Coalification involves the genetic and metamorphic history of coal beds. The plant materials that form coal may be, in part, simply incorporated, or they may be present in vitrinized or fusinized form. Materials contributing to coal differ in their response to diagenetic and metamorphic agencies and the three essential processes of coalification are called incorporation, vitrinization, and fusinization. The processes are defined on the basis of important petrographic characteristics. A diagram is given illustrating the extent of change in the plant material, in comparison with diagenetic and metamorphic intensity. Since coal beds generally include various proportions of the diverse materials resulting from the three processes, practical classification of coal is intimately related to the part each process has played.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.3.207","usgsCitation":"Society of Economic Geologist, 1948, Variable coalification; the processes involved in coal formation: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 3, p. 207-225, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.3.207.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"225","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379778,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70215634,"text":"70215634 - 1948 - Notes on the Archaeology of the Utukok River, Northwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T20:01:09.701179","indexId":"70215634","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T14:54:26","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Notes on the Archaeology of the Utukok River, Northwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"Early in May 1947, a United States Geological Survey field party of five was flown by ski plane to the headwaters of the Utukok River in northwestern Alaska, about 200 miles southwest of Barrow. Three 18–foot canvas boats of a special folding design were taken in along with enough equipment for four months. Food caches had been flown in to six localities on the 200–mile–long river a short time before the group landed. When the “break–up” came late in May the party started down the river working out the geology of the area from a series of 18 camps which were established before reaching the Arctic Ocean in August.
During the season 17 archaeological sites were discovered. It is believed that most of these sites are of Eskimo origin and are probably fairly recent. However, an important exception is a well–made Folsom point, announcement of which has been made.
","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.2307/276048","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.M., 1948, Notes on the Archaeology of the Utukok River, Northwestern Alaska: American Antiquity, v. 14, no. 1, p. 62-65, https://doi.org/10.2307/276048.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"65","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Utukok River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.69677734375,\n 68.51214331858073\n ],\n [\n -159.41162109374997,\n 68.51214331858073\n ],\n [\n -159.41162109374997,\n 69.50376519563686\n ],\n [\n -161.69677734375,\n 69.50376519563686\n ],\n [\n -161.69677734375,\n 68.51214331858073\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Raymond M.","contributorId":82760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215633,"text":"70215633 - 1948 - Heavy metals in altered rock over blind ore bodies, East Tintic District, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T19:50:31.861646","indexId":"70215633","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T14:29:21","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metals in altered rock over blind ore bodies, East Tintic District, Utah","docAbstract":"Standard chemical tests and spectroscopic analyses of altered Tertiary lavas that occur above blind ore bodies in the East Tintic district, Utah, have failed to show any evidence of the mineralization in the underlying dolomites. A new technique involving dithizone was used in the field to test ammonium acetate extracts of crushed samples of the lava for soluble heavy metals, with significant results. Concentrations of heavy metals, believed to be chiefly zinc, with some lead and rarely copper (?), were found in pyritized rhyolite above and up-rake from known blind ore bodies, and were lacking in similarly altered rhyolite underlain by barren rocks. An incompletely prospected area of pyritic alteration shows a definite pattern of positive tests and seems worthy of further exploration. The theory and practice of the dithizone method as used in the field is described briefly.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.5.384","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T.S., Sokoloff, V., and Morris, H., 1948, Heavy metals in altered rock over blind ore bodies, East Tintic District, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 5, p. 384-399, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.5.384.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"399","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"East Tintic District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 40.58475654701271\n ],\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.58475654701271\n ],\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, Thomas Seward","contributorId":17227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"Seward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sokoloff, V.P.","contributorId":7346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokoloff","given":"V.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, Hal T.","contributorId":71960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Hal T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70215631,"text":"70215631 - 1948 - Distribution of coastal black-sands in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as mapped from an airplane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T17:50:52.0529","indexId":"70215631","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T14:10:07","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of coastal black-sands in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as mapped from an airplane","docAbstract":"Black-sand beach concentrates are more widely distributed along the beaches of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia than has been recorded heretofore, as shown by a map prepared by airplane reconnaissance. The map shows also that the black sands diminish in abundance northward, that their distribution is in part related to the configuration of the shoreline, and that they are found only on beaches along the open sea.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.6.518","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., and Balsley, J.R., 1948, Distribution of coastal black-sands in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as mapped from an airplane: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 6, p. 518-524, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.6.518.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"518","endPage":"524","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379775,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.837158203125,\n 31.024694128525137\n ],\n [\n -81.05712890625,\n 30.80791068136646\n ],\n [\n -80.83740234375,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 32.491230287947594\n ],\n [\n -78.22265625,\n 33.63291573870479\n ],\n [\n -75.95947265625,\n 34.97600151317588\n ],\n [\n -77.93701171875,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 32.30570601389429\n ],\n [\n -81.837158203125,\n 31.024694128525137\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, V.E.","contributorId":85161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balsley, James R.","contributorId":10010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70215630,"text":"70215630 - 1948 - The bedding-replacement fluorspar deposits of Spar Valley, Eagle Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T19:09:41.13659","indexId":"70215630","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T14:01:23","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The bedding-replacement fluorspar deposits of Spar Valley, Eagle Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas","docAbstract":"The Spar Valley fluorspar district in the Eagle Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas, is one of the few in the western United States containing bedding-replacement fluorspar deposits. The deposits at Spar Valley resemble the bedding-replacement deposits of the Cave in Rock fluorspar district of southern Illinois. Two distinct deposits, the North and the South ore bodies, are present. The North ore body is larger and has been developed by diamond drilling and mining; the following statements apply chiefly to it.The fluorspar partly replaces a sequence of three sandy limestones interbedded with four calcareous shales in the lower part of the Edwards limestone of Lower Cretaceous age. The fluoritized beds, which dip 40 degrees SW in conformity with underlying limestone, are overlain by thick impermeable gouge along a bedding-plane fault dipping slightly more than 40 degrees SW. The high-grade beds were derived from the sandy limestones, and the low-grade beds, which contain as much as 28 percent of CaF 2 , were formed from the calcareous shales. The selectiveness of replacement by the fluorine-bearing solutions, due to differences in the chemical composition, texture, and degree of brecciation of the original rock, resulted in bedding-replacement deposits of variable fluorite content.A reduction in volume, which accompanied the replacement, led to the development of many cavities. During the later stages of fluoritization these cavities were lined with fluorite crystals, early fluorite grains were coated and interstices between them were filled, and fluorite veins were formed in the ore beds and the underlying dense limestone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.6.509","usgsCitation":"Gillerman, E., 1948, The bedding-replacement fluorspar deposits of Spar Valley, Eagle Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 6, p. 509-517, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.6.509.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"517","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Hudspeth","otherGeospatial":"Eagle 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Elliot","contributorId":35741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillerman","given":"Elliot","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215629,"text":"70215629 - 1948 - Ground-water investigations in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T18:59:38.907332","indexId":"70215629","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T13:54:10","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water investigations in the United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.7.547","usgsCitation":"Sayre, A., 1948, Ground-water investigations in the United States: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 7, p. 547-552, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.7.547.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sayre, A.N.","contributorId":84339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayre","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215628,"text":"70215628 - 1948 - A sensitive field test for heavy metals in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T18:53:18.257784","indexId":"70215628","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T13:45:34","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sensitive field test for heavy metals in water","docAbstract":"A semiquantitative colorimetric analytical method using dithizone to detect traces of heavy metals in natural water is described. Although reagents of exceptional purity are required, only simple equipment is needed and the test can be made in a few minutes in the field. A combined mixed color and mono color technique makes the test suitable for a wide range of concentrations. The test is very sensitive; as little as 0.01 part per million of either copper, lead, zinc or any combination of the three metals can be detected readily.The dithizone test permits rapid field identification of drainage elements which contain significant concentrations of heavy metals. An example is given showing how the test can be used to trace the heavy metal content of a drainage system back to its source. It is possible that, under favorable conditions, the field test may facilitate prospecting by detecting metals discharged by the weathering of hidden ore bodies. However, until the method receives further investigation, it would be premature to predict its value.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.8.675","usgsCitation":"Huff, L.C., 1948, A sensitive field test for heavy metals in water: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 8, p. 675-684, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.8.675.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"684","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379772,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gilpin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-105.6743,39.93],[-105.6089,39.9302],[-105.4968,39.9298],[-105.4728,39.9302],[-105.4638,39.9292],[-105.4584,39.9297],[-105.4398,39.9364],[-105.4362,39.9364],[-105.4296,39.9327],[-105.426,39.9318],[-105.4212,39.9309],[-105.3966,39.9326],[-105.3968,39.9117],[-105.3958,39.8827],[-105.3939,39.8251],[-105.3945,39.7499],[-105.4035,39.7499],[-105.4101,39.7486],[-105.4143,39.7459],[-105.4185,39.745],[-105.4203,39.7454],[-105.4215,39.7482],[-105.4239,39.7518],[-105.4262,39.7527],[-105.4274,39.7532],[-105.4424,39.7528],[-105.4454,39.7528],[-105.4609,39.7551],[-105.4759,39.7566],[-105.4854,39.7566],[-105.4932,39.7584],[-105.4992,39.7603],[-105.5081,39.7631],[-105.5207,39.7654],[-105.532,39.7681],[-105.5392,39.7718],[-105.5434,39.7759],[-105.5445,39.78],[-105.5451,39.7818],[-105.5457,39.785],[-105.554,39.7909],[-105.5743,39.8018],[-105.5755,39.8036],[-105.5755,39.8109],[-105.576,39.8186],[-105.5778,39.8209],[-105.579,39.8213],[-105.5814,39.8213],[-105.5892,39.8177],[-105.5922,39.8159],[-105.597,39.8164],[-105.6,39.8182],[-105.603,39.8196],[-105.6119,39.8223],[-105.6191,39.8255],[-105.6239,39.8301],[-105.6274,39.8346],[-105.6298,39.8396],[-105.6334,39.8419],[-105.6471,39.846],[-105.6531,39.8474],[-105.6597,39.8474],[-105.6651,39.8465],[-105.6723,39.8461],[-105.6795,39.8466],[-105.6849,39.8484],[-105.6884,39.8507],[-105.6908,39.8548],[-105.6926,39.8634],[-105.6955,39.8734],[-105.6961,39.8783],[-105.6955,39.8861],[-105.6955,39.8892],[-105.6925,39.8933],[-105.6895,39.8978],[-105.6864,39.9064],[-105.684,39.91],[-105.6804,39.9141],[-105.6798,39.9182],[-105.6779,39.9241],[-105.6743,39.93]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Gilpin\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","volume":"43","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, Lyman C.","contributorId":47440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215627,"text":"70215627 - 1948 - Geology and ground water of the Casablanca Basin, Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T16:14:57.539396","indexId":"70215627","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T13:32:37","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground water of the Casablanca Basin, Chile","docAbstract":"\"In the uplands the Cretaceous granodiorite and granite contain water in the weathered zones, and in joints and fractures. These yield small supplies of good water to springs and to shallow domestic and stock wells. The alluvial fill of the lowlands contains a zone of saturation that is sustained by infiltration from rainfall and from the runoff of the uplands.... Where present in the zone of saturation, the coarse-grained members of the alluvial fill yield moderate to large supplies of good water to wells.\"
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.8.661","usgsCitation":"Taylor, G.C., 1948, Geology and ground water of the Casablanca Basin, Chile: Economic Geology, v. 73, no. 8, p. 661-674, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.8.661.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"661","endPage":"674","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379771,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Casablanca Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.7791748046875,\n -34.25267611710151\n ],\n [\n -69.71923828125,\n -34.25267611710151\n ],\n [\n -69.71923828125,\n -32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -71.7791748046875,\n -32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -71.7791748046875,\n -34.25267611710151\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, G. C. Jr.","contributorId":21628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37935,"text":"37935 - 1948 - Fall and winter food habits of deer in northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-17T12:59:37","indexId":"37935","displayToPublicDate":"1948-08-01T12:58:33","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"310","title":"Fall and winter food habits of deer in northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Aldous, S.E., and Smith, C.F., 1948, Fall and winter food habits of deer in northeastern Minnesota (Reissued with minor revisions from Wildlife Leaflet BS-137 (1939).): Wildlife Leaflet 310, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Northeastern Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.76,45.97 ], [ -94.76,49.38 ], [ -89.49,49.38 ], [ -89.49,45.97 ], [ -94.76,45.97 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Reissued with minor revisions from Wildlife Leaflet BS-137 (1939).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5904e4b0b290850f876c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aldous, Shaler Eugene","contributorId":46142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldous","given":"Shaler","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Clarence F.","contributorId":52494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Clarence","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220088,"text":"5220088 - 1948 - Mammals of northwestern Texas found in barn owl pellets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:41:39.13212","indexId":"5220088","displayToPublicDate":"1948-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mammals of northwestern Texas found in barn owl pellets","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/29.3.291","usgsCitation":"Stickel, W.H., and Stickel, L.F., 1948, Mammals of northwestern Texas found in barn owl pellets: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 29, no. 3, p. 291-293, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/29.3.291.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193947,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"northwestern Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.88210473588288,\n 36.496620494967274\n ],\n [\n -103.13223794808076,\n 32.17633358411486\n ],\n [\n -106.37849080666292,\n 31.960727067795723\n ],\n [\n -106.0163015346867,\n 30.963205181377162\n ],\n [\n -103.58264425709902,\n 30.45945622851727\n ],\n [\n -99.6733394326306,\n 30.665411640751643\n ],\n [\n -99.6733394326306,\n 36.42083437177783\n ],\n [\n -102.88210473588288,\n 36.496620494967274\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, William H.","contributorId":178252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stickel","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickel, Lucille F.","contributorId":76598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"Lucille","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185550,"text":"70185550 - 1948 - Ground water hydraulics as a geophysical aid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T14:27:43","indexId":"70185550","displayToPublicDate":"1948-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":138,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"1","title":"Ground water hydraulics as a geophysical aid","docAbstract":"The publication of the non-equilibrium formula in 1935 in a paper by Theis marked the opening of a new era in the analysis and understanding of the hydraulics of percolating ground waters. Through the past decade 9 an ever-increasing number of engineers and geologists have become familiar-with the application of this formula to practical problems of ground-water flow and have tested it in the field, against precise observations, under controlled conditions. Although the highly idealized aquifer assumed for the derivation of this formula is not of widespread occurrence in the field, we gain increasing confidence in the use of the Theis method as our backlog of proven data accumulates until we now look askance at test data which do not conform to this theory. In many cases, careful study of these anomalous data will reveal the means for estimating the degree or manner in which an observed aquifer diverges from the idealized aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Michigan Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","usgsCitation":"Ferris, J.G., 1948, Ground water hydraulics as a geophysical aid: Technical Report 1, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/GIMDL-TR01_302969_7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df19e4b05ec79911d213","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferris, John G.","contributorId":14251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferris","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010891,"text":"70010891 - 1948 - Newly discovered outcrops of the Cannonball formation in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-11T17:34:47.644641","indexId":"70010891","displayToPublicDate":"1948-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Newly discovered outcrops of the Cannonball formation in North Dakota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.107.2789.624","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Brown, R., and Lemke, R.W., 1948, Newly discovered outcrops of the Cannonball formation in North Dakota: Science, v. 107, no. 2789, p. 624-625, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.107.2789.624.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"624","endPage":"625","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221337,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.09359665768046,\n 49.03208459228799\n ],\n [\n -104.09359665768046,\n 45.94346419852732\n ],\n [\n -96.7868729243204,\n 45.91627472570747\n ],\n [\n -96.7925318616973,\n 47.541835605708854\n ],\n [\n -97.03370785785947,\n 48.12161041774661\n ],\n [\n -97.03979782732624,\n 48.97551491686278\n ],\n [\n -104.09359665768046,\n 49.03208459228799\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"2789","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6628e4b0c8380cd72d36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R.W.","contributorId":63085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemke, R. W.","contributorId":92319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220009,"text":"70220009 - 1948 - Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T18:00:29.823768","indexId":"70220009","displayToPublicDate":"1948-06-01T12:56:33","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1726,"text":"GSA Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California","docAbstract":"The batholith of Southern and Lower California is exposed continuously from near Riverside, California, southward for a distance of about 350 miles. In central Lower California it is covered in part by younger rocks, but discontinuous bodies extend to the southern end of Lower California, and hence the batholith is probably over 1000 miles long. Its width is about 60 miles. A strip across the northern part of the batholith about 70 miles wide has been studied; the western half was mapped in detail, and the eastern half was covered in rapid reconnaissance.
In the area studied the batholith intrudes Triassic sediments and Jurassic(?) volcanic rocks along its western border and Paleozoic sediments along its eastern border. Screens and roof pendants are common within the batholith. The Triassic rocks are mildly metamorphosed in the western part of the area but become progressively more coarsely crystalline toward the east. The Paleozoic rocks are rather coarsely crystalline. The metamorphism in large part preceded the intrusion of the batholith, and only locally was there appreciable contact metamorphism. The batholith and older rocks are overlain by Upper Cretaceous and younger sediments. Small bodies of andesite and basalt are associated with the Tertiary sediments, and small bodies of nepheline basalt of Quaternary age are present in the area. The batholith was intruded in early Upper Cretaceous time.
The batholith in the area studied was emplaced by over 20 separate injections. Most of the resulting rock types are found in only one or a few small bodies which are confined to a small area. In the area studied in detail (Pl. 1) five types are present in many large, widely separated bodies, making up about 88 per cent of the area underlain by the batholith. In the eastern half of the batholith three more widespread types are present. In the western half of the body the rocks range fro a gabbro to granite, but in the eastern half several tonalites constitute nearly the whole of the mass. The gabbro is composed of many related rocks. Some have hornblende, some pyroxene; in some the plagioclase is anorthite, in others it is as sodic as andesine-Iabradorite. Some of the tonalites contain abundant inclusions that have been almost completely reworked by the magma and have been softened and stretched into thin discs. These inclusions are well oriented and near the contacts with older rocks they parallel the contacts, but elsewhere they strike about N. 30° W. and dip steeply to the east. One tonalite, whose feldspar is andesine, has scattered crystals with cores of bytownite, and has well-crystallized hornblende with cores of pale uralitic hornblende and remnants of augite. Hornblende and biotite are the predominant mafic minerals of the tonalites and granodiorites. The iron content of the mafic minerals of the gabbros is moderate, and it increases as the rocks become richer in silica. The norms and the modes are shown on a variation diagram (Figs. 11, 12). The chemical analyses of the rocks fall near smooth variation curves (Fig. 4).
The general strike of the structures of the area have been about N. 30° W. from Paleozoic to the present time. The Paleozoic and Triassic sediments, the orientation of the inclusions and other structures of the batholith, the elongation of the batholith and the mountain ranges, and the strike of the major faults are in about the same direction. In the batholith and the older sediments the dips are steep to the east.
The batholith must have been emplaced by stoping and not by forceful injection. Calculations show that the cooling of a large batholith is chiefly through the roof and not through the walls. Crystallization to a depth of 3 kilometers takes place in about half a million years. The different rocks of the batholith were formed from the intermediate gabbro by crystal differentiation and assimilation in depth.
In early Upper Cretaceous time diastrophism folded the older rocks and formed, in depth, a strip of gabbroic magma about 1000 miles long. A small amount of this magma was intruded nearly to the surface. The deep magma differentiated quietly until its upper part attained the composition of a tonalite. Earth movements then occurred at least five times in rapid succession and caused the injection of the different tonalites. Some of these carry abundant inclusions, indicating a widespread shattering of the wall rock shortly before final emplacement. From time to time local movements caused the injections of the different granodiorites. When the deep-seated magma reached the composition of a light-colored granodiorite, widespread diastrophism moved the main granodiorite upward. Further local movement caused the emplacement of the many local granodiorites and granites.
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