{"pageNumber":"71","pageRowStart":"1750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":1869,"records":[{"id":46252,"text":"ofr7873K - 1978 - Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:47","indexId":"ofr7873K","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-73","chapter":"K","title":"Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr7873K","usgsCitation":"Steele, W., and Albert, N., 1978, Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-73, 2 maps ;67 x 52 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7873K.","productDescription":"2 maps ;67 x 52 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":83226,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0073k/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83227,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0073k/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4cda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, William Clinton","contributorId":34890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"William Clinton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albert, Nairn","contributorId":95950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"Nairn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26740,"text":"wri78134 - 1978 - Land use, land cover, and drainage on the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula, Eastern North Carolina, 1974","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T17:19:29.617438","indexId":"wri78134","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-134","title":"Land use, land cover, and drainage on the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula, Eastern North Carolina, 1974","docAbstract":"A land use, land cover, and drainage map of the 2,000-square-mile Albermarle-Pamlico peninsula of eastern North Carolina has been prepared, at a scale of 1:125,000, as part of a larger study of the effects of large-scale land clearing on regional hydrology. The peninsula includes the most extensive area of wetland in North Carolina and one of the largest in the country. In recent years the pace of land clearing on the peninsula has accelerated as land is being converted from forest, swamp, and brushland to agricultural use. Conversion of swamps to intensive farming operations requires profound changes in the landscape. Vegetation is uprooted and burned and ditches and canals are dug to remove excess water. What is the impact of these changes on ground-water supplies and on the streams and surrounding coastal waters which receive the runoff This map will aid in answering these and similar questions that have arisen about the patterns of land use and the artificial drainage system that removes excess water from the land. By showing both land use and drainage, this map can be used to identify those areas where water-related problems may occur and help assess the nature and causes of these problems. The map covers the entire area east of the Suffolk Scarp, an area of about 2,000 square miles, for the year 1974 using data from 1974-76. Land use and land cover were compiled and modified from the U.S. Geological Survey 's Rocky Mount and Manteo LUDA maps. Additional information came from U.S. Geological Survey orthophotoquads, Landsat imagery, and field checking. Drainage was mapped from orthophotoquads, some field inspection, and 7-1/2 minute topographic quadrangle maps.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri78134","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development","usgsCitation":"Daniel, C., 1978, Land use, land cover, and drainage on the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula, Eastern North Carolina, 1974: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-134, 2 Plates: 47.94 x 30.89 inches and 47.90 x 31.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri78134.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 47.94 x 30.89 inches and 47.90 x 31.02 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0134/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":492647,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0134/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":492646,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0134/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":492648,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0134/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Albemarle-Pamplico Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              34.44315867450577\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              36.57142382346277\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.99267578125,\n              36.57142382346277\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.99267578125,\n              34.44315867450577\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              34.44315867450577\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daniel, C.C.","contributorId":53427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":7317,"text":"ofr78378 - 1978 - Metropolitan land cover inventory using multiseasonal Landsat data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T14:58:48","indexId":"ofr78378","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-378","title":"Metropolitan land cover inventory using multiseasonal Landsat data","docAbstract":"As a part of the Pacific Northwest Land Resources Inventory Demonstration Project (PNLRIDP), planners from State, regional, and local agencies in Oregon are working with scientists from the EROS Data Center (USGS), Ames Research Center (NASA), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (California Institute of Technology) to obtain practical training and experience in the analysis of remotely sensed data collected from air and spacecraft. A 4,000 km2 area centered on metropolitan Portland was chosen as the demonstration site, and a four-date Landsat temporal overlay was created which contained January, April, July, and October data collected in 1973. Digital multispectral analysis of single dates and two-date combinations revealed that the spring-summer and summer-fall combinations were the most satisfactory for land cover inventory. Residential, commercial and industrial, improved open space, water, forested, and agriculture land cover categories were obtained consistently in the majority of classification iterations. Census tract and traffic zone boundaries were digitized and registered with the Landsat data to facilitate integration of the land cover information with socioeconomic and environmental data already available to Oregon planners.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78378","usgsCitation":"Todd, W.J., Hill, R., Henry, C., and Lake, B., 1978, Metropolitan land cover inventory using multiseasonal Landsat data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-378, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78378.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":140509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0378/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34715,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0378/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a56e4b07f02db62da9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todd, William J.","contributorId":51595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, R.N.","contributorId":14243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, C.C.","contributorId":70243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lake, B.L.","contributorId":33575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lake","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":46253,"text":"ofr78737 - 1978 - Map showing interpretation of landsat imagery of the Seward and Blying Sound quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-23T21:35:52.852493","indexId":"ofr78737","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-737","title":"Map showing interpretation of landsat imagery of the Seward and Blying Sound quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78737","usgsCitation":"LeCompte, J.R., 1978, Map showing interpretation of landsat imagery of the Seward and Blying Sound quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-737, 2 Plates: 45.00 × 37.00 inches and 46.00 × 33.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78737.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 45.00 × 37.00 inches and 46.00 × 33.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389692,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14868.htm"},{"id":99660,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0737/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99659,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0737/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Blying Sound quadrangle, Seward quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150.7763671875,\n              59.06315402462662\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.689453125,\n              59.06315402462662\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.689453125,\n              60.73768583450925\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.7763671875,\n              60.73768583450925\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.7763671875,\n              59.06315402462662\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e05ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeCompte, James R.","contributorId":64715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCompte","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":46254,"text":"ofr78558D - 1978 - Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:47","indexId":"ofr78558D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-558","chapter":"D","title":"Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78558D","usgsCitation":"Steele, W., and Le Compte, J.R., 1978, Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-558, 2 maps ;on 2 sheets 47 x 65 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78558D.","productDescription":"2 maps ;on 2 sheets 47 x 65 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":83228,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0558d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83229,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0558d/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, William Clinton","contributorId":34890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"William Clinton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Le Compte, James R.","contributorId":23913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le Compte","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":8396,"text":"ofr78507 - 1978 - Landsat 3 Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) imagery (EC 62 Landsat)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-11T11:06:34.395812","indexId":"ofr78507","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-507","title":"Landsat 3 Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) imagery (EC 62 Landsat)","docAbstract":"<p>Enclosed is a copy of an early Landsat-3 RBV image of Cape Canaveral printed at 1:500,000 scale. The exposure setting was 5.6 milliseconds (ms) which resulted in some overexposure. With the shorter exposure times of 2.4 or 4 ms, which will generally be used, overall exposure should be more normal.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78507","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1978, Landsat 3 Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) imagery (EC 62 Landsat): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-507, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78507.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426458,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0507/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0507/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Cape Canaveral","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.64298342320141,\n              28.433610208424298\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.64298342320141,\n              28.37623228493831\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.57569221978626,\n              28.37623228493831\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.57569221978626,\n              28.433610208424298\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.64298342320141,\n              28.433610208424298\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":157652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":65712,"text":"i858E - 1978 - Land cover map from Landsat, 1973, with place names, Washington urban area, D.C., MD, and VA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-01T22:36:10.580687","indexId":"i858E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"858","chapter":"E","title":"Land cover map from Landsat, 1973, with place names, Washington urban area, D.C., MD, and VA","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i858E","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Land cover map from Landsat, 1973, with place names, Washington urban area, D.C., MD, and VA: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 858, 1 Plate: 29.75 × 27.11 inches; Table, https://doi.org/10.3133/i858E.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 29.75 × 27.11 inches; Table","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392353,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9762.htm"},{"id":255485,"rank":401,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0858e/plate-1_tables.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0858e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":255486,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0858e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255484,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0858e/plate-1_map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia","city":"Washington D.C.","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.53051757812499,\n              38.496593518947584\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.72576904296875,\n              38.496593518947584\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.72576904296875,\n              39.208847057702286\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.53051757812499,\n              39.208847057702286\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.53051757812499,\n              38.496593518947584\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b4196","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":65711,"text":"i858F - 1978 - Land cover map from Landsat, 1973, with census tracts, Washington urban area, D.C., MD, and VA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-02T16:07:56.14436","indexId":"i858F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"858","chapter":"F","title":"Land cover map from Landsat, 1973, with census tracts, Washington urban area, D.C., MD, and VA","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i858F","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Land cover map from Landsat, 1973, with census tracts, Washington urban area, D.C., MD, and VA: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 858, 1 Plate: 30.82 × 27.78 inches; Table, https://doi.org/10.3133/i858F.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 30.82 × 27.78 inches; Table","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392352,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9763.htm"},{"id":255480,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0858f/plate-1_map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0858f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":255482,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0858f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255481,"rank":401,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0858f/plate-1_tables.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia","city":"Washington D.C","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.53051757812499,\n              38.496593518947584\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.72576904296875,\n              38.496593518947584\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.72576904296875,\n              39.208847057702286\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.53051757812499,\n              39.208847057702286\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.53051757812499,\n              38.496593518947584\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b418e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":8980,"text":"ofr78186 - 1978 - Low-cost computer classification of land cover in the Portland area, Oregon, by signature extension techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-29T13:08:29","indexId":"ofr78186","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-186","title":"Low-cost computer classification of land cover in the Portland area, Oregon, by signature extension techniques","docAbstract":"<p>Computer-aided techniques for interpreting multispectral data acquired by Landsat offer economies in the mapping of land cover. Even so, the actual establishment of the statistical classes, or \"signatures,\" is one of the relatively more costly operations involved. Analysts have therefore been seeking cost-saving signature extension techniques that would accept training data acquired for one time or place and apply them to another. Opportunities to extend signatures occur in preprocessing steps and in the classification steps that follow. In the present example, land cover classes were derived by the simplest and most direct form of signature extension: Classes statistically derived from a Landsat scene for the Puget Sound area, Wash., were applied to the Portland area, Oreg., using data for the next Landsat scene acquired less than 25 seconds down orbit. Many features can be recognized on the reduced-scale version of the Portland land cover map shown in this report, although no statistical assessment of its accuracy is available.</p>\n<p>The cost of classifying 5,607 square kilometers (2,165 sq. mi.) in the Portland area was less than 8 cents per square kilometer ($0.0788, or $0.2041 per square mile). Besides saving in costs, this and other signature extension techniques may be useful in completing land use and land cover mapping in other large areas where multispectral and multitemporal Landsat data are available in digital form but other source materials are generally lacking.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr78186","usgsCitation":"Gaydos, L., 1978, Low-cost computer classification of land cover in the Portland area, Oregon, by signature extension techniques: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-186, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78186.","productDescription":"9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36627,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0186/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"439.47 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"scale":"86000","country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Portland area, Puget Sound region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.40942382812501,\n              50.324422739309384\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.498291015625,\n              49.18170338770663\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.36572265625,\n              44.824708282300236\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.068115234375,\n              46.6795944656402\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.40942382812501,\n              50.324422739309384\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644a01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaydos, Leonard","contributorId":79888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydos","given":"Leonard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":60946,"text":"mf870C - 1978 - Interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Talkeetna Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:31","indexId":"mf870C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"870","chapter":"C","title":"Interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Talkeetna Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf870C","usgsCitation":"Steele, W., and Albert, N.R., 1978, Interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Talkeetna Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 870, 1 map ;46 x 65 cm. on sheet 93 x 111 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf870C.","productDescription":"1 map ;46 x 65 cm. on sheet 93 x 111 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104333,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4063.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4063"},{"id":183380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153,62 ], [ -153,63 ], [ -150,63 ], [ -150,62 ], [ -153,62 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e0630","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, W. C.","contributorId":34117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albert, N. R. D.","contributorId":63789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58828,"text":"mf878J - 1978 - Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Chandalar Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:12","indexId":"mf878J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"878","chapter":"J","title":"Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Chandalar Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf878J","usgsCitation":"Albert, N.R., Le Compte, J., and Steele, W., 1978, Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Chandalar Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 878, 2 maps ;47 x 55 cm. on 2 sheets 106 x 119 cm. and 73 x 107 cm. fold. to 22 x 26 cm. in envelope 31 x 25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf878J.","productDescription":"2 maps ;47 x 55 cm. on 2 sheets 106 x 119 cm. and 73 x 107 cm. fold. to 22 x 26 cm. in envelope 31 x 25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104347,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4086.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4086"},{"id":183972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,67 ], [ -150,68 ], [ -147,68 ], [ -147,67 ], [ -150,67 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a49a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albert, N. R. D.","contributorId":63789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Le Compte, J. R.","contributorId":41816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le Compte","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steele, W. C.","contributorId":34117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27635,"text":"wri7896 - 1978 - Preliminary applications of Landsat images and aerial photography for determining land-use, geologic, and hydrologic characteristics, Yampa River basin, Colorado and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T14:34:05","indexId":"wri7896","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-96","title":"Preliminary applications of Landsat images and aerial photography for determining land-use, geologic, and hydrologic characteristics, Yampa River basin, Colorado and Wyoming","docAbstract":"Expanded energy- and recreation-related activities in the Yampa River basin, Colorado and Wyoming, have caused a rapid increase in economic development which will result in increased demand and competition for natural resources. In planning for efficient allocation of the basin 's natural resources, Landsat images and small-scale color and color-infrared photographs were used for selected geologic, hydrologic and land-use applications within the Yampa River basin. Applications of Landsat data included: (1) regional land-use classification and mapping, (2) lineament mapping, and (3) areal snow-cover mapping. Results from the Landsat investigations indicated that: (1) Landsat land-use classification maps, at a regional level, compared favorably with areal land-use patterns that were defined from available ground information, (2) lineaments were mapped in sufficient detail using recently developed techniques for interpreting aerial photographs, (3) snow cover generally could be mapped for large areas with the exception of some densely forested areas of the basin and areas having a large percentage of winter-season cloud cover. Aerial photographs were used for estimation of turbidity for eight stream locations in the basin. Spectral reflectance values obtained by digitizing photographs were compared with measured turbidity values. Results showed strong correlations (variances explained of greater than 90 percent) between spectral reflectance obtained from color photographs and measured turbidity values. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7896","usgsCitation":"Heimes, F., Moore, G.K., and Steele, T., 1978, Preliminary applications of Landsat images and aerial photography for determining land-use, geologic, and hydrologic characteristics, Yampa River basin, Colorado and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-96, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7896.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0096/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56499,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c8c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heimes, F.J.","contributorId":60654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimes","given":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, G. K.","contributorId":67550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steele, T.D.","contributorId":38976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":58827,"text":"mf928V - 1978 - Landsat mosaics of Eastern North Slope petroleum province, Alaska with preliminary interpretation of observed features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:12","indexId":"mf928V","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"928","chapter":"V","title":"Landsat mosaics of Eastern North Slope petroleum province, Alaska with preliminary interpretation of observed features","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf928V","usgsCitation":"Albert, N.R., 1978, Landsat mosaics of Eastern North Slope petroleum province, Alaska with preliminary interpretation of observed features: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 928, 3 maps ;51 x 73 cm. each on 3 sheets., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf928V.","productDescription":"3 maps ;51 x 73 cm. each on 3 sheets.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105645,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6766.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6766"},{"id":183971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153,69 ], [ -153,71 ], [ -144,71 ], [ -144,69 ], [ -153,69 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albert, N. R. D.","contributorId":63789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":46258,"text":"ofr78525 - 1978 - Map showing Landsat imagery alignments in Fairfax County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:47","indexId":"ofr78525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-525","title":"Map showing Landsat imagery alignments in Fairfax County, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78525","usgsCitation":"Iwahashi, T., and Heironimus, T., 1978, Map showing Landsat imagery alignments in Fairfax County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-525, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78525.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":99662,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0525/plate-1.pdf","size":"17765","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"48000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6587ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iwahashi, Toru","contributorId":91161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwahashi","given":"Toru","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heironimus, T.L.","contributorId":8506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heironimus","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":11405,"text":"ofr78187 - 1978 - Characteristics of the Landsat Multispectral Data System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T14:54:19","indexId":"ofr78187","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-187","title":"Characteristics of the Landsat Multispectral Data System","docAbstract":"Landsat satellites were launched into orbit in 1972 and 1975. Additional Landsat satellites are planned for launch in 1978 and 1981. The satellites orbit the Earth at an altitude of approximately 900 km and each can obtain repetitive coverage of cloud-free areas every 18 days. A sun-synchronous orbit is used to insure repeatable illumination conditions. Repetitive satellite coverage allows optimal cover conditions for geologic applications to be identified. Seasonal variations in solar illumination must be analyzed to select the best Landsat data for geologic applications. Landsat data may be viewed in stereo where there is sufficient sidelap and sufficient topographic relief. Landsat-1 ceased operation on January 10, 1978. Landsat-2 detects, only solar radiation that is reflected from the Earth's surface in visible and near-visible wavelengths. The third Landsat will also detect emitted thermal radiation. The multispectral scanner (MSS) was the only sensing instrument used on the first two satellites. The MSS on Landsats-1 and -2 detect radiation which is reflected from a 79 m by 79 m area, and the data are formatted as if the measurement was made from a 56 m by 79 m area.\r\n\r\nThe MSS integrates spectral response from all cover types within the 79 m by 79 m area. The integrated spectral signature often does not resemble the spectral signature from individual cover types, and the integrated signature is also modified by the atmosphere. Landsat-1 and -2 data are converted to 70 mm film and computer compatible tapes (CCT's) at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC); these are shipped to the EROS Data Center (EDC) for duplication and distribution to users. Landsat-C data will be converted to 241 mm-wide film and CCT's at EDC. Landsat-D data will be relayed from the satellite directly to geosynchronous satellites and then to the United States from any location on Earth.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78187","usgsCitation":"Taranik, J.V., 1978, Characteristics of the Landsat Multispectral Data System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-187, viii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78187.","productDescription":"viii, 76 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":142609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0187/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39228,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cae4b07f02db5d766c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taranik, James V.","contributorId":67514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taranik","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":9897,"text":"ofr78585 - 1978 - Discrimination of hydrothermally altered rocks along the Battle Mountain-Eureka, Nevada, mineral belt using Landsat images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:11","indexId":"ofr78585","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-585","title":"Discrimination of hydrothermally altered rocks along the Battle Mountain-Eureka, Nevada, mineral belt using Landsat images","docAbstract":"Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of the northwestern part of the Battle Mountain-Eureki, Nevada mineral belt were evaluated for distinguishing hydrothermally altered rocks associated with porphyry copper and disseminated gold deposits. Detection of altered rocks from Landsat is based on the distinctive spectral reflectance of limonite present at coatings on weathered surfaces Some altered rocks are visible as bleached areas in individual MSS bands; however, they cannot be consistently distinguished from unaltered rocks with high albedo nor from bright areas resulting .from topographic slope. Black-and-white ratio images were generated to subdue .topographic effects, and three ratio images were composited in color to portray spectral radiance differences, forming an image known as a color-ratio composite (CRC). The optimum CRC image for this area has MSS 4/5 as blue, MSS 4/6 as yellow, and MSS 6/7 as magenta, and differs in two respects from most CRC images of arid areas. First, as a result of the increased vegetation cover in the study area, MSS 5/6 was replaced by MSS 4/6 as the yellow layer. Second, 70 mm positive transparencies were replaced by large format images (64 cm), thereby improving the internal registration of the CRC image and the effective spatial resolution. The pattern of limonitic rocks depicted in the CRC closely agrees with the mapped pattern of the alteration zones at the Copper Canyon and Copper Basin porphyry copper deposits. Certain west-facing topographic slopes in the altered areas are depicted as unaltered in the CRC, apparently due to atmospheric scattering, and illustrate the need for atmospheric correction. The disseminated gold deposits at Gold Acres and Tenabo are poorly represented in the CRC because of the general absence of limonite on these deposits. The presence of unaltered limonitic sedimentary and volcanic rocks is the largest obstacle to discriminating altered areas within the mineral belt. Reflectance spectra, made in situ and in the laboratory indicate differences between altered and unaltered rocks in the Spectra region between 1.1 ?m and 2.5 ?m. Such differences may be detectable by a remote scanner with a longer wavelength range than current Landsat MSS (0.6 ?m-1.1 ?m).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78585","usgsCitation":"Krohn, M.D., Abrams, M.J., and Rowan, L.C., 1978, Discrimination of hydrothermally altered rocks along the Battle Mountain-Eureka, Nevada, mineral belt using Landsat images: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-585, v, 66 leaves :ill., maps, photos ;28 cm.; (84 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78585.","productDescription":"v, 66 leaves :ill., maps, photos ;28 cm.; (84 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0585/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37690,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0585/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae85c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohn, M. Dennis dkrohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"M.","email":"dkrohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Dennis","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":160478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, Michael J.","contributorId":15192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowan, Lawrence C.","contributorId":58629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":8400,"text":"ofr78682 - 1978 - Status of Space Oblique Mercator (SOM) projection (EC 64 Landsat)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-19T15:26:22.087739","indexId":"ofr78682","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-682","title":"Status of Space Oblique Mercator (SOM) projection (EC 64 Landsat)","docAbstract":"<p>The Space Oblique Mercator projection, a concept that was originated by Colvocoresses in 1974, has been mathematically implemented as the first map projection to provide continuous mapping of satellite imagery true to scale along the groundtrack, and within a few millionths of accurate conformal projection. Specifically designed for Landsat (formerly ERTS) imagery, it is also suitable for other satellites with broader scans. Formulas are given for both sphere and ellipsoid. A unique feature is the need for a curved groundtrack and skewed scan lines on the SOM projection, although they would be straight and parallel, respectively, on a normal oblique cylindrical projection.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78682","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., and Snyder, J.P., 1978, Status of Space Oblique Mercator (SOM) projection (EC 64 Landsat): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-682, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78682.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"585","endPage":"596","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":500185,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0682/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0682/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":157658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, John Parr","contributorId":17596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Parr","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":9954,"text":"ofr78779 - 1978 - Relationship of landslides to fractures in Potomac Group deposits, Fairfax County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-24T17:27:35.839704","indexId":"ofr78779","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-779","title":"Relationship of landslides to fractures in Potomac Group deposits, Fairfax County, Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Landsliding is a common problem in eastern Fairfax County, an area underlain by Potomac Group (Lower Cretaceous) Coastal Plain deposits of silt and clay interbedded and interfingered with sand and gravel. The slides commonly are present in clay and silt that, on the basis of laboratory tests, appear to be much too strong to have failed. However, the very plastic silt and clay deposits are commonly cut by long continuous to short discontinuous high-angle and subhorizontal joints, shears, and faults. These fractures can contribute to sliding. Failure along faults and shears takes place because the relative movement has greatly weakened and softened the clay and silt. The mechanism for failure along the joints is less obvious but may be related to infilling along joints, slight movement due to erosional unloading, swelling of clays, and softening along joints.&nbsp;</p><p>Field investigations suggest that the three best developed high-angle joint sets in eastern Fairfax County have trends in the northeast quadrant. Lineaments plotted on a lineament map prepared from Landsat imagery also trend northeast parallel to the regional joint orientation. This regional orientation suggests that some of the fractures are tectonic in origin. Therefore, they should be anticipated in a broad zone many miles wide in the vicinity of the Fall Line. In addition, fractures of unknown origin contributing to landsliding, have been observed in massive Potomac Group clay and silt deposits. Irrespective of origin, these fractures require careful investigation and engineering to prevent slope failure at critical locations during and after major excavation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78779","usgsCitation":"Langer, W.H., and Obermeier, S.F., 1978, Relationship of landslides to fractures in Potomac Group deposits, Fairfax County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-779, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78779.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0779/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":413404,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0779/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Fairfax 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,{"id":11406,"text":"ofr78117 - 1978 - Principles of computer processing of Landsat data for geologic applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T14:49:59","indexId":"ofr78117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-117","title":"Principles of computer processing of Landsat data for geologic applications","docAbstract":"The main objectives of computer processing of Landsat data for geologic applications are to improve display of image data to the analyst or to facilitate evaluation of the multispectral characteristics of the data. Interpretations of the data are made from enhanced and classified data by an analyst trained in geology. Image enhancements involve adjustments of brightness values for individual picture elements. Image classification involves determination of the brightness values of picture elements for a particular cover type. Histograms are used to display the range and frequency of occurrence of brightness values. \r\n\r\nLandsat-1 and -2 data are preprocessed at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to adjust for the detector response of the multispectral scanner (MSS). Adjustments are applied to minimize the effects of striping, adjust for bad-data lines and line segments and lost individual pixel data. Because illumination conditions and landscape characteristics vary considerably and detector response changes with time, the radiometric adjustments applied at GSFC are seldom perfect and some detector striping remain in Landsat data. Rotation of the Earth under the satellite and movements of the satellite platform introduce geometric distortions in the data that must also be compensated for if image data are to be correctly displayed to the data analyst. Adjustments to Landsat data are made to compensate for variable solar illumination and for atmospheric effects. GeoMetric registration of Landsat data involves determination of the spatial location of a pixel in. the output image and the determination of a new value for the pixel. \r\n\r\nThe general objective of image enhancement is to optimize display of the data to the analyst. Contrast enhancements are employed to expand the range of brightness values in Landsat data so that the data can be efficiently recorded in a manner desired by the analyst. Spatial frequency enhancements are designed to enhance boundaries between features which have subtle differences in brightness values. Ratioing tends to reduce the effects due to topography and it tends to emphasize changes in brightness values between two Landsat bands. Simulated natural color is produced for geologists so that the colors of materials on images appear similar to colors of actual materials in the field. \r\n\r\nImage classification of Landsat data involves both machine assisted delineation of multispectral patterns in four-dimensional spectral space and identification of machine delineated multispectral patterns that represent particular cover conditions. The geological information derived from an analysis of a multispectral classification is usually related to lithology.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78117","usgsCitation":"Taranik, J.V., 1978, Principles of computer processing of Landsat data for geologic applications: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-117, vi, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78117.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":39229,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0117/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taranik, James V.","contributorId":67514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taranik","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":18534,"text":"ofr78932 - 1978 - Proposed parameters for an automated mapping satellite (Mapsat) system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-17T19:21:08.391072","indexId":"ofr78932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-932","title":"Proposed parameters for an automated mapping satellite (Mapsat) system","docAbstract":"<p>Landsats-1, -2, and -3, although not defined as mapping satellites, are in fact effectively recording the Earth in a form suitable for presentation as small-scale image maps. These spacecraft have demonstrated the effectiveness of Earth sensing, which must now move from the research to the operational phase. Landsat-D is designed to continue the research effort, but NASA, whose charter precludes operations, has not defined an operational system. An operational Landsat has previously been proposed in technical terms, but this concept was limited to the orthographic (2-dimensional) mode demonstrated by Landsat-1, -2, and -3. Mapping involves topography as well as planimetry, and a satellite compatible with the Landsat that also resolves the 3-dimensional mode of topography is proposed. Such a satellite requires very high stability and pointing accuracy. The current state-of-the-art permits such a satellite to be built and flown in a mode suitable for automated modeling of the Earth's surface in 3- as well as 2-dimensional modes. The satellite would be complementary to or could be combined with the operational Landsat previously proposed and it is suggested it be designated the Automated Mapping Satellite or Mapsat.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78932","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1978, Proposed parameters for an automated mapping satellite (Mapsat) system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-932, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78932.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0932/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":500107,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0932/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":179295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":18533,"text":"ofr78867 - 1978 - Plans for high-gain Landsat coverage of coastlines and shallow seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T21:08:05.173691","indexId":"ofr78867","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-867","title":"Plans for high-gain Landsat coverage of coastlines and shallow seas","docAbstract":"<p>Recently the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) requested NASA to obtain Landsat coverage of the coastlines and shallow seas of the world, except for the United States, Canada, northern Europe, and the polar regions. Other agencies such as Interior have also requested coverage of specific shallow sea areas and there is reason to believe that comprehensive coastal and shallow sea coverage will soon be started.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78867","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1978, Plans for high-gain Landsat coverage of coastlines and shallow seas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-867, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78867.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425336,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0867/report.pdf"},{"id":150706,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0867/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":179294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":46250,"text":"ofr78120J - 1978 - Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Ambler River quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:47","indexId":"ofr78120J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-120","chapter":"J","title":"Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Ambler River quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78120J","usgsCitation":"Albert, N., 1978, Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Ambler River quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-120, 2 maps ;50 x 52 cm. on 2 sheets 93 x 112 cm. and 84 x 85 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78120J.","productDescription":"2 maps ;50 x 52 cm. on 2 sheets 93 x 112 cm. and 84 x 85 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":83222,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0120j/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83223,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0120j/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656a5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albert, Nairn R.","contributorId":73999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"Nairn R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":18531,"text":"ofr781107 - 1978 - Comparative resolution of the Return Beam Vidicon's (RBV's) on Landsat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr781107","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1107","title":"Comparative resolution of the Return Beam Vidicon's (RBV's) on Landsat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr781107","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1978, Comparative resolution of the Return Beam Vidicon's (RBV's) on Landsat: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1107, 2 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781107.","productDescription":"2 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1107/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47885,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1107/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae4c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":179292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70112357,"text":"70112357 - 1978 - EROS Data Center Landsat digital enhancement techniques and imagery availability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:09:17","indexId":"70112357","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T16:15:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"EROS Data Center Landsat digital enhancement techniques and imagery availability","docAbstract":"<p>The US Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC) is experimenting with the production of digitally enhanced Landsat imagery. Advanced digital image processing techniques are used to perform geometric and radiometric corrections and to perform contrast and edge enhancements. The enhanced image product is produced from digitally preprocessed Landsat computer compatible tapes (CCTs) on a laser beam film recording system. Landsat CCT data have several geometric distortions which are corrected when NASA produces the standard film products. When producing film images from CCT's, geometric correction of the data is required. The EDC Digital Image Enhancement System (EDIES) compensates for geometric distortions introduced by Earth's rotation, variable line length, non-uniform mirror scan velocity, and detector misregistration. Radiometric anomalies such as bad data lines and striping are common to many Landsat film products and are also in the CCT data. Bad data lines or line segments with more than 150 contiguous bad pixels are corrected by inserting data from the previous line in place of the bad data. Striping, caused by variations in detector gain and offset, is removed with a destriping algorithm applied after digitally enhancing the data. Image enhancement is performed by applying a linear contrast stretch and an edge enhancement algorithm. The linear contrast enhancement algorithm is designed to expand digitally the full range of useful data recorded on the CCT over the range of 256 digital counts. This minimizes the effect of atmospheric scattering and saturates the relative brightness of highly reflecting features such as clouds or snow. It is the intent that no meaningful terrain data are eliminated by the digital processing. The edge enhancement algorithm is designed to enhance boundaries between terrain features that exhibit subtle differences in brightness values along edges of features. After the digital data have been processed, data for each Landsat band are recorded on black-and-white film with a laser beam film recorder (LBR). The LBR corrects for aspect ratio distortions as the digital data are recorded on the recording film over a preselected density range. Positive transparencies of MSS bands 4, 5, and 7 produced by the LBR are used to make color composite transparencies. Color film positives are made photographically from first generation black-and-white products generated on the LBR.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Canada","usgsCitation":"Rohde, W.G., Lo, J.K., and Pohl, R.A., 1978, EROS Data Center Landsat digital enhancement techniques and imagery availability: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 4, no. 1, p. 63-76.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbf1e4b0e83db6d08ef5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rohde, Wayne G.","contributorId":84630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohde","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lo, Jinn Kai","contributorId":23071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lo","given":"Jinn","email":"","middleInitial":"Kai","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pohl, Russell A.","contributorId":39698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohl","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70112352,"text":"70112352 - 1978 - Use of a remote computer terminal during field checking of Landsat digital maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:09:41","indexId":"70112352","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T16:11:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a remote computer terminal during field checking of Landsat digital maps","docAbstract":"<p>Field checking of small-scale land classification maps made digitally from Landsat data is facilitated by use of a remote portable teletypewriter terminal linked by teleplume to the IDIMS (Interactive Digital Image Manipulation System) at the EDC (EROS Data Center), Sioux Falls, S. Dak. When field checking of maps 20 miles northeast of Baker, Calif., during the day showed that changes in classification were needed, the terminal was used at night to combine image statistical files, remap portions of images, and produce new alphanumeric maps for field checking during the next day. The alphanumeric maps can be used without serious difficulty in location in the field even though the scale is distorted, and statistical files created during the field check can be used for full image classification and map output at the EDC. This process makes field checking faster than normal, provides interaction with the statistical data while in the field, and reduces to a minimum the number of trips needed to work interactively with the IDIMS at the EDC, thus saving significant amounts of time and money. The only significant problem is using telephone lines which at times create spurious characters in the printout or prevent the line feed (paper advance) signal from reaching the terminal, thus overprinting lines which should be sequential. We recommend that maps for field checking be made with more spectral classes than are expected because in the field it is much easier to group classes than to reclassify or separate classes when only the remote terminal is available for display.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Robinove, C.J., and Hutchinson, C., 1978, Use of a remote computer terminal during field checking of Landsat digital maps: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 4, p. 511-514.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"511","endPage":"514","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288565,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288564,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70007427"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc5ce4b0e83db6d0904c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinove, Charles J.","contributorId":16983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutchinson, C.F.","contributorId":77049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}