The use of electrical networks to describe heat‐ and mass‐transfer problems is an interesting concept and undoubtedly will be of considerable value in future water‐loss investigations, provided the processes involved can be represented, electrically, with sufficient accuracy.
Although it is true that errors in measurement of water‐surface temperature may arise when there are steep gradients in the fluid, such a temperature profile will not be associated with high evaporation rates, as implied by Poppendiek and Tribus. High evaporation is associated with appreciable wind and a resultant stirring or mixing of the upper part of the fluid. Hence the possibility of making large errors in water‐surface temperature measurements during periods of high evaporation rates are minimized. The results of the first three months of operation at Lake Hefner, Oklahoma City, Okla. [Anderson, Anderson, and Marciano, 1950] indicate that any error in evaporation computed from either the mass‐transfer or the energy‐budget equations due to errors in the measurement of the water‐surface temperature are insignificant when total evaporation over a 24‐hour period is considered.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR032i006p00931","usgsCitation":"Anderson, E.R., Marciano, J.J., Harbeck, G.E., Poppendiek, H.F., and Tribus, M., 1951, Discussion of “a comparison of several heat and mass transfer networks of interest in water conservation”: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 32, no. 6, p. 931-932, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR032i006p00931.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"931","endPage":"932","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383061,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Ernest R.","contributorId":187616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marciano, J. 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F.","contributorId":248799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poppendiek","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tribus, M.","contributorId":248800,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tribus","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":71266,"text":"tei201 - 1951 - List of current and planned projects of the trace elements program, U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T06:20:53","indexId":"tei201","displayToPublicDate":"1952-01-01T10:52:39","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"201","title":"List of current and planned projects of the trace elements program, U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"This summary lists the Geological Survey's current and future investigations of uranium and other elements of related interest. The titles of the investigations are grouped under the headings listed in the table of contents. Entries in each category are listed alphabetically, according to author or project leader, and numbered consecutively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei201","usgsCitation":"Vickers, R.C., 1951, List of current and planned projects of the trace elements program, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 201, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei201.","productDescription":"33 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288846,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0201/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5396d774e4b0f7580bc0a920","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vickers, Rollin C. (compiler)","contributorId":63322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vickers","given":"Rollin","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207283,"text":"70207283 - 1951 - Geology of the Cedar Hills, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T06:53:09","indexId":"70207283","displayToPublicDate":"1951-12-31T16:36:24","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the Cedar Hills, Utah","docAbstract":"The Cedar Hills, an area of about 320 square miles in central Utah between the northern end of the Wasatch Plateau and the southern end of the Wasatch Mountains, form the boundary zone between the Colorado plateaus and the Great Basin. The oldest exposed rocks are Carboniferous, but most of the area is underlain by Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary continental sediments many thousands of feet thick. The Indianola group, about 15,000 feet thick, consists principally of coarse conglomerates and sandstones indicative of near-by orogeny and contains a tongue of fossiliferous marine sandstones showing that it is of Colorado age. This group is overlain unconformably by thick fluviatile and lacustrine deposits ranging from Montana to Eocene in age (Price River, North Horn, Flagstaff, Colton, and Green River formations), which in turn are overlain unconformably by probably late Tertiary pyroclastics. The area was subjected to come pressive orogenic disturbances in middle Cretaceous, upper Cretaceous (Montana), and probably middle Tertiary time, and to the normal faulting of the Basin-Range disturbance in late Tertiary time. © 1951, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[619:GOTCHU]2.0.CO;2","issn":" 00167606","usgsCitation":"Schoff, S., 1951, Geology of the Cedar Hills, Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 62, no. 6, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[619:GOTCHU]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p. 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","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1371:BRFFS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Stose, G.W., and Stose, A., 1951, Blue ridge front - A fault scarp: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 62, no. 11, p. 1371-1374, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1371:BRFFS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"1371","endPage":"1374","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stose, G. W.","contributorId":75892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stose","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stose, Anna","contributorId":220607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stose","given":"Anna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221617,"text":"70221617 - 1951 - Current coal research-coal resource studies in the United States during 1950","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T15:09:02.599394","indexId":"70221617","displayToPublicDate":"1951-12-01T10:04:50","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Current coal research-coal resource studies in the United States during 1950","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.46.8.836","usgsCitation":"Averitt, P., 1951, Current coal research-coal resource studies in the United States during 1950: Economic Geology, v. 46, no. 8, p. 836-841, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.46.8.836.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"836","endPage":"841","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1951-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Averitt, P.","contributorId":102577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Averitt","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70222243,"text":"70222243 - 1951 - Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the Shaviovik and upper Sagavanirktok Rivers area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-01T18:56:35.587678","indexId":"70222243","displayToPublicDate":"1951-11-01T17:28:33","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"36","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the Shaviovik and upper Sagavanirktok Rivers area, Alaska","docAbstract":"During the 1951 field season, U. S. Geological Survey Navy Oil Unit party 1 conducted stratigraphic and structural studies of the rocks in the area between the westernmost fork of the Shaviovik River and the East Kuparuk River. This area is drained by the Sagavanirktok River and its major tributaries; the Echooka River, the Ivishak River, and Lupine River. Owing to the nature of the investigation, the studies were confined to a relatively narrow geographic strip, rarely exceeding a distance of 20 miles north of the northernmost occurrence of the Lisburne limestone of the Brooks Range province. The work was thus conducted in an area of approximately 2,000 square miles, which lies wholly within the Brooks and Arctic Foothill provinces; within this area approximately 1,000 square miles was mapped geologically.
The party consisted of six men: A. S. Keller and R. L. Detterman, geologists; I. W. Marine and D. E. Reed, field assistants; L. G. Barbin, cook-field assistant; and T. F. Derrington, weasel mechanic. The party utilized 3 weasels for transportation of equipment and personnel during the season, during which time 15 camps ware established. Work was initiated on the Shaviovik River on May 24, 1951, and the party concluded its investigations on the Kuparuk River drainage on August 24, 1951.
In 1947, G. Gryc and E. H. Lathram conducted reconnaissance studies of the rocks in the vicinity of camps 12-15 (pl. 1); and during the same year, G. Gryn visited outcrops on the Ivishak River in the vicinity of camps 6-7 (pl. 1). These studies were made by the Navy Oil Unit of the U. S. Geological Survey in conjunction with the investigations of NPR-4. No other work of a geologic nature had been done in the area in the past.
The primary objective of the 1951 party was the correlation of the Mesozoic and upper Paleozoic strata of the foothills province west of the Itkillik River, with that of the Shaviovik and Canning Rivers region. A secondary objective was to determine the cause of the pronounced northeasterly swing in the trend of the Brooks Range front in the Sagavanirktok drainage and to determine the structural implications of this swing.
The area was mapped at a scale of 1:20,000 on vertical photographs and transferred to trimetrogon drainage maps at a scale of 1:48,000 and 1:96, 00. An altimeter traverse was carried concurrently with the geologic mapping.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM47-p1","usgsCitation":"Vacquier, V., Steenland, N.C., Henderson, R., and Zietz, I., 1951, Interpretation of aeromagnetic maps: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 47, no. 1, p. 1-150, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM47-p1.","productDescription":"150 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"150","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1951-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vacquier, V.","contributorId":260644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vacquier","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steenland, Nelson Clarence","contributorId":260645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steenland","given":"Nelson","email":"","middleInitial":"Clarence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henderson, R.G.","contributorId":72521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zietz, Isadore","contributorId":82223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"Isadore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70222244,"text":"70222244 - 1951 - Preliminary report on the geology of the Okokmilaga and John Rivers area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-01T19:12:47.246734","indexId":"70222244","displayToPublicDate":"1951-11-01T13:27:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"38","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on the geology of the Okokmilaga and John Rivers area, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222244","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., Mangus, M.D., and Brosge, W., 1951, Preliminary report on the geology of the Okokmilaga and John Rivers area, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 38, Report: 13 p.; 4 Plates: 36.05 x 49.56 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222244.","productDescription":"Report: 13 p.; 4 Plates: 36.05 x 49.56 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401568,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222244/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401567,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222244/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401566,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222244/plate-1-south.pdf","text":"Plate 1 South Half","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401565,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222244/plate-1-north.pdf","text":"Plate 1 North Half","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401564,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222244/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222244/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":387352,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74587.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Okokmilaga and John Rivers area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.5,\n 66.9\n ],\n [\n -151.5,\n 66.9\n ],\n [\n -151.5,\n 68.4167\n ],\n [\n -153.5,\n 68.4167\n ],\n [\n -153.5,\n 66.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, William W. Jr.","contributorId":107355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangus, M. D.","contributorId":89522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangus","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brosge, W. P.","contributorId":58248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brosge","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70095681,"text":"tei119 - 1951 - Geologic guides to prospecting for carnotite deposits on the Colorado Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-03T11:29:51","indexId":"tei119","displayToPublicDate":"1951-10-01T12:35:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"119","title":"Geologic guides to prospecting for carnotite deposits on the Colorado Plateau","docAbstract":"This report describes the geologic features that can be used to appraise the favorability of ground in guiding diamond-drill exploration for carnotite deposits in the Upper Jurassic Morrison formation on the Colorado Plateau. It is based on a statistical study of the geologic logs of about 2,500 holes drilled by the Geological Survey. The most useful features consist of the thickness of the ore-bearing sandstone, the color of the ore-bearing sandstone, the altered mudstone associated with the ore-bearing sandstone, and the abundance of carbonaceous material in the ore-bearing sandstone. Although each feature can be used alone to appraise the favorability of ground, an appraisal based on all of them together is even more useful. A method of expressing this favorability in numerical values is suggested.
\nThe results obtained by the Geological Survey using these geologic guides appear to be at least twice as favorable as the drilling results obtained with little or no geologic guidance.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tei119","usgsCitation":"Blackman Weir, D.H., 1951, Geologic guides to prospecting for carnotite deposits on the Colorado Plateau: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 119, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei119.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":283483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei119.png"},{"id":284514,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0119/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.36,33.6 ], [ -114.36,40.27 ], [ -106.92,40.27 ], [ -106.92,33.6 ], [ -114.36,33.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355943ee4b0120853e8bfac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackman Weir, Doris H.","contributorId":67013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackman Weir","given":"Doris","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221627,"text":"70221627 - 1951 - Older Precambrian structure in Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T16:54:08.172762","indexId":"70221627","displayToPublicDate":"1951-10-01T11:50:04","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Older Precambrian structure in Arizona","docAbstract":"The older Precambrian rocks of Arizona include the Vishnu, Yavapai, and Pinal schists, all overlain unconformably by nonmetamorphosed younger Precambrian rocks. The older Precambrian schists, unnamed gneisses, and associated granitic masses crop out in many of the mountain ranges southwest of the Colorado plateau. The stratigraphy and structure of the schists can be unraveled to some extent by detailed mapping, and work now in progress by the U. S. Geological Survey in the Bagdad, Prescott-Jerome, and Little Dragoon areas, is revealing folded structures trending generally northwest to northeast. Earlier work by Wilson in the Mazatzal Mountains revealed southeastward-dipping, low-angle thrust faults of older Precambrian age. In the Bagdad and Prescott-Jerome areas, a variety of igneous rocks, including rhyolite, alaskite porphyry, diorite, and gabbro, were intruded into the schists prior to the widespread invasion of granite. Only one period of orogeny followed by the intrusion of granitic rocks can be recognized in each area studied to date. The degree of metamorphism is not uniform and some of the pre-intrusive rocks are nonfoliated, whereas others are highly schistose. Some of the intrusive rocks, including granite, show the effect of dynamic metamorphism. The grade of metamorphism is low to intermediate, except near the large masses of granite where coarse-grained sillimanite-bearing schists are found.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1331:OPSIA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anderson, C.A., 1951, Older Precambrian structure in Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 62, no. 11, p. 1331-1346, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1331:OPSIA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1331","endPage":"1346","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386750,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 37.03763967977139\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -114.23583984374999,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 34.97600151317588\n ],\n [\n -114.19189453125,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -114.49951171875,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 32.45415593941475\n ],\n [\n -110.93994140625,\n 31.372399104880525\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 37.03763967977139\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Charles A.","contributorId":81108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221626,"text":"70221626 - 1951 - Geologic history of sea water: An attempt to state the problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T16:48:53.505239","indexId":"70221626","displayToPublicDate":"1951-10-01T11:46:04","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic history of sea water: An attempt to state the problem","docAbstract":"Paleontology and biochemistry together may yield fairly definite information, eventually, about the paleochemistry of sea water and atmosphere. Several less conclusive lines of evidence now available suggest that the composition of both sea water and atmosphere may have varied somewhat during the past; but the geologic record indicates that these variations have probably been within relatively narrow limits. A primary problem is how conditions could have remained so nearly constant for so long.
It is clear, even from inadequate data on the quantities and compositions of ancient sediments, that the more volatile materials—H2O, CO2, Cl, N, and S— are much too abundant in the present atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere and in ancient sediments to be explained, like the commoner rock-forming oxides, as the products of rock weathering alone. If the earth were once entirely gaseous or molten, these “excess” volatiles may be residual from a primitive atmosphere. But if so, certain corollaries should follow about the quantity of water dissolved in the molten earth and the expected chemical effects of a highly acid, primitive ocean. These corollaries appear to be contradicted by the geologic record, and doubt is therefore cast on this hypothesis of a dense primitive atmosphere. It seems more probable that only a small fraction of the total “excess” volatiles was ever present at one time in the early atmosphere and ocean.
Carbon plays a significant part in the chemistry of sea water and in the realm of living matter. The amount now buried as carbonates and organic carbon in sedimentary rocks is about 600 times as great as that in today's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. If only 1/100 of this buried carbon were suddenly added to the present atmosphere and ocean, many species of marine organisms would probably be exterminated. Furthermore, unless CO2 is being added continuously to the atmosphere-ocean system from some source other than rock weathering, the present rate of its subtraction by sedimentation would, in only a few million years, cause brucite to take the place of calcite as a common marine sediment. Apparently, the geologic record shows no evidence of such simultaneous extinctions of many species nor such deposits of brucite. Evidently the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and ocean has remained relatively constant throughout much of the geologic past. This calls for some source of gradual and continuous supply, over and above that from rock weathering and from the metamorphism of older sedimentary rocks.
A clue to this source is afforded by the relative amounts of the different “excess” volatiles. These are similar to the relative amounts of the same materials in gases escaping from volcanoes, fumaroles, and hot springs and in gases occluded in igneous rocks. Conceivably, therefore, the hydrosphere and atmosphere may have come almost entirely from such plutonic gases. During the crystallization of magmas, volatiles such as H2O and CO2 accumulate in the remaining melt and are largely expelled as part of the final fractions. Volcanic eruptions and lava flows have brought volatiles to the earth's surface throughout the geologic past; but intrusive rocks are probably a much more adequate source of the constituents of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Judged by the thermal springs of the United States, hot springs (carrying only 1 per cent or less of juvenile matter) may be the principal channels by which the “excess” volatiles have escaped from cooling magmas below.
This mechanism fails to account for a continuous supply of volatiles unless it also provides for a continuous generation of new, volatile-rich magmas. Possibly such local magmas form by a continuous process of selective fusion of subcrustal rocks, to a depth of several hundred kilometers below the more mobile areas of the crust. This would imply that the volume of the ocean has grown with time. On this point, geologic evidence permits differences of interpretation; the record admittedly does not prove, but it seems consistent with, an increasing growth of the continental masses and a progressive sinking of oceanic basins. Perhaps something like the following mechanism could account for a continuous escape of volatiles to the earth's surface and a relatively uniform composition of sea water through much of geologic time: (1) selective fusion of lower-melting fractions from deep-seated, nearly anhydrous rocks beneath the unstable continental margins and geosynclines; (2) rise of these selected fractions (as granitic and hydrous magmas) and their slow crystallization nearer the surface; (3) essentially continuous isostatic readjustment between the differentiating continental masses and adjacent ocean basins; and (4) renewed erosion and sedimentation, with resulting instability of continental margins and mountainous areas and a new round of selective fusion below.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1111:GHOSW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rubey, W.W., 1951, Geologic history of sea water: An attempt to state the problem: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 62, no. 9, p. 1111-1148, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1111:GHOSW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"48 p.","startPage":"1111","endPage":"1148","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubey, William W.","contributorId":16899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubey","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221623,"text":"70221623 - 1951 - Report of the Committee on Ground Water, 1949–1950","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T16:28:03.867456","indexId":"70221623","displayToPublicDate":"1951-10-01T11:25:08","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Report of the Committee on Ground Water, 1949–1950","docAbstract":"The present report concludes the duties of the above Committee, and the Chairman takes this opportunity to thank the members and others for their splendid cooperation during the triennium ended June 30, 1950. Another in the series of reports on hydrology and physiography of limestone terranes, by A. C. Swinnerton, is given as an Appendix to this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR032i005p00769-2","usgsCitation":"Lohman, S., 1951, Report of the Committee on Ground Water, 1949–1950: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 32, no. 5, p. 769-772, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR032i005p00769-2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"769","endPage":"772","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lohman, S.W.","contributorId":260639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lohman","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220692,"text":"5220692 - 1951 - The refuge in pheasant management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T16:50:57.570445","indexId":"5220692","displayToPublicDate":"1951-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The refuge in pheasant management","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3796575","usgsCitation":"Dale, F.H., 1951, The refuge in pheasant management: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 15, no. 4, p. 337-346, https://doi.org/10.2307/3796575.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"346","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dale, Fred H.","contributorId":70698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220255,"text":"5220255 - 1951 - Breeding bird populations of upland field borders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T16:44:44.567052","indexId":"5220255","displayToPublicDate":"1951-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding bird populations of upland field borders","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3796599","usgsCitation":"Rosene, W., 1951, Breeding bird populations of upland field borders: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 15, no. 4, p. 434-436, https://doi.org/10.2307/3796599.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"434","endPage":"436","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193726,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","county":"Etowah County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.8434,34.1999],[-85.8418,34.1272],[-85.8414,34.1113],[-85.8398,34.1108],[-85.832,34.1117],[-85.8197,34.1225],[-85.813,34.1266],[-85.8019,34.1297],[-85.7958,34.1292],[-85.7908,34.1255],[-85.7914,34.1223],[-85.797,34.1142],[-85.797,34.1101],[-85.7944,34.0996],[-85.79,34.0873],[-85.7503,34.0135],[-85.7372,33.9902],[-85.7385,33.9688],[-85.741,33.9357],[-85.7499,33.9375],[-85.8112,33.947],[-85.846,33.9577],[-85.8461,33.9504],[-85.8815,33.9506],[-85.8816,33.9433],[-85.8999,33.943],[-85.8996,33.9066],[-85.9339,33.9068],[-85.9343,33.9213],[-85.9515,33.9209],[-85.9516,33.9137],[-85.9687,33.9146],[-85.9688,33.8933],[-85.986,33.8938],[-85.9861,33.8793],[-85.9944,33.8802],[-85.995,33.8652],[-86.0216,33.8662],[-86.0211,33.8517],[-86.0488,33.8527],[-86.0488,33.8418],[-86.0648,33.8423],[-86.0593,33.8464],[-86.0587,33.8505],[-86.0592,33.8541],[-86.0614,33.8587],[-86.0697,33.8646],[-86.073,33.8651],[-86.0835,33.8615],[-86.0869,33.8615],[-86.0935,33.8624],[-86.0963,33.8615],[-86.099,33.8606],[-86.1012,33.8611],[-86.1023,33.8638],[-86.1023,33.8706],[-86.1039,33.8752],[-86.1089,33.8788],[-86.1117,33.8811],[-86.1127,33.8843],[-86.111,33.8975],[-86.1127,33.8998],[-86.1165,33.9007],[-86.121,33.8984],[-86.1237,33.8989],[-86.1259,33.9007],[-86.1287,33.9016],[-86.1304,33.9012],[-86.1337,33.8985],[-86.1359,33.898],[-86.1387,33.8985],[-86.1436,33.8999],[-86.1436,33.9044],[-86.1442,33.9085],[-86.1475,33.9122],[-86.1491,33.9185],[-86.1513,33.9203],[-86.1574,33.9208],[-86.1624,33.9222],[-86.1662,33.9249],[-86.1679,33.9313],[-86.1695,33.9404],[-86.1684,33.9445],[-86.1684,33.9481],[-86.17,33.9513],[-86.1683,33.9577],[-86.1694,33.9609],[-86.1744,33.9659],[-86.181,33.9704],[-86.1865,33.9732],[-86.1898,33.9746],[-86.1909,33.9786],[-86.1915,33.9827],[-86.1959,33.9855],[-86.1981,33.9891],[-86.202,33.99],[-86.213,33.9878],[-86.223,33.986],[-86.2269,33.9833],[-86.2308,33.9828],[-86.2374,33.9783],[-86.248,33.9706],[-86.2524,33.9679],[-86.2546,33.9693],[-86.2563,33.9734],[-86.2641,33.9738],[-86.2674,33.9757],[-86.2712,33.9811],[-86.2729,33.9879],[-86.2756,33.9893],[-86.2784,33.9884],[-86.2806,33.9861],[-86.2845,33.9834],[-86.29,33.9839],[-86.3123,33.9571],[-86.3156,33.9562],[-86.3184,33.9553],[-86.3234,33.9453],[-86.3235,33.9451],[-86.3257,33.9401],[-86.37,33.9398],[-86.3682,33.9417],[-86.3621,33.9503],[-86.3549,33.9544],[-86.3527,33.9603],[-86.346,33.9631],[-86.3421,33.9735],[-86.3322,33.9867],[-86.332,34.038],[-86.3326,34.0476],[-86.3225,34.0726],[-86.303,34.0993],[-86.1996,34.1773],[-86.189,34.1836],[-86.1845,34.1841],[-86.1762,34.1845],[-86.1684,34.1872],[-86.1062,34.1861],[-86.1057,34.1888],[-86.1057,34.1934],[-86.1056,34.2011],[-86.1017,34.2011],[-86.0928,34.2006],[-86.069,34.2005],[-86.0451,34.2],[-86.0251,34.1999],[-86.0134,34.1998],[-85.8434,34.1999]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Etowah\",\"state\":\"AL\"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcb5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosene, W.","contributorId":67609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosene","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37844,"text":"37844 - 1951 - National Wildlife Refuge bibliography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-24T11:03:06","indexId":"37844","displayToPublicDate":"1951-09-01T11:02:41","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"334","title":"National Wildlife Refuge bibliography","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Dumont, P.A., 1951, National Wildlife Refuge bibliography: Wildlife Leaflet 334, 53 p.","productDescription":"53 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290885,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd84ae4b0824b2d17819e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumont, Philip A.","contributorId":20261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumont","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221618,"text":"70221618 - 1951 - Geochemical techniques as applied in recent investigations in the Tintic District, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T15:20:11.816267","indexId":"70221618","displayToPublicDate":"1951-09-01T10:14:52","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical techniques as applied in recent investigations in the Tintic District, Utah","docAbstract":"Field techniques for the rapid extraction and estimation of copper, lead, and zinc from altered rock are described, together with their application in the Tintic district, Utah. Either sulfuric acid or an acetic acid-ammonium acetate reagent is feasible as an extractant; but of these two, sulfuric acid is preferred. Data obtained by partial extraction methods show that zinc and lead are concentrated in altered extrusive rocks 350 to 500 feet above a horizontal, pipelike ore body in limestone, where the extrusive rocks are cut by a fracture zone related to a strong premineral cross fault. Such concentrations are absent in altered but unbrecciated igneous rocks above the continuation of the same ore body in an unfaulted area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.46.6.608","usgsCitation":"Morris, H.T., 1951, Geochemical techniques as applied in recent investigations in the Tintic District, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 46, no. 6, p. 608-625, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.46.6.608.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"608","endPage":"625","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Tintic Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.69775390625,\n 39.45316112807394\n ],\n [\n -111.895751953125,\n 39.45316112807394\n ],\n [\n -111.895751953125,\n 40.588928169693745\n ],\n [\n -112.69775390625,\n 40.588928169693745\n ],\n [\n -112.69775390625,\n 39.45316112807394\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1951-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morris, H. T.","contributorId":15585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011150,"text":"70011150 - 1951 - Eocene volcanism in central Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-11T16:24:59.018762","indexId":"70011150","displayToPublicDate":"1951-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eocene volcanism in central Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.114.2957.234.a","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Muessig, S., 1951, Eocene volcanism in central Utah: Science, v. 114, no. 2957, p. 234-234, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.114.2957.234.a.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"234","endPage":"234","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220882,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Long Ridge, southwest Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.50721764556857,\n 39.543055223586094\n ],\n [\n -112.50721764556857,\n 39.17639528956275\n ],\n [\n -112.07503789260893,\n 39.17639528956275\n ],\n [\n -112.07503789260893,\n 39.543055223586094\n ],\n [\n -112.50721764556857,\n 39.543055223586094\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"2957","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09fde4b0c8380cd52140","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muessig, S.","contributorId":19287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muessig","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220454,"text":"5220454 - 1951 - Identifying pondweed seeds eaten by ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T17:03:00.506971","indexId":"5220454","displayToPublicDate":"1951-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying pondweed seeds eaten by ducks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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