No abstract available.
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Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-104.054487,44.180381],[-104.055914,44.874986],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.039681,44.998041],[-104.040114,45.374214],[-104.045443,45.94531],[-100.430597,45.943638],[-99.005754,45.939944],[-98.414518,45.936504],[-96.56328,45.935238],[-96.564002,45.91956],[-96.56703,45.915682],[-96.56442,45.909415],[-96.568315,45.902902],[-96.568772,45.888072],[-96.571354,45.886673],[-96.571871,45.871846],[-96.574667,45.866816],[-96.572984,45.861602],[-96.574517,45.843098],[-96.583085,45.820024],[-96.596704,45.811801],[-96.612512,45.794442],[-96.627778,45.786239],[-96.638726,45.770171],[-96.641941,45.759871],[-96.652226,45.746809],[-96.662595,45.738682],[-96.672665,45.732336],[-96.711157,45.717561],[-96.745086,45.701576],[-96.75035,45.698782],[-96.760866,45.687518],[-96.835769,45.649648],[-96.844211,45.639583],[-96.852392,45.61484],[-96.857751,45.605962],[-96.801987,45.555414],[-96.79384,45.550724],[-96.76528,45.521414],[-96.745487,45.488712],[-96.743486,45.480649],[-96.738446,45.473499],[-96.732739,45.458737],[-96.692541,45.417338],[-96.680454,45.410499],[-96.617726,45.408092],[-96.60118,45.403181],[-96.562142,45.38609],[-96.521787,45.375645],[-96.489065,45.357071],[-96.469246,45.324941],[-96.468027,45.318619],[-96.46191,45.313884],[-96.453067,45.298115],[-96.451232,44.718375],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.598928,43.500457],[-96.599182,43.496011],[-96.586274,43.491099],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.586364,43.478251],[-96.584603,43.46961],[-96.587929,43.464878],[-96.600039,43.45708],[-96.60286,43.450907],[-96.594254,43.434153],[-96.587884,43.431685],[-96.575181,43.431756],[-96.570224,43.428601],[-96.573579,43.419228],[-96.562728,43.412782],[-96.557586,43.406792],[-96.537116,43.395063],[-96.531159,43.39561],[-96.529152,43.397735],[-96.525453,43.396317],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.521323,43.374607],[-96.526467,43.368314],[-96.527223,43.362257],[-96.526635,43.351833],[-96.524289,43.347214],[-96.534913,43.336473],[-96.528817,43.316561],[-96.525564,43.312467],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.553087,43.29286],[-96.555246,43.294803],[-96.56911,43.295535],[-96.573556,43.29917],[-96.581052,43.297118],[-96.579094,43.293797],[-96.577588,43.2788],[-96.580904,43.2748],[-96.582876,43.274594],[-96.582939,43.276536],[-96.586317,43.274319],[-96.58522,43.268878],[-96.576804,43.268308],[-96.564165,43.260239],[-96.554968,43.259998],[-96.552591,43.257769],[-96.552963,43.247281],[-96.565253,43.244241],[-96.571194,43.238961],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.56044,43.224219],[-96.554937,43.226775],[-96.540088,43.225698],[-96.535741,43.22764],[-96.526865,43.224071],[-96.519273,43.21769],[-96.500759,43.220767],[-96.496454,43.223652],[-96.485264,43.224183],[-96.476697,43.222014],[-96.470626,43.207225],[-96.473777,43.198766],[-96.473834,43.189804],[-96.472395,43.185644],[-96.465146,43.182971],[-96.467292,43.164066],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.459978,43.143516],[-96.450361,43.142237],[-96.443431,43.133825],[-96.440801,43.123129],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.439335,43.113916],[-96.462855,43.091419],[-96.462636,43.089614],[-96.455337,43.088129],[-96.454088,43.084197],[-96.455209,43.075053],[-96.46085,43.064033],[-96.468207,43.06186],[-96.473165,43.06355],[-96.476905,43.062383],[-96.490365,43.050789],[-96.501748,43.048632],[-96.510256,43.049917],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.509145,43.037297],[-96.512916,43.029962],[-96.510995,43.024701],[-96.499187,43.019213],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.496699,42.998807],[-96.509986,42.995126],[-96.512886,42.991424],[-96.512237,42.985937],[-96.516724,42.981458],[-96.520773,42.980385],[-96.515922,42.972886],[-96.506148,42.971348],[-96.503132,42.968192],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.504857,42.954659],[-96.509472,42.945151],[-96.519994,42.93976],[-96.516419,42.935438],[-96.516888,42.932512],[-96.525536,42.935511],[-96.541689,42.922576],[-96.536564,42.905656],[-96.542847,42.903737],[-96.539397,42.899964],[-96.536007,42.900901],[-96.528886,42.89795],[-96.526357,42.891852],[-96.540116,42.889678],[-96.537851,42.878475],[-96.546394,42.874464],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.550469,42.863742],[-96.546556,42.857273],[-96.541708,42.858871],[-96.545502,42.849956],[-96.554709,42.846142],[-96.554203,42.843648],[-96.549976,42.840705],[-96.551285,42.836606],[-96.556162,42.836675],[-96.560572,42.839373],[-96.56284,42.836309],[-96.563058,42.831051],[-96.565605,42.830434],[-96.571353,42.837155],[-96.581604,42.837521],[-96.58238,42.833657],[-96.577813,42.828719],[-96.585699,42.818041],[-96.596008,42.815044],[-96.595664,42.810426],[-96.590913,42.808987],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.602575,42.787767],[-96.603784,42.78372],[-96.61949,42.784034],[-96.626406,42.773518],[-96.632142,42.770863],[-96.632212,42.761512],[-96.628741,42.757532],[-96.621235,42.758084],[-96.619494,42.754792],[-96.630485,42.750378],[-96.639704,42.737071],[-96.631931,42.725086],[-96.624704,42.725497],[-96.624446,42.714294],[-96.630617,42.70588],[-96.6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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, N. H.","contributorId":71523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":792601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70203693,"text":"70203693 - 1951 - Correlation list of new and old numbers of The Descriptive Catalogue of the Photographs of the U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories for the Years 1869-1875: Miscellaneous Publication, no. 5, Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories, 1875","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T15:27:25","indexId":"70203693","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T09:38:22","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Correlation list of new and old numbers of The Descriptive Catalogue of the Photographs of the U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories for the Years 1869-1875: Miscellaneous Publication, no. 5, Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories, 1875","docAbstract":"The numbers of the negatives listed in the Descriptive Catalogue of the Photographs of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories for the years 1869 to 1875, Miscellaneous Publication No. 5, Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, 1875, were replaced many years ago with new numbers. The following list of new numbers correlating the old numbers has been prepared to serve as a key to the 1875 catalog.
Each assigned new number represents a negative or a print in our collection and the sequence of new numbers follows the order of prints mounted in five albums in the photographic library of the U.S. Geological Survey. Blank spaces in the list indicate unknown old catalog numbers and dates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70203693","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1951, Correlation list of new and old numbers of The Descriptive Catalogue of the Photographs of the U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories for the Years 1869-1875: Miscellaneous Publication, no. 5, Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories, 1875, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70203693.","productDescription":"33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":602,"text":"U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70203693/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":364315,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70203693/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70176807,"text":"70176807 - 1951 - Ground-water situation in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-21T13:11:23","indexId":"70176807","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Ground-water situation in Oregon","docAbstract":"The water that occurs beneath the land surface follows definite and well-known rules of hydraulics, the same as water on the surface. However, ground water must be studied by methods, some of which are unique to that type of water occurrence, in order to evaluate the part it plays in the over-all water scheme.
Water that falls on the land surface as rain or snow and water that rests upon the surface may in places pass laterally or downward through the pores of the earth materials. There it may take one or more of a variety of paths before again flowing out on the surface or being expelled to the atmosphere by evaporation and by the transpiration of plants. Water so diverted underground is delayed or diverted from its course toward the sea and that digression results in many services of prime importance to mankind. Underground, the water generally exceeds in total quantity the water present on the land surface at any one time.
The discussion of ground water can be clarified somewhat by a description of the major parts or phases of the normal path of water underground.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70176807","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State Engineer of Oregon","usgsCitation":"Newcomb, R.C., 1951, Ground-water situation in Oregon, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70176807.","productDescription":"19 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329384,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70176807.jpg"},{"id":330318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70176807/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7c08be4b0bc0bec09c7ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newcomb, R. C.","contributorId":77907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newcomb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000281,"text":"1000281 - 1951 - An aquarium experiment on the American eel as a predator on larval lampreys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T15:56:34","indexId":"1000281","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An aquarium experiment on the American eel as a predator on larval lampreys","docAbstract":"The parasitic sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, has in recent years spread throughout Lakes Huron and Michigan and is now firmly established in these waters (Applegate, 1949, Mich. Cons., 18 (4): 13-15). Coincident with their spread, the abundance of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, has declined in both lakes (Hile, 1949, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 76 (1946): 121-147) and the lake trout as well as other species of fishes are showing an increase in scarring from lamprey attacks. For Lake Michigan the analysis of fishermen's questionnaires gave an increase in percentage by weight of lamprey-scarred lake trout from 31 percent in 1947 to 41 percent in 1948. The sea lamprey is now spreading through Lake Superior, the last of the Great Lakes containing a large population of lake trout.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Copeia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","doi":"10.2307/1437556","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Perlmutter, A., 1951, An aquarium experiment on the American eel as a predator on larval lampreys: Copeia, v. 1951, no. 2, p. 173-174, https://doi.org/10.2307/1437556.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266965,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1437556"},{"id":128990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1951","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db6852b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perlmutter, Alfred","contributorId":104431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlmutter","given":"Alfred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184456,"text":"70184456 - 1951 - Vegetation of Southwestern watersheds in the nineteenth century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T11:52:07","indexId":"70184456","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1772,"text":"Geographical Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation of Southwestern watersheds in the nineteenth century","docAbstract":"The recollections of many old-timers who tell of grass “stirrup high” have given rise to the idea that vegetation in the Southwest was uniformly better in the middle of the last century than it is at present. The change is usually attributed to overgrazing, which timed if it did not cause extensive gullying of the alluvial valleys,I lowering the water table and decreasing the availability of water for plant use. This idea of an originally verdant vegetation, deteriorated as a result of man’s activities, has led to overoptimism concerning the possible results of reduced grazing. Obviously, any decrease in grazing pressure is a step in the right direction, but it is no exaggeration to say that recovery fo vegetation density on depleted ranges, even after protection for years, has been spotty and, in many places, disappointing. We may have allowed ourselves to be deluded by hopes of ‘restoring’ over large areas a level of vegetation density that was originally attained only in selected localities.
This conclusion is supported by the published diaries and field notes of members of early American exploring parties. They show that in certain places, particularly in south-central Arizona where grass is now meager, the alluvial valleys formerly supported large expanses of grassland. However, there were also many areas, even alluvial valleys, where grass was so poor that forage for a string of horses could hardly be obtained. Other areas, such as the Rio Puerco Valley, supported good grass in some places but only scattered shrubs, furnishing poor forage, in others, though until well past the middle of the nineteenth century extensive grazing had been prevented by frequent raids of hostile Indians.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geographical Society","doi":"10.2307/211025","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1951, Vegetation of Southwestern watersheds in the nineteenth century: Geographical Review, v. 41, no. 2, p. 295-316, https://doi.org/10.2307/211025.","productDescription":"22","startPage":"295","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Southwest","volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277fbe4b014cc3a3e771e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3019,"text":"wsp1000 - 1951 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Santa Maria Valley area, California, with a section on surface-water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T18:26:31.999187","indexId":"wsp1000","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1000","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Santa Maria Valley area, California, with a section on surface-water resources","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1000","usgsCitation":"Worts, G., and Thomasson, H.G., 1951, Geology and ground-water resources of the Santa Maria Valley area, California, with a section on surface-water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1000, Report: vi, 169 p.; 6 Plates: 34.50 x 56.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1000.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 169 p.; 6 Plates: 34.50 x 56.50 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415583,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24193.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":29848,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29847,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29846,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29845,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29844,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29849,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29843,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Maria Valley area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.667,\n 35.047\n ],\n [\n -120.667,\n 34.825\n ],\n [\n -120.167,\n 34.825\n ],\n [\n -120.167,\n 35.047\n ],\n [\n -120.667,\n 35.047\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worts, George Frank","contributorId":100830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worts","given":"George Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomasson, H. G. Jr.","contributorId":84343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomasson","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000228,"text":"1000228 - 1951 - Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T16:23:41.920026","indexId":"1000228","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"The production of lake trout in the United States waters of Lake Superior was low (only 1,465,000 pounds) in 1879, the first year for which there is a record. Expansion of the fishery must have started soon thereafter, for the take was 3,488,000 pounds in 1885, the next year for which we have statistics, and averaged 3,416,000 pounds in 1885–1892. The years after 1892 can be divided readily into three general periods with average yields as follows: 1893–1907–4,599,000 pounds; 1908–1925–2,168,000 pounds; 1926–1949–3,049,000 pounds. A take of 3 million pounds can be held as “normal” in the modern fishery. During the three periods just listed the percentage contributions of the individual states to the United States total (as computed from the averages for individual periods) ranged from 65.1 to 71.5 for Michigan, 17.5 to 25.6 for Wisconsin, and from 9.3 to 11.0 for Minnesota.
In the Canadian (Province of Ontario) waters of Lake Superior the average annual output of lake trout rose from 309,000 pounds in 1871–1882 to 900,000 pounds in 1883–1893, 1,567,000 pounds in 1894–1903, and 2,189,000 pounds in 1904–1918. This last period of relatively high yield was followed by two intervals of successively lower average catches–1,691,000 pounds in 1919–1929 and 1,395,000 pounds in 1930–1949.
For the combined United States and Canadian waters of Lake Superior the general trends in the production of lake trout can be described by the following averages: 1879–1,653,000 pounds: 1885–1892–4,325,000 pounds; 1893–1907–6,236,000 pounds; 1908–1949–4,403,000 pounds.
The short‐term fluctuations of production during the more recent years give evidence of periodicity in the output of lake trout in Michigan, Ontario, and in the entire lake. Furthermore, these periodic fluctuations tended to be similar in Michigan and Ontario waters. The coefficient of correlation (r) between production in Michigan and Ontario in 1920–1949 (after elimination of trend in the statistics for both areas) had the significant value of 0.456. This correlation suggests that Michigan and Ontario fishermen exploit a common stock or stocks subject to similar fluctuations.
Statistics on the production of lake trout in 5 of the 6 statistical districts of the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior (see Fig. 2 for boundaries of the districts) in 1885 suggest that in most areas the fishery was then in the process of development. Even in 1891–1908 when the general level of production was high, there is evidence that during certain periods the catch in some areas was influenced strongly by factors (such as accessibility to market) other than the natural productivity of the waters. Comparisons of the average annual output of lake trout in the individual districts in 1891–1908 and 1929–1943 (the base period for our modern statistical analysis) reveal an enormous decrease in the Whitefish Bay region (S‐6) from 916,000 pounds in 1891–1908 to only 177,000 pounds in 1929–1943, a substantial drop (from 655,000 pounds to 385,000 pounds) in the Marquette‐Munising area (S‐4), and a small decrease (from 141,000 pounds to 138,000 pounds) in the Black River‐Ontonagon district (S‐2). Among the remaining districts the average yearly take increased from 322,000 pounds in 1891–1908 to 354,000 pounds in 1929–1943 at Isle Royal (S‐1), from 428,000 pounds to 501,000 pounds in the Grand Marais district (S‐5), and from 422,000 pounds to 506,000 pounds in the Keweenaw area (S‐3). These changes in the catch resulted in a westward shifting of production centers. Districts S‐1, S‐2, and S‐3 which together contributed only 30.7 percent of the 1891–1908 catch accounted for 48.4 percent of the take in 1929–1943.
The 1929–1949 production in all districts exhibited periodic fluctuations that were characterized by peaks in the middle 1930ˈs and middle 1940ˈs.
The indices of abundance or availability as computed from records of the catch of lake trout per unit of fishing effort showed periodic fluctuations in all districts of the State of Michigan waters similar to those of production (the peaks and the intervening minima fell a little earlier in the curves of abundance than in the production curves). For the combined districts the abundance of lake trout, expressed as a percentage of the 1929–1943 mean, stood at 108 in 1929, dropped to 100 in 1931, rose to a 21‐year high of 137 in 1934, decreased to 80 in 1940, increased again to 107 in 1944 and then fell to the 21‐year low of 65 in 1949 (this last decline was interrupted by a small increase in 1947).
The 1929–1949 fluctuations in abundance were similar in the 5 mainland districts (S‐2 through S‐6). The coefficients of correlation (r) were significant for all 10 pairings and those for the 4 easterly districts (S‐3 through S‐6) were extremely high (p < 0.001 for all 6 values). Thus we have evidence that the fishermen along the mainland exploit common stocks or stocks in which the factors controlling availability are the same or subject to closely similar fluctuations. The fluctuations in abundance in S‐1 were correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with those in S‐2 but otherwise appeared to be independent of conditions along the mainland.
The distinctly cyclic fluctuations that characterized the statistics on production and abundance were much less apparent in the 1929–1949 data on fishing intensity in the State of Michigan districts. In districts S‐3, S‐4, and S‐5 a possible tendency toward a cyclic fluctuation seems to have been obscured by a long‐term upward trend that was becoming stronger toward the end of the 21‐year period. For the combined districts the level of fishing pressure was consistently high after 1943. Over the 6‐year period, 1944–1949, fishing intensity expressed as a percentage of the 1929–1943 mean averaged 142; for the most recent 4 years, 1946–1949 the average intensity index was 151.
On the whole, the 1929–1949 production of lake trout in the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior was unreliable as an indicator of changes in abundance. The coefficient of correlation between the fluctuations of catch and abundance was, to be sure, positive and significant in S‐1 (p < 0.05) and S‐6 (p < 0.01), but in the remaining districts and for the combined districts the values of the coefficient were far below the level of significance.
The failure of production to serve better as an indicator of changes in abundance can be attributed to the negative correlation that existed between abundance and fishing intensity (values of r highly significant in every district but S‐6 and for the combined districts). The relationship suggests that fishermen have increased their fishing pressure in order to maintain their production during the recent years of declining abundance.
The condition of the lake trout fishery of the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior must be termed unhealthy and the outlook for the future is not good. Production in 1949 stood at 106 percent of the 1929–1943 mean, but this level of yield was made possible only by fishing intensity that was 162 percent of average; the abundance index in 1949 was only 65. Certainly the stocks of lake trout are in a poor state to withstand the threatened inroads of sea lampreys which have been taken from all parts of Lake Superior and are known to have established spawning runs at least as far west as the Keweenaw Peninsula.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp226","usgsCitation":"Gregory, H.E., 1951, The geology and geography of the Paunsaugunt region, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 226, Report: vi, 116 p.; 4 Plates: 27.85 x 44.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp226.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 116 p.; 4 Plates: 27.85 x 44.39 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104389,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4217.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4217"},{"id":120538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0226/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66903,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0226/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66902,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0226/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66901,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0226/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66900,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0226/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66899,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0226/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Paunsaugunt region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4819,\n 37.7981\n ],\n [\n -112.4819,\n 37.1667\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 37.1667\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 37.7981\n ],\n [\n -112.4819,\n 37.7981\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregory, H. E.","contributorId":93027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregory","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001320,"text":"2001320 - 1951 - A unique bacterium pathogenic for warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T18:12:34","indexId":"2001320","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"seriesNumber":"52","title":"A unique bacterium pathogenic for warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Griffin, P.J., and Snieszko, S.F., 1951, A unique bacterium pathogenic for warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals: Fishery Bulletin, v. 52, no. 1, p. 187-190.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"190","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352112,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/52-1/griffin.pdf"},{"id":352113,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/52-1/521toc.html"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5444","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, P. J.","contributorId":50111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"P.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011170,"text":"70011170 - 1951 - Fluorometric determination of zirconium in minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:30","indexId":"70011170","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorometric determination of zirconium in minerals","docAbstract":"The increasing use of zirconium in alloys and in the ceramics industry has created renewed interest in methods for its determination. It is a common constituent of many minerals, but is usually present in very small amounts. Published methods tend to be tedious, time-consuming, and uncertain as to accuracy. A new fluorometric procedure, which overcomes these objections to a large extent, is based on the blue fluorescence given by zirconium and flavonol in sulfuric acid solution. Hafnium is the only element that interferes. The sample is fused with borax glass and sodium carbonate and extracted with water. The residue is dissolved in sulfuric acid, made alkaline with sodium hydroxide to separate aluminum, and filtered. The precipitate is dissolved in sulfuric acid and electrolysed in a Melaven cell to remove iron. Flavonol is then added and the fluorescence intensity is measured with a photo-fluorometer. Analysis of seven standard mineral samples shows excellent results. The method is especially useful for minerals containing less than 0.25% zirconium oxide.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Alford, W., Shapiro, L., and White, C.E., 1951, Fluorometric determination of zirconium in minerals: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1149-1152.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1152","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1290e4b0c8380cd54363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alford, W.C.","contributorId":86487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alford","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, L.","contributorId":103408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, C. E.","contributorId":24915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011172,"text":"70011172 - 1951 - Improved method for measuring counting times with the Norelco x-ray diffraction spectrometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:31","indexId":"70011172","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Improved method for measuring counting times with the Norelco x-ray diffraction spectrometer","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Christ, C., 1951, Improved method for measuring counting times with the Norelco x-ray diffraction spectrometer, in Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 4.","startPage":"688","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a395be4b0c8380cd618c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christ, C. L.","contributorId":53906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christ","given":"C. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184455,"text":"70184455 - 1951 - Rainfall frequency: An aspect of climatic variation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:12:00","indexId":"70184455","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rainfall frequency: An aspect of climatic variation","docAbstract":"Analyses which have been made in the past have shown no significant trend in annual values of rainfall during the period of rainfall records in the southwestern United States. In the present study, frequency of daily rains of various sizes are analyzed for four long-record stations in New Mexico. It is shown that the frequency of rains smaller than 0.50 inch in a day progressively increased from 1850 to about 1930. Opposite trends in different size classes tended to partially compensate one another in such a way that trends do not appear in the annual rainfall totals. Frequency of rains of various sizes comprising wet years and dry are compared. Some effects of changes in rainfall frequency on vegetation and erosion are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR032i003p00347","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1951, Rainfall frequency: An aspect of climatic variation: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 32, no. 3, p. 347-357, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR032i003p00347.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"357","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337168,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277fbe4b014cc3a3e7720","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178272,"text":"70178272 - 1951 - Assigned quadrangle names in the United States and its territories and island possessions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-10T13:01:05","indexId":"70178272","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Assigned quadrangle names in the United States and its territories and island possessions","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70178272","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1951, Assigned quadrangle names in the United States and its territories and island possessions (First edition), 415 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70178272.","productDescription":"415 p.","numberOfPages":"419","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":330917,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330926,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70178272/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"First edition","publicComments":"Prepared by Plans and Estimates Section, Plans and Coordination Branch, Topographic Division","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58259566e4b01fad86db2445"} ,{"id":70011154,"text":"70011154 - 1951 - Determination of molybenum in soils and rocks: A geochemical semimicro field method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70011154","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of molybenum in soils and rocks: A geochemical semimicro field method","docAbstract":"Reconnaissance work in geochemical prospecting requires a simple, rapid, and moderately accurate method for the determination of small amounts of molybdenum in soils and rocks. The useful range of the suggested procedure is from 1 to 32 p.p.m. of molybdenum, but the upper limit can be extended. Duplicate determinations on eight soil samples containing less than 10 p.p.m. of molybdenum agree within 1 p.p.m., and a comparison of field results with those obtained by a conventional laboratory procedure shows that the method is sufficiently accurate for use in geochemical prospecting. The time required for analysis and the quantities of reagents needed have been decreased to provide essentially a \"test tube\" method for the determination of molybdenum in soils and rocks. With a minimum amount of skill, one analyst can make 30 molybdenum determinations in an 8-hour day.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Ward, F.N., 1951, Determination of molybenum in soils and rocks: A geochemical semimicro field method: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 5, p. 788-790.","startPage":"788","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffb6e4b0c8380cd4f352","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, F. N.","contributorId":96254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014405,"text":"1014405 - 1951 - The toxicity of pyridylmercuric acetate technical (PMA) to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T15:54:14.234973","indexId":"1014405","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The toxicity of pyridylmercuric acetate technical (PMA) to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1951)13[71:TTOPAT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rodgers, E.O., Hazen, B.H., Friddle, S.B., and Snieszko, S.F., 1951, The toxicity of pyridylmercuric acetate technical (PMA) to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii): Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 13, no. 2, p. 71-73, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1951)13[71:TTOPAT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634c2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodgers, E. O.","contributorId":52523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodgers","given":"E.","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hazen, B. H.","contributorId":89482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazen","given":"B.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friddle, S. B.","contributorId":18299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friddle","given":"S.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013773,"text":"1013773 - 1951 - Cocarboxylase and adenosine triphosphate as growth factors for Hemophilus piscium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:30","indexId":"1013773","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":886,"text":"Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cocarboxylase and adenosine triphosphate as growth factors for Hemophilus piscium","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Biochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"20/FH","usgsCitation":"Griffin, P.J., 1951, Cocarboxylase and adenosine triphosphate as growth factors for Hemophilus piscium: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, v. 30, no. 1, p. 100-102.","productDescription":"p. 100-102","startPage":"100","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, P. J.","contributorId":50111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"P.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014505,"text":"1014505 - 1951 - Treatment of brook trout with antibiotics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:31","indexId":"1014505","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2688,"text":"Maryland Conservationist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Treatment of brook trout with antibiotics","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maryland Conservationist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"19/FH","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., and Friddle, S.B., 1951, Treatment of brook trout with antibiotics: Maryland Conservationist, v. 28, no. 2, p. 10-12, 29.","productDescription":"p. 10-12, 29","startPage":"10","endPage":"12, 29","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697d31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friddle, S. B.","contributorId":18299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friddle","given":"S.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011149,"text":"70011149 - 1951 - Aromatic fluorine compounds. III. The fluoromesitylenes and derivatives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:19:14.342747","indexId":"70011149","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2519,"text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aromatic fluorine compounds. III. The fluoromesitylenes and derivatives","docAbstract":"Nitration of mesitylene and difluoromesitylene in anhydrous hydrofluoric acid gave near quantitative yields of dinitromesitylene and 2,4-difluoro-6-nitromesitylene, respectively. Difluoro- and trifluoromesitylene were synthesized by the Schiemann reaction in record yields reported for this type of reaction. Various intermediates and derivatives are reported for the fluoromesitylenes. Among the products of exhaustive chlorination of trifluoromesitylene, 2,4,6-tris-(trichloromethyl)-1,-3,5-trifluorobenzene and 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-trifluorobenzene were identified.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ja01145a053","issn":"00027863","usgsCitation":"Finger, G.C., Reed, F., Maynert, E., and Weiner, A., 1951, Aromatic fluorine compounds. III. The fluoromesitylenes and derivatives: Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 73, no. 1, p. 149-151, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a053.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed7fe4b0c8380cd4983f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finger, G. C.","contributorId":89277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, F.H.","contributorId":82058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maynert, E.W.","contributorId":61162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maynert","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weiner, A.M.","contributorId":15343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiner","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011151,"text":"70011151 - 1951 - Aromatic fluorine compounds. II. 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene and related compounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:18:09.393805","indexId":"70011151","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2519,"text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aromatic fluorine compounds. II. 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene and related compounds","docAbstract":"The synthesis and properties of 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene and a group of bromofluoro and chlorofluorobenzenes with a predominating 1,2,4,5-structure are described. Flash point and surface tension data for the fluorinated benzenes and the influence of chlorine substitution upon these values were studied. Under nitration conditions, 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene will not form a nitro derivative, but will undergo a preferential 1,4-fluorine displacement-oxidation mechanism to give 2,5-difluoro-1,4-benzoquinone. Diazotization reactions on 2-nitro-3,4,6-trifluoroaniline reveal that the nitro group or a fluorine atom in the 4- or 6-position may become labilized, under certain conditions, and undergo replacement.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ja01145a052","issn":"00027863","usgsCitation":"Finger, G.C., Reed, F., Burness, D., Fort, D., and Blough, R., 1951, Aromatic fluorine compounds. II. 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene and related compounds: Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 73, no. 1, p. 145-149, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a052.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed7fe4b0c8380cd4983c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finger, G. C.","contributorId":89277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, F.H.","contributorId":82058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burness, D.M.","contributorId":99288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burness","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fort, D.M.","contributorId":16577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fort","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blough, R.R.","contributorId":28747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blough","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70011153,"text":"70011153 - 1951 - Aromatic fluorine compounds. V. 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:21:33.480965","indexId":"70011153","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2519,"text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aromatic fluorine compounds. V. 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene","docAbstract":"The synthesis and properties of 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene, its intermediates and some of its derivatives have been described.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ja01145a055","issn":"00027863","usgsCitation":"Finger, G.C., Reed, F., and Finnerty, J., 1951, Aromatic fluorine compounds. V. 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene: Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 73, no. 1, p. 153-155, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a055.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220885,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed80e4b0c8380cd49845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finger, G. 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A fluorometric method was developed to shorten the time required for the analysis and to assure that the final determination is for lithium alone. This procedure is based on the complex formed between lithium and 8-hydroxyquinoline. The fluorescence is developed in a slightly alkaline solution of 95% alcohol and measurement is made on a photoelectric fluorometer. Separation from the ore is carried out by the wet method or by the distillation procedure. Sodium and potassium are removed by alcohol and ether, but complete separation is not necessary. Comparison of analyzed samples shows excellent agreement with spectrographic and gravimetric methods. The fluorometric method is more rapid than the gravimetric and produces more conclusive results. Another useful application is in the preparation of standard lithium solutions from reagent quality salts when a known standard is available. In this case no separations are necessary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"White, C.E., Fletcher, M.H., and Parks, J., 1951, Determination of lithium in rocks: Fluorometric method: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 3, p. 478-481.","startPage":"478","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffb2e4b0c8380cd4f339","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, C. E.","contributorId":24915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, M. H.","contributorId":53438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parks, J.","contributorId":26814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011129,"text":"70011129 - 1951 - Recent advances in fluorine chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-07T16:56:25.743851","indexId":"70011129","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2206,"text":"Journal of Chemical Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent advances in fluorine chemistry","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ed028p49","issn":"00219584","usgsCitation":"Finger, G.C., 1951, Recent advances in fluorine chemistry: Journal of Chemical Education, v. 28, no. 1, p. 49-52, https://doi.org/10.1021/ed028p49.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220687,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1951-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95d9e4b0c8380cd81c84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finger, G. C.","contributorId":89277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":64219,"text":"gp49 - 1951 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map and accompanying aeromagnetic profiles, northern part of Otter Tail County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T20:49:23.774608","indexId":"gp49","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"49","title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map and accompanying aeromagnetic profiles, northern part of Otter Tail County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp49","usgsCitation":"Balsley, J.R., Hill, M.E., and Meuschke, J.L., 1951, Total intensity aeromagnetic map and accompanying aeromagnetic profiles, northern part of Otter Tail County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 49, 2 Plates: 52.32 × 27.79 inches and 49.06 × 30.06 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp49.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 52.32 × 27.79 inches and 49.06 × 30.06 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410494,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3438.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":260632,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260633,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0049/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"63360","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Otter Tail County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.15,\n 46.7167\n ],\n [\n -96.15,\n 46.4167\n ],\n [\n -95.15,\n 46.4167\n ],\n [\n -95.15,\n 46.7167\n ],\n [\n -96.15,\n 46.7167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balsley, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":79535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsley","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. E.","contributorId":49330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meuschke, J. L.","contributorId":53349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meuschke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70191232,"text":"70191232 - 1951 - Conservation: Where we stand: Review of Water, land, and people","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-01T14:11:08","indexId":"70191232","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5506,"text":"The Living Wilderness","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation: Where we stand: Review of Water, land, and people","docAbstract":"A distinguished conservationist, just returned from more than a year in those Pacific islands held in trust by the United States, reports that representatives of the government there are nearly completely concerned with the maintenance of an administrative organization. Actual advances in matters of land use, of maintaining the material and mental welfare of the native population, and the preservation of the most interesting remnants of untouched habitat, are just never made.
Any such oversimplification is, of course, subject to error in detail, but it nevertheless stands as a touchstone to where we stand in conservation. In much more guarded phrases, and with considerable supporting data, Bernard Frank and Anthony Netboy say much the same thing about governmental conservation in the United States in their recently published Water, Land, and People.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilderness Society","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1951, Conservation: Where we stand: Review of Water, land, and people: The Living Wilderness, v. 36, no. Spring 1951, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":346303,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"Spring 1951","publicComments":"Review of Water, Land, and People, by Bernard Frank and Anthony Netboy; New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1950.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d1fe97e4b05fe04cc23528","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":95185,"text":"95185 - 1951 - Treatment with antibiotics of ulcer disease and furunculosis in trout (Mimeograph)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:58","indexId":"95185","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Treatment with antibiotics of ulcer disease and furunculosis in trout (Mimeograph)","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"16/FH","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., 1951, Treatment with antibiotics of ulcer disease and furunculosis in trout (Mimeograph), 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f13ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}