Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) have been established under authority of the Federal Clean Water Act for the Snake River-Hells Canyon reach, on the border of Idaho and Oregon, to improve water quality and preserve beneficial uses such as public consumption, recreation, and aquatic habitat. The TMDL sets targets for seasonal average and annual maximum concentrations of chlorophyll-a at 14 and 30 micrograms per liter, respectively. To attain these conditions, the maximum total phosphorus concentration at the mouth of the Boise River in Idaho, a tributary to the Snake River, has been set at 0.07 milligrams per liter. However, interactions among chlorophyll-a, nutrients, and other key water-quality parameters that may affect beneficial uses in the Snake and Boise Rivers are unknown. In addition, contributions of nutrients and chlorophyll-a loads from the Boise River to the Snake River have not been fully characterized.
To evaluate seasonal trends and relations among nutrients and other water-quality parameters in the Boise and Snake Rivers, a comprehensive monitoring program was conducted near their confluence in water years (WY) 2009 and 2010. The study also provided information on the relative contribution of nutrient and sediment loads from the Boise River to the Snake River, which has an effect on water-quality conditions in downstream reservoirs. State and site-specific water-quality standards, in addition to those that relate to the Snake River-Hells Canyon TMDL, have been established to protect beneficial uses in both rivers. Measured water-quality conditions in WY2009 and WY2010 exceeded these targets at one or more sites for the following constituents: water temperature, total phosphorus concentrations, total phosphorus loads, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and chlorophyll-a concentrations (WY2009 only). All measured total phosphorus concentrations in the Boise River near Parma exceeded the seasonal target of 0.07 milligram per liter. Data collected during the study show seasonal differences in all measured parameters. In particular, surprisingly high concentrations of chlorophyll-a were measured at all three main study sites in winter and early spring, likely due to changes in algal populations. Discharge conditions and dissolved orthophosphorus concentrations are key drivers for chlorophyll-a on a seasonal and annual basis on the Snake River. Discharge conditions and upstream periphyton growth are most likely the key drivers for chlorophyll-a in the Boise River. Phytoplankton growth is not limited or driven by nutrient availability in the Boise River. Lower discharges and minimal substrate disturbance in WY2010 in comparison with WY2009 may have caused prolonged and increased periphyton and macrophyte growth and a reduced amount of sloughed algae in suspension in the summer of WY2010.
Chlorophyll-a measured in samples commonly is used as an indicator of sestonic algae biomass, but chlorophyll-a concentrations and fluorescence may not be the most appropriate surrogates for algae growth, eutrophication, and associated effects on beneficial uses. Assessment of the effects of algae growth on beneficial uses should evaluate not only sestonic algae, but also benthic algae and macrophytes. Alternatively, continuous monitoring of dissolved oxygen detects the influence of aquatic plant respiration for all types of algae and macrophytes and is likely a more direct measure of effects on beneficial uses such as aquatic habitat.
Most measured water-quality parameters in the Snake River were statistically different upstream and downstream of the confluence with the Boise River. Higher concentrations and loads were measured at the downstream site (Snake River at Nyssa) than the upstream site (Snake River near Adrian) for total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphorus, total nitrogen, dissolved nitrite and nitrate, suspended sediment, and turbidity. Higher dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH were measured at the upstream site (Snake River near Adrian) than the downstream site (Snake River at Nyssa). Contributions from the Boise River measured at Parma do not constitute all of the increase in nutrient and sediment loads in the Snake River between the upstream and downstream sites.
Surrogate models were developed using a combination of continuously monitored variables to estimate concentrations of nutrients and suspended sediment when samples were not possible. The surrogate models explained from 66 to 95 percent of the variability in nutrient and suspended sediment concentrations, depending on the site and model. Although the surrogate models could not always represent event-based changes in modeled parameters, they generally were successful in representing seasonal and annual patterns. Over a longer period, the surrogate models could be a useful tool for measuring compliance with state and site-specific water-quality standards and TMDL targets, for representing daily and seasonal variability in constituents, and for assessing effects of phosphorus reduction measures within the watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115217","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Cities of Boise, Caldwell, Meridian, and Nampa","usgsCitation":"Wood, M.S., and Etheridge, A., 2011, Water-quality conditions near the confluence of the Snake and Boise Rivers, Canyon County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5217, viii, 64 p.; Appendices; Appendix B Download, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115217.","productDescription":"viii, 64 p.; Appendices; Appendix B Download","startPage":"i","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"78","temporalStart":"2008-10-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5217.jpg"},{"id":112031,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5217/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Canyon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River;Hells Canyon;Boise River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,43.083333333333336 ], [ -118,45.75 ], [ -115.5,45.75 ], [ -115.5,43.083333333333336 ], [ -118,43.083333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcdece4b08c986b32e12c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Molly S. 0000-0002-5184-8306 mswood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-8306","contributorId":788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Molly","email":"mswood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Etheridge, Alexandra 0000-0003-1282-7315","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1282-7315","contributorId":34251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etheridge","given":"Alexandra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006254,"text":"sir20115193 - 2011 - Factors influencing riverine fish assemblages in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115193","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5193","title":"Factors influencing riverine fish assemblages in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, and the Massachusetts Department of Fish and Game, conducted an investigation of fish assemblages in small- to medium-sized Massachusetts streams. The objective of this study was to determine relations between fish-assemblage characteristics and anthropogenic factors, including impervious cover and estimated flow alteration, relative to the effects of environmental factors, including physical-basin characteristics and land use. The results of this investigation supersede those of a preliminary analysis published in 2010. Fish data were obtained for 669 fish-sampling sites from the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife fish-community database. A review of the literature was used to select fish metrics - species richness, abundance of individual species, and abundances of species grouped on life history traits - responsive to flow alteration. The contributing areas to the fish-sampling sites were delineated and used with a geographic information system to determine a set of environmental and anthropogenic factors that were tested for use as explanatory variables in regression models. Reported and estimated withdrawals and return flows were used together with simulated unaltered streamflows to estimate altered streamflows and indicators of flow alteration for each fish-sampling site. Altered streamflows and indicators of flow alteration were calculated on the basis of methods developed in a previous U.S. Geological Survey study in which unaltered daily streamflows were simulated for a 44-year period (water years 1961-2004), and streamflow alterations were estimated by use of water-withdrawal and wastewater-return data previously reported to the State for the 2000-04 period and estimated domestic-well withdrawals and septic-system discharges. A variable selection process, conducted using principal components analysis and Spearman rank correlation, was used to select a set of 15 non-redundant environmental and anthropogenic factors to test for use as explanatory variables in the regression analyses. Twenty-one fish species were used in a multivariate analysis of fish-assemblage patterns. Results of nonmetric multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to group fish species into fluvial and macrohabitat generalist habitat-use classes. Two analytical techniques, quantile regression and generalized linear modeling, were applied to characterize the association between fish-response variables and environmental and anthropogenic explanatory variables. Quantile regression demonstrated that as percent impervious cover and an indicator of percent alteration of August median flow from groundwater withdrawals increase, the relative abundance and species richness of fluvial fish decrease. The quantile regression plots indicate that (1) as many as seven fluvial fish species are expected in streams with little flow alteration or impervious cover, (2) no more than four fluvial fish species are expected in streams where flow alterations from groundwater withdrawals exceed 50 percent of the August median flow or the percent area of impervious cover exceeds 15 percent, and (3) few fluvial fish remain at high rates of withdrawal (approaching 100 percent) or high rates of impervious cover (between 25 and 30 percent). Three generalized linear models (GLMs) were developed to quantify the response of fluvial fish to multiple environmental and anthropogenic variables. All variables in the GLM equations were demonstrated to be significant (p less than 0.05, with most less than 0.01). Variables in the fluvial-fish relative-abundance model were channel slope, estimated percent alteration of August median flow from groundwater withdrawals, percent wetland in a 240-meter buffer strip, and percent impervious cover. Variables in the fluvial-fish species-richness model were drainage area, channel slope, total undammed reach length, percent wetland in a 240-meter buffer strip, and percent impervious cover. Variables in the brook trout relativeabundance model were drainage area, percent open water, and percent impervious cover. The variability explained by the GLM models, as measured by the pseudo R2, ranged from 18.2 to 34.6, and correlations between observed and predicted values ranged from 0.50 to 0.60. Results of GLM models indicated that, keeping all other variables the same, a one-unit (1 percent) increase in the percent depletion of August median flow would result in a 0.9-percent decrease in the relative abundance (in counts per hour) of fluvial fish. The results of GLM models also indicated that a unit increase in impervious cover (1 percent) resulted in a 3.7-percent decrease in the relative abundance of fluvial fish, a 5.4-percent decrease in fluvial-fish species richness, and an 8.7-percent decrease in brook trout relative abundance.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115193","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, and the Massachusetts Department of Fish and Game","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, D.S., Richards, T.A., and Levin, S.B., 2011, Factors influencing riverine fish assemblages in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5193, ix, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115193.","productDescription":"ix, 59 p.","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5193.gif"},{"id":112030,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5193/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.5,41.166666666666664 ], [ -73.5,42.88333333333333 ], [ -69.95,42.88333333333333 ], [ -69.95,41.166666666666664 ], [ -73.5,41.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ecae4b0c8380cd53619","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, David S. 0000-0003-1695-1233 darmstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-1233","contributorId":1390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"David","email":"darmstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, Todd A.","contributorId":52266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Levin, Sara B. 0000-0002-2448-3129 slevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2448-3129","contributorId":1870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levin","given":"Sara","email":"slevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006250,"text":"sir20115137 - 2011 - Estimated hydrologic budgets of kettle-hole ponds in coastal aquifers of southeastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-17T13:34:02","indexId":"sir20115137","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5137","title":"Estimated hydrologic budgets of kettle-hole ponds in coastal aquifers of southeastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Kettle-hole ponds in southeastern Massachusetts are in good hydraulic connection to an extensive coastal aquifer system that includes the Plymouth-Carver aquifer system on the mainland and aquifers underlying Cape Cod. The ponds receive water from, and contribute water to, the underlying glacial aquifer; ponds also receive water from precipitation and lose water to evaporation from the pond surface. Some ponds are connected to surface-water drainage systems and receive water from or contribute water to streams or adjacent wetlands. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection currently (2011) is developing Total Maximum Daily Loads of phosphorus for the freshwater ponds in the region to maintain the health of pond ecosystems; the amounts and sources of water fluxes into and out of the ponds are important factors in determining the amount of phosphorus that can be assimilated into a pond. To assist in this effort, the U.S. Geological Survey used groundwater-flow models of the coastal aquifer system to estimate hydrologic budgets-including inflows and outflows from the aquifer system and adjacent streams and wetlands, and recharge from precipitation-for 425 ponds in southeastern Massachusetts.\nWater fluxes through the ponds are a function of several factors, including the size, shape, and bathymetry of the pond, orientation of the pond relative to the regional hydraulic gradient, and hydrologic setting relative to the proximity of groundwater divides and discharge boundaries. Total steady-state fluxes through the ponds range from more than 3,300,000 to less than 2,000 cubic feet per day. For ponds without surface-water inlets or outlets, groundwater inflow accounts for 98 to 3 percent of total inflow; conversely, recharge onto the pond surface accounts for the remainder of inflow (between 2 and 97 percent). All natural flows from these ponds are through recharge from the pond into the aquifer. In one pond, about 94 percent of the total outflow is removed for water supply. For ponds that are connected to surface-water drainages, most inflow and outflow are through streams. Ponds that receive water from streams receive most (58 to 89 percent) of their water from those streams. Ponds that are drained by streams lose between 5 and 100 percent of their water to those streams.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., and Masterson, J., 2011, Estimated hydrologic budgets of kettle-hole ponds in coastal aquifers of southeastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5137, iv, 32 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115137.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.; Appendix","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112026,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5137/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5137.gif"}],"state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.86749999999999,41.5 ], [ -70.86749999999999,42.1175 ], [ -69.86749999999999,42.1175 ], [ -69.86749999999999,41.5 ], [ -70.86749999999999,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a93e4b0c8380cd523ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006239,"text":"ofr20111292 - 2011 - Kirschenmann Road multi-well monitoring site, Cuyama Valley, Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"ofr20111292","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1292","title":"Kirschenmann Road multi-well monitoring site, Cuyama Valley, Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Water Agency Division of the Santa Barbara County Department of Public Works, is evaluating the geohydrology and water availability of the Cuyama Valley, California (fig. 1). As part of this evaluation, the USGS installed the Cuyama Valley Kirschenmann Road multiple-well monitoring site (CVKR) in the South-Main subregion of the Cuyama Valley (fig. 1). The CVKR well site is designed to allow for the collection of depth-specific water-level and water-quality data. Data collected at this site provides information about the geology, hydrology, geophysics, and geochemistry of the local aquifer system, thus, enhancing the understanding of the geohydrologic framework of the Cuyama Valley. This report presents the construction information and initial geohydrologic data collected from the CVKR monitoring site, along with a brief comparison to selected supply and irrigation wells from the major subregions of the Cuyama Valley (fig. 1).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111292","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Water Agency Division of the Santa Barbara County Department of Public Works","usgsCitation":"Everett, R., Hanson, R.T., and Sweetkind, D.S., 2011, Kirschenmann Road multi-well monitoring site, Cuyama Valley, Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1292, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111292.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1292.jpg"},{"id":111136,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1292/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Barbara","otherGeospatial":"Cuyama Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.33333333333333,34.61666666666667 ], [ -120.33333333333333,35.333333333333336 ], [ -119,35.333333333333336 ], [ -119,34.61666666666667 ], [ -120.33333333333333,34.61666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40b1e4b0c8380cd64f86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Everett, R.R.","contributorId":81954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sweetkind, D. S.","contributorId":61507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006243,"text":"sir20115212 - 2011 - Evapotranspiration over spatially extensive plant communities in the Big Cypress National Preserve, southern Florida, 2007-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115212","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5212","title":"Evapotranspiration over spatially extensive plant communities in the Big Cypress National Preserve, southern Florida, 2007-2010","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration (ET) was quantified over plant communities within the Big Cypress National Preserve (BCNP) using the eddy covariance method for a period of 3 years from October 2007 to September 2010. Plant communities selected for study included Pine Upland, Wet Prairie, Marsh, Cypress Swamp, and Dwarf Cypress. These plant communities are spatially extensive in southern Florida, and thus, the ET measurements described herein can be applied to other humid subtropical locations such as the Everglades.\nThe 3-year mean annual ET was about 1,000, 1,050, 1,100, 930, and 900 mm (millimeters) at the Dwarf Cypress, Wet Prairie, Cypress Swamp, Pine Upland, and Marsh sites, respectively. Spatial differences in annual ET were considerable due to the recovery of the Marsh site from extensive forest fire and drought conditions. Temporal variability in annual ET was relatively small at sites that were well watered (Dwarf Cypress, Wet Prairie, Cypress Swamp, Pine Upland) over the 3-year study. In other words, locations that were well watered appeared to have similar annual ET rates.\nDiurnal water-level variability was observed in response to ET and was less at flooded sites than at dry sites. For example, surface-water levels declined about 1.5 mm in response to ET at the flooded Cypress Swamp site during July 18-22, 2008 and declined about 10 mm in response to ET at the flooded Dwarf Cypress site from April 18-27, 2008. Specific yield was computed using ET estimates and diurnal water-level variability measured at the dry Pine Upland site as a check on the accuracy of the eddy covariance method. Water levels repeatedly dropped about 15 mm on average in response to ET at the Pine Upland site from April 27 to May 4, 2008. ET was about 3 mm on each of these days, resulting in a reasonable estimate for specific yield of 0.2 for the sandy soils at the Pine Upland site.\nMonthly ET estimates exhibited seasonal variation. ET was generally greatest between March to October when solar radiation was relatively large, and least from November to February when solar radiation was small. Monthly ET was greatest in the spring and summer at the Cypress Swamp site, reaching rates as large as 140 mm. The large ET rates at this site coincide with the most active period of cypress growth during late spring and early summer. Cypress trees begin to senesce in late summer reducing transpiration.\nNet radiation and available energy explained most of the variability in ET observed at all five sites. Mean annual and monthly net radiation varied among the sites in response to cloud cover and the albedo of the land surface and plant community. Net radiation was greatest at the Cypress Swamp site, averaging about 130 W/m2 (watts per square meter) during the 3-year study. Net radiation was generally less at the Dwarf Cypress site, averaging about 115 W/m2 over 3 years. The Dwarf Cypress site apparently has the largest albedo, which likely is due to the sparse canopy and a highly reflective, calcareous, periphyton-covered land surface. Furthermore, mean annual net radiation was least in the first year of the study, which likely was due to greater cloud cover during a relatively wet year. In contrast, net radiation was greatest in the second year of the study, which likely was due to less cloud cover during a relatively dry year.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115212","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystems Science Program","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, W., Lopez, C.D., and Duever, M.J., 2011, Evapotranspiration over spatially extensive plant communities in the Big Cypress National Preserve, southern Florida, 2007-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5212, x, 36 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115212.","productDescription":"x, 36 p.; Appendix","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5212.jpg"},{"id":111141,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5212/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.55,25.5 ], [ -81.55,26.25 ], [ -80.7,26.25 ], [ -80.7,25.5 ], [ -81.55,25.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d20e4b0c8380cd52e1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, W. Barclay bshoemak@usgs.gov","contributorId":1495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W. Barclay","email":"bshoemak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopez, Christian D. cdlopez@usgs.gov","contributorId":4160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"Christian","email":"cdlopez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duever, Michael J.","contributorId":20885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duever","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006242,"text":"sim3193 - 2011 - Regional potentiometric-surface map of the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system in Snake Valley and surrounding areas, Juab, Millard, and Beaver Counties, Utah, and White Pine and Lincoln Counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T20:02:04","indexId":"sim3193","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3193","title":"Regional potentiometric-surface map of the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system in Snake Valley and surrounding areas, Juab, Millard, and Beaver Counties, Utah, and White Pine and Lincoln Counties, Nevada","docAbstract":"Water-level measurements from 190 wells were used to develop a potentiometric-surface map of the east-central portion of the regional Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system in and around Snake Valley, eastern Nevada and western Utah. The map area covers approximately 9,000 square miles in Juab, Millard, and Beaver Counties, Utah, and White Pine and Lincoln Counties, Nevada. Recent (2007-2010) drilling by the Utah Geological Survey and U.S. Geological Survey has provided new data for areas where water-level measurements were previously unavailable. New water-level data were used to refine mapping of the pathways of intrabasin and interbasin groundwater flow. At 20 of these locations, nested observation wells provide vertical hydraulic gradient data and information related to the degree of connection between basin-fill aquifers and consolidated-rock aquifers. Multiple-year water-level hydrographs are also presented for 32 wells to illustrate the aquifer system's response to interannual climate variations and well withdrawals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3193","usgsCitation":"Gardner, P.M., Masbruch, M.D., Plume, R.W., and Buto, S.G., 2011, Regional potentiometric-surface map of the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system in Snake Valley and surrounding areas, Juab, Millard, and Beaver Counties, Utah, and White Pine and Lincoln Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3193, 2 Maps: 38 x 28 inches; GIS Data Download, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3193.","productDescription":"2 Maps: 38 x 28 inches; GIS Data Download","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3193.jpg"},{"id":111137,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3193/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334776,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/sim2011_3193_potentiometric.xml","text":"Potentiometric contours and well locations, Snake Valley and surrounding areas, 2011"},{"id":334777,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3193/pdf/sim3193.pdf","size":"5.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers equal area","datum":"NAD83","country":"United States","state":"Utah, Nevada","county":"Beaver, Juab, Lincoln, Millard, White Pine","otherGeospatial":"Snake Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.66666666666667,37.916666666666664 ], [ -114.66666666666667,39.916666666666664 ], [ -112.66666666666667,39.916666666666664 ], [ -112.66666666666667,37.916666666666664 ], [ -114.66666666666667,37.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a549e4b0e8fec6cdbdd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Philip M. 0000-0003-3005-3587 pgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-3587","contributorId":962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Philip","email":"pgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masbruch, Melissa D. 0000-0001-6568-160X mmasbruch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-160X","contributorId":1902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masbruch","given":"Melissa","email":"mmasbruch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plume, Russell W. rwplume@usgs.gov","contributorId":2303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plume","given":"Russell","email":"rwplume@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buto, Susan G. 0000-0002-1107-9549 sbuto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-9549","contributorId":1057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buto","given":"Susan","email":"sbuto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006148,"text":"fs20113142 - 2011 - Assessing the vulnerability of public-supply wells to contamination—Edwards aquifer near San Antonio, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T09:14:38","indexId":"fs20113142","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3142","title":"Assessing the vulnerability of public-supply wells to contamination—Edwards aquifer near San Antonio, Texas","docAbstract":"This fact sheet highlights findings from the vulnerability study of a public-supply well field in San Antonio, Texas. The well field consists of six production wells that tap the Edwards aquifer. Typically, one or two wells are pumped at a time, yielding an average total of 20-21 million gallons per day. Water samples were collected from public-supply wells in the well field and from monitoring wells installed along general directions of flow to the well field. Samples from the well field contained some constituents of concern for drinking-water quality, including nitrate; the pesticide compounds atrazine, deethylatrazine, and simazine; and the volatile organic compounds tetrachloroethene (also called perchloroethene, or PCE), chloroform, bromoform, and dibromochloromethane. These constituents were detected in untreated water at concentrations much less than established drinking-water standards, where such standards exist. Overall, the study findings point to four primary factors that affect the movement and fate of contaminants and the vulnerability of the public-supply well field in San Antonio, Texas: (1) groundwater age (how long ago water entered, or recharged, the aquifer), (2) fast pathways for flow of groundwater through features formed or enlarged by dissolution of bedrock, (3) recharge characteristics of the aquifer, and (4) natural geochemical processes within the aquifer. A computer-model simulation of groundwater flow and transport was used to estimate the traveltime (or age) of water particles entering public-supply well W4 in the well field. Modeled findings show that almost half of the water reaching the public-supply well is less than 2 years old. Such a large percentage of very young water indicates that (1) contaminants entering the aquifer may be transported rapidly to the well, (2) there is limited time for chemical reactions to occur in the aquifer that may attenuate contaminants, and (3) should recharge water become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms (which have limited survival times in aquifers), the microorganisms may be able to persist to the well. Features formed or enlarged by dissolution of bedrock allow most of the water reaching the well field to travel rapidly from the recharge zone to the supply wells along fast pathways rather than through the aquifer matrix. Supporting evidence includes (1) geophysical logging and flowmeter measurements in public-supply well W4 and in nearby monitoring wells showing that most of the flow volume into and out of the wells occurs in three horizontal zones, thought to be dissolution-enlarged bedding planes; and (2) fluctuations in groundwater chemistry that can be correlated to individual precipitation events. Analysis of water samples collected from shallow, intermediate, and deep zones of the Edwards aquifer at public-supply well W4 and from nearby monitoring wells reveal that water in the vicinity of the selected well field is notably well mixed throughout the sampled thickness of the Edwards aquifer, showing little of the chemical variation with depth that is commonly seen in other aquifers. Contaminants were found at all depths, and they did not enter the well through a specific horizon. The well-mixed nature of the Edwards aquifer is caused by the recharge characteristics of the area combined with fast flow paths through karst features. Constituents of concern in the Edwards aquifer for the long-term sustainability of the groundwater resource include the nutrient nitrate and anthropogenic contaminants such as atrazine, PCE, and chloroform. A scenario of hypothetical contaminant loading in the aquifer recharge zone was evaluated by using results from groundwater-flow-model particle tracking to assess the response of the aquifer to potential contamination. Results indicate that the concentrations at public-supply well W4 would begin to respond to contaminant loading in the recharge zone within 1 year because of short traveltimes through fast flow paths. Within 10 years, contaminant concentrations in the public-supply well would be equal to 90 percent of the input concentration for a contaminant (such as nitrate) that does not degrade in the oxic conditions of the Edwards aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113142","usgsCitation":"Jagucki, M.L., Musgrove, M., Lindgren, R.J., Fahlquist, L., and Eberts, S., 2011, Assessing the vulnerability of public-supply wells to contamination—Edwards aquifer near San Antonio, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3142, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113142.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011-3142.gif"},{"id":111128,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3142/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bexar;Medina","city":"San Antonio","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -99.16694444444445,29.4 ], [ -99.16694444444445,29.666944444444447 ], [ -98.31777777777778,29.666944444444447 ], [ -98.31777777777778,29.4 ], [ -99.16694444444445,29.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment, Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants (TANC) to Public-Supply Wells","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edf2e4b0c8380cd49b1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jagucki, Martha L. 0000-0003-3798-8393 mjagucki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-8393","contributorId":1794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagucki","given":"Martha","email":"mjagucki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Musgrove, MaryLynn","contributorId":34878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"MaryLynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindgren, Richard J. lindgren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"Richard","email":"lindgren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fahlquist, Lynne","contributorId":8810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"Lynne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eberts, Sandra M. smeberts@usgs.gov","contributorId":2264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"Sandra M.","email":"smeberts@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70006202,"text":"sim3173 - 2011 - Water-level surface in the Chicot equivalent aquifer system in southeastern Louisiana, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sim3173","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3173","title":"Water-level surface in the Chicot equivalent aquifer system in southeastern Louisiana, 2009","docAbstract":"The Chicot equivalent aquifer system is an important source of freshwater in southeastern Louisiana. In 2005, about 47 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) were withdrawn from the Chicot equivalent aquifer system in East Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, Livingston, Tangipahoa, St. Helena, St. Tammany, Washington, and West Feliciana Parishes. Concentrated withdrawals exceeded 5 Mgal/d in Bogalusa, the city of Baton Rouge, and in northwestern East Baton Rouge Parish. In the study area, about 30,000 wells screened in the Chicot equivalent aquifer system were registered with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LaDOTD). These wells were constructed for public-supply, industry, irrigation, and domestic uses. Most of the wells were registered as domestic-use wells and are small-diameter, low-yielding wells. Total withdrawal from the Chicot equivalent aquifer system for domestic use was estimated to be 12 Mgal/d in 2005. This report documents the 2009 water-level surface of the Chicot equivalent aquifer system in southeastern Louisiana. The report also shows differences in water-level measurements for the years 1991 and 2009 at selected sites. Understanding changes and trends in water levels is important for continued use, planning, and management of groundwater resources. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, conducted this study of the water-level surface of the Chicot equivalent aquifer system as part of an ongoing effort to monitor groundwater levels in aquifers in Louisiana.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3173","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development Office of Public Works, Hurricane Flood Proctection and Intermodal Transportation Water Resources Programs","usgsCitation":"Tomaszewski, D.J., 2011, Water-level surface in the Chicot equivalent aquifer system in southeastern Louisiana, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3173, 2 Plates; Plate 1: 34.00 x 27.00 inches; Plate 2: 34.00 x 27.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3173.","productDescription":"2 Plates; Plate 1: 34.00 x 27.00 inches; Plate 2: 34.00 x 27.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3173.png"},{"id":111037,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3173/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.58333333333333,30.916666666666668 ], [ -91.58333333333333,31.25 ], [ -89.5,31.25 ], [ -89.5,30.916666666666668 ], [ -91.58333333333333,30.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcd7ce4b08c986b32e042","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tomaszewski, Dan J.","contributorId":95544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomaszewski","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006205,"text":"fs20113147 - 2011 - Historical streamflows of Double Mountain Fork of Brazos River and water-surface elevations of Lake Alan Henry, Garza County, Texas, water years 1962-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T15:16:32","indexId":"fs20113147","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3147","title":"Historical streamflows of Double Mountain Fork of Brazos River and water-surface elevations of Lake Alan Henry, Garza County, Texas, water years 1962-2010","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the City of Lubbock, Texas, operates two surface-water stations in Garza County, Tex.: USGS streamflow-gaging station 08079600 Double Mountain Fork Brazos River at Justiceburg, Tex., and 08079700 Lake Alan Henry Reservoir, a water-supply reservoir about 60 miles southeast of Lubbock, Tex., and about 10 miles east of Justiceburg, Tex. The streamflow and water-surface elevation data from the two stations are useful to water-resource managers and planners in support of forecasting and water-resource infrastructure operations and are used in regional hydrologic studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113147","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Lubbock","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Vrabel, J., 2011, Historical streamflows of Double Mountain Fork of Brazos River and water-surface elevations of Lake Alan Henry, Garza County, Texas, water years 1962-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3147, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113147.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3147.gif"},{"id":111039,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3147/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"NAD 83","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101.25,32.93333333333333 ], [ -101.25,33.11666666666667 ], [ -100.91666666666667,33.11666666666667 ], [ -100.91666666666667,32.93333333333333 ], [ -101.25,32.93333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31a0e4b0c8380cd5e0aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vrabel, Joseph 0000-0002-8773-0764 jvrabel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-0764","contributorId":1577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vrabel","given":"Joseph","email":"jvrabel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006204,"text":"sir20115187 - 2011 - Suspended-sediment loads, reservoir sediment trap efficiency, and upstream and downstream channel stability for Kanopolis and Tuttle Creek Lakes, Kansas, 2008-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115187","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5187","title":"Suspended-sediment loads, reservoir sediment trap efficiency, and upstream and downstream channel stability for Kanopolis and Tuttle Creek Lakes, Kansas, 2008-10","docAbstract":"Continuous streamflow and turbidity data collected from October 1, 2008, to September 30, 2010, at streamgage sites upstream and downstream from Kanopolis and Tuttle Creek Lakes, Kansas, were used to compute the total suspended-sediment load delivered to and released from each reservoir as well as the sediment trap efficiency for each reservoir. Ongoing sedimentation is decreasing the ability of the reservoirs to serve several purposes including flood control, water supply, and recreation. River channel stability upstream and downstream from the reservoirs was assessed using historical streamgage information. For Kanopolis Lake, the total 2-year inflow suspended-sediment load was computed to be 600 million pounds. Most of the suspended-sediment load was delivered during short-term, high-discharge periods. The total 2-year outflow suspended-sediment load was computed to be 31 million pounds. Sediment trap efficiency for the reservoir was estimated to be 95 percent. The mean annual suspended-sediment yield from the upstream basin was estimated to be 129,000 pounds per square mile per year. No pronounced changes in channel width were evident at five streamgage sites located upstream from the reservoir. At the Ellsworth streamgage site, located upstream from the reservoir, long-term channel-bed aggradation was followed by a period of stability. Current (2010) conditions at five streamgages located upstream from the reservoir were typified by channel-bed stability. At the Langley streamgage site, located immediately downstream from the reservoir, the channel bed degraded 6.15 feet from 1948 to 2010. For Tuttle Creek Lake, the total 2-year inflow suspended-sediment load was computed to be 13.3 billion pounds. Most of the suspended-sediment load was delivered during short-term, high-discharge periods. The total 2-year outflow suspended-sediment load was computed to be 327 million pounds. Sediment trap efficiency for the reservoir was estimated to be 98 percent. The mean annual suspended-sediment yield from the upstream basin was estimated to be 691,000 pounds per square mile per year. In general, no pronounced changes in channel width were evident at six streamgage sites located upstream from the reservoir. At the Barnes and Marysville streamgage sites, located upstream from the reservoir, long-term channel-bed degradation followed by stability was indicated. At the Frankfort streamgage site, located upstream from the reservoir, channel-bed aggradation of 1.65 feet from 1969 to 1989 followed by channel-bed degradation of 2.4 feet from 1989 to 2010 was indicated and may represent the passage of a sediment pulse caused by historical disturbances (for example, channelization) in the upstream basin. With the exception of the Frankfort streamgage site, current (2010) conditions at four streamgages located upstream from the reservoir were typified by channel-bed stability. At the Manhattan streamgage site, located downstream from the reservoir, high-flow releases associated with the 1993 flood widened the channel about 60 feet (30 percent). The channel bed at this site degraded 4.2 feet from 1960 to 1998 and since has been relatively stable. For the purpose of computing suspended-sediment concentration and load, the use of turbidity data in a regression model can provide more reliable and reproducible estimates than a regression model that uses discharge as the sole independent variable. Moreover, the use of discharge only to compute suspended-sediment concentration and load may result in overprediction. Stream channel banks, compared to channel beds, likely are a more important source of sediment to Kanopolis and Tuttle Creek Lakes from the upstream basins. Other sediment sources include surface-soil erosion in the basins and shoreline erosion in the reservoirs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 2011, Suspended-sediment loads, reservoir sediment trap efficiency, and upstream and downstream channel stability for Kanopolis and Tuttle Creek Lakes, Kansas, 2008-10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5187, vii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115187.","productDescription":"vii, 35 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5187.jpg"},{"id":111038,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5187/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Conic Equal-Area","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103,38 ], [ -103,41.5 ], [ -95.83333333333333,41.5 ], [ -95.83333333333333,38 ], [ -103,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba314e4b08c986b31fb81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, Kyle E. 0000-0002-2102-8980 kjuracek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":2022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"Kyle","email":"kjuracek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006195,"text":"fs20113152 - 2011 - U.S. Geological Survey archived data recovery in Texas, 2008-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T15:16:03","indexId":"fs20113152","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3152","title":"U.S. Geological Survey archived data recovery in Texas, 2008-11","docAbstract":"The 2008–11 data rescue and recovery efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Texas Water Science Center resulted in an efficient workflow process, database, and Web user interface for scientists and citizens to access archived environmental information with practical applications. Much of this information is unique and has never been readily available to the public. The methods developed and lessons learned during this effort are now being applied to facilitate recovering archived information requested by USGS scientists, cooperators, and the general public.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113152","usgsCitation":"Wehmeyer, L.L., and Reece, B.D., 2011, U.S. Geological Survey archived data recovery in Texas, 2008-11: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3152, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113152.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3152.gif"},{"id":111035,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3152/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bba9ee4b08c986b328275","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wehmeyer, Loren L.","contributorId":90412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wehmeyer","given":"Loren","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reece, Brian D. bdreece@usgs.gov","contributorId":2129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reece","given":"Brian","email":"bdreece@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004750,"text":"70004750 - 2011 - Survival, growth and reproduction of non-indigenous Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758). I. Physiological capabilities in various temperatures and salinities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T14:55:52.334951","indexId":"70004750","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-08T11:18:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2681,"text":"Marine and Freshwater Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Survival, growth and reproduction of non-indigenous Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758). I. Physiological capabilities in various temperatures and salinities","title":"Survival, growth and reproduction of non-indigenous Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758). I. Physiological capabilities in various temperatures and salinities","docAbstract":"The physiological tolerances of non-native fishes is an integral component of assessing potential invasive risk. Salinity and temperature are environmental variables that limit the spread of many non-native fishes. We hypothesised that combinations of temperature and salinity will interact to affect survival, growth, and reproduction of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, introduced into Mississippi, USA. Tilapia withstood acute transfer from fresh water up to a salinity of 20 and survived gradual transfer up to 60 at typical summertime (30°C) temperatures. However, cold temperature (14°C) reduced survival of fish in saline waters ≥10 and increased the incidence of disease in freshwater controls. Although fish were able to equilibrate to saline waters in warm temperatures, reproductive parameters were reduced at salinities ≥30. These integrated responses suggest that Nile tilapia can invade coastal areas beyond their point of introduction. However, successful invasion is subject to two caveats: (1) wintertime survival depends on finding thermal refugia, and (2) reproduction is hampered in regions where salinities are ≥30. These data are vital to predicting the invasion of non-native fishes into coastal watersheds. This is particularly important given the predicted changes in coastal landscapes due to global climate change and sea-level rise.","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","publisherLocation":"Collingwood, Victoria, Australia","doi":"10.1071/MF10207","usgsCitation":"Schofield, P., Peterson, M.S., Lowe, M.R., Brown-Peterson, N.J., and Slack, W.T., 2011, Survival, growth and reproduction of non-indigenous Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758). I. Physiological capabilities in various temperatures and salinities: Marine and Freshwater Research, v. 62, no. 5, p. 439-449, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF10207.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"449","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-89.095623,30.231767],[-89.077259,30.23168],[-89.067128,30.250199],[-89.063989,30.246299],[-89.073538,30.223318],[-89.091469,30.202305],[-89.118222,30.223343],[-89.156738,30.230699],[-89.095623,30.231767]]],[[[-88.90037,30.224576],[-88.945498,30.209646],[-88.974672,30.207391],[-88.984249,30.21032],[-88.920511,30.220578],[-88.889797,30.239665],[-88.87366,30.241748],[-88.90037,30.224576]]],[[[-88.710719,30.250799],[-88.656804,30.233956],[-88.573044,30.22264],[-88.562067,30.227476],[-88.569138,30.221357],[-88.587424,30.219154],[-88.665857,30.228847],[-88.71183,30.242662],[-88.752782,30.238803],[-88.771991,30.245523],[-88.73255,30.246322],[-88.718104,30.252931],[-88.710719,30.250799]]],[[[-88.506999,30.214348],[-88.453444,30.201236],[-88.430332,30.208548],[-88.401466,30.210172],[-88.428301,30.198511],[-88.453654,30.196584],[-88.493523,30.205945],[-88.506999,30.214348]]],[[[-90.309297,34.995694],[-88.200064,34.995634],[-88.176106,34.962519],[-88.154617,34.922392],[-88.136692,34.907592],[-88.097888,34.892202],[-88.243025,33.79568],[-88.473227,31.893856],[-88.41863,30.866528],[-88.395023,30.369425],[-88.399062,30.360744],[-88.39398,30.349307],[-88.401181,30.344382],[-88.409927,30.342115],[-88.418811,30.353911],[-88.433891,30.354652],[-88.446495,30.347753],[-88.446625,30.337671],[-88.45381,30.329626],[-88.480117,30.318345],[-88.504802,30.321472],[-88.506334,30.327398],[-88.522494,30.340092],[-88.579483,30.34419],[-88.599249,30.358933],[-88.613745,30.353108],[-88.624523,30.358713],[-88.66382,30.362099],[-88.700587,30.343689],[-88.728893,30.342671],[-88.746945,30.347622],[-88.771742,30.365403],[-88.811615,30.384907],[-88.810227,30.394698],[-88.841328,30.409598],[-88.857828,30.392898],[-88.851442,30.375355],[-88.89393,30.393398],[-88.971233,30.390798],[-89.016334,30.383898],[-89.083237,30.368097],[-89.18684,30.331197],[-89.285744,30.303097],[-89.294444,30.307596],[-89.291844,30.328096],[-89.287844,30.333196],[-89.281564,30.33198],[-89.279818,30.34979],[-89.292499,30.365635],[-89.315067,30.375408],[-89.335942,30.374016],[-89.353248,30.368795],[-89.366116,30.352169],[-89.332546,30.337895],[-89.322545,30.314896],[-89.329946,30.302896],[-89.365747,30.284896],[-89.379547,30.270396],[-89.419348,30.25432],[-89.430428,30.223218],[-89.447465,30.205098],[-89.44791,30.185352],[-89.461275,30.174745],[-89.469792,30.176278],[-89.480214,30.193751],[-89.503231,30.183051],[-89.524504,30.180753],[-89.530452,30.192197],[-89.538652,30.195797],[-89.570154,30.180297],[-89.585754,30.192096],[-89.596655,30.211796],[-89.615856,30.223195],[-89.614156,30.244595],[-89.631789,30.256924],[-89.631411,30.279662],[-89.64344,30.287682],[-89.640401,30.306755],[-89.626221,30.314255],[-89.629727,30.339287],[-89.657191,30.356515],[-89.683686,30.405873],[-89.684118,30.412646],[-89.678514,30.414012],[-89.684816,30.439511],[-89.68341,30.451793],[-89.701799,30.465115],[-89.709551,30.477853],[-89.715886,30.477797],[-89.724614,30.491902],[-89.758133,30.505404],[-89.76057,30.515761],[-89.768133,30.51502],[-89.779565,30.544345],[-89.793818,30.545935],[-89.794532,30.556554],[-89.803887,30.560581],[-89.790078,30.565333],[-89.794495,30.569653],[-89.808027,30.567998],[-89.807118,30.587337],[-89.819838,30.59534],[-89.814563,30.606152],[-89.821286,30.60713],[-89.823261,30.622803],[-89.818081,30.634019],[-89.821868,30.644024],[-89.833261,30.657516],[-89.851889,30.661199],[-89.85055,30.664781],[-89.843355,30.663699],[-89.837894,30.672514],[-89.847201,30.670038],[-89.835848,30.699555],[-89.845801,30.707314],[-89.836257,30.716185],[-89.831961,30.715384],[-89.828061,30.725018],[-89.836331,30.727197],[-89.83687,30.734661],[-89.816764,30.740076],[-89.826053,30.742322],[-89.831537,30.76761],[-89.819164,30.795229],[-89.81261,30.789876],[-89.804696,30.791624],[-89.810863,30.797379],[-89.800422,30.810425],[-89.800049,30.819078],[-89.782404,30.817975],[-89.783985,30.827385],[-89.790432,30.830985],[-89.790121,30.837983],[-89.780947,30.848542],[-89.784073,30.85527],[-89.771722,30.854677],[-89.767955,30.863858],[-89.778005,30.873411],[-89.778583,30.878903],[-89.770027,30.882254],[-89.773553,30.896862],[-89.757024,30.898947],[-89.764202,30.911906],[-89.759403,30.915134],[-89.750073,30.91293],[-89.744789,30.918933],[-89.756333,30.943498],[-89.735686,30.966573],[-89.728041,30.966518],[-89.727086,30.969707],[-89.736883,30.977122],[-89.732168,30.978088],[-89.727698,30.993329],[-89.73554,30.999715],[-89.728145,31.0023],[-89.732504,31.004831],[-89.751481,30.99969],[-91.636942,30.999416],[-91.578413,31.02403],[-91.564397,31.038965],[-91.559907,31.054119],[-91.567648,31.070186],[-91.61857,31.107328],[-91.625994,31.116896],[-91.625118,31.131879],[-91.597062,31.163492],[-91.589046,31.178586],[-91.588939,31.188959],[-91.601616,31.208573],[-91.625119,31.226071],[-91.644356,31.234414],[-91.652019,31.242691],[-91.654027,31.255753],[-91.637672,31.26768],[-91.564192,31.261633],[-91.537734,31.267369],[-91.515614,31.27821],[-91.508858,31.291644],[-91.507977,31.312943],[-91.548967,31.347255],[-91.551002,31.363645],[-91.546607,31.381198],[-91.55568,31.386413],[-91.568953,31.377629],[-91.578334,31.399067],[-91.576265,31.410498],[-91.565179,31.423447],[-91.548465,31.432668],[-91.541626,31.431706],[-91.532336,31.390275],[-91.521836,31.37517],[-91.504163,31.36495],[-91.47887,31.364955],[-91.471098,31.376917],[-91.472065,31.395925],[-91.500046,31.42052],[-91.513366,31.444396],[-91.518148,31.483483],[-91.514917,31.510113],[-91.520579,31.513207],[-91.522536,31.522078],[-91.511217,31.532612],[-91.489618,31.534266],[-91.481318,31.530666],[-91.443916,31.542466],[-91.414915,31.562166],[-91.405415,31.576466],[-91.403915,31.589766],[-91.422716,31.597065],[-91.466317,31.586066],[-91.488618,31.587466],[-91.502783,31.595727],[-91.516567,31.611818],[-91.515462,31.630372],[-91.494478,31.645013],[-91.474318,31.625365],[-91.436716,31.612665],[-91.421116,31.611565],[-91.401015,31.620365],[-91.395715,31.644165],[-91.400115,31.688164],[-91.397915,31.709364],[-91.371804,31.742948],[-91.365034,31.748184],[-91.338663,31.750005],[-91.275545,31.745515],[-91.263406,31.754468],[-91.259611,31.76129],[-91.263043,31.766995],[-91.286045,31.772062],[-91.325973,31.76151],[-91.355214,31.758063],[-91.365529,31.761628],[-91.359514,31.799362],[-91.345714,31.842861],[-91.333814,31.853261],[-91.294713,31.86046],[-91.289312,31.846861],[-91.289412,31.828661],[-91.282212,31.814762],[-91.269212,31.809162],[-91.255611,31.812662],[-91.245047,31.831447],[-91.266612,31.851161],[-91.267712,31.86266],[-91.234899,31.876863],[-91.20281,31.907959],[-91.18061,31.917959],[-91.18491,31.923759],[-91.18371,31.933158],[-91.19111,31.934158],[-91.18481,31.965557],[-91.16441,31.982557],[-91.104108,31.990357],[-91.075908,32.016828],[-91.088108,32.034455],[-91.15141,32.049255],[-91.16131,32.059755],[-91.16031,32.070354],[-91.14881,32.080154],[-91.139309,32.081754],[-91.128609,32.076554],[-91.103708,32.050255],[-91.082308,32.047555],[-91.079108,32.050255],[-91.080008,32.079154],[-91.034707,32.101053],[-91.030507,32.108153],[-91.030907,32.120552],[-91.017606,32.125153],[-91.004106,32.146152],[-91.00619,32.156957],[-91.025007,32.162552],[-91.050207,32.178451],[-91.057647,32.177354],[-91.058907,32.171251],[-91.048507,32.150152],[-91.053175,32.124237],[-91.08163,32.133992],[-91.101181,32.131136],[-91.111294,32.125036],[-91.162822,32.132694],[-91.174552,32.154978],[-91.164171,32.196888],[-91.133587,32.213432],[-91.11727,32.206668],[-91.108509,32.20815],[-91.100409,32.21785],[-91.083708,32.22645],[-91.071108,32.22605],[-91.061408,32.21865],[-91.050307,32.237949],[-91.039007,32.242349],[-91.021507,32.236149],[-91.006106,32.22405],[-91.002469,32.215812],[-90.988672,32.215812],[-90.983434,32.221305],[-90.98029,32.243601],[-90.970016,32.25168],[-90.982985,32.270294],[-90.980747,32.29141],[-90.976199,32.29645],[-90.964149,32.296872],[-90.953008,32.284043],[-90.947834,32.283486],[-90.922231,32.298639],[-90.902558,32.319587],[-90.90072,32.330379],[-90.875631,32.372434],[-90.89206,32.370579],[-90.897762,32.35436],[-90.912363,32.339454],[-90.993625,32.354047],[-91.004506,32.364744],[-90.99408,32.403862],[-90.967767,32.418279],[-90.96856,32.438084],[-90.978547,32.447032],[-90.993863,32.45085],[-91.029606,32.433542],[-91.052907,32.438442],[-91.095308,32.458741],[-91.116008,32.48314],[-91.116708,32.500139],[-91.101304,32.525599],[-91.093741,32.549128],[-91.074817,32.533467],[-91.050907,32.500139],[-91.038106,32.49044],[-91.004206,32.48214],[-90.990703,32.487749],[-90.987831,32.49419],[-90.994481,32.506331],[-91.005468,32.513842],[-91.061685,32.536448],[-91.075373,32.546718],[-91.080398,32.556442],[-91.03617,32.579556],[-91.010228,32.601927],[-91.002962,32.622555],[-91.014286,32.640482],[-91.025769,32.646573],[-91.038415,32.636443],[-91.049796,32.607188],[-91.112764,32.590186],[-91.118641,32.585139],[-91.127912,32.586493],[-91.144074,32.600613],[-91.153556,32.626181],[-91.152699,32.640757],[-91.138712,32.649774],[-91.127723,32.665343],[-91.104443,32.682434],[-91.076061,32.693751],[-91.063946,32.702926],[-91.054749,32.719229],[-91.056999,32.72558],[-91.077176,32.732534],[-91.123152,32.742798],[-91.154461,32.742339],[-91.165328,32.751301],[-91.156918,32.780343],[-91.164397,32.785821],[-91.161669,32.812465],[-91.145002,32.84287],[-91.127886,32.855059],[-91.105631,32.858396],[-91.070602,32.888659],[-91.064449,32.901064],[-91.064804,32.926464],[-91.083084,32.947909],[-91.080355,32.962794],[-91.086802,32.976266],[-91.09693,32.986412],[-91.106581,32.988938],[-91.134414,32.980533],[-91.138585,32.971352],[-91.131243,32.960928],[-91.137863,32.952756],[-91.132115,32.923122],[-91.15169,32.901935],[-91.170235,32.899391],[-91.196785,32.906784],[-91.208263,32.915354],[-91.213972,32.927198],[-91.210705,32.939845],[-91.199415,32.952314],[-91.201842,32.961212],[-91.168973,32.992132],[-91.162363,33.019684],[-91.129088,33.033554],[-91.120379,33.05453],[-91.124639,33.064127],[-91.149823,33.081603],[-91.171514,33.087818],[-91.180836,33.098364],[-91.200167,33.10693],[-91.20178,33.125121],[-91.193174,33.136734],[-91.183662,33.141691],[-91.161651,33.141781],[-91.151853,33.131802],[-91.131659,33.129101],[-91.104317,33.131598],[-91.089862,33.139655],[-91.084366,33.180856],[-91.091711,33.220813],[-91.070697,33.227302],[-91.050407,33.251202],[-91.045191,33.265404],[-91.043624,33.274636],[-91.04815,33.282796],[-91.072567,33.285885],[-91.083694,33.278557],[-91.099093,33.238173],[-91.106142,33.241799],[-91.117223,33.260685],[-91.128078,33.268502],[-91.125539,33.280255],[-91.141615,33.299539],[-91.143667,33.328398],[-91.142219,33.348989],[-91.120409,33.363809],[-91.101456,33.38719],[-91.075293,33.405966],[-91.058152,33.428705],[-91.057621,33.445341],[-91.067623,33.455104],[-91.086498,33.451576],[-91.096723,33.437603],[-91.095211,33.417488],[-91.10717,33.399078],[-91.123623,33.387526],[-91.154017,33.378914],[-91.171968,33.38103],[-91.191127,33.389634],[-91.20922,33.40629],[-91.199354,33.418321],[-91.17628,33.416979],[-91.131885,33.430063],[-91.118495,33.449116],[-91.125109,33.472842],[-91.167403,33.498304],[-91.177148,33.48617],[-91.16936,33.452629],[-91.177293,33.443638],[-91.206807,33.433846],[-91.235181,33.438972],[-91.231661,33.4571],[-91.208535,33.468606],[-91.182901,33.502379],[-91.187367,33.510552],[-91.219297,33.532364],[-91.229834,33.547047],[-91.231418,33.560593],[-91.224121,33.567369],[-91.198285,33.572061],[-91.17822,33.582607],[-91.152148,33.582721],[-91.134043,33.594489],[-91.130445,33.606034],[-91.139209,33.625658],[-91.171168,33.647766],[-91.219048,33.661503],[-91.228228,33.671326],[-91.227857,33.683073],[-91.22057,33.692923],[-91.205377,33.700819],[-91.162464,33.70684],[-91.13045,33.674522],[-91.09404,33.658351],[-91.078507,33.658283],[-91.034565,33.673018],[-91.030402,33.687766],[-91.03612,33.689113],[-91.046778,33.706313],[-91.059891,33.714816],[-91.06829,33.716477],[-91.101101,33.705007],[-91.117733,33.705342],[-91.132338,33.714246],[-91.146618,33.732456],[-91.140756,33.759735],[-91.145112,33.76734],[-91.133854,33.782814],[-91.123466,33.782106],[-91.107318,33.770619],[-91.053886,33.778701],[-91.023285,33.762991],[-91.000106,33.769165],[-90.988466,33.78453],[-91.000107,33.799549],[-91.046849,33.815365],[-91.067511,33.840443],[-91.073011,33.857449],[-91.070883,33.866714],[-91.026382,33.90798],[-91.010318,33.929352],[-91.035961,33.943758],[-91.084095,33.956179],[-91.089787,33.966004],[-91.087921,33.975335],[-91.075378,33.983586],[-91.042751,33.986811],[-91.01889,34.003151],[-91.000108,33.966428],[-90.983359,33.960186],[-90.967632,33.963324],[-90.961548,33.979945],[-90.979945,34.000106],[-90.987948,34.019038],[-90.970726,34.02162],[-90.942662,34.01805],[-90.89242,34.02686],[-90.887413,34.032505],[-90.887837,34.055403],[-90.870528,34.080516],[-90.882628,34.096615],[-90.918395,34.093054],[-90.946323,34.109374],[-90.958467,34.125105],[-90.9543,34.138498],[-90.91001,34.165508],[-90.894385,34.160953],[-90.86458,34.140555],[-90.847168,34.136884],[-90.825708,34.142011],[-90.810884,34.155903],[-90.808685,34.175878],[-90.816572,34.183023],[-90.8556,34.18688],[-90.887884,34.18198],[-90.916048,34.196916],[-90.93522,34.21905],[-90.937152,34.23411],[-90.929015,34.244541],[-90.907082,34.244492],[-90.89456,34.22438],[-90.87912,34.21545],[-90.847808,34.20653],[-90.840009,34.223077],[-90.836972,34.250104],[-90.828267,34.27365],[-90.802928,34.282465],[-90.765165,34.280524],[-90.743082,34.302257],[-90.74061,34.313469],[-90.744713,34.324872],[-90.767108,34.345264],[-90.767061,34.360271],[-90.762085,34.364754],[-90.750107,34.367919],[-90.712088,34.363805],[-90.683222,34.368817],[-90.68162,34.35291],[-90.691551,34.338618],[-90.693129,34.32257],[-90.686003,34.315771],[-90.669343,34.31302],[-90.661395,34.315398],[-90.657488,34.322231],[-90.666862,34.348569],[-90.666788,34.35582],[-90.655346,34.371846],[-90.658542,34.375705],[-90.613944,34.390723],[-90.571145,34.420319],[-90.566505,34.429528],[-90.56733,34.440383],[-90.585477,34.461247],[-90.588942,34.491097],[-90.578493,34.516296],[-90.545728,34.53775],[-90.540736,34.548085],[-90.545891,34.563257],[-90.570133,34.587457],[-90.587224,34.615732],[-90.58344,34.641389],[-90.588536,34.668646],[-90.567334,34.693371],[-90.552317,34.697087],[-90.540074,34.684981],[-90.538061,34.673232],[-90.552642,34.659707],[-90.554129,34.640871],[-90.543696,34.629559],[-90.524481,34.628504],[-90.479718,34.659934],[-90.466041,34.674312],[-90.462552,34.687576],[-90.475194,34.700826],[-90.538974,34.698783],[-90.565646,34.721053],[-90.565437,34.736536],[-90.547606,34.744367],[-90.542695,34.752626],[-90.547612,34.784589],[-90.53651,34.798572],[-90.514706,34.801768],[-90.500994,34.771187],[-90.520556,34.753388],[-90.521004,34.738612],[-90.514735,34.729656],[-90.488865,34.723731],[-90.469897,34.72703],[-90.454968,34.735557],[-90.453038,34.753352],[-90.47459,34.7932],[-90.456935,34.823383],[-90.481955,34.857805],[-90.485038,34.869252],[-90.479872,34.883264],[-90.466154,34.890989],[-90.453916,34.891122],[-90.438313,34.884581],[-90.42898,34.867168],[-90.431741,34.855051],[-90.428754,34.8414],[-90.423879,34.834606],[-90.414864,34.831846],[-90.34038,34.860357],[-90.323067,34.846391],[-90.307384,34.846195],[-90.303698,34.859704],[-90.313476,34.871698],[-90.250095,34.90732],[-90.244725,34.921031],[-90.244476,34.937596],[-90.253969,34.954988],[-90.296422,34.976346],[-90.309297,34.995694]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mississippi\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"62","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2ebe4b08c986b31fa68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schofield, Pamela J. 0000-0002-8752-2797","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-2797","contributorId":30306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"Pamela J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, Mark S.","contributorId":8979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowe, Michael R. 0000-0002-4645-9429","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4645-9429","contributorId":10539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown-Peterson, Nancy J.","contributorId":53937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown-Peterson","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Slack, William T.","contributorId":47512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70005561,"text":"70005561 - 2011 - Survival and growth of newly transformed Lampsilis cardium and Lampsilis siliquoidea in a flow-through, continuous feeding test system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T11:45:27","indexId":"70005561","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":735,"text":"American Malacological Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival and growth of newly transformed Lampsilis cardium and Lampsilis siliquoidea in a flow-through, continuous feeding test system","docAbstract":"A test system was evaluated for assessing chronic toxicity of waterborne chemicals with early life stage mussels. To determine if the test system could result in ≥80% survival in a control (unexposed) group, fat mucket mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea Barnes, 1823) and plain pocketbook mussels (L. cardium Rafinesque, 1820) 1 day post transformation were stocked into test chambers (250 mL beakers, water volume, 200 mL, 21 °C, 40 mussels of 1 species per chamber) within a test system constructed for conducting chronic, continuous exposure, flow-through toxicity tests. The test system contained 60 chambers containing silica sand, 30 chambers with L. siliquoidea, and 30 with L. cardium. Each chamber in the continuous feeding system received 1 of 6 food types prepared with concentrated algal products. After 28 days, mussels were harvested from chambers to assess survival and growth. For L. siliquoidea, mean survival ranged from 34 to 80% and mean shell length ranged from 464 to 643 µm. For L. cardium, mean survival ranged from 12 to 66% and mean shell length ranged from 437 to 612 µm. The maximum mean growth rate for L. siliquoidea was 12.7 µm/d and for L. cardium was 11.8 µm/d. When offered a continuous diet of Nannochloropsis, Tetraselmis, and Chlorella for 28 days in the test system, the survival of 1 day post transformation L. siliquoidea was 80%. The test system can be easily enhanced with a pumping system continuously delivering test chemical to the test system's flow stream allowing for chronic toxicity tests with 1 day post transformation mussels.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Malacological Society","publisherLocation":"Hattiesburg, MS","doi":"10.4003/006.029.0220","usgsCitation":"Meinertz, J.R., Schreier, T.M., Hess, K.R., and Bartsch, M., 2011, Survival and growth of newly transformed Lampsilis cardium and Lampsilis siliquoidea in a flow-through, continuous feeding test system: American Malacological Bulletin, v. 29, no. 1-2, p. 69-75, https://doi.org/10.4003/006.029.0220.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"75","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2b1e4b08c986b31f8b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meinertz, Jeffery R. 0000-0002-8855-2648 jmeinertz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8855-2648","contributorId":2495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meinertz","given":"Jeffery","email":"jmeinertz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreier, Theresa M. 0000-0001-7722-6292 tschreier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7722-6292","contributorId":3344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreier","given":"Theresa","email":"tschreier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Karina R.","contributorId":50792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Karina","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartsch, Michelle 0000-0002-9571-5564 mbartsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9571-5564","contributorId":3165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch","given":"Michelle","email":"mbartsch@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006172,"text":"ds654 - 2011 - Thermal profiles for selected river reaches in the Stillaguamish River basin, Washington, August 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"ds654","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"654","title":"Thermal profiles for selected river reaches in the Stillaguamish River basin, Washington, August 2011","docAbstract":"Datums\nHorizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).\nAbstract\nLongitudinal profiles of near-streambed temperature were collected for eight river reaches in the Stillaguamish River basin, Washington, during August 2011, to provide information about areas of groundwater discharge to streams. During summer, groundwater discharge can be a source of cold water to streams that regulates warm stream temperatures creating cold-water thermal refugia for native stream biota including salmon and trout. To assess areas of groundwater discharge to streams, temperature was measured using a probe with an internal datalogger towed behind a watercraft moving downstream at ambient stream velocity. The data were referenced to location, concurrently surveyed with a Global Positioning System, during collection of the water temperature data. Data are presented as Microsoft Excel® files consisting of date and time, near-streambed water temperature, and latitude and longitude.\nIntroduction\nLongitudinal profiles of near-streambed temperatures surveyed at ambient river velocity in a Lagrangian framework provide information about potential areas of groundwater discharge as well as salmonid habitat and thermal refugia (Vaccaro and Maloy, 2006). Longitudinal thermal profiles have previously been surveyed in several rivers in Washington, including the Yakima River and tributaries (Vaccaro and others, 2008) and the Nooksack River (Cox and others, 2005). This report presents eight thermal profiles within the Stillaguamish River basin including parts of the North Fork Stillaguamish River, South Fork Stillaguamish River, Jim Creek, and Pilchuck Creek (fig. 1). This data augments previous investigations of longitudinal temperature variations within the Stillaguamish River and tributaries by thermal infrared radar by the Washington State Department of Ecology (Watershed Sciences, 2002), and may be used as a tool to develop a better understanding of groundwater/surface-water interactions within the Stillaguamish River basin.\nPurpose and Scope\nThe purpose of this report is to present longitudinal thermal profiles of stream temperature of streams within the Stillaguamish River basin including the North Fork Stillaguamish River, the South Fork Stillaguamish River, Pilchuck Creek, and Jim Creek. This data may be used to determine zones of groundwater discharge and improve understanding of the relation between the groundwater and surface water systems of the Stillaguamish River basin.\nDescription of Study Area\nThe Stillaguamish River basin is in northwestern Washington and is bounded to the east by the Cascade Mountains, to the west by Puget Sound, to the north by the Skagit River basin, and to the south by the Snohomish River basin (fig. 1). The Stillaguamish River basin is characterized by cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Mean annual discharge of the North Fork Stillaguamish River (North Fork Stillaguamish River near Arlington, Washington, USGS gaging station 12167000) for water years 1929-2010 is 1,898 ft3/s and mean annual discharge of the South Fork Stillaguamish River (South Fork Stillaguamish River near Granite Falls, Washington gaging station 12161000) for water years 1929-1980 is 1,071 ft3/s. Jim Creek is a tributary of the South Fork Stillaguamish River and Pilchuck Creek is a tributary of the mainstem Stillaguamish River.\nThermal Profile Survey\nContinuous water temperature and Global Positioning System (GPS) data were collected at 3-second intervals while drifting downstream at ambient stream velocity in a Lagrangian framework following the method of Vaccaro and Maloy (2006) for Pilchuck Creek between river mile (RM) 0.0 and 3.7 (table 1); the North Fork Stillaguamish River between RM 0.0 and 34.2 (tables 2-5); South Fork Stillaguamish River between RM 17.7 and 33.4 (tables 6-7); and Jim Creek between RM 0.0 and 7.0 (table 8). Profiling at ambient stream velocity in a Lagrangian framework tracks a parcel of water as it moves downstream during the day; departures from the diurnal heating cycle may be due to groundwater input, surface-water inflows, or riparian shading. Continuous temperature was measured using a Solinst® Levelogger LT temperature probe verified by a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) certified thermistor and position data was measured using a Garmin® GPSmap® 60Csx for the eight surveys during August 15-26, 2011. The temperature probe was towed behind a watercraft following the stream thalweg and dragged along the streambed except when in-stream obstacles prevented probe movement downstream. The location of each temperature measurement was determined by relating the time stamp of the GPS data to the temperature data. If a GPS location was not recorded at the same time as a temperature measurement, the location of the temperature measurement was determined by linear interpolation of the two GPS known locations that bracket the time of the temperature measurement. A 0.5-mi gap exists between the beginning of the North Fork Stillaguamish datasets collected on August 18 (table 4) and August 22 (table 5) because of inadequate equilibration of the temperature probe to ambient stream temperature during the initial 0.5 mi of the August 22 survey.\nDistribution of Information\nAn Excel file of tables 1-8 that include the thermal-profile data for each longitudinal thermal profile is available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/654/ds654_tables.xls.\nTable 1. Temperature and Global Positioning System location data for the Pilchuck Creek (RM 0.0-3.7), August 15, 2011.\nTable 2. Temperature and Global Positioning System location data for the North Fork Stillaguamish River (RM 30.0-34.2), August 16, 2011.\nTable 3. Temperature and Global Positioning System location data for the North Fork Stillaguamish River (RM 17.6-30.0), August 17, 2011.\nTable 4. Temperature and Global Positioning System location data for the North Fork Stillaguamish River (RM 9.5-17.6), August 18, 2011.\nTable 5. Temperature and Global Positioning System location data for the North Fork Stillaguamish River (RM 0.0-9.0), August 22, 2011.\nTable 6. Temperature and Global Positioning System location data for the South Fork Stillaguamish River (RM 25.9-33.4), August 24, 2011.\nTable 7. Temperature and Global Positioning System location data for the South Fork Stillaguamish River (RM 17.7-25.9), August 26, 2011.\nTable 8. Temperature and Global Positioning System location data for Jim Creek (RM 0.0-7.0), August 25, 2011.\nReferences Cited\nCox, S.E., Simonds, F.W., Doremus, L., Huffman, R.L., and Defawe, R.M., 2005, Ground water/surface water interactions and quality of discharging ground water in streams of the lower Nooksack River Basin, Whatcom County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5255, 46 p\nVaccaro, J.J., Keys, M.E., Julich, R.J., and Welch, W.B., 2008, Thermal profiles for selected river reaches in the Yakima River basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 342 (Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/342/).\nVaccaro, J.J., and Maloy, K.J., 2006, A thermal profile method to identify potential ground-water discharge areas and preferred salmonid habitats for long river reaches: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5136, 16 p.\nWatershed Sciences, LLC, 2002, Aerial surveys in the Stillaguamish and Skagit River Basins-Thermal infrared and color videography: Corvallis, Oreg., Water Sciences, for Washington Department of Ecology, 28 p.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds654","usgsCitation":"Gandaszek, A.S., 2011, Thermal profiles for selected river reaches in the Stillaguamish River basin, Washington, August 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 654, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds654.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_654.png"},{"id":111007,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/654/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,48.083333333333336 ], [ -122.5,48.416666666666664 ], [ -121.5,48.416666666666664 ], [ -121.5,48.083333333333336 ], [ -122.5,48.083333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb250e4b08c986b325703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gandaszek, Andrew S.","contributorId":97619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandaszek","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006164,"text":"ds644 - 2011 - Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"ds644","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"644","title":"Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2009","docAbstract":"Previous investigations indicate that natural attenuation and biodegradation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are substantial in groundwater beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. Phytoremediation combined with ongoing natural attenuation processes was the preferred remedy selected by the U.S. Navy, as specified in the Record of Decision for the site. The U.S. Navy planted two hybrid poplar plantations on the landfill in spring 1999 to remove and to control the migration of chlorinated VOCs in shallow groundwater. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has continued to monitor groundwater geochemistry to ensure that conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation as specified in the Record of Decision. This report presents groundwater geochemical and selected VOC data collected at OU 1 by the USGS during June 15-17, 2009, in support of long-term monitoring for natural attenuation. For 2009, groundwater samples were collected from 13 wells and 9 piezometers. Samples from all wells and piezometers were analyzed for redox sensitive constituents, and samples from 10 of 18 upper-aquifer wells and piezometers and 3 of 4 intermediate-aquifer wells also were analyzed for chlorinated VOCs. Concentrations of redox sensitive constituents measured in 2009 were consistent with previous years, with dissolved hydrogen (H2) concentrations ranging from less than 0.1 to 1.8 nanomolar (nM), dissolved oxygen concentrations all at 0.6 milligram per liter or less; little to no detectable nitrate; abundant dissolved manganese, iron, and methane; and commonly detected sulfide. The reductive declorination byproducts-methane, ethane, and ethene-were not detected in samples collected from the upgradient wells in the landfill or the upper aquifer beneath the northern phytoremediation plantation. Chlorinated VOC concentrations in 2009 at most piezometers were similar to or slightly less than chlorinated VOC concentrations measured in previous years. In 2009, concentrations of reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene were less than those measured in 2008 at most northern plantation wells and piezometers. For the upper aquifer beneath the southern phytoremediation plantation, chlorinated VOC concentrations in 2009 at the piezometers were extremely high and continued to vary considerably over space and between years. At piezometer P1-9, the total chlorinated VOC concentration increased from 25,000 micrograms per liter in 2008 to more than 172,000 micrograms per liter in 2009. At piezometer P1-7 in 2009, the concentrations of trichloroethene and cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) were the highest to date. The reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene were detected at all wells and piezometers in the southern plantation with the exception of piezometer P1-8, although the measured concentrations were not consistently high. For the intermediate aquifer, concentrations of redox sensitive constituents and VOCs in 2009 at wells MW1-25, MW1-28, and MW1-39 were consistent with concentrations measured in previous years. Concentrations of the reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene at wells MW1-25 and MW1-28 were equal to or greater than previously measured concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds644","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Huffman, R., and Dinicola, R., 2011, Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 644, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds644.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_644.jpg"},{"id":111001,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/644/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.63388888888889,47.683611111111105 ], [ -122.63388888888889,47.70111111111111 ], [ -122.60083333333333,47.70111111111111 ], [ -122.60083333333333,47.683611111111105 ], [ -122.63388888888889,47.683611111111105 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da5e4b0c8380cd5bf80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huffman, R.L.","contributorId":44956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinicola, R.S.","contributorId":64290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006167,"text":"ds655 - 2011 - Sources and preparation of data for assessing trends in concentrations of pesticides in streams of the United States, 1992–2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T13:16:00","indexId":"ds655","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"655","title":"Sources and preparation of data for assessing trends in concentrations of pesticides in streams of the United States, 1992–2010","docAbstract":"This report updates a previously published water-quality dataset of 44 commonly used pesticides and 8 pesticide degradates suitable for a national assessment of trends in pesticide concentrations in streams of the United States. Water-quality samples collected from January 1992 through September 2010 at stream-water sites of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program and the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) were compiled, reviewed, selected, and prepared for trend analysis. The principal steps in data review for trend analysis were to (1) identify analytical schedule, (2) verify sample-level coding, (3) exclude inappropriate samples or results, (4) review pesticide detections per sample, (5) review high pesticide concentrations, and (6) review the spatial and temporal extent of NAWQA pesticide data and selection of analytical methods for trend analysis. The principal steps in data preparation for trend analysis were to (1) select stream-water sites for trend analysis, (2) round concentrations to a consistent level of precision for the concentration range, (3) identify routine reporting levels used to report nondetections unaffected by matrix interference, (4) reassign the concentration value for routine nondetections to the maximum value of the long-term method detection level (maxLT-MDL), (5) adjust concentrations to compensate for temporal changes in bias of recovery of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) analytical method, and (6) identify samples considered inappropriate for trend analysis. Samples analyzed at the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) by the GCMS analytical method were the most extensive in time and space and, consequently, were selected for trend analysis. Stream-water sites with 3 or more water years of data with six or more samples per year were selected for pesticide trend analysis. The selection criteria described in the report produced a dataset of 21,988 pesticide samples at 212 stream-water sites. Only 21,144 pesticide samples, however, are considered appropriate for trend analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds655","usgsCitation":"Martin, J.D., Eberle, M., and Nakagaki, N., 2011, Sources and preparation of data for assessing trends in concentrations of pesticides in streams of the United States, 1992–2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 655, vi, 22 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds655.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":533,"text":"Pesticide National Synthesis Project","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_655.gif"},{"id":111003,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/655/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":273224,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ds655_basins.xml"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49 ], [ -66.95,49 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b935ce4b08c986b31a45a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D. 0000-0003-1994-5285 jdmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-5285","contributorId":1066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jdmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberle, Michael","contributorId":39770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberle","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nakagaki, Naomi 0000-0003-3653-0540 nakagaki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3653-0540","contributorId":1067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakagaki","given":"Naomi","email":"nakagaki@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006168,"text":"sir20115179 - 2011 - Monitoring to assess progress toward meeting the Assabet River, Massachusetts, phosphorus total maximum daily load - Aquatic macrophyte biomass and sediment-phosphorus flux","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T07:47:49","indexId":"sir20115179","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5179","title":"Monitoring to assess progress toward meeting the Assabet River, Massachusetts, phosphorus total maximum daily load - Aquatic macrophyte biomass and sediment-phosphorus flux","docAbstract":"In 2004, the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Total Phosphorus in the Assabet River, Massachusetts, was approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The goal of the TMDL was to decrease the concentrations of the nutrient phosphorus to mitigate some of the instream ecological effects of eutrophication on the river; these effects were, for the most part, direct consequences of the excessive growth of aquatic macrophytes. The primary instrument effecting lower concentrations of phosphorus was to be strict control of phosphorus releases from four major wastewatertreatment plants in Westborough, Marlborough, Hudson, and Maynard, Massachusetts. The improvements to be achieved from implementing this control were lower concentrations of total and dissolved phosphorus in the river, a 50-percent reduction in aquatic-plant biomass, a 30-percent reduction in episodes of dissolved oxygen supersaturation, no low-flow dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 5.0 milligrams per liter, and a 90-percent reduction in sediment releases of phosphorus to the overlying water. In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, initiated studies to evaluate conditions in the Assabet River prior to the upgrading of wastewater-treatment plants to remove more phosphorus from their effluents. The studies, completed in 2008, implemented a visual monitoring plan to evaluate the extent and biomass of the floating macrophyte Lemna minor (commonly known as lesser duckweed) in five impoundments and evaluated the potential for phosphorus flux from sediments in impounded and free-flowing reaches of the river. Hydrologically, the two study years 2007 and 2008 were quite different. In 2007, summer streamflows, although low, were higher than average, and in 2008, the flows were generally higher than in 2007. Visually, the effects of these streamflow differences on the distribution of Lemna were obvious. In 2007, large amounts of floating macrophytes accumulated behind bridge constrictions and dams; in 2008, high flows during the early part of the growing season carried floating macrophytes past bridges and over dams, minimizing accumulations. Samples of Lemna were collected and weighed to provide an estimate of Lemna biomass based on areal coverage during the summer growing seasons at eight sites in the five impoundments. Average estimated biomass during 2007 was approximately twice the 2008 biomass in each of the areas monitored. In 2007, in situ hyperspectral and high-resolution, multispectral data from the IKONOS satellite were obtained to evaluate the feasibility of using remote sensing to monitor the extent of aquatic plant growth in Assabet River impoundments. Three vegetation indices based on light reflectance were used to develop metrics with which the hyperspectral and satellite data were compared. The results of the comparisons confirmed that the high-resolution satellite imagery could differentiate among the common aquatic-plant associations found in the impoundments. The use of satellite imagery could counterbalance emphasis on the subjective judgment of a human observer, and airborne hyperspectral data can provide higher resolution imagery than multispectral satellite data. In 2007 and 2008, the potential for sediment flux of phosphorus was examined in free-flowing reaches of the river and in the two largest impoundments-Hudson and Ben Smith. These studies were undertaken to determine in situ flux rates prior to the implementation of the Assabet River Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for phosphorus and to compare these rates with those used in the development and evaluation of the TMDL. Water samples collected from a chamber placed on the river bottom were analyzed for total phosphorus and orthophosphorus. Ambient dissolved oxygen concentrations and seasonal temperature differences appeared to affect the rates of sequestration and sediment release of phosphorus. When dissolved oxygen concentrations remained relatively high in the chambers and when the temperature was relatively low, the tendency was for phosphorus concentrations to decrease in the chambers, indicating sediment sequestration of phosphorus; when dissolved oxygen concentrations dropped to near zero and temperatures were warmest, phosphorus concentrations increased in the chambers, indicating phosphorus flux from the sediment. The rates of release and sequestration in the in situ studies were generally comparable with the rates determined in laboratory studies of Assabet River sediment cores for State and Federal agencies. Sediment-core and chamber studies produced substantial sediment fluxes to the water column only under extremely low-DO or anaerobic conditions rarely found in the Assabet River impoundments; thus, sediment is not likely to be a major phosphorus source, especially when compared to the wastewater effluent, which sustains higher ambient concentrations. The regulatory agencies now (2011) have substantial laboratory and field data with which to determine the required 90-percent reduction in phosphorus flux after the completion of upgrades to the wastewater-treatment plants that discharge to the Assabet River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20115179","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, M.J., Qian, Y., and Yong Q., T., 2011, Monitoring to assess progress toward meeting the Assabet River, Massachusetts, phosphorus total maximum daily load - Aquatic macrophyte biomass and sediment-phosphorus flux: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5179, x, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115179.","productDescription":"x, 77 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":111004,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5179.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Assabet River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72,42 ], [ -72,43 ], [ -71,43 ], [ -71,42 ], [ -72,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5df6e4b0c8380cd706f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Marc J. mzimmerm@usgs.gov","contributorId":3245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc","email":"mzimmerm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qian, Yu","contributorId":105037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qian","given":"Yu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yong Q., Tian","contributorId":31102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yong Q.","given":"Tian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006169,"text":"fs20113095 - 2011 - Evaluation of fecal contamination by human and ruminant sources in upper Fountain Creek, Colorado, 2007-2008, by using multiple lines of evidence:","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:01","indexId":"fs20113095","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3095","title":"Evaluation of fecal contamination by human and ruminant sources in upper Fountain Creek, Colorado, 2007-2008, by using multiple lines of evidence:","docAbstract":"Fountain Creek is a high-gradient stream on the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. The headwaters of Fountain Creek drain Pikes Peak, a major destination for tourism. Fountain Creek is a drinking-water source for the City of Colorado Springs, Colorado, and is used for irrigation, recreation, and other purposes between Colorado Springs and the confluence with the Arkansas River at Pueblo, Colorado. In 2008, Fountain Creek was placed on the Colorado 303(d) list of impaired streams because of fecal contamination. Colorado uses a 30-day geometric mean standard of 126 Escherichia coli per 100 milliliters as its management goal for recreational waters. The objective of this study was to identify major sources of Escherichia coli in upper Fountain Creek during exceedances of the State recreational water standard. To meet this objective, a new approach was developed and tested that uses genetic marker analysis for microbial source tracking, along with other information, to evaluate potential contributions of fecal contamination from various sources.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113095","usgsCitation":"Stoeckel, D., 2011, Evaluation of fecal contamination by human and ruminant sources in upper Fountain Creek, Colorado, 2007-2008, by using multiple lines of evidence:: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3095, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113095.","productDescription":"4 p.","temporalStart":"2007-05-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3095.gif"},{"id":111005,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3095/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"El Paso County;Teller County","otherGeospatial":"Fountain Creek;Ruxton Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,37 ], [ -109,41 ], [ -102,41 ], [ -102,37 ], [ -109,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c72e4b0c8380cd52b57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoeckel, Donald","contributorId":8604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeckel","given":"Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006171,"text":"fs20113141 - 2011 - U.S. Geological Survey Community for Data Integration-NWIS Web Services Snapshot Tool for ArcGIS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T15:17:46","indexId":"fs20113141","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3141","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Community for Data Integration-NWIS Web Services Snapshot Tool for ArcGIS","docAbstract":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data resources are so vast that many scientists are unaware of data holdings that may be directly relevant to their research. Data are also difficult to access and large corporate databases, such as the National Water Information System (NWIS) that houses hydrologic data for the Nation, are challenging to use without considerable expertise and investment of time. The USGS Community for Data Integration (CDI) was established in 2009 to address data and information management issues affecting the proficiency of earth science research. A CDI workshop convened in 2009 identified common data integration needs of USGS scientists and targeted high value opportunities that might address these needs by leveraging existing projects in USGS science centers, in-kind contributions, and supplemental funding. To implement this strategy, CDI sponsored a software development project in 2010 to facilitate access and use of NWIS data with ArcGIS, a widely used Geographic Information System. The resulting software product, the NWIS Web Services Snapshot Tool for ArcGIS, is presented here.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113141","usgsCitation":"Holl, S., 2011, U.S. Geological Survey Community for Data Integration-NWIS Web Services Snapshot Tool for ArcGIS: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3141, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113141.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3141.gif"},{"id":111006,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3141/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bba60e4b08c986b328138","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holl, Sally","contributorId":107416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holl","given":"Sally","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006151,"text":"sir20115197 - 2011 - Source-water susceptibility assessment in Texas—Approach and methodology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115197","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5197","title":"Source-water susceptibility assessment in Texas—Approach and methodology","docAbstract":"Public water systems provide potable water for the public's use. The Safe Drinking Water Act amendments of 1996 required States to prepare a source-water susceptibility assessment (SWSA) for each public water system (PWS). States were required to determine the source of water for each PWS, the origin of any contaminant of concern (COC) monitored or to be monitored, and the susceptibility of the public water system to COC exposure, to protect public water supplies from contamination. In Texas, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) was responsible for preparing SWSAs for the more than 6,000 public water systems, representing more than 18,000 surface-water intakes or groundwater wells. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) worked in cooperation with TCEQ to develop the Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) approach and methodology. Texas' SWAP meets all requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act and ultimately provides the TCEQ with a comprehensive tool for protection of public water systems from contamination by up to 247 individual COCs. TCEQ staff identified both the list of contaminants to be assessed and contaminant threshold values (THR) to be applied. COCs were chosen because they were regulated contaminants, were expected to become regulated contaminants in the near future, or were unregulated but thought to represent long-term health concerns. THRs were based on maximum contaminant levels from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. For reporting purposes, COCs were grouped into seven contaminant groups: inorganic compounds, volatile organic compounds, synthetic organic compounds, radiochemicals, disinfection byproducts, microbial organisms, and physical properties. Expanding on the TCEQ's definition of susceptibility, subject-matter expert working groups formulated the SWSA approach based on assumptions that natural processes and human activities contribute COCs in quantities that vary in space and time; that increased levels of COC-producing activities within a source area may increase susceptibility to COC exposure; and that natural and manmade conditions within the source area may increase, decrease, or have no observable effect on susceptibility to COC exposure. Incorporating these assumptions, eight SWSA components were defined: identification, delineation, intrinsic susceptibility, point- and nonpoint-source susceptibility, contaminant occurrence, area-of-primary influence, and summary components. Spatial datasets were prepared to represent approximately 170 attributes or indicators used in the assessment process. These primarily were static datasets (approximately 46 gigabytes (GB) in size). Selected datasets such as PWS surface-water-intake or groundwater-well locations and potential source of contamination (PSOC) locations were updated weekly. Completed assessments were archived, and that database is approximately 10 GB in size. SWSA components currently (2011) are implemented in the Source Water Assessment Program-Decision Support System (SWAP-DSS) computer software, specifically developed to produce SWSAs. On execution of the software, the components work to identify the source of water for the well or intake, assess intrinsic susceptibility of the water- supply source, assess susceptibility to contamination with COCs from point and nonpoint sources, identify any previous detections of COCs from existing water-quality databases, and summarize the results. Each water-supply source's susceptibility is assessed, source results are weighted by source capacity (when a PWS has multiple sources), and results are combined into a single SWSA for the PWS.'SWSA reports are generated using the software; during 2003, more than 6,000 reports were provided to PWS operators and the public. The ability to produce detailed or summary reports for individual sources, and detailed or summary reports for a PWS, by COC or COC group was a unique capability of SWAP-DSS. In 2004, the TCEQ began a rotating schedule for SWSA wherein one-third of PWSs statewide would be assessed annually, or sooner if protection-program activities deemed it necessary, and that schedule has continued to the present. Cooperative efforts by the TCEQ and the USGS for SWAP software maintenance and enhancements ended in 2011 with the TCEQ assuming responsibility for all tasks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Ulery, R.L., Meyer, J.E., Andren, R.W., and Newson, J.K., 2011, Source-water susceptibility assessment in Texas—Approach and methodology: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5197, xii, 33 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115197.","productDescription":"xii, 33 p.; Appendices","startPage":"i","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"76","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110995,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5197.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Albers Equal Area","datum":"NAD 83","country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107,25.75 ], [ -107,36.5 ], [ -95,36.5 ], [ -95,25.75 ], [ -107,25.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9349e4b08c986b31a401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulery, Randy L. rlulery@usgs.gov","contributorId":4679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulery","given":"Randy","email":"rlulery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, John E.","contributorId":17359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andren, Robert W.","contributorId":52708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andren","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newson, Jeremy K. jknewson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newson","given":"Jeremy","email":"jknewson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006142,"text":"70006142 - 2011 - A nematomorph parasite explains variation in terrestrial subsidies to trout streams in Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-19T14:54:00.395285","indexId":"70006142","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A nematomorph parasite explains variation in terrestrial subsidies to trout streams in Japan","docAbstract":"Nematomorph parasites alter the behavior of their orthopteran hosts, driving them to water and creating a source of food for stream salmonids. We investigated whether nematomorphs could explain variation in terrestrial subsidies across several streams. In nine study streams, orthopterans comprise much of the stomach contents of trout (46 ± 31% on average). Total mass of ingested prey per trout biomass positively correlated with the mass of orthopterans ingested, suggesting that the orthopterans enhanced absolute mass of prey consumption by the trout population. The orthopterans ingested per trout biomass positively correlated with the abundance of nematomorphs in the stream, but not with the abundance of camel crickets (the dominant hosts) around the streams. Streams in conifer plantations had fewer nematomorphs than streams in natural deciduous forests. These results provide the first quantitative evidence that a manipulative parasite can explain variation in the allochthonous energy flow through and across ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19121.x","usgsCitation":"Sato, T., Watanabe, K., Tokuchi, N., Kamauchi, H., Harada, Y., and Lafferty, K.D., 2011, A nematomorph parasite explains variation in terrestrial subsidies to trout streams in Japan: Oikos, v. 120, no. 10, p. 1595-1599, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19121.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1595","endPage":"1599","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[134.63843,34.14923],[134.76638,33.80633],[134.20342,33.20118],[133.79295,33.52199],[133.28027,33.28957],[133.01486,32.70457],[132.36311,32.98938],[132.37118,33.46364],[132.92437,34.0603],[133.49297,33.94462],[133.90411,34.36493],[134.63843,34.14923]]],[[[140.97639,37.14207],[140.59977,36.34398],[140.77407,35.84288],[140.25328,35.13811],[138.97553,34.6676],[137.2176,34.60629],[135.79298,33.46481],[135.12098,33.84907],[135.07943,34.59654],[133.34032,34.37594],[132.15677,33.90493],[130.98614,33.88576],[132.00004,33.14999],[131.33279,31.45035],[130.68632,31.02958],[130.20242,31.41824],[130.44768,32.31947],[129.81469,32.61031],[129.40846,33.29606],[130.35394,33.60415],[130.87845,34.23274],[131.88423,34.74971],[132.61767,35.43339],[134.6083,35.73162],[135.67754,35.52713],[136.72383,37.30498],[137.39061,36.82739],[138.8576,37.82748],[139.4264,38.21596],[140.05479,39.43881],[139.88338,40.56331],[140.30578,41.19501],[141.36897,41.37856],[141.91426,39.99162],[141.8846,39.18086],[140.95949,38.174],[140.97639,37.14207]]],[[[143.91016,44.1741],[144.61343,43.96088],[145.32083,44.38473],[145.54314,43.26209],[144.05966,42.98836],[143.18385,41.99521],[141.61149,42.67879],[141.06729,41.58459],[139.95511,41.56956],[139.81754,42.56376],[140.31209,43.33327],[141.38055,43.38882],[141.67195,44.77213],[141.96764,45.55148],[143.14287,44.51036],[143.91016,44.1741]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Japan\"}}]}","volume":"120","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e495e4b0c8380cd46741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sato, Takuya","contributorId":26420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sato","given":"Takuya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watanabe, Katsutoshi","contributorId":45448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watanabe","given":"Katsutoshi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tokuchi, Naoko","contributorId":94428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tokuchi","given":"Naoko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kamauchi, Hiromitsu","contributorId":26804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamauchi","given":"Hiromitsu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harada, Yasushi","contributorId":86884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harada","given":"Yasushi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70006153,"text":"ofr20111278 - 2011 - 2010 update—Streamflow characteristics at selected sites in southwestern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and northwestern Florida, near Lake Seminole","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T14:54:33","indexId":"ofr20111278","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1278","title":"2010 update—Streamflow characteristics at selected sites in southwestern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and northwestern Florida, near Lake Seminole","docAbstract":"Since the first edition of this report was published in 1996, continuous streamflow data have been recorded in the tri-state area of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, near Lake Seminole. Several notable floods and severe droughts have occurred during this additional 16-year period that have sparked the need to include these additional recorded data into a comprehensive report for use by local, State, and Federal agencies. Flow durations, low-flow, and mean-flow analyses of daily mean discharges were compiled and analyzed for 12 streamflow stations during three selected periods that included pre-Lake Seminole (1929-53), post-Lake Seminole and pre-irrigation (1958-70), and post-Lake Seminole and post-irrigation (1976-2010), as well as for specified partial periods. The analyses yielded information on the variability of inflow to and outflow from Lake Seminole and the variability of flows in area streams. Streamflow characteristics for Ichawaynochaway Creek at Milford, Georgia, and Chipola River near Altha, Florida, varied similarly from 1944-53 to 1958-70, with mean annual flows decreasing by about 8 and 6 percent, respectively. This decreasing trend continued from 1958-70 to 1976-2010 by about 10 and 2 percent, respectively. The mean annual streamflow for Spring Creek near Iron City, Georgia, however, remained basically unchanged from 1944-53 to 1958-70, as well as from 1958-70 to 1976-2010. Streamflow characteristics for inflow to and outflow from Lake Seminole varied similarly during 1929-53, 1958-70, and 1976-2010. Mean 30-day low flows for inflow and outflow at Lake Seminole increased by about 24 to 11 percent, respectively, from 1929-53 to 1958-70; the values for 1976-2010 returned to near, but less than, the low-flow values of 1929-53.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111278","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Stamey, T.C., 2011, 2010 update—Streamflow characteristics at selected sites in southwestern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and northwestern Florida, near Lake Seminole: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1278, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111278.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"14","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1929-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110997,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1278/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1278.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia;Alabama;Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Seminole","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86,29.5 ], [ -86,32.333333333333336 ], [ -83.25,32.333333333333336 ], [ -83.25,29.5 ], [ -86,29.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4926e4b0b290850eeeb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamey, Timothy C. tcstamey@usgs.gov","contributorId":4770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamey","given":"Timothy","email":"tcstamey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}