC yr<sup>-1</sup>), largely in the Northwest and Southeast regions of the US, and in the Crop Lands sector (-297 TgC yr<sup>-1</sup>), predominantly in the Midwest US states. These sinks are counteracted by the carbon source estimated for the Other Lands sector (+218 TgC yr<sup>-1</sup>), where much of the forest and crop products are assumed to be returned to the atmosphere (through livestock and human consumption). The ecosystems of Mexico are estimated to be a small net source (+18 TgC yr<sup>-1</sup>) due to land use change between 1993 and 2002. We compare these inventory-based estimates with results from a suite of terrestrial biosphere and atmospheric inversion models, where the mean continental-scale NEE estimate for each ensemble is -511 TgC yr<sup>-1</sup> and -931 TgC yr<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. In the modeling approaches, all sectors, including Other Lands, were generally estimated to be a carbon sink, driven in part by assumed CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization and/or lack of consideration of carbon sources from disturbances and product emissions. Additional fluxes not measured by the inventories, although highly uncertain, could add an additional -239 TgC yr<sup>-1</sup> to the inventory-based NA sink estimate, thus suggesting some convergence with the modeling approaches.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02627.x","usgsCitation":"Hayes, D.J., Turner, D., Stinson, G., McGuire, A., Wei, Y., West, T.O., Heath, L., de Jong, B., McConkey, B.G., Birdsey, R.A., Kurz, W., Jacobson, A.R., Huntzinger, D.N., Pan, Y., Post, W.M., and Cook, R.B., 2012, Reconciling estimates of the contemporary North American carbon balance among terrestrial biosphere models, atmospheric inversions, and a new approach for estimating net ecosystem exchange from inventory-based data: Global Change Biology, v. 18, no. 4, p. 1282-1299, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02627.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1282","endPage":"1299","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257434,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a969fe4b0c8380cd820d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Daniel J.","contributorId":100237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, David P.","contributorId":85454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"David P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stinson, Graham","contributorId":24623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stinson","given":"Graham","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. David","contributorId":18494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wei, Yaxing","contributorId":79347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wei","given":"Yaxing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"West, Tristram O.","contributorId":39230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"Tristram","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Heath, Linda S.","contributorId":84207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"Linda S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"de Jong, Bernardus","contributorId":8715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Jong","given":"Bernardus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McConkey, Brian G.","contributorId":96949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConkey","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Birdsey, Richard A.","contributorId":17751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birdsey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kurz, Werner A.","contributorId":50644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurz","given":"Werner A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Jacobson, Andrew R.","contributorId":50397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Huntzinger, Deborah N.","contributorId":70636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntzinger","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Pan, Yude","contributorId":68872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Yude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Post, W. Mac","contributorId":43224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mac","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Cook, Robert B.","contributorId":98166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}}
,{"id":70038466,"text":"70038466 - 2012 - Pattern and process of prescribed fires influence effectiveness at reducing wildfire severity in dry coniferous forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-12T01:01:51","indexId":"70038466","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-06T10:27:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pattern and process of prescribed fires influence effectiveness at reducing wildfire severity in dry coniferous forests","docAbstract":"We examined the effects of three early season (spring) prescribed fires on burn severity patterns of summer wildfires that occurred 1&ndash;3 years post-treatment in a mixed conifer forest in central Idaho. Wildfire and prescribed fire burn severities were estimated as the difference in normalized burn ratio (dNBR) using Landsat imagery. We used GIS derived vegetation, topography, and treatment variables to generate models predicting the wildfire burn severity of 1286&ndash;5500 30-m pixels within and around treated areas. We found that wildfire severity was significantly lower in treated areas than in untreated areas and significantly lower than the potential wildfire severity of the treated areas had treatments not been implemented. At the pixel level, wildfire severity was best predicted by an interaction between prescribed fire severity, topographic moisture, heat load, and pre-fire vegetation volume. Prescribed fire severity and vegetation volume were the most influential predictors. Prescribed fire severity, and its influence on wildfire severity, was highest in relatively warm and dry locations, which were able to burn under spring conditions. In contrast, wildfire severity peaked in cooler, more mesic locations that dried later in the summer and supported greater vegetation volume. We found considerable evidence that prescribed fires have landscape-level influences within treatment boundaries; most notable was an interaction between distance from the prescribed fire perimeter and distance from treated patch edges, which explained up to 66% of the variation in wildfire severity. Early season prescribed fires may not directly target the locations most at risk of high severity wildfire, but proximity of these areas to treated patches and the discontinuity of fuels following treatment may influence wildfire severity and explain how even low severity treatments can be effective management tools in fire-prone landscapes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.002","usgsCitation":"Arkle, R., Pilliod, D., and Welty, J., 2012, Pattern and process of prescribed fires influence effectiveness at reducing wildfire severity in dry coniferous forests: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 276, p. 174-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.002.","productDescription":"11 p.l","startPage":"174","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257420,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.002","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75b2e4b0c8380cd77cb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arkle, Robert S.","contributorId":55679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arkle","given":"Robert S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pilliod, David S.","contributorId":101760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welty, Justin L.","contributorId":80558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welty","given":"Justin L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70038630,"text":"70038630 - 2012 - Hydrologic conditions controlling runoff generation immediately after wildfire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-07T01:01:38","indexId":"70038630","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic conditions controlling runoff generation immediately after wildfire","docAbstract":"We investigated the control of postwildfire runoff by physical and hydraulic properties of soil, hydrologic states, and an ash layer immediately following wildfire. The field site is within the area burned by the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire in Colorado, USA. Physical and hydraulic property characterization included ash thickness, particle size distribution, hydraulic conductivity, and soil water retention curves. Soil water content and matric potential were measured indirectly at several depths below the soil surface to document hydrologic states underneath the ash layer in the unsaturated zone, whereas precipitation and surface runoff were measured directly. Measurements of soil water content showed that almost no water infiltrated below the ash layer into the near-surface soil in the burned site at the storm time scale (i.e., minutes to hours). Runoff generation processes were controlled by and highly sensitive to ash thickness and ash hydraulic properties. The ash layer stored from 97% to 99% of rainfall, which was critical for reducing runoff amounts. The hydrologic response to two rain storms with different rainfall amounts, rainfall intensity, and durations, only ten days apart, indicated that runoff generation was predominantly by the saturation-excess mechanism perched at the ash-soil interface during the first storm and predominantly by the infiltration-excess mechanism at the ash surface during the second storm. Contributing area was not static for the two storms and was 4% (saturation excess) to 68% (infiltration excess) of the catchment area. Our results showed the importance of including hydrologic conditions and hydraulic properties of the ash layer in postwildfire runoff generation models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011470","usgsCitation":"Ebel, B.A., Moody, J.A., and Martin, D.A., 2012, Hydrologic conditions controlling runoff generation immediately after wildfire: Water Resources Research, v. 48, 13 p.; W03529, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011470.","productDescription":"13 p.; W03529","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474480,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011470","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":257301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257289,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011470","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a358ce4b0c8380cd5fffc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":2557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moody, John A. 0000-0003-2609-364X jamoody@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-364X","contributorId":771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"John","email":"jamoody@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Deborah A. 0000-0001-8237-0838 damartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-0838","contributorId":1900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Deborah","email":"damartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":464550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70038483,"text":"70038483 - 2012 - Estimating parameters of hidden Markov models based on marked individuals: use of robust design data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-07T01:01:38","indexId":"70038483","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating parameters of hidden Markov models based on marked individuals: use of robust design data","docAbstract":"Development and use of multistate mark-recapture models, which provide estimates of parameters of Markov processes in the face of imperfect detection, have become common over the last twenty years. Recently, estimating parameters of hidden Markov models, where the state of an individual can be uncertain even when it is detected, has received attention. Previous work has shown that ignoring state uncertainty biases estimates of survival and state transition probabilities, thereby reducing the power to detect effects. Efforts to adjust for state uncertainty have included special cases and a general framework for a single sample per period of interest. We provide a flexible framework for adjusting for state uncertainty in multistate models, while utilizing multiple sampling occasions per period of interest to increase precision and remove parameter redundancy. These models also produce direct estimates of state structure for each primary period, even for the case where there is just one sampling occasion. We apply our model to expected value data, and to data from a study of Florida manatees, to provide examples of the improvement in precision due to secondary capture occasions. We also provide user-friendly software to implement these models. This general framework could also be used by practitioners to consider constrained models of particular interest, or model the relationship between within-primary period parameters (e.g., state structure) and between-primary period parameters (e.g., state transition probabilities).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/11-1538.1","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W.L., White, G.C., Hines, J., Langtimm, C.A., and Yoshizaki, J., 2012, Estimating parameters of hidden Markov models based on marked individuals: use of robust design data: Ecology, v. 93, no. 4, p. 913-920, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1538.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"913","endPage":"920","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257270,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-1538.1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b34e4b0c8380cd52607","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, William L. wkendall@usgs.gov","contributorId":406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"William","email":"wkendall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":464352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":66831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":464355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":464354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langtimm, Catherine A. 0000-0001-8499-5743 clangtimm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":3045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langtimm","given":"Catherine","email":"clangtimm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yoshizaki, Jun","contributorId":69403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshizaki","given":"Jun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70038510,"text":"70038510 - 2012 - Erosion, storage, and transport of sediment in two subbasins of the Rio Puerco, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-07T01:01:38","indexId":"70038510","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosion, storage, and transport of sediment in two subbasins of the Rio Puerco, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Arroyos in the American Southwest proceed through cut-and-fill cycles that operate at centennial to millennial time scales. The geomorphic community has put much effort into understanding the causes of arroyo cutting in the late Quaternary and in the modern record (late 1800s), while little effort has gone into understanding how arroyos fill and the sources of this fill. Here, we successfully develop a geographic information system (GIS)-modeled sediment budget that is based on detailed field measurements of hillslope and channel erosion and deposition. Field measurements were made in two arroyo basins draining different lithologies and undergoing different land disturbance (Volcano Hill Wash, 9.30 km<sup>2</sup>; Arroyo Chavez, 2.11 km<sup>2</sup>) over a 3 yr period. Both basins have incised channels that formed in response to the late nineteenth-century incision of the Rio Puerco. Large volumes of sediment were generated during arroyo incision, equal to more than 100 yr of the current annual total sediment load (bed load + suspended load) in each basin. Downstream reaches in both arroyos are presently aggrading, and the main source of the sediment is from channel erosion in upstream reaches and first- and second-order tributaries. The sediment budget shows that channel erosion is the largest source of sediment in the current stage of the arroyo cycle: 98% and 80% of the sediment exported out of Volcano Hill Wash and Arroyo Chavez, respectively. The geomorphic surface most affected by arroyo incision and one of the most important sediment sources is the valley alluvium, where channel erosion, gullying, soil piping, and grazing all occur. Erosion rates calculated for the entire Volcano Hill Wash (-0.26 mm/yr) and Arroyo Chavez (-0.53 mm/yr) basins are higher than the modeled upland erosion rates in each basin, reflecting the large contributions from channel erosion. Erosion rates in each basin are affected by a combination of land disturbance (grazing) and lithology--erodible sandstones and shales in Arroyo Chavez compared with basalt for Volcano Hill Wash. Despite these differences, hillslope sediment yields are similar to long-term denudation rates. As the arroyo fills over time from mouth to headwaters, hillslope sediment becomes a more significant sediment source.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Gelogical Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/B30392.1","usgsCitation":"Gellis, A., Pavich, M., Ellwein, A., Aby, S., Clark, I., Wieczorek, M., and Viger, R., 2012, Erosion, storage, and transport of sediment in two subbasins of the Rio Puerco, New Mexico: GSA Bulletin, v. 124, no. 5/6, p. 817-841, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30392.1.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"817","endPage":"841","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257254,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B30392.1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Rio Puerco","volume":"124","issue":"5/6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a41e4b0c8380cd52284","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gellis, A. C.","contributorId":99590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellis","given":"A. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pavich, M.J.","contributorId":70788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellwein, A.L.","contributorId":83354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellwein","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aby, S.","contributorId":18148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aby","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, I.","contributorId":38766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wieczorek, M.E.","contributorId":79260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Viger, R.","contributorId":29191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viger","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70038508,"text":"70038508 - 2012 - A conceptual model to facilitate amphibian conservation in the northern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-28T00:21:53.9197","indexId":"70038508","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1859,"text":"Great Plains Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A conceptual model to facilitate amphibian conservation in the northern Great Plains","docAbstract":"As pressures on agricultural landscapes to meet worldwide resource needs increase, amphibian populations face numerous threats including habitat destruction, chemical contaminants, disease outbreaks, wetland sedimentation, and synergistic effects of these perturbations. To facilitate conservation planning, we developed a conceptual model depicting elements critical for amphibian conservation in the northern Great Plains. First, we linked upland, wetland, and landscape features to specific ecological attributes. Ecological attributes included adult survival; reproduction and survival to metamorphosis; and successful dispersal and recolonization. Second, we linked ecosystem drivers, ecosystem stressors, and ecological effects of the region to each ecological attribute. Lastly, we summarized information on these ecological attributes and the drivers, stressors, and effects that work in concert to influence the maintenance of viable and genetically diverse amphibian populations in the northern Great Plains. While our focus was on the northern Great Plains, our conceptual model can be tailored to other geographic regions and taxa.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Nebraska","publisherLocation":"Lincoln, NE","usgsCitation":"Mushet, D.M., Euliss, N.H., and Stockwell, C., 2012, A conceptual model to facilitate amphibian conservation in the northern Great Plains: Great Plains Research, v. 22, no. 1, p. 45-58.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"58","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":382733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsresearch/1217/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Northern Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.16113281249999,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.93115234375,\n              40.027614437486655\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.6689453125,\n              40.06125658140474\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.24072265625,\n              40.68063802521456\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.69091796875,\n              45.506346901083425\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.04248046875,\n              48.66194284607006\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.56982421875,\n              49.05227025601607\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.654296875,\n              48.99463598353405\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.16113281249999,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e394e4b0c8380cd460ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mushet, David M. 0000-0002-5910-2744 dmushet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":1299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"David","email":"dmushet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Euliss, Ned H. Jr. ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","suffix":"Jr.","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stockwell, Craig A.","contributorId":55257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockwell","given":"Craig A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70004053,"text":"70004053 - 2012 - Sonoran Desert ecosystem transformation by a C<sub>4</sub> grass without the grass/fire cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-06T01:01:36","indexId":"70004053","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1399,"text":"Diversity and Distributions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sonoran Desert ecosystem transformation by a C<sub>4</sub> grass without the grass/fire cycle","docAbstract":"<b>Aim</b>  Biological invasions facilitate ecosystem transformation by altering the structure and function, diversity, dominance and disturbance regimes. A classic case is the grass&ndash;fire cycle in which grass invasion increases the frequency, scale and/or intensity of wildfires and promotes the continued invasion of invasive grasses. Despite wide acceptance of the grass&ndash;fire cycle, questions linger about the relative roles that interspecific plant competition and fire play in ecosystem transformations.  <b>Location</b>  Sonoran Desert Arizona Upland of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, USA.  <b>Methods</b>  We measured species cover, density and saguaro (<i>Carnegiea gigantea</i>) size structure along gradients of <i>Pennisetum ciliare</i> invasion at 10 unburned/ungrazed <i>P. ciliare</i> patches. Regression models quantified differences in diversity, cover and density with respect to <i>P. ciliare</i> cover, and residence time and a Fisher's exact test detected demographic changes in saguaro populations. Because <i>P. ciliare</i> may have initially invaded locations that were both more invasible and less diverse, we ran analyses with and without the plots in which initial infestations were located.  <b>Results</b>  Richness and diversity decreased with <i>P. ciliare</i> cover as did cover and density of most dominant species. Richness and diversity declined with increasing time since invasion, suggesting an ongoing transformation. The proportion of old-to-young <i>Carnegiea gigantea</i> was significantly lower in plots with dominant <i>P. ciliare</i> cover.  <b>Main conclusions</b>  Rich desert scrub (15&ndash;25 species per plot) was transformed into depauperate grassland (2&ndash;5 species per plot) within 20 years following <i>P. ciliare</i> invasion without changes to the fire regime. While the onset of a grass&ndash;fire cycle may drive ecosystem change in the later stages and larger scales of grass invasions of arid lands, competition by <i>P. ciliare</i> can drive small-scale transformations earlier in the invasion. Linking competition-induced transformation rates with spatially explicit models of spread may be necessary for predicting landscape-level impacts on ecosystem processes in advance of a grass&ndash;fire cycle.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diversity and Distributions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Publishing","publisherLocation":"Malden, MA","doi":"10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00825.x","usgsCitation":"Olsson, A.D., Betancourt, J., McClaran, M.P., and Marsh, S.E., 2012, Sonoran Desert ecosystem transformation by a C<sub>4</sub> grass without the grass/fire cycle: Diversity and Distributions, v. 2012, no. 18, p. 10-21, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00825.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"21","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110969,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00825.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Sonoran Desert;Santa Catalina Mountains","volume":"2012","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9302e4b08c986b31a227","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsson, Aaryn D.","contributorId":71044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsson","given":"Aaryn","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio","contributorId":96136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McClaran, Mitchel P.","contributorId":15453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClaran","given":"Mitchel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marsh, Stuart E.","contributorId":43616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}