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,{"id":1000573,"text":"1000573 - 1951 - Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:03","indexId":"1000573","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3560,"text":"The Fisherman","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Fisherman","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., Eschmeyer, P.H., and Lunger, G.F., 1951, Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior: The Fisherman, v. 19, no. 3.","productDescription":"p. 5, 13","startPage":"5, 13","numberOfPages":"-5","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4794e4b07f02db48d0fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eschmeyer, Paul H.","contributorId":86719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eschmeyer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lunger, George F.","contributorId":11550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunger","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011173,"text":"70011173 - 1951 - Determination of fluorine in organic compounds: Microcombustion method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-23T17:51:43.050282","indexId":"70011173","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of fluorine in organic compounds: Microcombustion method","docAbstract":"<p>A reliable and widely applicable means of determining fluorine in organic compounds has long been needed. Increased interest in this field of research in recent years has intensified the need. Fluorine in organic combinations may be determined by combustion at 900° C. in a quartz tube with a platinum catalyst, followed by an acid-base titration of the combustion products. Certain necessary precautions and known limitations are discussed in some detail. Milligram samples suffice, and the accuracy of the method is about that usually associated with the other halogen determinations. Use of this method has facilitated the work upon organic fluorine compounds in this laboratory and it should prove to be equally valuable to others.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60052a032","usgsCitation":"Clark, H.S., 1951, Determination of fluorine in organic compounds: Microcombustion method: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 4, p. 659-661, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60052a032.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"659","endPage":"661","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffa7e4b0c8380cd4f2f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, H. S.","contributorId":56798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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,{"id":1000229,"text":"1000229 - 1951 - Decline of the trout fishery in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:04","indexId":"1000229","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3560,"text":"The Fisherman","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decline of the trout fishery in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Fisherman","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., Eschmeyer, P.H., and Lunger, G.F., 1951, Decline of the trout fishery in Lake Michigan: The Fisherman, v. 19, no. 1.","productDescription":"p. 5, 10","startPage":"5, 10","numberOfPages":"-5","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672669","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eschmeyer, Paul H.","contributorId":86719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eschmeyer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lunger, George F.","contributorId":11550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunger","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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,{"id":64219,"text":"gp49 - 1951 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map and accompanying aeromagnetic profiles, northern part of Otter Tail County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T20:49:23.774608","indexId":"gp49","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"49","title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map and accompanying aeromagnetic profiles, northern part of Otter Tail County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp49","usgsCitation":"Balsley, J.R., Hill, M.E., and Meuschke, J.L., 1951, Total intensity aeromagnetic map and accompanying aeromagnetic profiles, northern part of Otter Tail County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 49, 2 Plates: 52.32 × 27.79 inches and 49.06 × 30.06 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp49.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 52.32 × 27.79 inches and 49.06 × 30.06 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410494,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3438.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":260632,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260633,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0049/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"63360","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Otter Tail County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.15,\n              46.7167\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.15,\n              46.4167\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.15,\n              46.4167\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.15,\n              46.7167\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.15,\n              46.7167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balsley, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":79535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsley","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. E.","contributorId":49330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meuschke, J. L.","contributorId":53349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meuschke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":95185,"text":"95185 - 1951 - Treatment with antibiotics of ulcer disease and furunculosis in trout (Mimeograph)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:58","indexId":"95185","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Treatment with antibiotics of ulcer disease and furunculosis in trout (Mimeograph)","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"16/FH","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., 1951, Treatment with antibiotics of ulcer disease and furunculosis in trout (Mimeograph), 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f13ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2001320,"text":"2001320 - 1951 - A unique bacterium pathogenic for warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T18:12:34","indexId":"2001320","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"seriesNumber":"52","title":"A unique bacterium pathogenic for warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Griffin, P.J., and Snieszko, S.F., 1951, A unique bacterium pathogenic for warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals: Fishery Bulletin, v. 52, no. 1, p. 187-190.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"190","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352112,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/52-1/griffin.pdf"},{"id":352113,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/52-1/521toc.html"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5444","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, P. J.","contributorId":50111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"P.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":47003,"text":"ofr5144 - 1951 - Geologic and total-intensity aeromagnetic map in the vicinity of Eureka, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-08T22:09:23.627322","indexId":"ofr5144","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"51-44","title":"Geologic and total-intensity aeromagnetic map in the vicinity of Eureka, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5144","usgsCitation":"Nolan, T.B., Dorr, J.V., Shelton, J.S., Osterstock, R., Dempsey, W.J., Reese, J.R., and Moore, F., 1951, Geologic and total-intensity aeromagnetic map in the vicinity of Eureka, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 51-44, 1 Plate: 20.46 x 12.56 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5144.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 20.46 x 12.56 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172105,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416830,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_7884.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":83897,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1951/0044/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Eureka","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.021,\n              39.542\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.021,\n              39.497\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.917,\n              39.497\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.917,\n              39.542\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.021,\n              39.542\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, Thomas B.","contributorId":102477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorr, J. V.N. II","contributorId":68807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorr","given":"J.","suffix":"II","middleInitial":"V.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shelton, J. S.","contributorId":57922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Osterstock, R.W.","contributorId":68381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterstock","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dempsey, W. J.","contributorId":90373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dempsey","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reese, J. R.","contributorId":8917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moore, Fred","contributorId":57138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70011170,"text":"70011170 - 1951 - Fluorometric determination of zirconium in minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:30","indexId":"70011170","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorometric determination of zirconium in minerals","docAbstract":"The increasing use of zirconium in alloys and in the ceramics industry has created renewed interest in methods for its determination. It is a common constituent of many minerals, but is usually present in very small amounts. Published methods tend to be tedious, time-consuming, and uncertain as to accuracy. A new fluorometric procedure, which overcomes these objections to a large extent, is based on the blue fluorescence given by zirconium and flavonol in sulfuric acid solution. Hafnium is the only element that interferes. The sample is fused with borax glass and sodium carbonate and extracted with water. The residue is dissolved in sulfuric acid, made alkaline with sodium hydroxide to separate aluminum, and filtered. The precipitate is dissolved in sulfuric acid and electrolysed in a Melaven cell to remove iron. Flavonol is then added and the fluorescence intensity is measured with a photo-fluorometer. Analysis of seven standard mineral samples shows excellent results. The method is especially useful for minerals containing less than 0.25% zirconium oxide.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Alford, W., Shapiro, L., and White, C.E., 1951, Fluorometric determination of zirconium in minerals: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1149-1152.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1152","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1290e4b0c8380cd54363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alford, W.C.","contributorId":86487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alford","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, L.","contributorId":103408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, C. E.","contributorId":24915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011131,"text":"70011131 - 1951 - Aromatic fluorine compounds. IV. 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:20:27.787619","indexId":"70011131","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2519,"text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aromatic fluorine compounds. IV. 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene","docAbstract":"The preparation of 1,2,3,5-tetrafluorobenzene and some of its intermediates is described. Cuprous oxide as a catalyst was used to advantage in the hypophosphorous acid deamination method.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ja01145a054","issn":"00027863","usgsCitation":"Finger, G.C., Reed, F., and Oesterling, R., 1951, Aromatic fluorine compounds. IV. 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene: Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 73, no. 1, p. 152-153, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a054.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed80e4b0c8380cd49842","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finger, G. C.","contributorId":89277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, F.H.","contributorId":82058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oesterling, R.E.","contributorId":25282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oesterling","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011172,"text":"70011172 - 1951 - Improved method for measuring counting times with the Norelco x-ray diffraction spectrometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:31","indexId":"70011172","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Improved method for measuring counting times with the Norelco x-ray diffraction spectrometer","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Christ, C., 1951, Improved method for measuring counting times with the Norelco x-ray diffraction spectrometer, <i>in</i> Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 4.","startPage":"688","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a395be4b0c8380cd618c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christ, C. L.","contributorId":53906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christ","given":"C. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011171,"text":"70011171 - 1951 - Geochemical field method for determination of nickel in plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:31","indexId":"70011171","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical field method for determination of nickel in plants","docAbstract":"The use of biogeochemical data in prospecting for nickel emphasizes the need for a simple, moderately accurate field method for the determination of nickel in plants. In order to follow leads provided by plants of unusual nickel content without loss of time, the plants should be analyzed and the results given to the field geologist promptly. The method reported in this paper was developed to meet this need. Speed is acquired by elimination of the customary drying and controlled ashing; the fresh vegetation is ashed in an open dish over a gasoline stove. The ash is put into solution with hydrochloric acid and the solution buffered. A chromograph is used to make a confined spot with an aliquot of the ash solution on dimethylglyoxime reagent paper. As little as 0.025% nickel in plant ash can be determined. With a simple modification, 0.003% can be detected. Data are given comparing the results obtained by an accepted laboratory procedure. Results by the field method are within 30% of the laboratory values. The field method for nickel in plants meets the requirements of biogeochemical prospecting with respect to accuracy, simplicity, speed, and ease of performance in the field. With experience, an analyst can make 30 determinations in an 8-hour work day in the field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Reichen, L., 1951, Geochemical field method for determination of nickel in plants: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 5, p. 727-729.","startPage":"727","endPage":"729","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a163ee4b0c8380cd550e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reichen, L.E.","contributorId":58389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichen","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70178272,"text":"70178272 - 1951 - Assigned quadrangle names in the United States and its territories and island possessions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-10T13:01:05","indexId":"70178272","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Assigned quadrangle names in the United States and its territories and island possessions","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70178272","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1951, Assigned quadrangle names in the United States and its territories and island possessions (First edition), 415 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70178272.","productDescription":"415 p.","numberOfPages":"419","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":330917,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330926,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70178272/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"First edition","publicComments":"Prepared by Plans and Estimates Section, Plans and Coordination Branch, Topographic Division","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58259566e4b01fad86db2445"}
,{"id":1000228,"text":"1000228 - 1951 - Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T16:23:41.920026","indexId":"1000228","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The production of lake trout in the United States waters of Lake Superior was low (only 1,465,000 pounds) in 1879, the first year for which there is a record. Expansion of the fishery must have started soon thereafter, for the take was 3,488,000 pounds in 1885, the next year for which we have statistics, and averaged 3,416,000 pounds in 1885–1892. The years after 1892 can be divided readily into three general periods with average yields as follows: 1893–1907–4,599,000 pounds; 1908–1925–2,168,000 pounds; 1926–1949–3,049,000 pounds. A take of 3 million pounds can be held as “normal” in the modern fishery. During the three periods just listed the percentage contributions of the individual states to the United States total (as computed from the averages for individual periods) ranged from 65.1 to 71.5 for Michigan, 17.5 to 25.6 for Wisconsin, and from 9.3 to 11.0 for Minnesota.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">In the Canadian (Province of Ontario) waters of Lake Superior the average annual output of lake trout rose from 309,000 pounds in 1871–1882 to 900,000 pounds in 1883–1893, 1,567,000 pounds in 1894–1903, and 2,189,000 pounds in 1904–1918. This last period of relatively high yield was followed by two intervals of successively lower average catches–1,691,000 pounds in 1919–1929 and 1,395,000 pounds in 1930–1949.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">For the combined United States and Canadian waters of Lake Superior the general trends in the production of lake trout can be described by the following averages: 1879–1,653,000 pounds: 1885–1892–4,325,000 pounds; 1893–1907–6,236,000 pounds; 1908–1949–4,403,000 pounds.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The short‐term fluctuations of production during the more recent years give evidence of periodicity in the output of lake trout in Michigan, Ontario, and in the entire lake. Furthermore, these periodic fluctuations tended to be similar in Michigan and Ontario waters. The coefficient of correlation (r) between production in Michigan and Ontario in 1920–1949 (after elimination of trend in the statistics for both areas) had the significant value of 0.456. This correlation suggests that Michigan and Ontario fishermen exploit a common stock or stocks subject to similar fluctuations.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Statistics on the production of lake trout in 5 of the 6 statistical districts of the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior (see Fig. 2 for boundaries of the districts) in 1885 suggest that in most areas the fishery was then in the process of development. Even in 1891–1908 when the general level of production was high, there is evidence that during certain periods the catch in some areas was influenced strongly by factors (such as accessibility to market) other than the natural productivity of the waters. Comparisons of the average annual output of lake trout in the individual districts in 1891–1908 and 1929–1943 (the base period for our modern statistical analysis) reveal an enormous decrease in the Whitefish Bay region (S‐6) from 916,000 pounds in 1891–1908 to only 177,000 pounds in 1929–1943, a substantial drop (from 655,000 pounds to 385,000 pounds) in the Marquette‐Munising area (S‐4), and a small decrease (from 141,000 pounds to 138,000 pounds) in the Black River‐Ontonagon district (S‐2). Among the remaining districts the average yearly take increased from 322,000 pounds in 1891–1908 to 354,000 pounds in 1929–1943 at Isle Royal (S‐1), from 428,000 pounds to 501,000 pounds in the Grand Marais district (S‐5), and from 422,000 pounds to 506,000 pounds in the Keweenaw area (S‐3). These changes in the catch resulted in a westward shifting of production centers. Districts S‐1, S‐2, and S‐3 which together contributed only 30.7 percent of the 1891–1908 catch accounted for 48.4 percent of the take in 1929–1943.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The 1929–1949 production in all districts exhibited periodic fluctuations that were characterized by peaks in the middle 1930ˈs and middle 1940ˈs.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The indices of abundance or availability as computed from records of the catch of lake trout per unit of fishing effort showed periodic fluctuations in all districts of the State of Michigan waters similar to those of production (the peaks and the intervening minima fell a little earlier in the curves of abundance than in the production curves). For the combined districts the abundance of lake trout, expressed as a percentage of the 1929–1943 mean, stood at 108 in 1929, dropped to 100 in 1931, rose to a 21‐year high of 137 in 1934, decreased to 80 in 1940, increased again to 107 in 1944 and then fell to the 21‐year low of 65 in 1949 (this last decline was interrupted by a small increase in 1947).</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The 1929–1949 fluctuations in abundance were similar in the 5 mainland districts (S‐2 through S‐6). The coefficients of correlation (r) were significant for all 10 pairings and those for the 4 easterly districts (S‐3 through S‐6) were extremely high (p &lt; 0.001 for all 6 values). Thus we have evidence that the fishermen along the mainland exploit common stocks or stocks in which the factors controlling availability are the same or subject to closely similar fluctuations. The fluctuations in abundance in S‐1 were correlated significantly (p &lt; 0.05) with those in S‐2 but otherwise appeared to be independent of conditions along the mainland.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The distinctly cyclic fluctuations that characterized the statistics on production and abundance were much less apparent in the 1929–1949 data on fishing intensity in the State of Michigan districts. In districts S‐3, S‐4, and S‐5 a possible tendency toward a cyclic fluctuation seems to have been obscured by a long‐term upward trend that was becoming stronger toward the end of the 21‐year period. For the combined districts the level of fishing pressure was consistently high after 1943. Over the 6‐year period, 1944–1949, fishing intensity expressed as a percentage of the 1929–1943 mean averaged 142; for the most recent 4 years, 1946–1949 the average intensity index was 151.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">On the whole, the 1929–1949 production of lake trout in the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior was unreliable as an indicator of changes in abundance. The coefficient of correlation between the fluctuations of catch and abundance was, to be sure, positive and significant in S‐1 (p &lt; 0.05) and S‐6 (p &lt; 0.01), but in the remaining districts and for the combined districts the values of the coefficient were far below the level of significance.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The failure of production to serve better as an indicator of changes in abundance can be attributed to the negative correlation that existed between abundance and fishing intensity (values of r highly significant in every district but S‐6 and for the combined districts). The relationship suggests that fishermen have increased their fishing pressure in order to maintain their production during the recent years of declining abundance.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The condition of the lake trout fishery of the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior must be termed unhealthy and the outlook for the future is not good. Production in 1949 stood at 106 percent of the 1929–1943 mean, but this level of yield was made possible only by fishing intensity that was 162 percent of average; the abundance index in 1949 was only 65. Certainly the stocks of lake trout are in a poor state to withstand the threatened inroads of sea lampreys which have been taken from all parts of Lake Superior and are known to have established spawning runs at least as far west as the Keweenaw Peninsula.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1950)80[278:SOTLTF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., Eschmeyer, P.H., and Lunger, G.F., 1951, Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 80, no. 1, p. 278-312, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1950)80[278:SOTLTF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"278","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132952,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eschmeyer, Paul H.","contributorId":86719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eschmeyer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lunger, George F.","contributorId":11550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunger","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":3019,"text":"wsp1000 - 1951 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Santa Maria Valley area, California, with a section on surface-water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T18:26:31.999187","indexId":"wsp1000","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1000","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Santa Maria Valley area, California, with a section on surface-water resources","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1000","usgsCitation":"Worts, G., and Thomasson, H.G., 1951, Geology and ground-water resources of the Santa Maria Valley area, California, with a section on surface-water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1000, Report: vi, 169 p.; 6 Plates: 34.50 x 56.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1000.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 169 p.; 6 Plates: 34.50 x 56.50 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415583,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24193.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":29848,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29847,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29846,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29845,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29844,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29849,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29843,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Maria Valley area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.667,\n              35.047\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.667,\n              34.825\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.167,\n              34.825\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.167,\n              35.047\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.667,\n              35.047\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worts, George Frank","contributorId":100830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worts","given":"George Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomasson, H. G. Jr.","contributorId":84343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomasson","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70184455,"text":"70184455 - 1951 - Rainfall frequency: An aspect of climatic variation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:12:00","indexId":"70184455","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rainfall frequency: An aspect of climatic variation","docAbstract":"<p><span>Analyses which have been made in the past have shown no significant trend in annual values of rainfall during the period of rainfall records in the southwestern United States. In the present study, frequency of daily rains of various sizes are analyzed for four long-record stations in New Mexico. It is shown that the frequency of rains smaller than 0.50 inch in a day progressively increased from 1850 to about 1930. Opposite trends in different size classes tended to partially compensate one another in such a way that trends do not appear in the annual rainfall totals. Frequency of rains of various sizes comprising wet years and dry are compared. Some effects of changes in rainfall frequency on vegetation and erosion are discussed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR032i003p00347","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1951, Rainfall frequency: An aspect of climatic variation: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 32, no. 3, p. 347-357, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR032i003p00347.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"357","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337168,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277fbe4b014cc3a3e7720","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1013831,"text":"1013831 - 1951 - The effect of sulfamerzine on the erthrocyte and hemoglobin content of trout blood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-06T13:05:42.540063","indexId":"1013831","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of sulfamerzine on the erthrocyte and hemoglobin content of trout blood","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/3001745","usgsCitation":"Gutsell, J., 1951, The effect of sulfamerzine on the erthrocyte and hemoglobin content of trout blood: Biometrics, v. 7, no. 2, p. 171-179, https://doi.org/10.2307/3001745.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131552,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667283","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutsell, J.S.","contributorId":25523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutsell","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70184456,"text":"70184456 - 1951 - Vegetation of Southwestern watersheds in the nineteenth century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T11:52:07","indexId":"70184456","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1772,"text":"Geographical Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation of Southwestern watersheds in the nineteenth century","docAbstract":"<p>The recollections of many old-timers who tell of grass “stirrup high” have given rise to the idea that vegetation in the Southwest was uniformly better in the middle of the last century than it is at present. The change is usually attributed to overgrazing, which timed if it did not cause extensive gullying of the alluvial valleys,<sup>I</sup> lowering the water table and decreasing the availability of water for plant use. This idea of an originally verdant vegetation, deteriorated as a result of man’s activities, has led to overoptimism concerning the possible results of reduced grazing. Obviously, any decrease in grazing pressure is a step in the right direction, but it is no exaggeration to say that recovery fo vegetation density on depleted ranges, even after protection for years, has been spotty and, in many places, disappointing. We may have allowed ourselves to be deluded by hopes of ‘restoring’ over large areas a level of vegetation density that was originally attained only in selected localities.</p><p>This conclusion is supported by the published diaries and field notes of members of early American exploring parties. They show that in certain places, particularly in south-central Arizona where grass is now meager, the alluvial valleys formerly supported large expanses of grassland. However, there were also many areas, even alluvial valleys, where grass was so poor that forage for a string of horses could hardly be obtained. Other areas, such as the Rio Puerco Valley, supported good grass in some places but only scattered shrubs, furnishing poor forage, in others, though until well past the middle of the nineteenth century extensive grazing had been prevented by frequent raids of hostile Indians.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geographical Society","doi":"10.2307/211025","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1951, Vegetation of Southwestern watersheds in the nineteenth century: Geographical Review, v. 41, no. 2, p. 295-316, https://doi.org/10.2307/211025.","productDescription":"22","startPage":"295","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Southwest","volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277fbe4b014cc3a3e771e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3905,"text":"cir151 - 1951 - Kansas-Missouri floods of July 1951","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T20:55:50.322038","indexId":"cir151","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"151","title":"Kansas-Missouri floods of July 1951","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir151","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1951, Kansas-Missouri floods of July 1951: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 151, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir151.","productDescription":"69 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30992,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1951/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1951/0151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":414137,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23854.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -101,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -101,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -91,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -91,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -101,\n              40.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4863","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1000069,"text":"1000069 - 1951 - Downstream movement of recently transformed sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, in Carp Lake River, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-18T10:43:59","indexId":"1000069","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downstream movement of recently transformed sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, in Carp Lake River, Michigan","docAbstract":"<div class=\"paragraph\">In order to obtain more precise information concerning the downstream movement of recently transformed sea lampreys, a trapping device was operated in the Carp Lake River, Emmet County, Michigan, from October, 1948, to July, 1951.</div>\n<div class=\"paragraph\">The period of downstream migration typically extends from the latter part of October to the middle of April. It varies, however, from year to year with climatic conditions. A few migrants usually appear every day during this period but a sudden increase in water level is characteristically accompanied by a surge in downstream movement of newly transformed sea lampreys. This phenomenon is realized principally during the spring floods and often concurrently with autumn rains and mid-winter thaws.</div>\n<div class=\"paragraph\">A total of 7,969 downstream migrants were taken in the 1948&ndash;49 season; 16,235 in 1949&ndash;50, and 15,103 in 1950&ndash;51. Measurements of representative samples from the total catch of sea lamprey migrants of the 1948&ndash;49 and 1949&ndash;50 seasons revealed a range in length of 95 to 190 millimeters and an average length of 145 millimeters (3.7 to 7.5 inches; mean &ndash;5.7 inches).</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1951)81[275:DMORTS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Applegate, V.C., and Brynildson, C.L., 1951, Downstream movement of recently transformed sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, in Carp Lake River, Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 81, p. 275-290, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1951)81[275:DMORTS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"290","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635fd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Applegate, Vernon C.","contributorId":39317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Applegate","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brynildson, Clifford L.","contributorId":40550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brynildson","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70176807,"text":"70176807 - 1951 - Ground-water situation in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-21T13:11:23","indexId":"70176807","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Ground-water situation in Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>The water that occurs beneath the land surface follows definite and well-known rules of hydraulics, the same as water on the surface. However, ground water must be studied by methods, some of which are unique to that type of water occurrence, in order to evaluate the part it plays in the over-all water scheme.</p><p>Water that falls on the land surface as rain or snow and water that rests upon the surface may in places pass laterally or downward through the pores of the earth materials. There it may take one or more of a variety of paths before again flowing out on the surface or being expelled to the atmosphere by evaporation and by the transpiration of plants. Water so diverted underground is delayed or diverted from its course toward the sea and that digression results in many services of prime importance to mankind. Underground, the water generally exceeds in total quantity the water present on the land surface at any one time.</p><p>The discussion of ground water can be clarified somewhat by a description of the major parts or phases of the normal path of water underground.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70176807","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State Engineer of Oregon","usgsCitation":"Newcomb, R.C., 1951, Ground-water situation in Oregon, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70176807.","productDescription":"19 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329384,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70176807.jpg"},{"id":330318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70176807/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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C.","contributorId":77907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newcomb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011149,"text":"70011149 - 1951 - Aromatic fluorine compounds. III. The fluoromesitylenes and derivatives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:19:14.342747","indexId":"70011149","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2519,"text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aromatic fluorine compounds. III. The fluoromesitylenes and derivatives","docAbstract":"Nitration of mesitylene and difluoromesitylene in anhydrous hydrofluoric acid gave near quantitative yields of dinitromesitylene and 2,4-difluoro-6-nitromesitylene, respectively. Difluoro- and trifluoromesitylene were synthesized by the Schiemann reaction in record yields reported for this type of reaction. Various intermediates and derivatives are reported for the fluoromesitylenes. Among the products of exhaustive chlorination of trifluoromesitylene, 2,4,6-tris-(trichloromethyl)-1,-3,5-trifluorobenzene and 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-trifluorobenzene were identified.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ja01145a053","issn":"00027863","usgsCitation":"Finger, G.C., Reed, F., Maynert, E., and Weiner, A., 1951, Aromatic fluorine compounds. III. The fluoromesitylenes and derivatives: Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 73, no. 1, p. 149-151, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a053.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed7fe4b0c8380cd4983f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finger, G. C.","contributorId":89277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, F.H.","contributorId":82058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maynert, E.W.","contributorId":61162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maynert","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weiner, A.M.","contributorId":15343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiner","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70011153,"text":"70011153 - 1951 - Aromatic fluorine compounds. V. 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:21:33.480965","indexId":"70011153","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2519,"text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aromatic fluorine compounds. V. 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene","docAbstract":"The synthesis and properties of 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene, its intermediates and some of its derivatives have been described.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ja01145a055","issn":"00027863","usgsCitation":"Finger, G.C., Reed, F., and Finnerty, J., 1951, Aromatic fluorine compounds. V. 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene: Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 73, no. 1, p. 153-155, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a055.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220885,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed80e4b0c8380cd49845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finger, G. C.","contributorId":89277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, F.H.","contributorId":82058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finnerty, J.L.","contributorId":43913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finnerty","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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