In 2006, a public-supply well in San Antonio, Texas, was selected for intensive study to assess the vulnerability of public-supply wells in the Edwards aquifer to contamination by a variety of compounds. A local-scale, steady-state, three-dimensional numerical groundwater-flow model was developed and used in this study to evaluate the movement of water and solutes from recharge areas to the selected public-supply well. Particle tracking was used to compute flow paths and advective traveltimes throughout the model area and to delineate the areas contributing recharge and zone of contribution for the selected public-supply well.
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The local-scale model grid has a finer vertical discretization than do previous regional Edwards aquifer models and incorporates refined parameter zones corresponding with multiple (10) hydrogeologic units representing the Edwards aquifer. In the Edwards aquifer, high matrix porosity and permeability likely are overshadowed by high permeability developed in structurally influenced karstic conduit systems that transmit water into, through, and out of the aquifer system. The complexity of the aquifer system in the local-scale study area is further increased by numerous faults with varying vertical displacements. The extensive faulting results in the juxtaposition of hydrogeologic units with differing hydraulic properties and has appreciable effects on groundwater flow in the Edwards aquifer. The local-scale model simulations use the MODFLOW Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow Package and include two hydrogeologic units with high hydraulic conductivities (one or more orders of magnitude higher than for the other simulated hydrogeologic units) that are intended to simulate fast flow paths attributable to karst features. The two “conduit” hydrogeologic units of the Edwards aquifer represent the lower 8 meters of the leached and collapsed members and the Kirschberg evaporite member of the Edwards Group. The MODFLOW Horizontal-Flow Barrier Package was used to simulate faults in the local-scale model. The assumption was made that the degree to which a fault acts as a barrier to groundwater flow is proportional to the fault displacement. The final calibrated hydraulic-conductance values ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 per day for fault displacements ranging from 0 to more than 100 percent of the total aquifer thickness.
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The calibrated steady-state simulation generally reproduces the spatial distribution of measured water-level altitudes. Simulated water-level altitudes were within 9.0 meters of measured water-level altitudes at 74 of the 84 wells used as targets for the local-scale model for the calibrated steady-state simulation. The overall mean absolute difference between simulated and measured water-level altitudes is 4.2 meters, and the mean algebraic difference is 1.9 meters. The simulated springflow for San Antonio Springs was 7.7 percent greater and for San Pedro Springs was 4.2 percent less than the median measured springflow. Simulated tritium concentrations were within 0.14 tritium units of measured tritium concentrations for 11 of the 13 local-scale study tritium observations from the 10 local-scale study wells used to calibrate the steady-state local-scale model, with a mean absolute difference between simulated and measured tritium concentrations of 0.11 tritium units and a mean algebraic difference of -0.04 tritium units. Simulated tritium concentrations in the selected public-supply well during November 2007 were within 0.09 tritium units of the measured concentrations, with the exception of the shallowest observation from the well.
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The steady-state simulation water budget indicates that recharge occurring in the local-scale study area accounts for 31.8 percent of the sources of water to the Edwards aquifer in the local-scale model area and that inflow through the model boundaries contributes 68.2 percent. Most of the flow into the local-scale model area through the model boundaries occurs through the western and southern boundaries, 58.2 and 39.6 percent, respectively. The largest discharges from the Edwards aquifer in the local-scale model area are boundary outflow (71.4 percent) and withdrawals by wells (24.9 percent). Most of the flow out of the local-scale model area through the model boundaries occurs through the southern and eastern boundaries, 54.2 and 39.6 percent, respectively.
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The simulated zones of contribution for the selected public-supply well, Timberhill well nest, and Zarzamora well nest extend to the north, northeast, and northwest from each site in the confined zone of the aquifer into the recharge zone, where all recharge to the aquifer occurs. The area contributing recharge for the selected public-supply well has the greatest extent. The area contributing recharge for the Timberhill well nest encompasses approximately the western one-half of the area contributing recharge for the selected public-supply well, and that for the Zarzamora well nest encompasses approximately the eastern two-thirds of the area contributing recharge for the selected public-supply well.
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Simulated particle ages ranged from less than 1 day to more than 1,900 years in the 10 local-scale study wells (13 local-scale study tritium observations) used to calibrate the local-scale model. The simulated mean particle ages for the tritium observations representing selected well depths (shallow, intermediate, and deep) ranged from 2.5 to 15 years. The minimum (youngest) mean particle ages for the selected public-supply well and the Timberhill monitoring wells were for the intermediate well depth, while the youngest mean particle age for the Zarzamora monitoring wells was for the intermediate and deep well depth. The maximum (oldest) mean particle ages for the selected public-supply well and the Zarzamora monitoring wells were for the shallow well depth. The mean of simulated particle ages for tritium observations representing well depths open to the simulated conduit hydrogeologic units was 3.8 years, whereas the mean of simulated particle ages for tritium observations representing well depths not open to the simulated conduit hydrogeologic units was 9.6 years.
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The effect of short-circuit pathways, for example karst conduits, in the flow system on the movement of young water to the selected public-supply well could greatly alter contaminant arrival times compared to what might be expected from advection in a system without short circuiting. In a forecasting exercise, the simulated concentrations showed rapid initial response at the beginning and end of chemical input, followed by more gradual response as older water moved through the system. The nature of karst groundwater flow, where flow predominantly occurs via conduit flow paths, could lead to relatively rapid water quality responses to land-use changes. Results from the forecasting exercise indicate that timescales for change in the quality of water from the selected public-supply well could be on the order of a few years to decades for land-use changes that occur over days to decades, which has implications for source-water protection strategies that rely on land-use change to achieve water-quality objectives.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115149","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R., Houston, N.A., Musgrove, M., Fahlquist, L.S., and Kauffman, L.J., 2011, Simulations of groundwater flow and particle-tracking analysis in the zone of contribution to a public-supply well in San Antonio, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5149, x, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115149.","productDescription":"x, 93 p.","numberOfPages":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5149.png"},{"id":110823,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5149/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"San Antonio","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101.0,27.5 ], [ -101.0,31.0 ], [ -97.0,31.0 ], [ -97.0,27.5 ], [ -101.0,27.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1ae5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, Richard L.","contributorId":57725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houston, Natalie A. 0000-0002-6071-4545 nhouston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-4545","contributorId":1682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houston","given":"Natalie","email":"nhouston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musgrove, MaryLynn","contributorId":34878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"MaryLynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fahlquist, Lynne S. 0000-0002-4993-4037 lfahlqst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-4037","contributorId":1051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"Lynne","email":"lfahlqst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70005946,"text":"fs20113114 - 2011 - Regional assessments of the Nation's water quality—Improved understanding of stream nutrient sources through enhanced modeling capabilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:59","indexId":"fs20113114","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3114","title":"Regional assessments of the Nation's water quality—Improved understanding of stream nutrient sources through enhanced modeling capabilities","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed assessments of stream nutrients in six major regions extending over much of the conterminous United States. SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes) models were developed for each region to explain spatial patterns in monitored stream nutrient loads in relation to human activities and natural resources and processes. The model information, reported by stream reach and catchment, provides contrasting views of the spatial patterns of nutrient source contributions, including those from urban (wastewater effluent and diffuse runoff from developed land), agricultural (farm fertilizers and animal manure), and specific background sources (atmospheric nitrogen deposition, soil phosphorus, forest nitrogen fixation, and channel erosion).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113114","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program","usgsCitation":"Preston, S.D., Alexander, R.B., and Woodside, M., 2011, Regional assessments of the Nation's water quality—Improved understanding of stream nutrient sources through enhanced modeling capabilities: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3114, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113114.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3114.jpg"},{"id":110821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db6244bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Preston, Stephen D. 0000-0003-1515-6692 spreston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1515-6692","contributorId":1463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"Stephen","email":"spreston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodside, Michael D. mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":2903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodside","given":"Michael D.","email":"mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005940,"text":"sir20115146 - 2011 - Hydrogeology, chemical characteristics, and water sources and pathways in the zone of contribution of a public-supply well in San Antonio, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T15:18:56","indexId":"sir20115146","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5146","title":"Hydrogeology, chemical characteristics, and water sources and pathways in the zone of contribution of a public-supply well in San Antonio, Texas","docAbstract":"In 2001, the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a series of studies on the transport of anthropogenic and natural contaminants (TANC) to public-supply wells (PSWs). The main goal of the TANC project was to better understand the source, transport, and receptor factors that control contaminant movement to PSWs in representative aquifers of the United States. Regional- and local-scale study areas were selected from within existing NAWQA study units, including the south-central Texas Edwards aquifer. The local-scale TANC study area, nested within the regional-scale NAWQA study area, is representative of the regional Edwards aquifer. The PSW selected for study is within a well field of six production wells. Although a single PSW was initially selected, because of constraints of well-field operation, samples were collected from different wells within the well field for different components of the study. Data collected from all of the well-field wells were considered comparable because of similar well construction, hydrogeology, and geochemistry. An additional 38 PSWs (mostly completed in the confined part of the aquifer) were sampled throughout the regional aquifer to characterize water quality. Two monitoring well clusters, with wells completed at different depths, were installed to the east and west of the well field (the Zarzamora and Timberhill monitoring well clusters, respectively). One of the monitoring wells was completed in the overburden to evaluate potential hydrologic connectivity with the Edwards aquifer. Geophysical and flowmeter logs were collected from one of the well-field PSWs to determine zones of contribution to the wellbore. These contributing zones, associated with different hydrogeologic units, were used to select monitoring well completion depths and groundwater sample collection depths for depth-dependent sampling. Depth-dependent samples were collected from the PSW from three different depths and under three different pumping conditions. Additionally, selected monitoring wells and one of the well-field PSWs were sampled several times in response to a rainfall and recharge event to assess short-term (event-scale) temporal variations in water quality. For comparison purposes, groundwater samples were categorized as being from regional aquifer PSWs, from the well field (wellhead samples), from the monitoring wells (excluding the overburden well), from the overburden well, from the PSW depth-dependent sampling, and from temporal sampling. Groundwater samples were analyzed for inorganic, organic, isotopic, and age-dating tracers to characterize geochemical conditions in the aquifer and provide understanding of the mechanisms of mobilization and movement of selected constituents from source areas to a PSW. Sources, tracers, and conditions used to assess water quality and processes affecting the PSW and the aquifer system included (1) carbonate host rock composition; (2) physicochemical constituents; (3) major and trace element concentrations; (4) saturation indices with respect to minerals in aquifer rocks; (5) elemental ratios, such as magnesium to calcium ratios, that are indicative of water-rock interaction processes; (6) oxidation-reduction conditions; (7) nutrient concentrations, in particular nitrate concentrations; (8) the isotopic composition of nitrate, which can point to specific nitrate sources; (9) strontium isotopes; (10) stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen; (11) organic contaminant concentrations, including pesticides and volatile organic compounds; (12) age tracers, apparent-age distribution, and dissolved gas data used in age interpretations; (13) depth-dependent water chemistry collected from the PSW under different pumping conditions to assess zones of contribution; and (14) temporal variability in groundwater composition from the PSW and selected monitoring wells in response to an aquifer recharge event. Geochemical results indicate that the well-field and monitoring well samples were largely representative of groundwater in the regional confined aquifer. Constituents of concern in the Edwards aquifer for the long-term sustainability of the groundwater resource include the nutrient nitrate and anthropogenic organic contaminants. Nitrate concentrations (as nitrogen) for regional aquifer PSWs had a median value of 1.9 milligrams per liter, which is similar to previously reported values for the regional aquifer. Nitrate-isotope compositions for groundwater samples collected from the well-field PSWs and monitoring wells had a narrow range, with values indicative of natural soil organic values. A comparison with historical nitrate-isotope values, however, suggests that a component of nitrate in groundwater from biogenic sources might have increased over the last 30 years. Several organic contaminants (the pesticide atrazine, its degradate deethylatrazine, trichloromethane (chloroform; a drinking-water disinfection byproduct), and the solvent tetrachloroethene (PCE)) were widely distributed throughout the regional aquifer and in the local-scale TANC study area at low concentrations (less than 1 microgram per liter). Higher concentrations of PCE were detected in samples from the well-field PSWs and Zarzamora monitoring wells relative to the regional aquifer PSWs. The urban environment is a likely source of contaminants to the aquifer, and these results indicate that one or more local urban sources might be supplying PCE to the Zarzamora monitoring wells and the well-field wells. Samples from the well field also had high concentrations of chloroform relative to the monitoring wells and regional aquifer PSWs. For samples from the regional aquifer PSWs, the most frequently detected organic contaminants generally decreased in concentration with increasing well depth. Deeper wells might intercept longer regional flow paths with higher fractions of older water or water recharged in rural recharge areas in the western part of the aquifer that have been less affected by anthropogenic contaminants. A scenario of hypothetical contaminant loading was evaluated by using results from groundwater-flow-model particle tracking to assess the response of the aquifer to potential contamination. Results indicate that the aquifer responds quickly (less than 1 year to several years) to contaminant loading; however, it takes a relatively long time (decades) for concentrations to reach peak values. The aquifer also responds quickly (less than 1 year to several years) to the removal of contaminant loading; however, it also takes a relatively long time (decades) to reach near background concentrations. Interpretation of geochemical age tracers in this well-mixed karst system was complicated by contamination of a majority of measured tracers and complexities of extensive mixing. Age-tracer results generally indicated that groundwater samples were composed of young, recently recharged water with piston-flow model ages ranging from less than 1 to 41 years, with a median of 17 years. Although a piston-flow model is typically not valid for karst aquifers, the model ages provide a basis for comparing relative ages of different samples and a reference point for more complex hydrogeologic models for apparent-age interpretations. Young groundwater ages are consistent with particle-tracking results from hydrogeologic modeling for the local-scale TANC study area. Age-tracer results compared poorly with other geochemical indicators of groundwater residence time and anthropogenic effects on water quality, indicating that hydrogeologic conceptual models used in groundwater age interpretations might not adequately account for mixing in this karst system. Groundwater samples collected from the well field under a variety of pumping conditions were relatively homogeneous and well mixed for numerous geochemical constituents (with the notable exception of age tracers). Groundwater contributions to the PSW were dominated by well-mixed, relatively homogeneous groundwater, typical of the regional confined aquifer. Zones of preferential flow were determined for the PSW, but groundwater samples from different stratigraphic units were not geochemically distinct. Variations in chemical constituents in response to a rainfall and aquifer recharge event occurred but were relatively minor in the PSW and monitoring wells. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the response to individual recharge events in the confined aquifer, unless intersecting conduit flow paths, might be attenuated by mixing processes along regional flow paths. Results of this study are consistent with the existing conceptual understanding of aquifer processes in this karst system and are useful for water-resource development and management practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115146","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Musgrove, M., Fahlquist, L., Stanton, G.P., Houston, N.A., and Lindgren, R.J., 2011, Hydrogeology, chemical characteristics, and water sources and pathways in the zone of contribution of a public-supply well in San Antonio, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5146, xii, 90 p.; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115146.","productDescription":"xii, 90 p.; Tables","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5146.png"},{"id":101793,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5146/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"San Antonio","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101,28.75 ], [ -101,30.75 ], [ -97.25,30.75 ], [ -97.25,28.75 ], [ -101,28.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db61492f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Musgrove, MaryLynn","contributorId":34878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"MaryLynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fahlquist, Lynne","contributorId":8810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"Lynne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanton, Gregory P. 0000-0001-8622-0933 gstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-0933","contributorId":1583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Gregory","email":"gstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Houston, Natalie A. 0000-0002-6071-4545 nhouston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-4545","contributorId":1682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houston","given":"Natalie","email":"nhouston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lindgren, Richard J. lindgren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"Richard","email":"lindgren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70005937,"text":"fs20113067 - 2011 - Land-use planning for nearshore ecosystem services—the Puget Sound Ecosystem Portfolio Model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:57","indexId":"fs20113067","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3067","title":"Land-use planning for nearshore ecosystem services—the Puget Sound Ecosystem Portfolio Model","docAbstract":"The 2,500 miles of shoreline and nearshore areas of Puget Sound, Washington, provide multiple benefits to people—\"ecosystem services\"—including important fishing, shellfishing, and recreation industries. To help resource managers plan for expected growth in coming decades, the U.S. Geological Survey Western Geographic Science Center has developed the Puget Sound Ecosystem Portfolio Model (PSEPM). Scenarios of urban growth and shoreline modifications serve as model inputs to develop alternative futures of important nearshore features such as water quality and beach habitats. Model results will support regional long-term planning decisions for the Puget Sound region.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113067","usgsCitation":"Byrd, K., 2011, Land-use planning for nearshore ecosystem services—the Puget Sound Ecosystem Portfolio Model: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3067, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113067.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3067.gif"},{"id":101790,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3067/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Pudget Sound","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byrd, Kristin","contributorId":82053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"Kristin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70003642,"text":"70003642 - 2011 - Projected evolution of California's San Francisco Bay-Delta-River System in a century of continuing climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T12:45:36","indexId":"70003642","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Projected evolution of California's San Francisco Bay-Delta-River System in a century of continuing climate change","docAbstract":"Background Accumulating evidence shows that the planet is warming as a response to human emissions of greenhouse gases. Strategies of adaptation to climate change will require quantitative projections of how altered regional patterns of temperature, precipitation and sea level could cascade to provoke local impacts such as modified water supplies, increasing risks of coastal flooding, and growing challenges to sustainability of native species. Methodology/Principal Findings We linked a series of models to investigate responses of California's San Francisco Estuary-Watershed (SFEW) system to two contrasting scenarios of climate change. Model outputs for scenarios of fast and moderate warming are presented as 2010–2099 projections of nine indicators of changing climate, hydrology and habitat quality. Trends of these indicators measure rates of: increasing air and water temperatures, salinity and sea level; decreasing precipitation, runoff, snowmelt contribution to runoff, and suspended sediment concentrations; and increasing frequency of extreme environmental conditions such as water temperatures and sea level beyond the ranges of historical observations. Conclusions/Significance Most of these environmental indicators change substantially over the 21st century, and many would present challenges to natural and managed systems. Adaptations to these changes will require flexible planning to cope with growing risks to humans and the challenges of meeting demands for fresh water and sustaining native biota. Programs of ecosystem rehabilitation and biodiversity conservation in coastal landscapes will be most likely to meet their objectives if they are designed from considerations that include: (1) an integrated perspective that river-estuary systems are influenced by effects of climate change operating on both watersheds and oceans; (2) varying sensitivity among environmental indicators to the uncertainty of future climates; (3) inevitability of biological community changes as responses to cumulative effects of climate change and other drivers of habitat transformations; and (4) anticipation and adaptation to the growing probability of ecosystem regime shifts.","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0024465","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., Knowles, N., Brown, L.R., Cayan, D., Dettinger, M., Morgan, T., Schoellhamer, D., Stacey, M., van der Wegen, M., Wagner, R.W., and Jassby, A.D., 2011, Projected evolution of California's San Francisco Bay-Delta-River System in a century of continuing climate change: PLoS ONE, v. 6, no. 9, Article e24465; 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024465.","productDescription":"Article e24465; 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474899,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024465","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary-watershed","volume":"6","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d95e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel","contributorId":17752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morgan, Tara L. 0000-0001-5632-5232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-5232","contributorId":29124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Tara L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stacey, Mark T.","contributorId":13367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"Mark T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"van der Wegen, Mick","contributorId":76455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van der Wegen","given":"Mick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wagner, R. 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We investigated nutrient‐storage dynamics in the midcontinent population of greater white‐fronted geese (Anser albifrons; hereafter white‐fronted geese) at spring staging sites in the Rainwater Basin of Nebraska during February–April and in southern Saskatchewan during April–May, 1998 and 1999. In Nebraska, lipid content of white‐fronted geese did not increase, and protein content changed little over time for most age and sex categories. In Saskatchewan, lipids increased 11.4 g/day (SE = 1.7) and protein content increased 1.6 g/day (SE = 0.6) in the sample of adult geese collected over a 3‐week period. A study conducted during 1979–1980 in the Rainwater Basin reported that white‐fronted geese gained 8.8–17.7 g of lipids per day during spring, differing greatly from our results 2 decades later. In addition, lipid levels were less in the 1990s compared to spring 1980 for adult geese nearing departure from staging sites in Saskatchewan. This shift in where geese acquired nutrient stores from Nebraska to more northern staging sites coincided with a decrease in availability of waste corn in Nebraska, their primary food source while staging at that stopover site, and an increase in cultivation of high‐energy pulse crops in Saskatchewan. White‐fronted geese exhibited flexibility in nutrient dynamics during spring migration, likely in response to landscape‐level variation in food availability caused by changes in agricultural trends and practices. Maintaining a wide distribution of wetlands in the Great Plains may allow spring‐staging waterfowl to disperse across the region and facilitate access to high‐energy foods over a larger cropland base.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.223","usgsCitation":"Pearse, A.T., Alisauskas, R., Krapu, G.L., and Cox, R.R., 2011, Changes in nutrient dynamics of midcontinent greater white-fronted geese during spring migration: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 75, no. 8, p. 1716-1723, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.223.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1716","endPage":"1723","temporalStart":"1998-02-01","temporalEnd":"1999-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Nebraska, Saskatchewan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.951171875,\n 51.138001488062564\n ],\n [\n -104.30419921875,\n 51.138001488062564\n ],\n [\n -104.30419921875,\n 53.15994678846807\n ],\n [\n -109.951171875,\n 53.15994678846807\n ],\n [\n -109.951171875,\n 51.138001488062564\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.25,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -97.14111328125,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -97.14111328125,\n 41.66470503009207\n ],\n [\n -101.25,\n 41.66470503009207\n ],\n [\n -101.25,\n 40.212440718286466\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearse, Aaron T. 0000-0002-6137-1556 apearse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6137-1556","contributorId":1772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearse","given":"Aaron","email":"apearse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alisauskas, Ray T.","contributorId":20883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alisauskas","given":"Ray T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krapu, Gary L. 0000-0001-8482-6130 gkrapu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8482-6130","contributorId":3074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary","email":"gkrapu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, Robert R. Jr.","contributorId":6575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70005002,"text":"70005002 - 2011 - Quantifying differences in the impact of variable chemistry on equilibrium uranium(VI) adsorption properties of aquifer sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-11T10:58:03","indexId":"70005002","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying differences in the impact of variable chemistry on equilibrium uranium(VI) adsorption properties of aquifer sediments","docAbstract":"Uranium adsorption-desorption on sediment samples collected from the Hanford 300-Area, Richland, WA varied extensively over a range of field-relevant chemical conditions, complicating assessment of possible differences in equilibrium adsorption properties. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved in 500-1000 h although dissolved uranium concentrations increased over thousands of hours owing to changes in aqueous chemical composition driven by sediment-water reactions. A nonelectrostatic surface complexation reaction, >SOH + UO22+ + 2CO32- = >SOUO2(CO3HCO3)2-, provided the best fit to experimental data for each sediment sample resulting in a range of conditional equilibrium constants (logKc) from 21.49 to 21.76. Potential differences in uranium adsorption properties could be assessed in plots based on the generalized mass-action expressions yielding linear trends displaced vertically by differences in logKc values. Using this approach, logKc values for seven sediment samples were not significantly different. However, a significant difference in adsorption properties between one sediment sample and the fines (<0.063 mm) of another could be demonstrated despite the fines requiring a different reaction stoichiometry. Estimates of logKc uncertainty were improved by capturing all data points within experimental errors. The mass-action expression plots demonstrate that applying models outside the range of conditions used in model calibration greatly increases potential errors.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es202677v","usgsCitation":"Stoliker, D., Kent, D.B., and Zachara, J.M., 2011, Quantifying differences in the impact of variable chemistry on equilibrium uranium(VI) adsorption properties of aquifer sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 45, no. 20, p. 8733-8740, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202677v.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"8733","endPage":"8740","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/es202677v","text":"Publisher Index 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Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Stoliker Deborah L., Kent Douglas B., Zachara John M.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"10/15/2011","auditedOn":"3/4/2016","publiclyAccessibleDate":"9/16/2011"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoliker, Deborah L. dlstoliker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoliker","given":"Deborah L.","email":"dlstoliker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, Douglas B. 0000-0003-3758-8322 dbkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-8322","contributorId":1871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Douglas","email":"dbkent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes 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Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5181","title":"Seasonal seepage investigation on an urbanized reach of the lower Boise River, southwestern Idaho, water year 2010","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources Treasure Valley Comprehensive Aquifer Management Planning effort investigated seasonal groundwater gains and losses on the Boise River, Idaho, starting in November 2009 through August 2010. The investigation was conducted using seepage runs in 11 subreaches over a 14-mile reach from downstream of the inactive streamgage, Boise River below Diversion Dam (U.S. Geological Survey station No. 13203510) to the active Boise River at Glenwood Bridge streamgage (U.S. Geological Survey station No. 13206000). The seepage runs measured mainstem discharge, and significant tributary contributions and diversions along the reach. In addition, an evaluation of the groundwater hydraulic gradient was simultaneously conducted through shallow groundwater mini-piezometers adjacent to the river during February (low stream discharge) and May (high stream discharge) measurement timeframes. November discharge estimates, representative of autumn, had gains and losses that varied by subreach with an overall net gain of 42 ± 8 cubic feet per second (ft3/s). This finding compares favorably to a previous U.S. Geological Survey seepage investigation in November 1996 that found a gaining reach with an estimated gain of 52 ft3/s. This finding also is supported by a U.S. Geological Survey investigation in the study reach in November 1971 that estimated a gain of 74 ft3/s, which largely came from groundwater. The February discharge estimates, representative of winter conditions, showed variability in the reach with a net gain of 52 ft3/s with an uncertainty estimate of ± 7 ft3/s, which is consistent with the low stream discharge findings from November 2009. This finding is further supported by the differential hydraulic head measured at transect sites that qualitatively indicated groundwater to surface-water movement with few exceptions. The May discharge estimates, representative of the spring-time conditions, were gaining or potentially gaining in all but one of the upper subreaches between Boise River below Diversion Dam and Boise River near MK Nature Center sites, with seepage run results supported by hydraulic head differentials indicating a groundwater to surface-water movement. The lower end of the study reach between Boise River near MK Nature Center and Boise River at Glenwood Bridge sites showed more variability with observed hydraulic head differentials that partially supported the potential gains or losses in the reach. Overall, the reach had a calculated net gain of 24 ± 51 ft3/s and, therefore, this estimate may or may not reflect the actual conditions in the reach. The groundwater gains and losses in August, representative of summer conditions, varied in both the upper and lower parts of the reach, with a net loss of -88 ± 69 ft3/s. Overall, the reach experienced a net gain from groundwater at low stream discharges (November and February), a net loss to groundwater at moderately high stream discharge (August), and an ambiguous finding at a higher stream discharge (May). The hydraulic head differentials measured between the groundwater and surface water largely supported the calculated gain and loss estimates in the subreaches, with a potential for groundwater to surface-water movement at low stream discharge in February, and variability during high stream discharge conditions in May.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115181","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Williams, M.L., 2011, Seasonal seepage investigation on an urbanized reach of the lower Boise River, southwestern Idaho, water year 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5181, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115181.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5181.jpg"},{"id":101753,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Idaho","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673e0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Marshall L. mlwilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Marshall","email":"mlwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70005918,"text":"ofr20111208 - 2011 - Monitoring coastal inundation with Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:56","indexId":"ofr20111208","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1208","title":"Monitoring coastal inundation with Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite data","docAbstract":"Maps representing the presence and absence of surface inundation in the Louisiana coastal zone were created from available satellite scenes acquired by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency's Advanced Land Observing Satellite and by the European Space Agency's Envisat from late 2006 through summer 2009. Detection of aboveground surface flooding relied on the well-documented and distinct signature of decreased backscatter in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which is indicative of inundated marsh in the Gulf of Mexico. Even though decreases in backscatter were distinctive, the multiplicity of possible interactions between changing flood depths and canopy height yielded complex SAR-based representations of the marshes.\nValidated by comparison to inland water levels, success of inundation mapping was primarily related to the operational frequencies of the SAR used to perform the mapping. Success of mapping was based on frequency of correspondence between satellite- and ground-based data. Overall, the most successful mapping (83 percent correspondence) was derived from Phased Array type L-band SAR (PALSAR), while mapping derived from C-band Advanced SAR (ASAR) was less successful (≤61 percent correspondence). Exceptions to the low performance of ASAR-based mapping (defined as >76 percent correspondence) occurred when water levels were well below or above ground, occurring over spatially extensive portions of the ASAR scene.\nWhen mapping day-to-day coastal inundation extents, results indicate that SAR systems operating at C-band frequencies are not as effective as those operating at L-band frequencies; however, multiple factors not related to frequency also reduced the effectiveness of C-Band in detecting subcanopy inundation. C-band has performed and continues to perform exceedingly well in applications for response to dramatic events and when strategic collections are available; however, L-band seems to be more suitable for day-to-day mapping of coastal inundation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111208","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Suzuoki, Y., Rangoonwala, A., and Ramsey, E., 2011, Monitoring coastal inundation with Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1208, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111208.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1208.gif"},{"id":101700,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1208/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6273e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suzuoki, Yukihiro","contributorId":25283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suzuoki","given":"Yukihiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rangoonwala, Amina 0000-0002-0556-0598 rangoonwalaa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-0598","contributorId":3455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rangoonwala","given":"Amina","email":"rangoonwalaa@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70188328,"text":"70188328 - 2011 - Simulating the impacts of disturbances on forest carbon cycling in North America: Processes, data, models, and challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-06T14:26:23","indexId":"70188328","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2320,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating the impacts of disturbances on forest carbon cycling in North America: Processes, data, models, and challenges","docAbstract":"Forest disturbances greatly alter the carbon cycle at various spatial and temporal scales. It is critical to understand disturbance regimes and their impacts to better quantify regional and global carbon dynamics. This review of the status and major challenges in representing the impacts of disturbances in modeling the carbon dynamics across North America revealed some major advances and challenges. First, significant advances have been made in representation, scaling, and characterization of disturbances that should be included in regional modeling efforts. Second, there is a need to develop effective and comprehensive process‐based procedures and algorithms to quantify the immediate and long‐term impacts of disturbances on ecosystem succession, soils, microclimate, and cycles of carbon, water, and nutrients. Third, our capability to simulate the occurrences and severity of disturbances is very limited. Fourth, scaling issues have rarely been addressed in continental scale model applications. It is not fully understood which finer scale processes and properties need to be scaled to coarser spatial and temporal scales. Fifth, there are inadequate databases on disturbances at the continental scale to support the quantification of their effects on the carbon balance in North America. Finally, procedures are needed to quantify the uncertainty of model inputs, model parameters, and model structures, and thus to estimate their impacts on overall model uncertainty. Working together, the scientific community interested in disturbance and its impacts can identify the most uncertain issues surrounding the role of disturbance in the North American carbon budget and develop working hypotheses to reduce the uncertainty
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]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"G4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5937bf31e4b0f6c2d0d9c7b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond-Lamberty, Ben","contributorId":172028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bond-Lamberty","given":"Ben","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13566,"text":"Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":33852,"text":"Univ of Maryland, College Park, 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Woods Hole, MA 02543.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":697300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Luo, Yiqi","contributorId":177420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luo","given":"Yiqi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Potter, Christopher 0000-0002-2300-6670","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":103151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":697302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Oeding, Jennifer joeding@usgs.gov","contributorId":4070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oeding","given":"Jennifer","email":"joeding@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":697303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70005898,"text":"fs20113088 - 2011 - Water resources of Webster Parish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"fs20113088","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3088","title":"Water resources of Webster Parish","docAbstract":"In 2005, about 9.52 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of water were withdrawn in Webster Parish, Louisiana (fig. 1), including about 9.33 Mgal/d from groundwater sources and 0.19 Mgal/d from surface-water sources1 (table 1). Publicsupply use accounted for about 70 percent of the total water withdrawn. Other categories of use included industrial, rural domestic, livestock, general irrigation, and aquaculture (table 2). Water-use data collected at 5-year intervals from 1960 to 2005 indicate water withdrawals in Webster Parish decreased substantially from 1970 to 1980; surface-water withdrawals for industrial use decreased from about 37 to 0 Mgal/d because of a paper mill closure in 1979. From 1980 to 2000, total water withdrawals in the parish ranged from 7 to 8 Mgal/d (fig. 2). This fact sheet summarizes basic information on the water resources of Webster Parish, La. Information on groundwater and surface-water availability, quality, development, use, and trends is based on previously published reports listed in the Selected References section.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113088","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","usgsCitation":"Prakken, L., and Griffith, J.M., 2011, Water resources of Webster Parish: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3088, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113088.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3088.gif"},{"id":94688,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3088/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Webster Parish;Upland Terrace Aquifer;Sparta Aquifer;Carrizo-wilcox Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.58333333333333,32.25 ], [ -93.58333333333333,33 ], [ -93.16666666666667,33 ], [ -93.16666666666667,32.25 ], [ -93.58333333333333,32.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f06ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prakken, Lawrence B.","contributorId":73978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prakken","given":"Lawrence B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffith, Jason M. 0000-0002-8942-0380 jmgriff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-0380","contributorId":2923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Jason","email":"jmgriff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005899,"text":"fs20113087 - 2011 - Water resources of Bossier Parish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"fs20113087","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3087","title":"Water resources of Bossier Parish","docAbstract":"In 2005, about 15.8 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of water were withdrawn in Bossier Parish, Louisiana, including 4.12 Mgal/d from groundwater sources and about 11.7 Mgal/d from surface-water sources. Public-supply use accounted for about 78 percent (12.4 Mgal/d) of the total water withdrawn. Other categories of use included industry, rural domestic, livestock, rice irrigation, general irrigation, and aquaculture. Based on water-use data collected at 5-year intervals from 1960 to 2005, water withdrawals in the parish increased from 4.96 to 15.8 Mgal/d. This fact sheet summarizes basic information on the water resources of Bossier Parish, La. Information on groundwater and surface-water availability, quality, development, use, and trends is based on previously published reports listed in the Selected References section.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113087","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","usgsCitation":"Prakken, L., and Griffith, J.M., 2011, Water resources of Bossier Parish: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3087, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113087.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3087.gif"},{"id":94689,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Bossier Parish;Red River Alluvial Aquifer;Upland Terrace Aquifer;Sparta Aquifer;Carrizo-wilcox Aquifer;Red River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94,32 ], [ -94,33 ], [ -93.33333333333333,33 ], [ -93.33333333333333,32 ], [ -94,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc981","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prakken, Lawrence B.","contributorId":73978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prakken","given":"Lawrence B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffith, Jason M. 0000-0002-8942-0380 jmgriff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-0380","contributorId":2923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Jason","email":"jmgriff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005886,"text":"ofr20111267 - 2011 - Assessment of Hyporheic Zone, Flood-Plain, Soil-Gas, Soil, and Surface-Water Contamination at the McCoys Creek Chemical Training Area, Fort Gordon, Georgia, 2009-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T14:53:31","indexId":"ofr20111267","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1267","title":"Assessment of Hyporheic Zone, Flood-Plain, Soil-Gas, Soil, and Surface-Water Contamination at the McCoys Creek Chemical Training Area, Fort Gordon, Georgia, 2009-2010","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office of the U.S. Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon, Georgia, assessed the hyporheic zone, flood plain, soil gas, soil, and surface water for contaminants at the McCoys Creek Chemical Training Area (MCTA) at Fort Gordon, from October 2009 to September 2010. The assessment included the detection of organic contaminants in the hyporheic zone, flood plain, soil gas, and surface water. In addition, the organic contaminant assessment included the analysis of organic compounds classified as explosives and chemical agents in selected areas. Inorganic contaminants were assessed in soil and surface-water samples. The assessment was conducted to provide environmental contamination data to the U.S. Army at Fort Gordon pursuant to requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Part B Hazardous Waste Permit process. Ten passive samplers were deployed in the hyporheic zone and flood plain, and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and octane were detected above the method detection level in every sampler. Other organic compounds detected above the method detection level in the hyporheic zone and flood-plain samplers were trichloroethylene, and cis- and trans- 1, 2-dichloroethylene. One trip blank detected TPH below the method detection level but above the nondetection level. The concentrations of TPH in the samplers were many times greater than the concentrations detected in the blank; therefore, all other TPH concentrations detected are considered to represent environmental conditions. Seventy-one soil-gas samplers were deployed in a grid pattern across the MCTA. Three trip blanks and three method blanks were used and not deployed, and TPH was detected above the method detection level in two trip blanks and one method blank. Detection of TPH was observed at all 71 samplers, but because TPH was detected in the trip and method blanks, TPH was censored and, therefore, only 7 of the 71 samplers were reported as detecting TPH. In addition, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene were detected above the method detection level in 22 samplers. Other compounds detected above the method detection level included naphthalene, octane, undecane, tridecane, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroform, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Subsequent to the soil-gas survey, five locations with elevated contaminant mass were selected and a passive sampler was deployed at those locations to detect the presence of organic compounds classified as explosives or chemical agents. No explosives or chemical agents were detected above the method detection level, but some compounds were detected below the method detection level but above the nondetection level. Dimethyl disulfide, benzothiazole, chloroacetophenones, and para-chlorophenyl methyl sulfide were all detected below the method detection level but above the nondetection level. The compounds 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and para-chlorophenyl methyl sulfone were detected in samplers but also were detected in trip blanks and are not considered as present in the MCTA. The same five locations that were selected for sampling of explosives and chemical agents were selected for soil sampling. Metal concentrations in composite soil samples collected at five locations from land surface to a depth of 6 inches did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regional Screening Levels for Industrial Soil. Concentrations in some compounds were higher than the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control background levels for nearby South Carolina, including aluminum, arsenic, barium, beryllium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and potassium. A surface-water sample was collected from McCoys Creek and analyzed for volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, and inorganic compounds (metals). No volatile organic compounds and (or) semivolatile organic compounds were detected at levels above the maximum contaminant level of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) National Primary Drinking Water Standard, and no inorganic compounds exceeded the maximum contaminant level of the USEPA National Primary Drinking Water Standard or the Georgia In-Stream Water-Quality Standard. Iron was the only inorganic compound detected in the surface-water sample (578 micrograms per liter) that exceeded the USEPA National Secondary Drinking Water Standard of 300 micrograms per liter.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111267","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office of the U.S. Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon","usgsCitation":"Guimaraes, W.B., Falls, W.F., Caldwell, A.W., Ratliff, W.H., Wellborn, J.B., and Landmeyer, J., 2011, Assessment of Hyporheic Zone, Flood-Plain, Soil-Gas, Soil, and Surface-Water Contamination at the McCoys Creek Chemical Training Area, Fort Gordon, Georgia, 2009-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1267, v, 14 p.; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111267.","productDescription":"v, 14 p.; Tables","temporalStart":"2009-10-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1267.jpg"},{"id":94687,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1267/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Augusta","otherGeospatial":"Coastal Plain Physiographic Province, Fort Gordon, Mccoys Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.42355346679688,\n 33.247301699949205\n ],\n [\n -82.42355346679688,\n 33.54940663754663\n ],\n [\n -82.01774597167969,\n 33.54940663754663\n ],\n [\n -82.01774597167969,\n 33.247301699949205\n ],\n [\n -82.42355346679688,\n 33.247301699949205\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672931","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guimaraes, Wladmir B. wbguimar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guimaraes","given":"Wladmir","email":"wbguimar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falls, W. Fred 0000-0003-2928-9795 wffalls@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2928-9795","contributorId":107754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falls","given":"W.","email":"wffalls@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Fred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caldwell, Andral W. 0000-0003-1269-5463 acaldwel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-5463","contributorId":3228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Andral","email":"acaldwel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ratliff, W. Hagan","contributorId":60347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratliff","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hagan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wellborn, John B.","contributorId":24822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellborn","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70004035,"text":"70004035 - 2011 - Predator removal enhances waterbird restoration in Chesapeake Bay (Maryland)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-12T21:33:06.999435","indexId":"70004035","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1462,"text":"Ecological Restoration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predator removal enhances waterbird restoration in Chesapeake Bay (Maryland)","docAbstract":"This report represents an update to an earlier report(Erwin et al. 2007a) on wildlife restoration on the largest dredge material island project in the United States underway in Talbot County, Maryland (Figure 1) in the mid–Chesapeake Bay region, referred to as the Paul Sarbanes Ecosystem Restoration Project at Poplar Island (www.nab.usace.army.mil/projects/Maryland/PoplarIsland/documents.html). An important component of this largescale restoration effort focused on water birds, as many of these species have undergone significant declines in the Chesapeake region over the past 30 years (Erwin et al. 2007b). The priority waterbird species include common terns (Sterna hirundo), least terns (S. antillarum), snowy egrets (Egretta thula), and ospreys (Pandion haliaetus). Although significant numbers of common terns (more than 800 pairs in 2003), least terns (62 pairs in 2003), snowy egrets (50 or more pairs by 2005), and ospreys (7 to 10 pairs) have nested on Poplar Island since early 2000, tern productivity especially had been strongly limited by a combination of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) predation. Fox trapping began in 2004, and four were removed that year; no more evidence of fox presence was found in 2005 or subsequently. The owls proved to be more problematic.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin Press","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.3368/er.29.1-2.20","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R.M., McGowan, P.C., and Reese, J., 2011, Predator removal enhances waterbird restoration in Chesapeake Bay (Maryland): Ecological Restoration, v. 29, no. 1-2, p. 20-21, https://doi.org/10.3368/er.29.1-2.20.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.6461181640625,\n 38.35027253825765\n ],\n [\n -75.8441162109375,\n 38.35027253825765\n ],\n [\n -75.8441162109375,\n 39.66491373749128\n ],\n [\n -76.6461181640625,\n 39.66491373749128\n ],\n [\n -76.6461181640625,\n 38.35027253825765\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b4cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R. Michael 0000-0003-2108-9502","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2108-9502","contributorId":57125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGowan, Peter C.","contributorId":13867,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGowan","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":350248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reese, Jan","contributorId":102752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Jan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70003802,"text":"70003802 - 2011 - Prediction and assimilation of surf-zone processes using a Bayesian network: Part II: Inverse models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-07T20:06:01.681955","indexId":"70003802","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1262,"text":"Coastal Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction and assimilation of surf-zone processes using a Bayesian network: Part II: Inverse models","docAbstract":"A Bayesian network model has been developed to simulate a relatively simple problem of wave propagation in the surf zone (detailed in Part I). Here, we demonstrate that this Bayesian model can provide both inverse modeling and data-assimilation solutions for predicting offshore wave heights and depth estimates given limited wave-height and depth information from an onshore location. The inverse method is extended to allow data assimilation using observational inputs that are not compatible with deterministic solutions of the problem. These inputs include sand bar positions (instead of bathymetry) and estimates of the intensity of wave breaking (instead of wave-height observations). Our results indicate that wave breaking information is essential to reduce prediction errors. In many practical situations, this information could be provided from a shore-based observer or from remote-sensing systems. We show that various combinations of the assimilated inputs significantly reduce the uncertainty in the estimates of water depths and wave heights in the model domain. Application of the Bayesian network model to new field data demonstrated significant predictive skill (R2 = 0.7) for the inverse estimate of a month-long time series of offshore wave heights. The Bayesian inverse results include uncertainty estimates that were shown to be most accurate when given uncertainty in the inputs (e.g., depth and tuning parameters). Furthermore, the inverse modeling was extended to directly estimate tuning parameters associated with the underlying wave-process model. The inverse estimates of the model parameters not only showed an offshore wave height dependence consistent with results of previous studies but the uncertainty estimates of the tuning parameters also explain previously reported variations in the model parameters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.11.002","usgsCitation":"Plant, N.G., and Holland, K.T., 2011, Prediction and assimilation of surf-zone processes using a Bayesian network: Part II: Inverse models: Coastal Engineering, v. 58, no. 3, p. 256-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.11.002.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holland, K. Todd","contributorId":68748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005276,"text":"70005276 - 2011 - Probability of detecting perchlorate under natural conditions in deep groundwater in California and the Southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-23T15:52:40.639899","indexId":"70005276","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probability of detecting perchlorate under natural conditions in deep groundwater in California and the Southwestern United States","docAbstract":"We use data from 1626 groundwater samples collected in California, primarily from public drinking water supply wells, to investigate the distribution of perchlorate in deep groundwater under natural conditions. The wells were sampled for the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Priority Basin Project. We develop a logistic regression model for predicting probabilities of detecting perchlorate at concentrations greater than multiple threshold concentrations as a function of climate (represented by an aridity index) and potential anthropogenic contributions of perchlorate (quantified as an anthropogenic score, AS). AS is a composite categorical variable including terms for nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. Incorporating water-quality parameters in AS permits identification of perturbation of natural occurrence patterns by flushing of natural perchlorate salts from unsaturated zones by irrigation recharge as well as addition of perchlorate from industrial and agricultural sources. The data and model results indicate low concentrations (0.1-0.5 μg/L) of perchlorate occur under natural conditions in groundwater across a wide range of climates, beyond the arid to semiarid climates in which they mostly have been previously reported. The probability of detecting perchlorate at concentrations greater than 0.1 μg/L under natural conditions ranges from 50-70% in semiarid to arid regions of California and the Southwestern United States to 5-15% in the wettest regions sampled (the Northern California coast). The probability of concentrations above 1 μg/L under natural conditions is low (generally <3%).","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society Publications","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/es103103p","usgsCitation":"Fram, M.S., and Belitz, K., 2011, Probability of detecting perchlorate under natural conditions in deep groundwater in California and the Southwestern United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 45, no. 4, p. 1271-1277, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103103p.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1271","endPage":"1277","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689f37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005868,"text":"sir20115192 - 2011 - Pharmaceutical compounds in Merrimack River water used for public supply, Lowell, Massachusetts, 2008-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115192","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5192","title":"Pharmaceutical compounds in Merrimack River water used for public supply, Lowell, Massachusetts, 2008-09","docAbstract":"This report presents results of a study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, to determine the occurrence of 14 commonly used human-health pharmaceutical compounds and fecal-indicator bacteria in Merrimack River water used as a drinking-water source by 135,000 residents in eastern Massachusetts. The study was designed to complement the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program's Source Water-Quality Assessment, which identifies patterns of occurrence of 280 primarily unregulated organic wastewater contaminants in source water used by community water systems and determines whether these patterns also occur in treated drinking water prior to distribution. The study involved periodic collection and analysis of raw Merrimack River water and treated drinking water over the course of 1 year. Water samples were collected periodically without regard to flow regime or antecedent weather conditions at the Lowell Regional Water Utility's Merrimack River intake upstream from Lowell, Mass. The same parcel of water was then sampled as finished water following treatment. Despite the presence of many potential sources of contamination in the drinking-water source area, only 2 of the 14 pharmaceutical analytes were detected at reportable concentrations in the source-water samples, and these occurred in only one set of periodic samples. Acetaminophen, a nonprescription analgesic, and caffeine were detected in the September source-water samples at concentrations of 0.084 and 0.068 micrograms per liter, respectively. Three other compounds-carbamazepine, an antiepileptic; cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine; and diphenhydramine, a nonprescription antihistamine-were detected in source-water samples, but at concentrations too low to be reliably quantified. None of the 14 pharmaceuticals was found in the finished water at a reportable concentration, defined as two times the long-term detection limit used by the analytical laboratory. In addition to the pharmaceutical analyses, measurements of fecal-indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) concentrations and several physical characteristics were made on all source-water samples. Values for these constituents were consistently within State standards. It is possible that the monthly sampling schedule missed hydrologic events that would have transported greater concentrations of sewage contaminants to the sampling site, or that the large flow volume of the river at the study site effectively diluted the contaminant signal, but it is also likely that recent efforts to separate stormwater- and wastewater-discharge systems in the reaches upstream from the Lowell Regional Water Utility have greatly reduced the potential for sewage contamination at the intake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Massey, A.J., and Waldron, M.C., 2011, Pharmaceutical compounds in Merrimack River water used for public supply, Lowell, Massachusetts, 2008-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5192, vi, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115192.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5192.gif"},{"id":94619,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73,42 ], [ -73,44.5 ], [ -70,44.5 ], [ -70,42 ], [ -73,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69bbb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Massey, Andrew J. 0000-0003-3995-8657 ajmassey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-8657","contributorId":1862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massey","given":"Andrew","email":"ajmassey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldron, Marcus C. mwaldron@usgs.gov","contributorId":1867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"Marcus","email":"mwaldron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004975,"text":"70004975 - 2011 - Potential use of weather radar to study movements of wintering waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:58","indexId":"70004975","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential use of weather radar to study movements of wintering waterfowl","docAbstract":"To protect and restore wintering waterfowl habitat, managers require knowledge of routine wintering waterfowl movements and habitat use. During preliminary screening of Doppler weather radar data we observed biological movements consistent with routine foraging flights of wintering waterfowl known to occur near Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Louisiana. During the winters of 2004–2005 and 2005–2006, we conducted field surveys to identify the source of the radar echoes emanating from Lacassine NWR. We compared field data to weather radar reflectivity data. Spatial and temporal patterns consistent with foraging flight movements appeared in weather radar data on all dates of field surveys. Dabbling ducks were the dominant taxa flying within the radar beam during the foraging flight period. Using linear regression, we found a positive log-linear relationship between average radar reflectivity (Z) and number of birds detected over the study area (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.62, n = 40). Ground observations and the statistically significant relationship between radar data and field data confirm that Doppler weather radar recorded the foraging flights of dabbling ducks. Weather radars may be effective tools for wintering waterfowl management because they provide broad-scale views of both diurnal and nocturnal movements. In addition, an extensive data archive enables the study of wintering waterfowl response to habitat loss, agricultural practices, wetland restoration, and other research questions that require multiple years of data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.173","usgsCitation":"Randall, L.A., Diehl, R.H., Wilson, B.C., Barrow, W., and Jeske, C.W., 2011, Potential use of weather radar to study movements of wintering waterfowl: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 75, no. 6, p. 1324-1329, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.173.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1324","endPage":"1329","numberOfPages":"5","temporalStart":"2004-12-21","temporalEnd":"2006-03-21","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":24459,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.173","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge","volume":"75","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae1b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Randall, Lori A. 0000-0003-0100-994X randalll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-994X","contributorId":2678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Lori","email":"randalll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diehl, Robert H. 0000-0001-9141-1734 rhdiehl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9141-1734","contributorId":3396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"Robert","email":"rhdiehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Barry C.","contributorId":12968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barrow, Wylie C. 0000-0003-4671-2823 barroww@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":1988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"Wylie C.","email":"barroww@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jeske, Clinton W. jeskec@usgs.gov","contributorId":2982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeske","given":"Clinton","email":"jeskec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70003315,"text":"70003315 - 2011 - Pore-throat sizes in sandstones, siltstones, and shales: Reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-05T15:21:13.629027","indexId":"70003315","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pore-throat sizes in sandstones, siltstones, and shales: Reply","docAbstract":"In his discussion of my article (Nelson, 2009), W. K. Camp takes issue with the concept that buoyancy is not the dominant force in forming and maintaining the distribution of gas in tight-gas accumulations (Camp, 2011). I will restrict my response to the issues he raised regarding buoyant versus nonbuoyant drive and to a few comments regarding water saturation and production. I claim that the pressure generated in petroleum source rocks (Pg), instead of the buoyancy pressure (Pb), provides the energy to charge most tight sandstones with gas. The arguments are fourfold: (1) buoyant columns of sufficient height seldom exist in low-permeability sand-shale sequences, (2) tight-gas systems display a pressure profile that declines instead of increases upward, (3) gas is pervasive in overpressured systems, and (4) source rocks can generate pore pressures sufficiently high to charge tight sandstones.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/12141010159","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.H., 2011, Pore-throat sizes in sandstones, siltstones, and shales: Reply: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 95, no. 8, p. 1448-1453, https://doi.org/10.1306/12141010159.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1448","endPage":"1453","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Philip H. pnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Philip","email":"pnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":346865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70005883,"text":"sir20115186 - 2011 - Water-quality requirements, tolerances, and preferences of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the lower Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-24T16:33:39.927859","indexId":"sir20115186","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5186","displayTitle":"Water-quality requirements, tolerances, and preferences of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in the lower Missouri River","title":"Water-quality requirements, tolerances, and preferences of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the lower Missouri River","docAbstract":"Although numerous studies have been completed on pallid sturgeon populations and behavior, few have addressed the potential for water-quality characteristics to limit recruitment and population success of pallid sturgeon. Literature on sturgeon and water-quality data indicates recruitment of pallid sturgeon may be limited by several water-quality characteristics of the lower Missouri River including: High summer water temperatures in excess of 30 degrees Celsius, which likely are stressful to pallid sturgeon,\nTurbidities that are more than an order of magnitude less than the unaltered Missouri River and may no longer provide adequate cover for egg, larval, and young pallid sturgeon or for older pallid sturgeon attempting to capture prey, Dissolved oxygen that decreases to concentrations less than 2 milligrams per liter during some river rises in the late spring and summer, Food webs altered by increased light availability and hypereutrophic conditions caused by or enhanced by impoundment, bank stabilization, nonnative species, and decreased allocthanous material from the basin, Bioaccumulative contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls, chlordane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, mercury, and synergistic contaminant cocktails that are particularly damaging to long-lived fish, and Other contaminants such as agricultural chemicals (particularly atrazine) and organic wastewater compounds that can disrupt endocrine systems of fish and limit reproduction at extremely low concentrations.\nAdditional research could be used to characterize and quantify the requirements, tolerance, and preferences of pallid sturgeon to these water-quality characteristics, especially during the egg and larval life stages. Enhancements to existing water-sampling programs are needed to quantify the exposure of pallid sturgeon to many of these water-quality stressors.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115186","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Blevins, D.W., 2011, Water-quality requirements, tolerances, and preferences of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the lower Missouri River: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5186, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115186.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5186.jpg"},{"id":94611,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5186/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-area Conic","country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120,35 ], [ -120,55 ], [ -80,55 ], [ -80,35 ], [ -120,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blevins, Dale W. dblevins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"Dale","email":"dblevins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70005882,"text":"sir20115194 - 2011 - Flood of June 11, 2010, in the Upper Little Missouri River watershed, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:00","indexId":"sir20115194","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5194","title":"Flood of June 11, 2010, in the Upper Little Missouri River watershed, Arkansas","docAbstract":"Catastrophic flash flooding occurred in the early morning hours of June 11, 2010, in the upper Little Missouri River and tributary streams in southwest Arkansas. The flooding, which resulted in 20 fatalities and substantial property damage, was caused by as much as 4.7 inches of rain falling in the upper Little Missouri River watershed in 3 hours. The 4.7 inches of rain in 3 hours corresponds to estimated annual exceedance probability of approximately 2 percent for a 3-hour duration storm. The maximum total estimated rainfall in the upper Missouri River watershed was 5.3 inches in 6 hours. Peak streamflows and other hydraulic properties were determined at five ungaged locations and one gaged location in the upper Little Missouri River watershed.The peak streamflow for the Little Missouri River at Albert Pike, Arkansas was 40,100 cubic feet per second, estimated to have occurred between 4:00 AM and 4:30 AM the morning of June 11, 2010. The peak streamflow resulted in average water depths in the nearby floodplain (Area C of the Albert Pike Campground) of 7 feet flowing at velocities potentially as great as 11 feet per second. Peak streamflow 9.1 miles downstream on the Little Missouri at the U.S. Geological Survey streamgage near Langley, Arkansas was 70,800 cubic feet per second, which corresponds to an estimated annual exceedance probability of less than 1 percent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115194","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R.R., and Wagner, D.M., 2011, Flood of June 11, 2010, in the Upper Little Missouri River watershed, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5194, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115194.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-06-11","temporalEnd":"2010-06-11","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5194.jpg"},{"id":94607,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5194/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"20000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic","datum":"NAD 83","country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.5,34 ], [ -94.5,34.833333333333336 ], [ -93,34.833333333333336 ], [ -93,34 ], [ -94.5,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48ade4b07f02db52d8ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999 bholmes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":1624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"bholmes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Daniel M. 0000-0002-0432-450X dwagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0432-450X","contributorId":4531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Daniel","email":"dwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005570,"text":"70005570 - 2011 - Lead exposure and poisoning of songbirds using the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-09T19:39:20","indexId":"70005570","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2006,"text":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead exposure and poisoning of songbirds using the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"Previous studies have found widespread Pb poisoning of waterfowl in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin in northern Idaho, USA, which has been contaminated by mining and smelting activities. We studied the exposure of ground-feeding songbirds to Pb, sampling 204 American robins (Turdus migratorius), song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), and Swainson's thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) throughout the basin. These songbirds had mean blood Pb concentrations (mg/kg, dry weight) of less than 0.19 at a reference area (25 mg Pb/kg soil), 1.09 at moderately contaminated sites (170 to 1300 mg Pb/kg soil), and 2.06 at highly contaminated sites (2000 to 5000 mg Pb/kg soil). Based on guidelines for evaluating blood Pb in birds, 6% of robins from the highly contaminated sites had background concentrations, 24% were subclinically poisoned, 52% were clinically poisoned, and 18% were severely clinically poisoned with Pb. Blood Pb concentrations were lower in song sparrows than in robins and lowest in Swainson's thrushes. More than half of the robins and song sparrows from all contaminated sites and more than half of the Swainson's thrushes from highly contaminated sites showed at least 50% inhibition of the activity of the enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), commonly used as a measure of exposure to Pb. The highest hepatic Pb concentration of 61 mg/kg (dry weight) was detected in a song sparrow. Using Al as a marker for soil in songbird ingesta, we estimated average soil ingestion rates as 20% in robins, 17% in song sparrows, and 0.7% in Swainson's thrushes. Soil Pb in ingesta accounted for almost all of the songbirds' exposure to Pb. Based on these results, it is recommended that ecological risk assessments of ground-feeding songbirds at contaminated sites include soil ingestion as a pathway of exposure to Pb.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/ieam.201","usgsCitation":"Hansen, J.A., Audet, D., Spears, B.L., Healy, K.A., Brazzle, R.E., Hoffman, D.J., Dailey, A., and Beyer, W.N., 2011, Lead exposure and poisoning of songbirds using the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho, USA: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 7, no. 4, p. 587-595, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.201.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"595","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur D'alene River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.01538085937499,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -116.4276123046875,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -116.4276123046875,\n 47.70976154266637\n ],\n [\n -117.01538085937499,\n 47.70976154266637\n ],\n [\n -117.01538085937499,\n 47.27922900257082\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a885e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, James A.","contributorId":98454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Audet, Daniel","contributorId":43486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Audet","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spears, Brian L.","contributorId":56784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spears","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Healy, Kate A.","contributorId":102195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Kate","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brazzle, Roy E.","contributorId":92414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brazzle","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dailey, Anne","contributorId":53936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dailey","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Beyer, W. Nelson 0000-0002-8911-9141 nbeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":3301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W.","email":"nbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Nelson","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70199727,"text":"70199727 - 2011 - Continuous salinity and temperature data from San Francisco Estuary, 1982-2002: Trends and the salinity-freshwater inflow relationship","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-29T18:04:34.789515","indexId":"70199727","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-01T12:38:56","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continuous salinity and temperature data from San Francisco Estuary, 1982-2002: Trends and the salinity-freshwater inflow relationship","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and other federal and state agencies have been collecting continuous temperature and salinity data, two critical estuarine habitat variables, throughout San Francisco estuary for over two decades. Although this dynamic, highly variable system has been well studied, many questions remain relating to the effects of freshwater inflow and other physical and biological linkages. This study examines up to 20 years of publically available, continuous temperature and salinity data from 10 different San Francisco Bay stations to identify trends in temperature and salinity and quantify the salinity–freshwater inflow relationship. Several trends in the salinity and temperature records were identified, although the high degree of daily and interannual variability confounds the analysis. In addition, freshwater inflow to the estuary has a range of effects on salinity from −0.0020 to −0.0096 (m3 s−1) −1 discharge, depending on location in the estuary and the timescale of analyzed data. Finally, we documented that changes in freshwater inflow to the estuary that are within the range of typical management actions can affect bay-wide salinities by 0.6–1.4. This study reinforces the idea that multidecadal records are needed to identify trends from decadal changes in water management and climate and, therefore, are extremely valuable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00113.1","usgsCitation":"Shellenbarger, G., and Schoellhamer, D., 2011, Continuous salinity and temperature data from San Francisco Estuary, 1982-2002: Trends and the salinity-freshwater inflow relationship: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 27, no. 6, p. 1191-1201, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00113.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1191","endPage":"1201","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357778,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -121.7340087890625,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -121.7340087890625,\n 38.324420427006544\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 38.324420427006544\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.37015718405753\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10c0b3e4b034bf6a7f16b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shellenbarger, Gregory gshellen@usgs.gov","contributorId":174805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shellenbarger","given":"Gregory","email":"gshellen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70154861,"text":"70154861 - 2011 - Water quality and amphibian health in the Big Bend region of the Rio Grande Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-17T11:35:55","indexId":"70154861","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3534,"text":"Texas Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water quality and amphibian health in the Big Bend region of the Rio Grande Basin","docAbstract":"Male and female Rio Grande leopard frogs (Rana berlandieri) were collected in May 2005 from the main stem and tributaries of the Rio Grande in the Big Bend region of Texas. Frogs were examined for (1) incidence of testicular ovarian follicles in males; (2) thyroid epithelial cell height, a potential index of exposure to thyroid-disrupting contaminants; and (3) incidence of liver melanomacrophage aggregates, a general index of exposure to contaminants. Standard parameters of surface water quality and concentrations of selected elements, including heavy metals, were determined at each frog collection site. Heavy metals also were measured in whole-frog composite extracts. Water cadmium concentrations in most sites and chloride concentrations in the main stem exceeded federal criteria for freshwater aquatic life. Mercury was detected in frogs from the two collection sites in Terlingua Creek. There was a seventeen percent incidence of testicular ovarian follicles in male frogs. Mean thyroid epithelial cell height was greater in frogs from one of the Terlingua Creek sites (Terlingua Abajo). No differences were observed in the incidence of hepatic macrophage aggregates among sites. In conclusion, although potential cause-effect relationships between indices of habitat quality and amphibian health could not be established, the results of this study raise concerns about the general quality of the aquatic habitat and the potential long-term consequences to the aquatic biota of the Big Bend region. The presence of ovarian follicles in male frogs is noteworthy but further study is necessary to determine whether this phenomenon is natural or anthropogenically induced.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas Academy of Science","publisherLocation":"Lubbock, TX","usgsCitation":"Sharma, B., Hu, F., Carr, J., and Patino, R., 2011, Water quality and amphibian health in the Big Bend region of the Rio Grande Basin: Texas Journal of Science, v. 63, no. 3/4, p. 233-233.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018722","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305805,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3/4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55aa2741e4b0183d66e47ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharma, Bibek","contributorId":100106,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharma","given":"Bibek","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hu, F.","contributorId":31186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carr, J.A.","contributorId":106692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patino, Reynaldo 0000-0002-4831-8400 r.patino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-8400","contributorId":2311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Reynaldo","email":"r.patino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}