The floods of April-July 1950 in the Red River of the North and Winnipeg River Basins were the largest that have occurred in several decades and caused the greatest damage that the flooded area has ever sustained. Five lives were lost in the United States, owing to causes directly connected with the floods. The dual peaks--on upper river and tributaries, one in April and the other in May--of nearly the same size and\" the large lake-like body of flood-water ponded between Grand Forks and Winnipeg were notable features of the flood in the Red River of the North Basin. The flood in the Winnipeg River Basin was characterized by the unusually large volume of runoff and the lateness of cresting on the Lake of the Woods.
The floods were caused by a combination of causes: high antecedent soil moisture, high antecedent runoff, heavy snowfall, delayed breakup, and heavy precipitation during breakup. Mid-March snow-surveys, made in the area by hydrographers of the United States and Canadian services, showed that the snow pack north of Fargo, N. Dak., had an unusually high water content and a runoff potential increasing from west to east. A narrow band, extending from near Grand Forks, N. Dak., east-northeastward across the basin, had a water content of 5 inches or higher. April 15 marked the beginning of rapid melting throughout the basins; most of the snow was turned into water by the end of the first melt period on April 24. A return of winter-like conditions until May 10 brought more snow and set the stage for second flood crests.
The records of stage and discharge collected on the Red River of the North at Grand Forks, N. Dak., since 1882 show that the important 1897 flood slightly exceeded the 1950 flood in both stage and discharge. Records collected by the Geological Survey and Corps of Engineers on the Red River of the North show that the 1950 flood stages exceeded any previously known from just below the mouth of Turtle River to the international boundary. Records for streams tributary to the Red River of the North between Fargo and the Roseau River show, in general, that the 1950 flood events exceeded those of any known past floods. In the storage basins of the Winnipeg River, Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake reached a stage comparable to that of 1916; and the Winnipeg River discharge at Slave Falls exceeded the highest previously recorded, maximum, which occurred in 1927. Records of floods on the Red River at Winnipeg show that the 1950 flood did not reach as high a stage as those of 1826, 1852, and 1861.
The total tabulated damage to Winnipeg, the largest urban center in the area reported on, was about $20,000,000 in the city, and $12,000,000 in surrounding suburbs. The fight against flooding in Greater Winnipeg began on April 21 in the area adjacent to the municipal hospitals and was considered ended with the reopening of Norwood Bridge on June 1. About 80, 000 people were evacuated from their homes in Greater Winnipeg during the flood, and plans were ready to evacuate a greater number had the water risen higher.
This report contains records of stage and discharge for the flood period at 70 stream-gaging stations, 21 records of mean daily discharge at stream-gaging stations, 11 records of stage at river-height gages, and 7 records of storage or elevation of reservoirs or lakes. A summary table shows crest stages and discharges at 129 points for the 1950 event compared with the highest known past stages and discharges. Also included is a discussion of concurrent meteorology and of past floods on main streams and tributaries.
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1952 - Geology of the northern Crystal Falls area, Iron County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T15:33:51","indexId":"cir153","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"153","title":"Geology of the northern Crystal Falls area, Iron County, Michigan","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir153","collaboration":"Prepared with the cooperation of the Geological Survey Division, Michigan Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"Pettijohn, F., 1952, Geology of the northern Crystal Falls area, Iron County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 153, Document: iii,17 p.; 8 Plates: 20.14 x 19.31 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir153.","productDescription":"Document: iii,17 p.; 8 Plates: 20.14 x 19.31 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30581,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0153/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30582,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0153/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30583,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0153/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30584,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0153/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30585,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0153/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30586,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0153/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30587,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0153/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30588,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0153/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30589,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0153/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0153/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Northern Crystal Falls area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.38844299316406,\n 46.099661849055984\n ],\n [\n -88.38844299316406,\n 46.13125553426864\n ],\n [\n -88.29239845275879,\n 46.13125553426864\n ],\n [\n -88.29239845275879,\n 46.099661849055984\n ],\n [\n -88.38844299316406,\n 46.099661849055984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettijohn, F.J.","contributorId":41407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettijohn","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3874,"text":"cir204 - 1952 - Floods in Youghiogheny and Kiskiminetas River basins, Pennsylvania and Maryland, frequency and magnitude","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T10:54:51","indexId":"cir204","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"204","title":"Floods in Youghiogheny and Kiskiminetas River basins, Pennsylvania and Maryland, frequency and magnitude","docAbstract":"Engineers have long appreciated the fact that it is seldom economically sound to design hydraulic structures either for the maximum previous floods or for the computed maximum probable floods, unless failure of such structures involves loss of life or serious property damage. Such floods may not occur more often, on an average, than once in a hundred or pos- sibly even several thousand years. In planning sound design for structures, such as culverts or bridge·s, which may involve flood frequencies of only 10 to 50 yr, the factors of economic~ and useful life of the structure should be con- sidered. In the past, records of streamflow have been so meager and of such short duration that litt~ reliable information could be obtained on the magnitude and frequency of floods in any particular region. As a result it has been the tendency of engineers to overdesign, often causing needless expenditure. The accumulation of reliable streamflow rec- ords over a relatively long period now permits satisfactory studies of flood probabilities in many regions. This report presents a method, based on actual flood data, for obtaining the magnitude and frequency of floods at any place in the watersheds of the Youghiogheny and Kiskiminetas River basins, an area comprising 3,651 sq mi in the upper Ohio River basin of western Pennsylvania and Maryland. The data contained in this report were com- piled and prepared for publication under a cooperative agreement on water resources investigations between the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, and the Water Re- sources Division, U. S. Geological Survey. J. W. Mangan directs the surface-water investigations in Pennsylvania for the U. S. Geological Survey. The data presented in this report were analyzed, and the text prepared, by the Pittsburgh suboffice, Max Noecker, engineer-in-charge, in collaboration with engineers of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir204","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1952, Floods in Youghiogheny and Kiskiminetas River basins, Pennsylvania and Maryland, frequency and magnitude: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 204, iii, 22 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir204.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30965,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1952/0204/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e20f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3707,"text":"cir197 - 1952 - The industrial utility of public water supplies in the east south central states, 1952","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-29T13:18:10","indexId":"cir197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"197","title":"The industrial utility of public water supplies in the east south central states, 1952","docAbstract":"The location of industrial plants is dependent on an ample water supply of suitable quality. Information relating to the chemical characteristics of the water supplies is not only essential to the location of many plants but also is an aid in the manufacture and distribution of many commodities. Public water supplies are utilized extensively as a source of supply for many industrial plants, used either as delivered for domestic consumption or with further treatment if necessary to meet specific needs of the plant, such as water for processing, cooling, and steam generation. The industrial use of water in the United States in 1950 was estimated to be more than 75 billion gallons per day from private sources. In addition, about 6 billion gallons per day was estimated to be taken from public water supplies. U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 658, \"The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1932\" contains information pertaining to the public water supplies of 670 of the larger cities throughout the United States. This report, which is still in print and being distributed, has filled an important need in the field of water-supply engineering. The demand for more up-to-date information and more extended coverage has led to studies by the Geological Survey for revision of the information contained in the 1932 report. The revised report, which will include data pertaining to public water supplies of more than 1,200 cities in the United States, will eventually be published as a Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper. However, in order that the information might be available at the earliest possible time, nine preliminary reports are being issued which give data on the larger cities in each state. These nine reports are being released as Geological Survey Circulars, each covering a group of states as delineated by the Bureau of Census in taking the census of the population of the country. (See fig. 1). The reports give descriptive information and analytical data for approximately three-fourths of the cities that will be included in the final report for each of the states. This circular is the first of the series and includes data for the States of Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee. (See fig. 1). The report gives the population (1950) of the city, population supplied, ownership, sources and treatment of supplies, capacity of treatment plants, storage facilities for both raw and finished waters, and chemical analyses of the water, for 19 cities in Alabama, 16 in Kentucky, 17 in Mississippi, and 15 in Tennessee. 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