The Kharapeh gold deposit is located along the northwestern margin of the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SSZ) in the West Azerbaijan province, Iran. It is an epizonal orogenic gold deposit formed within the deformed zone between central Iran and the Arabian plate during the Cretaceous–Tertiary Zagros orogeny. The deposit area is underlain by Cretaceous schist and marble, as well as altered andesite and dacite dikes. Structural analysis indicates that the rocks underwent tight to isoclinal recumbent folding and were subsequently co-axially refolded to upright open folds during a second deformation. Late- to post-tectonic Cenozoic granites and granodiorites occur northeast of the deposit area. Mineralization mainly is recognized within NW-trending extensional structures as veins and breccia zones. Normal faults, intermediate dikes, and quartz veins, oriented subparallel to the axial surface of the Kharapeh antiform, indicate synchronous extension perpendicular to the fold axis during the second folding event. The gold-bearing quartz veins are >1 km in length and average about 6 m in width; breccia zones are 10–50 m in length and ≤1 m in width. Hydrothermal alteration mainly consists of silicification, sulfidation, chloritization, sericitization, and carbonatization. Paragenetic relationships indicate three distinct stages—replacement and silicification, brecciation and fracture filling, and cataclastic brecciation—with the latter two being gold-rich. Fluid inclusion data suggest mineral deposition at temperatures of at least 220–255°C and depths of at least 1.4–1.8 km, from a H2O–CO2±CH4 fluid of relatively high salinity (12–14 wt.% NaCl equiv.), which may reflect metamorphism of passive margin carbonate sequences. Ore fluid δ18O values between about 7‰ and 9‰ suggest no significant meteoric water input, despite gold deposition in a relatively shallow epizonal environment. Similarities to other deposits in the SSZ suggest that the deposit formed as part of a diachronous gold event during the middle to late Tertiary throughout the SSZ and during the final stages of the Zagros orogeny. The proximity of Kharapeh to the main tectonic suture of the orogen, well-developed regional fold systems with superimposed complex fracture geometries, and recognition of nearby volcanogenic massive sulfide systems that suggest a region characterized by sulfur- and metal-rich crustal rocks, collectively indicate an area of the SSZ with high favorability for undiscovered gold resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s00126-011-0335-x","usgsCitation":"Niroomand, S., Goldfarb, R.J., Moore, F., Mohajjel, M., and Marsh, E., 2011, The Kharapeh orogenic gold deposit: Geological, structural, and geochemical controls on epizonal ore formation in West Azerbaijan Province, Northwestern Iran: Mineralium Deposita, v. 46, no. 4, p. 409-428, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-011-0335-x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iran","state":"West Azerbaijan Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 57.52441406249999,\n 29.180941290001776\n ],\n [\n 55.7061767578125,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n 53.3111572265625,\n 33.15594830078649\n ],\n [\n 50.064697265625,\n 36.03577394783581\n ],\n [\n 47.71911621093749,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n 46.1260986328125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n 46.1260986328125,\n 36.5670120564234\n ],\n [\n 48.724365234375,\n 34.5020297944346\n ],\n [\n 51.96533203125,\n 31.194007509998823\n ],\n [\n 55.6072998046875,\n 28.589345223446188\n ],\n [\n 57.52441406249999,\n 29.180941290001776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba79be4b08c986b321698","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niroomand, Shojaeddin","contributorId":65981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niroomand","given":"Shojaeddin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":350251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, Farib","contributorId":73330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Farib","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mohajjel, Mohammad","contributorId":34254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mohajjel","given":"Mohammad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marsh, Erin E. 0000-0001-5245-9532","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-9532","contributorId":58765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Erin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70006365,"text":"sim3180 - 2011 - Generalized potentiometric surface, estimated depth to water, and estimated saturated thickness of the High Plains aquifer system, March–June 2009, Laramie County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sim3180","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-25T10:14:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3180","title":"Generalized potentiometric surface, estimated depth to water, and estimated saturated thickness of the High Plains aquifer system, March–June 2009, Laramie County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The High Plains aquifer system, commonly called the High Plains aquifer in many publications, is a nationally important water resource that underlies a 111-million-acre area (173,000 square miles) in parts of eight States including Wyoming. Through irrigation of crops with groundwater from the High Plains aquifer system, the area that overlies the aquifer system has become one of the major agricultural regions in the world. In addition, the aquifer system also serves as the primary source of drinking water for most residents of the region. The High Plains aquifer system is one of the largest aquifers or aquifer systems in the world.
The High Plains aquifer system underlies an area of 8,190 square miles in southeastern Wyoming. Including Laramie County, the High Plains aquifer system is present in parts of five counties in southeastern Wyoming. The High Plains aquifer system underlies 8 percent of Wyoming, and 5 percent of the aquifer system is located within the State. Based on withdrawals for irrigation, public supply, and industrial use in 2000, the High Plains aquifer system is the most utilized source of groundwater in Wyoming.
With the exception of the Laramie Mountains in western Laramie County, the High Plains aquifer system is present throughout Laramie County. In Laramie County, the High Plains aquifer system is the predominant groundwater resource for agricultural (irrigation), municipal, industrial, and domestic uses. Withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation (primarily in the eastern part of the county) is the largest use of water from the High Plains aquifer system in Laramie County and southeastern Wyoming.
Continued interest in groundwater levels in the High Plains aquifer system in Laramie County prompted a study by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Wyoming State Engineer's Office to update the potentiometric-surface map of the aquifer system in Laramie County. Groundwater levels were measured in wells completed in the High Plains aquifer system from March to June 2009. The groundwater levels were used to construct a map of the potentiometric surface of the High Plains aquifer system. In addition, depth to water and estimated saturated-thickness maps of the aquifer system were constructed using the potentiometric-surface map.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3180","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Wyoming State Engineer's Office","usgsCitation":"Bartos, T.T., and Hallberg, L.L., 2011, Generalized potentiometric surface, estimated depth to water, and estimated saturated thickness of the High Plains aquifer system, March–June 2009, Laramie County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3180, 1 Sheet: 54 x 42 inches; Metadata Download; GIS Database Dowload, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3180.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 54 x 42 inches; Metadata Download; GIS Database Dowload","costCenters":[{"id":684,"text":"Wyoming Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3180.png"},{"id":112399,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3180/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 12","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Laramie","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.23333333333333,41 ], [ -105.23333333333333,41.666666666666664 ], [ -104.05,41.666666666666664 ], [ -104.05,41 ], [ -105.23333333333333,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a153fe4b0c8380cd54d22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartos, Timothy T. 0000-0003-1803-4375 ttbartos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-4375","contributorId":1826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartos","given":"Timothy","email":"ttbartos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallberg, Laura L. 0000-0001-9983-8003 lhallber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9983-8003","contributorId":1825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallberg","given":"Laura","email":"lhallber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006363,"text":"sir20115204 - 2011 - Quality of volatile organic compound data from groundwater and surface water for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, October 1996–December 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T11:36:25","indexId":"sir20115204","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-25T09:47:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5204","title":"Quality of volatile organic compound data from groundwater and surface water for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, October 1996–December 2008","docAbstract":"This report describes the quality of volatile organic compound (VOC) data collected from October 1996 to December 2008 from groundwater and surface-water sites for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The VOC data described were collected for three NAWQA site types: (1) domestic and public-supply wells, (2) monitoring wells, and (3) surface-water sites. Contamination bias, based on the 90-percent upper confidence limit (UCL) for the 90th percentile of concentrations in field blanks, was determined for VOC samples from the three site types. A way to express this bias is that there is 90-percent confidence that this amount of contamination would be exceeded in no more than 10 percent of all samples (including environmental samples) that were collected, processed, shipped, and analyzed in the same manner as the blank samples. This report also describes how important native water rinsing may be in decreasing carryover contamination, which could be affecting field blanks.
The VOCs can be classified into four contamination categories on the basis of the 90-percent upper confidence limit (90-percent UCL) concentration distribution in field blanks. Contamination category 1 includes compounds that were not detected in any field blanks. Contamination category 2 includes VOCs that have a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that is about an order of magnitude lower than the concentration distribution of the environmental samples. Contamination category 3 includes VOCs that have a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that is within an order of magnitude of the distribution in environmental samples. Contamination category 4 includes VOCs that have a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that is at least an order of magnitude larger than the concentration distribution of the environmental samples.
Fifty-four of the 87 VOCs analyzed in samples from domestic and public-supply wells were not detected in field blanks (contamination category 1), and 33 VOC were detected in field blanks. Ten of the 33 VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that was at least an order of magnitude lower than the concentration distribution in environmental samples (contamination category 2). These 10 VOCs may have had some contamination bias associated with the environmental samples, but the potential contamination bias was negligible in comparison to the environmental data; therefore, the field blanks were assumed to be representative of the sources of contamination bias affecting the environmental samples for these 10 VOCs. Seven VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution of the field blanks that was within an order of magnitude of the concentration distribution of the environmental samples (contamination category 3). Sixteen VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in the field blanks that was at least an order of magnitude greater than the concentration distribution of the environmental samples (contamination category 4). Field blanks for these 16 VOCs appear to be nonrepresentative of the sources of contamination bias affecting the environmental samples because of the larger concentration distributions (and sometimes higher frequency of detection) in field blanks than in environmental samples.
Forty-three of the 87 VOCs analyzed in samples from monitoring wells were not detected in field blanks (contamination category 1), and 44 VOCs were detected in field blanks. Eight of the 44 VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that was at least an order of magnitude lower than concentrations in environmental samples (contamination category 2). These eight VOCs may have had some contamination bias associated with the environmental samples, but the potential contamination bias was negligible in comparison to the environmental data; therefore, the field blanks were assumed to be representative. Seven VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that was of the same order of magnitude as the concentration distribution of the environmental samples (contamination category 3). Twenty-nine VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in the field blanks that was an order of magnitude greater than the distribution of the environmental samples (contamination category 4). Field blanks for these 29 VOCs appear to be nonrepresentative of the sources of contamination bias to the environmental samples.
Fifty-four of the 87 VOCs analyzed in surface-water samples were not detected in field blanks (category 1), and 33 VOC were detected in field blanks. Sixteen of the 33 VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that was at least an order of magnitude lower than the concentration distribution in environmental samples (contamination category 2). These 16 VOCs may have had some contamination bias associated with the environmental samples, but the potential contamination bias was negligible in comparison to the environmental data; therefore, the field blanks were assumed to be representative. Ten VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that was similar to the concentration distribution of environmental samples (contamination category 3). Seven VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in the field blanks that was greater than the concentration distribution in environmental samples (contamination category 4). Field-blank samples for these seven VOCs appear to be nonrepresentative of the sources of contamination bias to the environmental samples.
The relation between the detection of a compound in field blanks and the detection in subsequent environmental samples appears to be minimal. The median minimum percent effectiveness of native water rinsing is about 79 percent for the 19 VOCs detected in more than 5 percent of field blanks from all three site types. The minimum percent effectiveness of native water rinsing (10 percent) was for toluene in surface-water samples, likely because of the large detection frequency of toluene in surface-water samples (about 79 percent) and in the associated field-blank samples (46.5 percent).
The VOCs that were not detected in field blanks (contamination category 1) from the three site types can be considered free of contamination bias, and various interpretations for environmental samples, such as VOC detection frequency at multiple assessment levels and comparisons of concentrations to benchmarks, are not limited for these VOCs. A censoring level for making comparisons at different assessment levels among environmental samples could be applied to concentrations of 9 VOCs in samples from domestic and public-supply wells, 16 VOCs in samples from monitoring wells, and 9 VOCs in surface-water samples to account for potential low-level contamination bias associated with these selected VOCs. Bracketing the potential contamination by comparing the detection and concentration statistics with no censoring applied to the potential for contamination bias on the basis of the 90-percent UCL for the 90th-percentile concentrations in field blanks may be useful when comparisons to benchmarks are done in a study.
The VOCs that were not detected in field blanks (contamination category 1) from the three site types can be considered free of contamination bias, and various interpretations for environmental samples, such as VOC detection frequency at multiple assessment levels and comparisons of concentrations to benchmarks, are not limited for these VOCs. A censoring level for making comparisons at different assessment levels among environmental samples could be applied to concentrations of 9 VOCs in samples from domestic and public-supply wells, 16 VOCs in samples from monitoring wells, and 9 VOCs in surface-water samples to account for potential low-level contamination bias associated with these selected VOCs. Bracketing the potential contamination by comparing the detection and concentration statistics with no censoring applied to the potential for contamination bias on the basis of the 90-percent UCL for the 90th-percentile concentrations in field blanks may be useful when comparisons to benchmarks are done in a study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Bender, D.A., Zogorski, J.S., Mueller, D.K., Rose, D.L., Martin, J.D., and Brenner, C.K., 2011, Quality of volatile organic compound data from groundwater and surface water for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, October 1996–December 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5204, viii, 57 p.; Glossary; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115204.","productDescription":"viii, 57 p.; Glossary; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1996-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5204.jpg"},{"id":112397,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5204/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9148e4b0c8380cd801be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, David K. mueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"mueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, Donna L. 0000-0003-1216-9914 dlrose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1216-9914","contributorId":4546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Donna","email":"dlrose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D. 0000-0003-1994-5285 jdmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-5285","contributorId":1066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jdmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brenner, Cassandra K.","contributorId":24235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner","given":"Cassandra","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70006351,"text":"sim3192 - 2011 - Status of groundwater levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sim3192","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3192","title":"Status of groundwater levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2011","docAbstract":"The Equus Beds aquifer in southwestern Harvey County and northwestern Sedgwick County was developed to supply water to the city of Wichita and for irrigation in south-central Kansas. Water-level and storage-volume decreases that began with the development of the aquifer in the 1940s reached record to near-record lows in January 1993. Since 1993, the aquifer has been experiencing higher water levels and a partial recovery of storage volume. Potentiometric maps of the shallow and deep layers of the map show flow in both aquifer layers is generally from west to east. Water-level altitudes in the shallow aquifer layer ranged from a high of about 1,470 feet in the northwest corner of the study area to low of about 1,330 feet in the southeast corner of the study area; water-level altitudes in the deep aquifer layer ranged from a high of about 1,440 feet on the west edge of the study area to a low of about 1,330 feet in the southeast corner of the study area. In the northwest part of the study area, water-levels can be up to 50 feet higher in the shallow layer than in the deep layer of the Equus Beds aquifer. Measured water-level changes for August 1940 to January 2011 ranged from a decline of 16.52 feet to a rise of 2.22 feet. The change in storage volume from August 1940 to January 2011 was a decrease of about 104,000 acre-feet. This volume represents a recovery of about 151,000 acre-feet, or about 59 percent of the storage volume previously lost between August 1940 and January 1993. It also represents a recovery of about 63,000 acre-feet, or about 38 percent of the storage volume lost between August 1940 and January 2007. Major factors in these storage-volume recoveries are increased recharge from greater-than-normal precipitation and planned decreases in city pumpage that are part of Wichita's Integrated Local Water Supply Plan; however, part of the recovery may be because city and irrigation pumpage probably decreased in response to greater-than-normal precipitation in the study area. Storage volume from July 2010 to January 2011 did not increase as it commonly does from July to January. The change in storage volume from July 2010 to January 2011 was a decrease of 10,300 acre-feet, probably because average precipitation in the study area during August 2010 through January 2011 was about 3.01 inches less than the August through January normal of 12.63 inches for the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Wichita, Kansas","usgsCitation":"Hansen, C.V., 2011, Status of groundwater levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3192, 1 map sheet: 45.5 x 34.5 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3192.","productDescription":"1 map sheet: 45.5 x 34.5 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3192.png"},{"id":112391,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83)","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Harvey;Sedgwick","city":"Wichita","otherGeospatial":"Equus Beds Auquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.75,37.75 ], [ -97.75,38.25 ], [ -97.25,38.25 ], [ -97.25,37.75 ], [ -97.75,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b97c9e4b08c986b31bc6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Cristi V. chansen@usgs.gov","contributorId":435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Cristi","email":"chansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171509,"text":"70171509 - 2011 - The Hydrogeology of the San Juan Mountains Chapter 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-21T14:55:24","indexId":"70171509","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-23T23:45:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"Chapter 5","title":"The Hydrogeology of the San Juan Mountains Chapter 5","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the occurrence, storage, and flow of groundwater in mountainous regions is limited by the lack of integrated data from wells, streams, springs, and climate. In his comprehensive treatment of the hydrogeology of the San Luis Valley, Huntley (1979) hypothesized that the underlying, fractured volcanic bedrock of the San Juan Mountains has relatively high bulk permeability and a regional-scale water table with a low hydraulic gradient. Other (some more recent) studies of fractured crystalline bedrock in mountainous terrain indicate that these rock units can act as aquifers (Kahn et al. 2008; Manning and Caine 2007; Robinson 1978; Stober and Bucher 2005). The body of recent work also suggests that the conception that fractured crystalline bedrock is of such low permeability that it constitutes a “no-flow zone” may be inappropriate. In addition to establishing a new baseline, the data presented here are used to test Huntley’s (1979) hypotheses that suggest that the San Juan Mountains may be underlain by a substantial groundwater system. With the advent of computers and digital databases, many types of publicly available data can be used to test hypotheses and provide new insights into mountain hydrogeology at the regional scale in the San Juan Mountains. Plate 16 illustrates processes that suggest several fundamental questions arising from our lack of knowledge of mountain hydrogeology. These questions include: What are the dynamic interrelationships among the tectonics of mountain building, climate, and groundwater, and what are the time scales over which associated processes operate? How does extreme topographic relief allow for groundwater recharge along steep surfaces rather than simply causing precipitation to run off ? How does extreme relief translate into hydraulic gradients that drive groundwater flow? Can extreme gradients drive large volumes of meteoric water deep into the Earth’s upper crust? Once in the subsurface, what are the residence times of these waters? Finally, how does complex geology, commonly associated with mountainous terrain, influence these processes and control potentially heterogeneous and tortuous flow pathways? This chapter presents a synthesis of hydrogeological data, in a reconnaissance style, at the regional scale for the San Juan Mountains. Analyses of these data shed some light on the questions posed earlier for the San Juan Mountains and on mountain hydrogeologic processes in general. These analyses are based on public digital data from geologic and topographic maps, precipitation networks, stream gauges, groundwater wells, and springs. These data can be integrated using the hydrologic cycle expressed as a mass balance between inputs and outputs. The data types noted earlier form the basic set of measurements used to explore, characterize, and quantify elements of the hydrologic cycle. This exploration at a variety of scales yields insight into the relationships among the physical geological framework, climatological and hydrological budgets, and the hydraulic properties of the major aquifers in the San Juan Mountains. Each of these factors has been broken down and investigated separately and then integrated at the end of the chapter, using a conceptual model. Although the San Juan Mountains contain extensive precious- and base-metal deposits that have led to natural and mining-related groundwater contamination, this topic is not addressed here. Interested readers should refer to the extensive body of US Geological Survey work in Gray et al. (1994), Plumlee et al. (1995), Wirt et al. (1999), Johnson and Yager (2006), Johnson et al. (2007), and Church, von Guerard, and Finger (2007). Huntley (1979) also provided a large database for regional hydro-geochemistry of the San Juan Mountains (SJM).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Eastern San Juan Mountains Their Ecology, Geology, and Human History","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University Press of Colorado","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","isbn":"978-1-60732-084-5","usgsCitation":"Caine, J.S., and Wilson, A.B., 2011, The Hydrogeology of the San Juan Mountains Chapter 5, chap. Chapter 5 of The Eastern San Juan Mountains Their Ecology, Geology, and Human History, p. 79-98.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"98","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-003416","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":322070,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.upcolorado.com/university-press-of-colorado/item/1923-the-eastern-san-juan-mountains","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.91276550292969,\n 37.421980615353675\n ],\n [\n -106.91276550292969,\n 37.496652341233364\n ],\n [\n -106.75758361816406,\n 37.496652341233364\n ],\n [\n -106.75758361816406,\n 37.421980615353675\n ],\n [\n -106.91276550292969,\n 37.421980615353675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Intensive crocodile monitoring programs conducted during the late 1970s and early 1980s in southern Florida resulted in an optimistic outlook for recovery of the protected species population. However, some areas with suitable crocodile habitat were not investigated, such as Biscayne Bay and the mainland shorelines of Barnes and Card Sounds. The objective of our study was to determine status and habitat use of crocodiles in the aforementioned areas. Spotlight and nesting surveys were conducted from September 1996 to December 2005. The results revealed annual increases in the number of crocodiles. Crocodiles preferred protected habitats such as canals and ponds. Fewer crocodiles were observed in higher salinity water. The distribution and abundance of crocodilians in estuaries is directly dependent on timing, amount, and location of freshwater delivery, providing an opportunity to integrate habitat enhancement with ongoing ecosystem restoration and management activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s12237-011-9378-6","usgsCitation":"Cherkiss, M.S., Romañach, S., and Mazzotti, F., 2011, The American crocodile in Biscayne Bay, Florida: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 34, no. 3, p. 529-535, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9378-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"535","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.584716796875,\n 25.078136134310142\n ],\n [\n -80.06561279296875,\n 25.078136134310142\n ],\n [\n -80.06561279296875,\n 25.77021384896025\n ],\n [\n -80.584716796875,\n 25.77021384896025\n ],\n [\n -80.584716796875,\n 25.078136134310142\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba67be4b08c986b321169","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherkiss, Michael S. 0000-0002-7802-6791 mcherkiss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7802-6791","contributorId":4571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherkiss","given":"Michael","email":"mcherkiss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romañach, Stephanie S.","contributorId":76064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romañach","given":"Stephanie S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mazzotti, Frank J.","contributorId":100018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazzotti","given":"Frank J.","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":349611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006328,"text":"sir20115223 - 2011 - Collection, processing, and interpretation of ground-penetrating radar data to determine sediment thickness at selected locations in Deep Creek Lake, Garrett County, Maryland, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:20:25.971114","indexId":"sir20115223","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5223","title":"Collection, processing, and interpretation of ground-penetrating radar data to determine sediment thickness at selected locations in Deep Creek Lake, Garrett County, Maryland, 2007","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey collected geophysical data in Deep Creek Lake in Garrett County, Maryland, between September 17 through October 4, 2007 to assist the Maryland Department of Natural Resources to better manage resources of the Lake. The objectives of the geophysical surveys were to provide estimates of sediment thickness in shallow areas around the Lake and to test the usefulness of three geophysical methods in this setting. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), continuous seismic-reflection profiling (CSP), and continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) were attempted. Nearly 90 miles of GPR radar data and over 70 miles of CSP data were collected throughout the study area. During field deployment and testing, CRP was determined not to be practical and was not used on a large scale. Sediment accumulation generally could be observed in the radar profiles in the shallow coves. In some seismic profiles, a thin layer of sediment could be observed at the water bottom. The radar profiles appeared to be better than the seismic profiles for the determination of sediment thickness. Although only selected data profiles were processed, all data were archived for future interpretation.\nThis investigation focused on selected regions of the study area, particularly in the coves where sediment accumulations were presumed to be thickest. GPR was the most useful tool for interpreting sediment thickness, especially in these shallow coves. The radar profiles were interpreted for two surfaces of interest-the water bottom, which was defined as the \"2007 horizon,\" and the interface between Lake sediments and the original Lake bottom, which was defined as the \"1925 horizon\"-corresponding to the year the Lake was impounded. The ground-penetrating radar data were interpreted on the basis of characteristics of the reflectors. The sediments that had accumulated in the impounded Lake were characterized by laminated, parallel reflections, whereas the subsurface below the original Lake bottom was characterized by more discontinuous and chaotic reflections, often with diffractions indicating cobbles or boulders. The reflectors were picked manually along the water bottom and along the interface between the Lake sediments and the pre-Lake sediments. A simple graphic approach was used to convert traveltimes to depth through water and depth through saturated sediments using velocities of the soundwaves through the water and the saturated sediments. Nineteen cross sections were processed and interpreted in 9 coves around Deep Creek Lake, and the difference between the 2007 horizon and the 1925 horizon was examined. In most areas, GPR data indicate a layer of sediment between 1 and 7 feet thick. When multiple cross sections from a single cove were compared, the cross sections indicated that sediment thickness decreased toward the center of the Lake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115223","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Banks, W.S., and Johnson, C.D., 2011, Collection, processing, and interpretation of ground-penetrating radar data to determine sediment thickness at selected locations in Deep Creek Lake, Garrett County, Maryland, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5223, v, 16 p.; Appendix A, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115223.","productDescription":"v, 16 p.; Appendix A","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116864,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5223.gif"},{"id":112310,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5223/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Garrett County","otherGeospatial":"Deep Creek Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.43416666666667,39.43333333333333 ], [ -79.43416666666667,39.61666666666667 ], [ -79.18333333333334,39.61666666666667 ], [ -79.18333333333334,39.43333333333333 ], [ -79.43416666666667,39.43333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7b3e4b0c8380cd4cc66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, William S.L.","contributorId":35281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006323,"text":"ofr20111294 - 2011 - Assessment of potential effects of water produced from coalbed natural gas development on macroinvertebrate and algal communities in the Powder River and Tongue River, Wyoming and Montana, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"ofr20111294","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-21T14:16:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1294","title":"Assessment of potential effects of water produced from coalbed natural gas development on macroinvertebrate and algal communities in the Powder River and Tongue River, Wyoming and Montana, 2010","docAbstract":"Ongoing development of coalbed natural gas in the Powder River structural basin in Wyoming and Montana led to formation of an interagency aquatic task group to address concerns about the effects of the resulting production water on biological communities in streams of the area. Ecological assessments, made from 2005–08 under the direction of the task group, indicated biological condition of the macroinvertebrate and algal communities in the middle reaches of the Powder was lower than in the upper or lower reaches. On the basis of the 2005–08 results, sampling of the macroinvertebrate and algae communities was conducted at 18 sites on the mainstem Powder River and 6 sites on the mainstem Tongue River in 2010. Sampling-site locations were selected on a paired approach, with sites located upstream and downstream of discharge points and tributaries associated with coalbed natural gas development. Differences in biological condition among site pairs were evaluated graphically and statistically using multiple lines of evidence that included macroinvertebrate and algal community metrics (such as taxa richness, relative abundance, functional feeding groups, and tolerance) and output from observed/expected (O/E) macroinvertebrate models from Wyoming and Montana.
Multiple lines of evidence indicated a decline in biological condition in the middle reaches of the Powder River, potentially indicating cumulative effects from coalbed natural gas discharges within one or more reaches between Flying E Creek and Wild Horse Creek in Wyoming. The maximum concentrations of alkalinity in the Powder River also occurred in the middle reaches.
Biological condition in the upper and lower reaches of the Powder River was variable, with declines between some site pairs, such as upstream and downstream of Dry Fork and Willow Creek, and increases at others, such as upstream and downstream of Beaver Creek. Biological condition at site pairs on the Tongue River showed an increase in one case, near the Wyoming-Montana border, and a decrease in another case, upstream of Tongue River Reservoir. Few significant differences were noted from upstream to downstream of Prairie Dog Creek, a major tributary to the Tongue River. Further study would be needed to confirm the observed patterns and choose areas to examine in greater detail.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111294","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management; Montana Department of Environmental Quality; Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality; and Wyoming Game and Fish Department","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.A., Hargett, E.G., and Feldman, D.L., 2011, Assessment of potential effects of water produced from coalbed natural gas development on macroinvertebrate and algal communities in the Powder River and Tongue River, Wyoming and Montana, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1294, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111294.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":684,"text":"Wyoming Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1294.gif"},{"id":112270,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1294/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming;Montana","otherGeospatial":"Powder River;Tongue River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.25,43.5 ], [ -107.25,45.5 ], [ -105,45.5 ], [ -105,43.5 ], [ -107.25,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee4ae4b0c8380cd49c99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, David A. davep@usgs.gov","contributorId":1742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"David","email":"davep@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hargett, Eric G.","contributorId":89241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargett","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feldman, David L.","contributorId":25689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feldman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006326,"text":"ofr20111299 - 2011 - Results of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in Miami-Dade and southern Broward Counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-28T15:52:17","indexId":"ofr20111299","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1299","title":"Results of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in Miami-Dade and southern Broward Counties, Florida","docAbstract":"Time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) soundings were made in Miami-Dade and southern Broward Counties to aid in mapping the landward extent of saltwater in the Biscayne aquifer. A total of 79 soundings were collected in settings ranging from urban to undeveloped land, with some of the former posing problems of land access and interference from anthropogenic features. TEM soundings combined with monitoring-well data were used to determine if the saltwater front had moved since the last time it was mapped, to provide additional spatial coverage where existing monitoring wells were insufficient, and to help interpret a previously collected helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) survey flown in the southernmost portion of the study area.
TEM soundings were interpreted as layered resistivity-depth models. Using information from well logs and water-quality data, the resistivity of the freshwater saturated Biscayne aquifer is expected to be above 30 ohm-meters, and the saltwater-saturated aquifer will have resistivities of less than 10 ohm-meters allowing determination of water quality from the TEM interpretations. TEM models from 29 soundings were compared to electromagnetic induction logs collected in nearby monitoring wells. In general, the agreement of these results was very good, giving confidence in the use of the TEM data for mapping saltwater encroachment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Society","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111299","usgsCitation":"Fitterman, D.V., and Prinos, S.T., 2011, Results of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in Miami-Dade and southern Broward Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1299, ix, 289 p.; Supplemental Files Download, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111299.","productDescription":"ix, 289 p.; Supplemental Files Download","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1299.png"},{"id":112309,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1299/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Miami-dade;Broward","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aabf0e4b0c8380cd86a81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitterman, David V. dfitterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"David","email":"dfitterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prinos, Scott T. 0000-0002-5776-8956 stprinos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-8956","contributorId":4045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinos","given":"Scott","email":"stprinos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006295,"text":"sir20115154 - 2011 - Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the San Diego Drainages Hydrogeologic Province, 2004: California GAMA Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"sir20115154","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5154","title":"Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the San Diego Drainages Hydrogeologic Province, 2004: California GAMA Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality in the approximately 3,900-square-mile (mi2) San Diego Drainages Hydrogeologic Province (hereinafter San Diego) study unit was investigated from May through July 2004 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The study unit is located in southwestern California in the counties of San Diego, Riverside, and Orange. The GAMA Priority Basin Project is being conducted by the California State Water Resources Control Board in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The GAMA San Diego study was designed to provide a statistically robust assessment of untreated-groundwater quality within the primary aquifer systems. The assessment is based on water-quality and ancillary data collected by the USGS from 58 wells in 2004 and water-quality data from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database. The primary aquifer systems (hereinafter referred to as the primary aquifers) were defined by the depth interval of the wells listed in the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database for the San Diego study unit. The San Diego study unit consisted of four study areas: Temecula Valley (140 mi2), Warner Valley (34 mi2), Alluvial Basins (166 mi2), and Hard Rock (850 mi2). The quality of groundwater in shallow or deep water-bearing zones may differ from that in the primary aquifers. For example, shallow groundwater may be more vulnerable to surficial contamination than groundwater in deep water-bearing zones. This study had two components: the status assessment and the understanding assessment. The first component of this study-the status assessment of the current quality of the groundwater resource-was assessed by using data from samples analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOC), pesticides, and naturally occurring inorganic constituents, such as major ions and trace elements. The status assessment is intended to characterize the quality of groundwater resources within the primary aquifers of the San Diego study unit, not the treated drinking water delivered to consumers by water purveyors. The second component of this study-the understanding assessment-identified the natural and human factors that affect groundwater quality by evaluating land use, well construction, and geochemical conditions of the aquifer. Results from these evaluations were used to help explain the occurrence and distribution of selected constituents in the study unit. Relative-concentrations (sample concentration divided by benchmark concentration) were used as the primary metric for relating concentrations of constituents in groundwater samples to water-quality benchmarks for those constituents that have Federal and (or) California benchmarks. For organic and special-interest constituents, relative-concentrations were classified as high (> 1.0), moderate (> 0.1 and ≤1.0), and low (≤0.1). For inorganic constituents, relative concentrations were classified as high (> 1.0), moderate (> 0.5 and ≤1.0), and low (≤0.5). Grid-based and spatially weighted approaches were then used to evaluate the proportion of the primary aquifers (aquifer-scale proportions) with high, moderate, and low relative-concentrations for individual compounds and classes of constituents. One or more of the inorganic constituents with health-based benchmarks were high (relative to those benchmarks) in 17.6 percent of the primary aquifers in the Temecula Valley, Warner Valley, and Alluvial Basins study areas (hereinafter also collectively referred to as the Alluvial Fill study areas because they are composed of alluvial fill aquifers), and in 25.0 percent of the Hard Rock study area. Inorganic constituents with health-based benchmarks that were frequently detected at high relative-concentrations included vanadium (V), arsenic (As), and boron (B). Vanadium and As concentrations were not significantly correlated to either urban or agricultural land use indicating natural sources as the primary contributors of these constituents to groundwater. The positive correlation of B concentration to urban land-use was significant which indicates that anthropogenic activities are a contributing source of B to groundwater. The correlation of V, As and B concentrations to pH was positive, indicating that in alkaline groundwater these constituents are being desorbed from, or being inhibited from adsorbing to, particle surfaces. Inorganic constituents with aesthetic benchmarks that were detected at high relative-concentrations include manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and total dissolved solids (TDS). In the Alluvial Fill study areas, Mn and TDS were detected at high relative-concentrations in 13.7 percent of the primary aquifers, and Fe in 6.9 percent. In the Hard Rock study area, Mn was detected at high relative-concentrations in 33.3 percent of the primary aquifers, and TDS in 16.7 percent; Fe was not detected at high relative-concentrations. Total dissolved solids concentrations were significantly correlated to agricultural land use suggesting that agricultural practices are a contributing source of TDS to groundwater. Manganese and Fe concentrations were highest in groundwater with low dissolved oxygen and pH indicating that the reductive dissolution of oxyhydroxides may be an important mechanism for the mobilization of Mn and Fe in groundwater. TDS concentrations were highest in shallow wells and in modern (< 50 yrs) groundwater which indicates anthropogenic activities as a source of TDS concentrations in groundwater. The relative-concentrations of organic constituents with health-based benchmarks were high in 3.0 percent of the primary aquifers in the Alluvial Fill study areas. A single detection in the Alluvial Basins study area of the discontinued gasoline oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was the only organic constituent detected at a high relative-concentration; high relative-concentrations of these constituents were not detected in the Hard Rock study area. Twelve of 88 VOCs and 14 of 123 pesticides and pesticide degradates analyzed in grid wells were detected. Chloroform was the only VOC detected in more than 10 percent of the grid wells. The herbicides simazine, atrazine, and prometon were each detected in greater than 10 percent of the grid wells. Perchlorate was detected in 22 percent of the grid wells sampled. The understanding assessment showed a significant correlation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and solvents to urban land-use, indicating that detections of these constituents are more likely to occur in groundwater underlying urbanized areas of the study unit. MTBE concentrations were negatively correlated to the distance from the nearest leaking underground fuel tank, indicating that point sources are the most significant contributing factor for MTBE concentrations to groundwater in the study unit. The positive correlation of THM and herbicide concentrations to modern groundwater was significant, as was the negative correlation of herbicide concentrations to pH and anoxic groundwater. The negative correlation of herbicides to pH and anoxic groundwater was likely due to the fact that these constituents were detected more frequently in shallow wells where groundwater conditions tend to be oxic with relatively low pH.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115154","collaboration":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program, prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Wright, M.T., and Belitz, K., 2011, Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the San Diego Drainages Hydrogeologic Province, 2004: California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5154, x, 71 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115154.","productDescription":"x, 71 p.; Appendices","temporalStart":"2004-05-01","temporalEnd":"2004-07-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5154.jpg"},{"id":112133,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5154/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Orange;Riverside;And San Diego","city":"San Diego","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,32 ], [ -125,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,32 ], [ -125,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b979be4b08c986b31bb70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Michael T. 0000-0003-0653-6466 mtwright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-6466","contributorId":1508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Michael","email":"mtwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006303,"text":"70006303 - 2011 - Groundwater quality in the San Diego Drainages Hydrogeologic Province, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-19T21:14:52.589233","indexId":"70006303","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3111","title":"Groundwater quality in the San Diego Drainages Hydrogeologic Province, California","docAbstract":"More than 40 percent of California's drinking water is from groundwater. To protect this vital resource, the State of California created the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The Priority Basin Project of the GAMA Program provides a comprehensive assessment of the State's groundwater quality and increases public access to groundwater-quality information. The San Diego Drainages Hydrogeologic Province (hereinafter referred to as San Diego) is one of the study units being evaluated. The San Diego study unit is approximately 3,900 square miles and consists of the Temecula Valley, Warner Valley, and 12 other alluvial basins (California Department of Water Resources, 2003). The study unit also consists of all areas outside defined groundwater basins that are within 3 kilometers of a public-supply well. The study unit was separated, based primarily on hydrogeologic settings, into four study areas: Temecula Valley, Warner Valley, Alluvial Basins, and Hard Rock (Wright and others, 2005). The sampling density for the Hard Rock study area, which consists of areas outside of groundwater basins, was much lower than for the other study areas. Consequently, aquifer proportions for the Hard Rock study area are not used to calculate the aquifer proportions shown by the pie charts. An assessment of groundwater quality for the Hard Rock study area can be found in Wright and Belitz, 2011. The temperatures in the coastal part of the study unit are mild with dry summers, moist winters, and an average annual rainfall of about 10 inches. The temperatures in the mountainous eastern part of the study unit are cooler than in the coastal part, with an annual precipitation of about 45 inches that occurs mostly in the winter. The primary aquifers consist of Quaternary-age alluvium and weathered bedrock in the Temecula Valley, Warner Valley, and Alluvial Basins study areas, whereas in the Hard Rock study area the primary aquifers consist mainly of fractured and decomposed granite of Mesozoic age. The primary aquifers are defined as those parts of the aquifers corresponding to the perforated intervals of wells listed in the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database. Public-supply wells typically are drilled to depths between 200 and 700 feet, consist of solid casing from the land surface to a depth of about 60 to 170 feet, and are perforated, or consist of an open hole, below the solid casing. Water quality in the shallow and deep parts of the aquifer system may differ from water quality in the primary aquifers. Municipal water use accounts for approximately 70 percent of water used in the study unit; the majority of the remainder is used for agriculture, industry, and commerce. Groundwater accounts for approximately 8 percent of the municipal supply, and surface water, the majority of which is imported, accounts for the rest. Recharge to groundwater occurs through stream-channel infiltration from rivers and their tributaries, infiltration in engineered recharge basins, and infiltration of water from precipitation and irrigation. The primary source of discharge is water pumped from wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70006303","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey and the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Wright, M.T., and Belitz, K., 2011, Groundwater quality in the San Diego Drainages Hydrogeologic Province, California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3111, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70006303.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3111.png"},{"id":112173,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":399135,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_96350.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Orange County, Riverside County, San Diego County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.8053,\n 32.5344\n ],\n [\n -116.2964,\n 32.5344\n ],\n [\n -116.2964,\n 33.7053\n ],\n [\n -117.8053,\n 33.7053\n ],\n [\n -117.8053,\n 32.5344\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2db7e4b0c8380cd5bfca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Michael T. 0000-0003-0653-6466 mtwright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-6466","contributorId":1508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Michael","email":"mtwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006279,"text":"ofr20111295 - 2011 - Percent recoveries of anthropogenic organic compounds with and without the addition of ascorbic acid to preserve finished-water samples containing free chlorine, 2004-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T11:36:53","indexId":"ofr20111295","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1295","title":"Percent recoveries of anthropogenic organic compounds with and without the addition of ascorbic acid to preserve finished-water samples containing free chlorine, 2004-10","docAbstract":"This report presents finished-water matrix-spike recoveries of 270 anthropogenic organic compounds with and without the addition of ascorbic acid to preserve water samples containing free chlorine. Percent recoveries were calculated using analytical results from a study conducted during 2004-10 for the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The study was intended to characterize the effect of quenching on finished-water matrix-spike recoveries and to better understand the potential oxidation and transformation of 270 anthropogenic organic compounds. The anthropogenic organic compounds studied include those on analytical schedules 1433, 2003, 2033, 2060, 2020, and 4024 of the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory. Three types of samples were collected from 34 NAWQA locations across the Nation: (1) quenched finished-water samples (not spiked), (2) quenched finished-water matrix-spike samples, and (3) nonquenched finished-water matrix-spike samples. Percent recoveries of anthropogenic organic compounds in quenched and nonquenched finished-water matrix-spike samples are presented. Comparisons of percent recoveries between quenched and nonquenched spiked samples can be used to show how quenching affects finished-water samples. A maximum of 18 surface-water and 34 groundwater quenched finished-water matrix-spike samples paired with nonquenched finished-water matrix-spike samples were analyzed. Percent recoveries for the study are presented in two ways: (1) finished-water matrix-spike samples supplied by surface-water or groundwater, and (2) by use (or source) group category for surface-water and groundwater supplies. Graphical representations of percent recoveries for the quenched and nonquenched finished-water matrix-spike samples also are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111295","usgsCitation":"Valder, J., Delzer, G.C., Bender, D.A., and Price, C.V., 2011, Percent recoveries of anthropogenic organic compounds with and without the addition of ascorbic acid to preserve finished-water samples containing free chlorine, 2004-10: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1295, viii, 10 p.; Appendices; Appendix 2; Appendix 2 Read Me; Appendix 2 Text Data; Appendix 3; Appendix 3 Read Me; Appendix 3 Text Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111295.","productDescription":"viii, 10 p.; Appendices; Appendix 2; Appendix 2 Read Me; Appendix 2 Text Data; Appendix 3; Appendix 3 Read Me; Appendix 3 Text Data","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1295.jpg"},{"id":112058,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1295/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7663e4b0c8380cd780ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valder, Joshua F. 0000-0003-3733-8868 jvalder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-8868","contributorId":1431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valder","given":"Joshua F.","email":"jvalder@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70004703,"text":"70004703 - 2011 - Temporal changes in spatial patterns of submersed macrophytes in two impounded reaches of the Upper Mississippi River, USA, 1998-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T16:07:58.53601","indexId":"70004703","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-18T15:29:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3302,"text":"River Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal changes in spatial patterns of submersed macrophytes in two impounded reaches of the Upper Mississippi River, USA, 1998-2009","docAbstract":"We examined temporal changes in spatial patterns of submersed aquatic macrophytes during a recent three-fold increase in macrophyte abundance and in response to the cumulative effects of management actions (island construction and water level management) and changes in regional environmental conditions (turbidity) in two navigation pools of the Upper Mississippi River, Pool 8 (managed) and Pool 13 (unmanaged). We used cross-correlograms to quantify changes in the degree and range of spatial correlation between submersed macrophytes and depth across the impounded portions of the two pools from 1998-2009. Along with increases in abundance, we observed gradual expansion of submersed macrophytes into deeper water in both pools. However, we detected no temporal change in spatial patterns in Pool 13, where the range of spatial correlation was ∼ 1500-2500 m in length in the downriver direction and ∼ 500-1000 m in length in the crossriver direction. We initially detected similar ranges of spatial correlation in Pool 8, but over time the range of correlation in the cross river direction increased from ∼ 500 m in 1998 to ∼ 2000 m by 2009. Thus, the expansion of submersed macrophytes into deeper water areas in Pool 8 appears to have occurred in the cross-river direction and led to increases in patch size and a more symmetrical patch configuration. Hence, very similar temporal changes in submersed macrophyte abundance corresponded with different diffusion dynamics and spatial patterns in the two pools. We hypothesize that management actions altered spatial patterns of depth, water flow and/or wind fetch and led to the differences in spatial patterns reported here.
","language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart Science Publishers","publisherLocation":"Stuttgart, Germany","doi":"10.1127/1868-5749/2011/019-0015","usgsCitation":"De Jager, N.R., and Yin, Y., 2011, Temporal changes in spatial patterns of submersed macrophytes in two impounded reaches of the Upper Mississippi River, USA, 1998-2009: River Systems, v. 19, no. 2, p. 35-47, https://doi.org/10.1127/1868-5749/2011/019-0015.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"47","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Pool 8, Pool 13, Upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.21835327148438,\n 41.83068856472101\n ],\n [\n -90.14144897460938,\n 41.829665291469354\n ],\n [\n -90.06454467773438,\n 41.95949009892467\n ],\n [\n -90.11947631835938,\n 42.099241380322944\n ],\n [\n -90.21148681640625,\n 42.178670521216\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 42.2152965185502\n ],\n [\n -90.39413452148436,\n 42.26613074143641\n ],\n [\n -90.44906616210936,\n 42.25393426299183\n ],\n [\n -90.32135009765625,\n 42.14202329789122\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 42.12572883050418\n ],\n [\n -90.19638061523438,\n 42.04011410708205\n ],\n [\n -90.18402099609374,\n 42.011550195928585\n ],\n [\n -90.21560668945311,\n 41.89818843043047\n ],\n [\n -90.21835327148438,\n 41.83068856472101\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.25381469726562,\n 43.58088826494042\n ],\n [\n -91.22154235839844,\n 43.57591398669178\n ],\n [\n -91.19682312011719,\n 43.72545977417781\n ],\n [\n -91.24969482421875,\n 43.810747313446996\n ],\n [\n -91.2469482421875,\n 43.84096542501515\n ],\n [\n -91.31355285644531,\n 43.85879188670806\n ],\n [\n -91.29913330078124,\n 43.82263823180498\n ],\n [\n -91.28814697265625,\n 43.78497553389676\n ],\n [\n -91.26686096191406,\n 43.77059798257491\n ],\n [\n -91.27647399902344,\n 43.72893315253811\n ],\n [\n -91.28814697265625,\n 43.630111446719226\n ],\n [\n -91.25381469726562,\n 43.58088826494042\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba501e4b08c986b320732","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Jager, Nathan R. 0000-0002-6649-4125","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6649-4125","contributorId":104616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Jager","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yin, Yao yyin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"Yao","email":"yyin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006337,"text":"70006337 - 2011 - Nitrate in the Mississippi River and its tributaries, 1980 to 2008: Are we making progress?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-23T15:49:19.198162","indexId":"70006337","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-18T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrate in the Mississippi River and its tributaries, 1980 to 2008: Are we making progress?","docAbstract":"Changes in nitrate concentration and flux between 1980 and 2008 at eight sites in the Mississippi River basin were determined using a new statistical method that accommodates evolving nitrate behavior over time and produces flow-normalized estimates of nitrate concentration and flux that are independent of random variations in streamflow. The results show that little consistent progress has been made in reducing riverine nitrate since 1980, and that flow-normalized concentration and flux are increasing in some areas. Flow-normalized nitrate concentration and flux increased between 9 and 76% at four sites on the Mississippi River and a tributary site on the Missouri River, but changed very little at tributary sites on the Ohio, Iowa, and Illinois Rivers. Increases in flow-normalized concentration and flux at the Mississippi River at Clinton and Missouri River at Hermann were more than three times larger than at any other site. The increases at these two sites contributed much of the 9% increase in flow-normalized nitrate flux leaving the Mississippi River basin. At most sites, concentrations increased more at low and moderate streamflows than at high streamflows, suggesting that increasing groundwater concentrations are having an effect on river concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/es201221s","usgsCitation":"Sprague, L.A., Hirsch, R.M., and Aulenbach, B.T., 2011, Nitrate in the Mississippi River and its tributaries, 1980 to 2008: Are we making progress?: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 45, no. 17, p. 7209-7216, https://doi.org/10.1021/es201221s.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"7209","endPage":"7216","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/es201221s","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.702880859375,\n 38.16911413556086\n ],\n [\n -89.8681640625,\n 38.16911413556086\n ],\n [\n -89.8681640625,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -91.702880859375,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -91.702880859375,\n 38.16911413556086\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.703125,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -89.07714843749999,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -89.07714843749999,\n 38.22091976683121\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 38.22091976683121\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 37.19533058280065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.8072509765625,\n 30.56462594065098\n ],\n [\n -91.27853393554688,\n 30.56462594065098\n ],\n [\n -91.27853393554688,\n 30.96936682219671\n ],\n [\n -91.8072509765625,\n 30.96936682219671\n ],\n [\n -91.8072509765625,\n 30.56462594065098\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66ace4b0c8380cd72ef6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sprague, Lori A. 0000-0003-2832-6662 lsprague@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-6662","contributorId":726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprague","given":"Lori","email":"lsprague@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T. 0000-0003-2863-1288 btaulenb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-1288","contributorId":3057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent","email":"btaulenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006285,"text":"sir20115031 - 2011 - U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 26-29, 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:57","indexId":"sir20115031","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T09:27:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5031","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 26-29, 2011","docAbstract":"Karst aquifer systems are present throughout parts of the United States and some of its territories and are developed in carbonate rocks (primarily limestone and dolomite) that span the entire geologic time frame. The depositional environments, diagenetic processes, and post-depositional tectonic events that form carbonate rock aquifers are varied and complex, involving both biological and physical processes that can influence the development of permeability. These factors, combined with the diverse climatic regimes under which karst development in these rocks has taken place result in the unique dual or triple porosity nature of karst aquifers. These complex hydrologic systems often present challenges to scientists attempting to study groundwater flow and contaminant transport.
\nThe concept for developing a Karst Interest Group evolved from the November 1999 National Groundwater Meeting of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Water Resources Division. As a result, the Karst Interest Group was formed in 2000. The Karst Interest Group is a loose-knit grass-roots organization of USGS employees devoted to fostering better communication among scientists working on, or interested in, karst hydrology studies.
\nThe mission of the Karst Interest Group is to encourage and support interdisciplinary collaboration and technology transfer among USGS scientists working in karst areas. Additionally, the Karst Interest Group encourages cooperative studies between the different disciplines of the USGS and other Federal agencies, and university researchers or research institutes.
\nThis fifth workshop is a joint workshop of the USGS Karst Interest Group and University of Arkansas HydroDays workshop, sponsored by the USGS, the Department of Geosciences at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville. Additional sponsors are: the National Cave and Karst Research Institute, the Edwards Aquifer Authority, San Antonio, Texas, and Beaver Water District, northwest Arkansas. The majority of funding for the proceedings preparation and workshop was provided by the USGS Groundwater Resources Program, National Cooperative Mapping Program, and the Regional Executives of the Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, South Central and Rocky Mountain Areas. The University of Arkansas provided the rooms and facilities for the technical and poster presentations of the workshop, vans for the field trips, and sponsored the HydroDays banquet at the Savoy Experimental Watershed on Wednesday after the technical sessions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115031","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Geosciences at the University of Arkansas","usgsCitation":"2011, U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 26-29, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5031, vi, 212 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115031.","productDescription":"vi, 212 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"218","costCenters":[{"id":250,"text":"Eastern Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5031.jpg"},{"id":112225,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5031/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bba70e4b08c986b32818f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kuniansky, Eve L. 0000-0002-5581-0225 elkunian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-0225","contributorId":932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"Eve","email":"elkunian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":508304,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006274,"text":"ofr20111216 - 2011 - Soils Data Related to the 1999 FROSTFIRE Burn","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:02","indexId":"ofr20111216","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1216","title":"Soils Data Related to the 1999 FROSTFIRE Burn","docAbstract":"This report describes the sample collection and processing for U.S. Geological Survey efforts at FROSTFIRE, an experimental burn that occurred in Alaska in 1999. Data regarding carbon, water, and energy dynamics pre-fire, during, and post-fire were obtained in this landscape-scale prescribed burn. U.S. Geological Survey investigators measured changes in the stocks of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), mercury (Hg), and other components in pre- and post-burn soils of this watershed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111216","usgsCitation":"Manies, K., Harden, J., and Ottmar, R., 2011, Soils Data Related to the 1999 FROSTFIRE Burn: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1216, iii, 8 p.; Data table folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111216.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p.; Data table folder","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":557,"text":"Soil Carbon Research at Menlo Park","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1216.gif"},{"id":112053,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1216/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b922ce4b08c986b319d4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manies, K.L.","contributorId":23228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manies","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ottmar, R.","contributorId":58767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottmar","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006277,"text":"ofr20111287 - 2011 - Gravity data from the San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:00","indexId":"ofr20111287","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1287","title":"Gravity data from the San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Arizona Water Science Center in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geodetic Survey has collected relative and absolute gravity data at 321 stations in the San Pedro River Basin of southeastern Arizona since 2000. Data are of three types: observed gravity values and associated free-air, simple Bouguer, and complete Bouguer anomaly values, useful for subsurface-density modeling; high-precision relative-gravity surveys repeated over time, useful for aquifer-storage-change monitoring; and absolute-gravity values, useful as base stations for relative-gravity surveys and for monitoring gravity change over time. The data are compiled, without interpretation, in three spreadsheet files. Gravity values, GPS locations, and driving directions for absolute-gravity base stations are presented as National Geodetic Survey site descriptions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111287","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, J.R., and Winester, D., 2011, Gravity data from the San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1287, iv, 11 p.; Appendixes folder download, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111287.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.; Appendixes folder download","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1287.gif"},{"id":112056,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1287/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.75,31.25 ], [ -110.75,32.25 ], [ -109.75,32.25 ], [ -109.75,31.25 ], [ -110.75,31.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a18e4b0c8380cd5aea9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-3365-6589 jkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-6589","contributorId":2172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winester, Daniel","contributorId":37469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winester","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006257,"text":"sir20115214 - 2011 - Geomorphology and bank erosion of the Matanuska River, southcentral Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T10:51:07","indexId":"sir20115214","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5214","title":"Geomorphology and bank erosion of the Matanuska River, southcentral Alaska","docAbstract":"Bank erosion along the Matanuska River, a braided, glacial river in southcentral Alaska, has damaged or threatened houses, roadways, and public facilities for decades. Mapping of river geomorphology and bank characteristics for a 65-mile study area from the Matanuska Glacier to the river mouth provided erodibility information that was assessed along with 1949-2006 erosion to establish erosion hazard data. Braid plain margins were delineated from 1949, 1962, and 2006 orthophotographs to provide detailed measurements of erosion. Bank material and height and geomorphic features within the Matanuska River valley (primarily terraces and tributary fans) were mapped in a Geographic Information System (GIS) from orthophotographs and field observations to provide categories of erodibility and extent of the erodible corridor. The braid plain expanded 861 acres between 1949 and 2006. Erosion in the highest category ranged from 225 to 1,043 feet at reaches of bank an average of 0.5 mile long, affecting 8 percent of the banks but accounting for 64 percent of the erosion. Correlation of erosion to measurable predictor variables was limited to bank height and material. Streamflow statistics, such as peak streamflow or mean annual streamflow, were not clearly linked to erosion, which can occur during the prolonged period of summer high flows where channels are adjacent to an erodible braid plain margin. The historical braid plain, which includes vegetated braid plain bars and islands and active channels, was identified as the greatest riverine hazard area on the basis of its historical occupation. In 2006, the historical braid plain was an average of 15 years old, as determined from the estimated age of vegetation visible in orthophotographs. Bank erosion hazards at the braid plain margins can be mapped by combining bank material, bank height, and geomorphology data. Bedrock bluffs at least 10 feet high (31 percent of the braid plain margins) present no erosion hazard. At unconsolidated banks (63 percent of the braid plain margins), erosion hazards are great and the distinction in hazards between banks of varying height or geomorphology is slight.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Matanuska-Susitna Borough","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., and McTeague, M.L., 2011, Geomorphology and bank erosion of the Matanuska River, southcentral Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5214, viii, 50 p.; Appendix; Appendix A; GIS Shapefiles, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115214.","productDescription":"viii, 50 p.; Appendix; Appendix A; GIS Shapefiles","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5214.jpg"},{"id":112037,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5214/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a27a4e4b0c8380cd59a8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Janet H. 0000-0002-3899-6275 jcurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6275","contributorId":690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Janet","email":"jcurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McTeague, Monica L.","contributorId":82045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McTeague","given":"Monica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006261,"text":"sir20115190 - 2011 - TOPMODEL simulations of streamflow and depth to water table in Fishing Brook Watershed, New York, 2007-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115190","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5190","title":"TOPMODEL simulations of streamflow and depth to water table in Fishing Brook Watershed, New York, 2007-09","docAbstract":"TOPMODEL, a physically based, variable-source area rainfall-runoff model, was used to simulate streamflow and depth to water table for the period January 2007-September 2009 in the 65.6 square kilometers of Fishing Brook Watershed in northern New York. The Fishing Brook Watershed is located in the headwaters of the Hudson River and is predominantly forested with a humid, cool continental climate. The motivation for applying this model at Fishing Brook was to provide a simulation that would be effective later at this site in modeling the interaction of hydrologic processes with mercury dynamics.\nTOPMODEL uses a topographic wetness index computed from surface-elevation data to simulate streamflow and subsurface-saturation state, represented by the saturation deficit. Depth to water table was computed from simulated saturation-deficit values using computed soil properties. In the Fishing Brook Watershed, TOPMODEL was calibrated to the natural logarithm of streamflow at the study area outlet and depth to water table at Sixmile Wetland using a combined multiple-objective function. Runoff and depth to water table responded differently to some of the model parameters, and the combined multiple-objective function balanced the goodness-of-fit of the model realizations with respect to these parameters. Results show that TOPMODEL reasonably simulated runoff and depth to water table during the study period. The simulated runoff had a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.738, but the model underpredicted total runoff by 14 percent. Depth to water table computed from simulated saturation-deficit values matched observed water-table depth moderately well; the root mean squared error of absolute depth to water table was 91 millimeters (mm), compared to the mean observed depth to water table of 205 mm. The correlation coefficient for temporal depth-to-water-table fluctuations was 0.624. The variability of the TOPMODEL simulations was assessed using prediction intervals grouped using the combined multiple-objective function. The calibrated TOPMODEL results for the entire study area were applied to several subwatersheds within the study area using computed hydrogeomorphic properties of the subwatersheds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115190","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Nystrom, E.A., and Burns, D.A., 2011, TOPMODEL simulations of streamflow and depth to water table in Fishing Brook Watershed, New York, 2007-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5190, xii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115190.","productDescription":"xii, 54 p.","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5190.gif"},{"id":112041,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5190/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.4,43.93333333333333 ], [ -74.4,44.03333333333333 ], [ -74.25,44.03333333333333 ], [ -74.25,43.93333333333333 ], [ -74.4,43.93333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba38ee4b08c986b31fd60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nystrom, Elizabeth A. 0000-0002-0886-3439 nystrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-3439","contributorId":1072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nystrom","given":"Elizabeth","email":"nystrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869 daburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":1237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"daburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006263,"text":"sir20115127 - 2011 - Factors that influence the hydrologic recovery of wetlands in the Northern Tampa Bay area, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115127","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5127","title":"Factors that influence the hydrologic recovery of wetlands in the Northern Tampa Bay area, Florida","docAbstract":"Reductions in groundwater withdrawals from Northern Tampa Bay well fields were initiated in mid-2002 to improve the hydrologic condition of wetlands in these areas by allowing surface and groundwater levels to recover to previously higher levels. Following these reductions, water levels at some long-term wetland monitoring sites have recovered, while others have not recovered as expected. To understand why water levels for some wetlands have not increased, nine wetlands with varying impacts from well field pumping were examined based on four factors known to influence the hydrologic condition of wetlands in west-central Florida. These factors are the level of the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer underlying the wetland, recent karst activity near and beneath the wetland, permeability of the underlying sediments, and the topographic position of the wetland in the landscape.\nThe combination of two factors, the presence of recent karst activity below or near the wetlands and the depth to the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer below the wetlands, had the most influence on the hydrologic recovery of the study wetlands. The study wetlands are located in an area where numerous localized surface or buried depressions (karst features or sinkholes) are common throughout the mantled karst landscape, which increases the hydrologic connection between the wetlands and the underlying aquifers. Breaches or breaks in the underlying sediments or in the intermediate confining unit due to recent karst subsidence activity act as pathways for downward leakage. For the study wetlands, the leakage potential increased when the vertical separation between the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer and the wetland-bottom elevation (a surrogate for the wetland water level) increased.\nThe increase in the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer below the wetland was the primary factor influencing the hydrologic recovery of the study wetlands, even in areas affected by karst subsidence. For one of the study wetlands influenced by karst subsidence (S-44 Cypress at Starkey well field), the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer increased to the level of the wetland-bottom elevation following the reductions in groundwater withdrawals. Despite the karst subsidence in the wetland, having the level of the potentiometric surface just below the wetland bottom limited the downward leakage potential and resulted in an increase in the flooded area and duration of the wetland hydroperiod.\nIn contrast, two study wetlands affected by karst subsidence (W-12 Cypress and W-16 Marsh at Cypress Creek) remained mostly dry during the period of groundwater withdrawal reductions, even though the median elevation of the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer rose about 5 feet in this area of the well field. These wetlands are located in an area of the well field where large groundwater withdrawals are concentrated, and during the last 20 years (1989-2009) the wetlands were inundated only during periods of extreme rainfall. During these brief inundation periods, the wetland water levels receded after 1 to 2 months, much more rapidly than wetlands located in areas without karst subsidence or concentrated pumping, indicating the increased leakage between the wetlands and underlying aquifers. Because of this interconnection, water levels in these wetlands and others impacted by karst subsidence in this region will not recover if the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer remains at its current (2009) elevation (median distance of about 10 feet below the wetland-bottom elevation).\nLow permeability sediments and the absence of karst features underlying the wetlands had a positive influence on the wetland recovery following the reductions in groundwater withdrawals. In these settings, intact low permeability subsurface layers help maintain water within and beneath the wetland, and limit the downward leakage potential to the Upper Floridan aquifer. For wetlands in these settings, the increase in potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer below the study wetland-bottom elevations resulted in an increase in the flooded area and the duration of the wetland hydroperiod.\nAlthough of less importance than the other three factors, a low-lying topographical position benefited the hydrologic condition of several of the study wetlands (S-68 Cypress and W-12 Cypress) both before and after the reductions in groundwater withdrawals. Compared to wetlands in a higher topographical position, those in a lower position had longer hydroperiods because of their greater ability to receive more runoff from higher elevation wetlands and to establish surface-water connections to other isolated wetlands and surface-water bodies through low-lying surface-water channels during wet conditions. In addition, wetlands in low-lying areas benefited from groundwater inflow when groundwater levels were higher than wetland water levels.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115127","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwest Florida Water Management District and Tampa Bay Water","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., 2011, Factors that influence the hydrologic recovery of wetlands in the Northern Tampa Bay area, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5127, viii, 54 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115127.","productDescription":"viii, 54 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5127.jpg"},{"id":112044,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5127/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83,27.5 ], [ -83,28.75 ], [ -82,28.75 ], [ -82,27.5 ], [ -83,27.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0edbe4b0c8380cd53665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006276,"text":"ofr20111254 - 2011 - Borehole geophysical and flowmeter data for eight boreholes in the vicinity of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, Lake Seminole, Jackson County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"ofr20111254","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1254","title":"Borehole geophysical and flowmeter data for eight boreholes in the vicinity of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, Lake Seminole, Jackson County, Florida","docAbstract":"Borehole geophysical logs and flowmeter data were collected in April 2011 from eight boreholes to identify the depth and orientation of cavernous zones within the Miocene Tampa Limestone in the vicinity of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam in Jackson County, Florida. These data are used to assess leakage near the dam. Each of the eight boreholes was terminated in limestone at depths ranging from 84 to 104 feet. Large cavernous zones were encountered in most of the borings, with several exceeding 20-inches in diameter. The cavernous zones generally were between 1 and 5 feet in height, but a cavern in one of the borings reached a height of about 6 feet. The resistivity of limestone layers penetrated by the boreholes generally was less than 1,000 ohm-meters. Formation resistivity near the cavernous zones did not show an appreciable contrast from surrounding bedrock, probably because the bedrock is saturated, owing to its primary permeability. Measured flow rates in the eight boreholes determined using an electromagnetic flowmeter were all less than ±0.1 liter per second. These low flow rates suggest that vertical hydraulic gradients in the boreholes are negligible and that hydraulic head in the various cavernous zones shows only minor, if any, variation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111254","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District Office","usgsCitation":"Clarke, J.S., Hamrick, M.D., and Holloway, O.G., 2011, Borehole geophysical and flowmeter data for eight boreholes in the vicinity of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, Lake Seminole, Jackson County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1254, iv, 8 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111254.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.; Appendix","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1254.jpg"},{"id":112055,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1254/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Florida","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f217e4b0c8380cd4afd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, John S. jsclarke@usgs.gov","contributorId":400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"John","email":"jsclarke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamrick, Michael D. hamrick@usgs.gov","contributorId":3237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamrick","given":"Michael","email":"hamrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holloway, O. Gary ghollowa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"O.","email":"ghollowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006268,"text":"ofr20111020 - 2011 - Summary of hydrologic testing of the Floridan aquifer system at Fort Stewart, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T14:26:37","indexId":"ofr20111020","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1020","title":"Summary of hydrologic testing of the Floridan aquifer system at Fort Stewart, Georgia","docAbstract":"Two test wells were completed at Fort Stewart, GA, in January and February 2010 to investigate the potential of using the Lower Floridan aquifer as a source of water to satisfy anticipated increases in water use. One well was completed in the Lower Floridan aquifer at a depth of 1,255 feet below land surface; the other well was completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer at a depth of 560 feet below land surface. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted hydrologic testing at the well site including flowmeter surveys, slug tests within packer-isolated intervals of the Lower Floridan confining unit, and aquifer tests of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers.\nFlowmeter surveys at the study site indicate several permeable zones within the Floridan aquifer system. The Upper Floridan aquifer is composed of two water-bearing zones-the upper zone and the lower zone. The upper zone extends from 520 to 650 feet below land surface, contributes 96 percent of the total flow, and is more permeable than the lower zone, which extends from 650 to 705 feet below land surface and contributes the remaining 4 percent of the flow. The Lower Floridan aquifer consists of three zones at depths of 912-947, 1,090-1,139, and 1,211-1,250 feet below land surface that are inter-layered with three less-permeable zones. The Lower Floridan confining unit includes a permeable zone that extends from 793 to 822 feet below land surface. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity values of the Lower Floridan confining unit derived from slug tests within four packer-isolated intervals were from 2 to 20 feet per day, with a high value of 70 feet per day obtained for one of the intervals. Aquifer testing, using analytical techniques and model simulation, indicated the Upper Floridan aquifer had a transmissivity of about 100,000 feet squared per day, and the Lower Floridan aquifer had a transmissivity of 7,000 feet squared per day. Flowmeter surveys, slug tests within packer-isolated intervals, and parameter-estimation results indicate that the hydraulic properties of the Lower Floridan confining unit are similar to those of the Lower Floridan aquifer. Water-level data, for each aquifer test, were filtered for external influences such as barometric pressure, earth-tide effects, and long-term trends to enable detection of small water-level responses to aquifer-test pumping of less than 1 foot. During a 72-hour aquifer test of the Lower Floridan aquifer, a drawdown response of 0.3 to 0.4 foot was observed in two Upper Floridan aquifer wells, one of which was more than 1 mile away from the pumped well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army","usgsCitation":"Gonthier, G., 2011, Summary of hydrologic testing of the Floridan aquifer system at Fort Stewart, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1020, viii, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111020.","productDescription":"viii, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1020.jpg"},{"id":112047,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1020/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Floridan aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,31.5 ], [ -82,32.333333333333336 ], [ -80.75,32.333333333333336 ], [ -80.75,31.5 ], [ -82,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9e8fe4b08c986b31dfa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gonthier, Gerard 0000-0003-4078-8579 gonthier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4078-8579","contributorId":3141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonthier","given":"Gerard ","email":"gonthier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006255,"text":"sir20115217 - 2011 - Water-quality conditions near the confluence of the Snake and Boise Rivers, Canyon County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115217","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5217","title":"Water-quality conditions near the confluence of the Snake and Boise Rivers, Canyon County, Idaho","docAbstract":"Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) have been established under authority of the Federal Clean Water Act for the Snake River-Hells Canyon reach, on the border of Idaho and Oregon, to improve water quality and preserve beneficial uses such as public consumption, recreation, and aquatic habitat. The TMDL sets targets for seasonal average and annual maximum concentrations of chlorophyll-a at 14 and 30 micrograms per liter, respectively. To attain these conditions, the maximum total phosphorus concentration at the mouth of the Boise River in Idaho, a tributary to the Snake River, has been set at 0.07 milligrams per liter. However, interactions among chlorophyll-a, nutrients, and other key water-quality parameters that may affect beneficial uses in the Snake and Boise Rivers are unknown. In addition, contributions of nutrients and chlorophyll-a loads from the Boise River to the Snake River have not been fully characterized.
To evaluate seasonal trends and relations among nutrients and other water-quality parameters in the Boise and Snake Rivers, a comprehensive monitoring program was conducted near their confluence in water years (WY) 2009 and 2010. The study also provided information on the relative contribution of nutrient and sediment loads from the Boise River to the Snake River, which has an effect on water-quality conditions in downstream reservoirs. State and site-specific water-quality standards, in addition to those that relate to the Snake River-Hells Canyon TMDL, have been established to protect beneficial uses in both rivers. Measured water-quality conditions in WY2009 and WY2010 exceeded these targets at one or more sites for the following constituents: water temperature, total phosphorus concentrations, total phosphorus loads, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and chlorophyll-a concentrations (WY2009 only). All measured total phosphorus concentrations in the Boise River near Parma exceeded the seasonal target of 0.07 milligram per liter. Data collected during the study show seasonal differences in all measured parameters. In particular, surprisingly high concentrations of chlorophyll-a were measured at all three main study sites in winter and early spring, likely due to changes in algal populations. Discharge conditions and dissolved orthophosphorus concentrations are key drivers for chlorophyll-a on a seasonal and annual basis on the Snake River. Discharge conditions and upstream periphyton growth are most likely the key drivers for chlorophyll-a in the Boise River. Phytoplankton growth is not limited or driven by nutrient availability in the Boise River. Lower discharges and minimal substrate disturbance in WY2010 in comparison with WY2009 may have caused prolonged and increased periphyton and macrophyte growth and a reduced amount of sloughed algae in suspension in the summer of WY2010.
Chlorophyll-a measured in samples commonly is used as an indicator of sestonic algae biomass, but chlorophyll-a concentrations and fluorescence may not be the most appropriate surrogates for algae growth, eutrophication, and associated effects on beneficial uses. Assessment of the effects of algae growth on beneficial uses should evaluate not only sestonic algae, but also benthic algae and macrophytes. Alternatively, continuous monitoring of dissolved oxygen detects the influence of aquatic plant respiration for all types of algae and macrophytes and is likely a more direct measure of effects on beneficial uses such as aquatic habitat.
Most measured water-quality parameters in the Snake River were statistically different upstream and downstream of the confluence with the Boise River. Higher concentrations and loads were measured at the downstream site (Snake River at Nyssa) than the upstream site (Snake River near Adrian) for total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphorus, total nitrogen, dissolved nitrite and nitrate, suspended sediment, and turbidity. Higher dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH were measured at the upstream site (Snake River near Adrian) than the downstream site (Snake River at Nyssa). Contributions from the Boise River measured at Parma do not constitute all of the increase in nutrient and sediment loads in the Snake River between the upstream and downstream sites.
Surrogate models were developed using a combination of continuously monitored variables to estimate concentrations of nutrients and suspended sediment when samples were not possible. The surrogate models explained from 66 to 95 percent of the variability in nutrient and suspended sediment concentrations, depending on the site and model. Although the surrogate models could not always represent event-based changes in modeled parameters, they generally were successful in representing seasonal and annual patterns. Over a longer period, the surrogate models could be a useful tool for measuring compliance with state and site-specific water-quality standards and TMDL targets, for representing daily and seasonal variability in constituents, and for assessing effects of phosphorus reduction measures within the watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115217","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Cities of Boise, Caldwell, Meridian, and Nampa","usgsCitation":"Wood, M.S., and Etheridge, A., 2011, Water-quality conditions near the confluence of the Snake and Boise Rivers, Canyon County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5217, viii, 64 p.; Appendices; Appendix B Download, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115217.","productDescription":"viii, 64 p.; Appendices; Appendix B Download","startPage":"i","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"78","temporalStart":"2008-10-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5217.jpg"},{"id":112031,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5217/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Canyon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River;Hells Canyon;Boise River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,43.083333333333336 ], [ -118,45.75 ], [ -115.5,45.75 ], [ -115.5,43.083333333333336 ], [ -118,43.083333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcdece4b08c986b32e12c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Molly S. 0000-0002-5184-8306 mswood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-8306","contributorId":788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Molly","email":"mswood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Etheridge, Alexandra 0000-0003-1282-7315","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1282-7315","contributorId":34251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etheridge","given":"Alexandra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006262,"text":"sir20115087 - 2011 - Groundwater conditions in the Brunswick-Glynn County area, Georgia, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T11:16:34","indexId":"sir20115087","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5087","title":"Groundwater conditions in the Brunswick-Glynn County area, Georgia, 2009","docAbstract":"The Upper Floridan aquifer is contaminated with saltwater in a 2-square-mile area of downtown Brunswick, Georgia. The presence of this saltwater has limited the development of the groundwater supply in the Glynn County area. Hydrologic, geologic, and water-quality data are needed to effectively manage water resources. Since 1959, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has conducted a cooperative water program with the City of Brunswick and Glynn County to monitor and assess the effect of groundwater development on saltwater intrusion within the Floridan aquifer system. The potential development of alternative sources of water in the Brunswick and surficial aquifer systems also is an important consideration in coastal areas.\nDuring calendar year 2009, the cooperative water program included continuous water-level recording of 13 wells completed in the Floridan, Brunswick, and surficial aquifer systems; collecting water levels from 46 wells to map the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Glynn County during August 2009; and collecting and analyzing water samples from 55 wells completed in the Floridan aquifer system, of which 27 wells were used to map chloride concentrations in the upper water-bearing zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Brunswick area during August 2009. Periodic water-level measurements also were collected from two wells completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer and four wells completed in the Brunswick aquifer system on Jekyll Island. Equipment was installed on one well to enable real-time specific conductance monitoring in the area surrounding the chloride plume.\nDuring 2008-2009, water levels in 30 of the 32 wells monitored in the Brunswick-Glynn County area rose at a rate of 0.24 to 7.58 feet per year (ft/yr). The largest rise of 7.58 ft/yr was in the Upper Floridan aquifer. These rises corresponded to a period of above normal precipitation and decreased pumping. Declines during 2008-2009 were recorded in wells completed in the Brunswick aquifer system (0.37 ft/yr) and Lower Floridan aquifer (0.83 ft/yr).\nChloride data collected by two local industrial groundwater users at their well fields since 1958 were compiled and compared with data collected by the USGS during the same period. The results indicate that chloride concentrations at the two well fields have continued to rise despite modification of production wells to eliminate deep saline zones and decreases in pumpage at both facilities. One of the industrial users, Pinova Inc., plugged the lower portions of nine production wells in the mid to late 1960s, which generally decreased chloride concentrations to less than 100 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for a period of 10 to 20 years. However, chloride concentrations eventually returned to previous levels despite decreases in pumpage. During 1990-2009, chloride concentrations at the other industrial user's well field (Georgia-Pacific Cellulose LLC) generally increased despite a 16 million gallon per day decrease in pumpage during this period. Data from the Georgia-Pacific Cellulose well field and additional chloride data from USGS observation wells located to the east indicate continued movement of chloride from the source area located southeast of the site toward the well field.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115087","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., Peck, M., Painter, J.A., and Stayton, W.L., 2011, Groundwater conditions in the Brunswick-Glynn County area, Georgia, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5087, viii, 56 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115087.","productDescription":"viii, 56 p.; Appendix","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5087.jpg"},{"id":112043,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Glynn County","city":"Brunswick","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84,30 ], [ -84,34 ], [ -80,34 ], [ -80,30 ], [ -84,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2d98e4b0c8380cd5bf45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, Gregory S. 0000-0002-5567-1587 gccherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-1587","contributorId":1567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","email":"gccherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peck, Michael F. mfpeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":1467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Michael F.","email":"mfpeck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Painter, Jaime A. 0000-0001-8883-9158 jpainter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8883-9158","contributorId":1466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Painter","given":"Jaime","email":"jpainter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stayton, Welby L.","contributorId":19573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stayton","given":"Welby","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}