The Volcano Letter was an informal publication issued at irregular intervals by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) during the years 1925 to 1955. Individual issues contain information on volcanic activity, volcano research, and volcano monitoring in Hawaii. Information on volcanic activity at other locations is also occasionally included.
The Volcano Letter was published by HVO through multiple changes in administration, including the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association (1925 to 1932), the U.S. Geological Survey (1932 to 1935), the Department of the Interior (1935 to 1938), and the University of Hawai‘i (1938 to 1955). Issues 1-262 were published weekly from January 1, 1925, to January 2, 1930, and consisted of a single page of text. Issues 263-384, also published weekly, from January 9, 1930, to May 5, 1932, were generally longer—four pages— and provided more detail on volcanic activity, including photographs, maps, and plots. Weekly issues 385-387, published May 12-26, 1932, were a single page of text due to budget reductions brought on by the Great Depression. Budget restrictions reduced the publishing frequency to monthly for issues 388-428, covering the period of June 1932 to October 1935; these issues were generally shorter, 1-2 pages, and sometimes featured figures. From November 1935 to July 1938, issues 429-461 remained monthly but increased in length (generally eight pages) and featured figures frequently. Issues 462-530, published over the period of August 1938 to December 1955, varied in length from 2-15 pages, but were published quarterly, rather than monthly.
Six of the Volcano Letters are misnumbered:
Jan. 21, 1926 number is 55 though it should 56
July 29, 1926 number is 82 though it should be 83
Feb. 16, 1928 number is 161 though it should be 164
May 31, 1928 number is 197 though it should be 179
Nov. 29, 1928 number is 204 though it should be 205
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1932643","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L., 1948, Observations on the effect of flood on animals: Ecology, v. 29, no. 4, p. 505-507, https://doi.org/10.2307/1932643.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"507","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16564,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1932643","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":198066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69644a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57078,"text":"ofr4811 - 1948 - Preliminary report on the geology along the route of a proposed tunnel to develop hydroelectric power from Eklutna Lake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-14T13:31:08","indexId":"ofr4811","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-11","title":"Preliminary report on the geology along the route of a proposed tunnel to develop hydroelectric power from Eklutna Lake, Alaska","docAbstract":"A preliminary investigation of the geology of the ridge north-\nwest of the lower end of Eklutna Lake was made in the period\nJune 11-18, 1947, by the writer, assisted by L. A. Hale. The\npurpose of this study was to obtain geological information bearing\non the feasibility of constructing a tunnel through this ridge as\npart of a hydroelectric power development under consideration by\nthe city of Anchorage.
\nSeveral traverses were made up each side of the ridge in a\nbelt judged to include the most logical routes for the proposed\ntunnel. For the purpose of localizing the study two tentative\nroutes were selected, of which one would require the shortest possible\nlength of tunnel, and tho other would be somewhat longer but would\nplace the lower portal of the tunnel at a location considered to\nbe the most favorable for the construction of the penstock and\npower plant. The first route extends northwestward from tho most\nwesterly embayment on the north shore of the lake to the canyon\nabout half a wile east of Pioneer Creek (see map) . The second\nroute extends from tho same point in the lake to the nearest\npoint on the steep slope southwest of the mouth of Goat Creek.\nThe distance along the first route from the lake shore (elevation\n862 feet) to the 800-foot contour on the north side of the ridge is 4.3 miles. The distance between corresponding points along the\nsecond route is 4.5 miles. The length of the tunnel would exceed\nthese distances by amounts depending on the elevation and grade at\nwhich the tunnel is constructed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4811","usgsCitation":"Barnes, F., 1948, Preliminary report on the geology along the route of a proposed tunnel to develop hydroelectric power from Eklutna Lake, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-11, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4811.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287143,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0011/report.pdf"},{"id":287144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0011/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eklutna Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -149.333333,61.416667 ], [ -149.333333,61.583333 ], [ -149.166667,61.583333 ], [ -149.166667,61.416667 ], [ -149.333333,61.416667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53749073e4b0870f4d23cfd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, F.F.","contributorId":87198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37930,"text":"37930 - 1948 - Japanese ornithology and mammalogy during World War II: an annotated bibliography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-21T10:03:30","indexId":"37930","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T10:02:58","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"305","title":"Japanese ornithology and mammalogy during World War II: an annotated bibliography","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"Natural Resources Section","publisherLocation":"Tokyo, Japan","usgsCitation":"Austin, O.L., 1948, Japanese ornithology and mammalogy during World War II: an annotated bibliography: Wildlife Leaflet 305, 47 p.","productDescription":"47 p.","numberOfPages":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290531,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd635ce4b0b290850febc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Austin, Oliver Luther","contributorId":101568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"Oliver","email":"","middleInitial":"Luther","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37929,"text":"37929 - 1948 - Outlines for the study of mammalian ecology and life histories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-21T10:00:40","indexId":"37929","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T10:00:20","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"304","title":"Outlines for the study of mammalian ecology and life histories","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Taylor, W.P., 1948, Outlines for the study of mammalian ecology and life histories: Wildlife Leaflet 304, 26 p.","productDescription":"26 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6a46e4b0b2908510326b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Walter P.","contributorId":43277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37926,"text":"37926 - 1948 - Dealers in rodenticides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-21T09:50:44","indexId":"37926","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T09:49:56","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"301","title":"Dealers in rodenticides","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"United States Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.C., and Mills, E.M., 1948, Dealers in rodenticides: Wildlife Leaflet 301, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd53dde4b0b290850f566d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, John C.","contributorId":21200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, Ernest M.","contributorId":78254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048752,"text":"tem73 - 1948 - Preliminary notes on distribution of uranium in the Florida pebble phosphate field and suggestions for studying and sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T13:34:40","indexId":"tem73","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T09:13:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73","title":"Preliminary notes on distribution of uranium in the Florida pebble phosphate field and suggestions for studying and sampling","docAbstract":"The accompanying map and sections show examples of the present state of information about the occurrence of the \"Leached\" uranium-bearing bed in the Florida pebble phosphate district. The dashed lines on the map define, as closely as present data permit, the limit of the area in which this bed contains significant amounts of uranium. The figures next to localities on the map indicate first, the thickness of the bed in feet; and second the uranium content in thousandths of percent. For example, the figures 16-10 next to the TVA localities in Secs. 9 and 10, T. 32 S., R. 26 E. indicate 16 feet at 0.010 percent uranium. A \"0\" by a locality indicates either that the uranium content is less than 0.001 percent or less than the concentration in the underlying phosphate beds (matrix of the miners) or that the leached bed is not present.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem73","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1948, Preliminary notes on distribution of uranium in the Florida pebble phosphate field and suggestions for studying and sampling: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 73, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem73.","productDescription":"20 p.","numberOfPages":"20","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":282971,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0073/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.1629,27.0925 ], [ -82.1629,28.258 ], [ -80.9673,28.258 ], [ -80.9673,27.0925 ], [ -82.1629,27.0925 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5274cd80e4b089748f072442","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014501,"text":"1014501 - 1948 - Disinfection of rainbow trout eggs with sulfo-merthiolate: Experiment with sodium p-ethyl mercuri thiophenylsulfonate, Lilly","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:11:53.992753","indexId":"1014501","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disinfection of rainbow trout eggs with sulfo-merthiolate: Experiment with sodium p-ethyl mercuri thiophenylsulfonate, Lilly","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[143:DORTEW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., and Friddle, S.B., 1948, Disinfection of rainbow trout eggs with sulfo-merthiolate: Experiment with sodium p-ethyl mercuri thiophenylsulfonate, Lilly: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 10, no. 3, p. 143-149, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[143:DORTEW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131746,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a379","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friddle, S. B.","contributorId":18299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friddle","given":"S.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000213,"text":"1000213 - 1948 - Standardization of methods of expressing lengths and weights of fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:39:07","indexId":"1000213","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standardization of methods of expressing lengths and weights of fish","docAbstract":"Fishery workers in the United States and Canada are unable to think readily in terms of the metric system of weights and measurements. Even long experience does not make it possible to form a clear idea as to the actual size of fish for which lengths and weights are given in metric units, without first converting to the English system. A more general adoption of the English system of weights and measurements in fishery work is recommended. The use of English units exclusively is suggested for articles of a popular or semi-popular nature, but in more formal publications the key information, at least, should be recorded in both systems. In highly technical papers metric units alone may prove satisfactory. Agreement is also lacking as to which length measurement of fish is suited best for uniform adoption. The total length is recommended here for the reason that it is the only measurement that includes all of the fish. This length is defined as the distance from the tip of the head (jaws closed) to the tip of the tail with the lobes compressed so as to give the maximum possible measurement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[157:SOMOEL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., 1948, Standardization of methods of expressing lengths and weights of fish: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 75, p. 157-164, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[157:SOMOEL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"164","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e47fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013832,"text":"1013832 - 1948 - Brook and rainbow trout treated with sulfamerazine and calomel or sulfamerazine and carbarsone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:14:50.615319","indexId":"1013832","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brook and rainbow trout treated with sulfamerazine and calomel or sulfamerazine and carbarsone","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[139:BARTTW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gutsell, J., and Snieszko, S.F., 1948, Brook and rainbow trout treated with sulfamerazine and calomel or sulfamerazine and carbarsone: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 10, no. 3, p. 139-140, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[139:BARTTW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutsell, J.S.","contributorId":25523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutsell","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013829,"text":"1013829 - 1948 - The value of certain drugs, especially sulfa drugs, in the treatment of furunculosis in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T16:51:32.089324","indexId":"1013829","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The value of certain drugs, especially sulfa drugs, in the treatment of furunculosis in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis","docAbstract":"Furunculosis of salmonoid fishes is a dread epizootic disease caused by a general infection by Bacterium salmonicida.
In this experiment, treatment was tried with sulfonamides and another drug, “furacin” or “2–20–99” (new drug). The four treatments first used were: (1) sulfamerazine, (2) sulfathiazole, and (3) furacin, each administered by being mixed with the food; and (4) furacin added to the water of the troughs.
For assignment of treatments, the troughs containing fingerling brook trout, approximately 8 months old and running 30 to the pound, were grouped in four blocks of five troughs–three blocks of fingerlings with furunculosis, and one block of fingerlings of similar age and size but free from this disease. In each block, one trough received no medication. The various treatments were assigned to troughs by random selection. The block of healthy fish was to test for possible serious ill effects from any of the treatments, and was located some distance from the infected fish.
Treatments were begun August 30, 1945, and those involving sulfamerazine and sulfathiazole were continued through 25 days. The furacin treatments, less promising than the sulfonamide treatments, were replaced by sulfanilamide and sulfadiazine, each in the food, on the sixteenth day.
Furacin in the water was not beneficial but furacin in the food had some helpful effect. Results with sulfanilamide and sulfadiazine were not encouraging. Sulfathiazole seems to have been more beneficial than furacin, but decidedly less effective than sulfamerazine.
The improvement with sulfamerazine was impressive. Mortality dropped rapidly within a few days, generally was light after a week, and within 2 weeks almost completely stopped. Through 25 days, the loss was 17 percent, as compared with 50 percent among the infected lots not receiving medication.
The data indicate that 8 grams of sulfamerazine per day per 100 pounds of fish is sufficient, and that a considerably lower dose is at least beneficial.
Until further information is available, 8 grams of sulfamerazine per day per 100 pounds of fish, to be continued for at least 6 days after mortality stops, is recommended.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[186:TVOCDE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gutsell, J., 1948, The value of certain drugs, especially sulfa drugs, in the treatment of furunculosis in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 75, no. 1, p. 186-199, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[186:TVOCDE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"186","endPage":"199","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131551,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f10d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutsell, J.S.","contributorId":25523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutsell","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220343,"text":"5220343 - 1948 - Calcium and phosphorus requirements of bobwhite quail chicks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T17:05:38.040696","indexId":"5220343","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calcium and phosphorus requirements of bobwhite quail chicks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3795743","usgsCitation":"Nestler, R.B., DeWitt, J., Derby, J., and Moschler, M., 1948, Calcium and phosphorus requirements of bobwhite quail chicks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 12, no. 1, p. 32-36, https://doi.org/10.2307/3795743.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197892,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f97fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nestler, R. B.","contributorId":43866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nestler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeWitt, J.B.","contributorId":89080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Derby, James V.","contributorId":83215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derby","given":"James V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moschler, M.","contributorId":76428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moschler","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2149,"text":"wsp1048 - 1948 - Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho 1939-40","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T20:30:56.743928","indexId":"wsp1048","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1048","title":"Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho 1939-40","docAbstract":"The Boise River project is a highly developed agricultural area comprising some \n520 square miles of valley and bench lands in southwestern Idaho. Water for \nirrigation is obtained from the Boise River and its tributaries which are regulated \nby storage in Arrow Rock and Deer Flat reservoirs. Distribution of water to the \nfarms is effected by 27 principal canals and several small farm laterals which \ndivert directly from the river. The- New York Canal, which is the largest, not \nonly supplies water to smaller canals and farm laterals, but also is used to fill \nDeer Flat Reservoir near Nampa from which water is furnished to farms in the \nlower valley. During the past 15 years maintenance costs in a number of those \ncanals have increased due to deposition of sediment in them and in the river \nchannel itself below the mouth of Moore Creek.
\nInterest in determining the runoff and sediment loads from certain areas in the \nBoise River drainage basin led to an investigation by the Flood Control Coordinating \nCommittee of the Department of Agriculture. Measurements of daily \ndischarge and sediments loads were made by the Geological Survey at 13 stations \nin the drainage basin during the 18-month period ended June 30, 1940. The \nstations were on streams in areas having different kinds of vegetative cover and \nsubjected to different kinds of land-use practice. Data obtained during the investigation \nfurnish a basis for certain comparisons of runoff and sediment loads \nfrom several areas arid for several periods of time.
\nRunoff measured at stations on the. Boise River near Twin Springs and on \nMoore Creek near Arrow Rock was smaller during 1939 than during 1940 and was \nbelow the average annual runoff for the period of available record. Runoff \nmeasured at the other stations on the project also was smaller during 1939 than \nduring 1940 and probably did not exceed the average for the previous 25 years.
\nThe sediment loads measured during the spring runoff in 1939 were smaller \nat most stations than those measured during the spring runoff in 1940. At those \nstations where the flow was not affected, or only slightly affected, by upstream \ndiversions or by placer-mining operations, the largest sadiment loads per unit of \ndrainage area were measured in Grouse Creek during both 1939 and 1940, amounting \nto 3,460 and 2,490 tons per square mile, respectively, and the smallest loads \nper unit of drainage area were measured in Bannock Creek during 1939 and in the \nBoise River near Twin Springs during 1940, amounting to 14 and 83 tons per \nsquare mile, respectively.
\nSize anaylses of a large number of samples of suspended and deposited \nsediments give an indication of the origin of sediments carried past some of the \nstations. The analyses show that most of the sediment measured at the five \nstations in the Moore Creek drainages basin above Idaho City consisted largely of \ncoarse material. They show, also, that the sediment measured at the station on \nMoore Creek above Thorn Creek consisted almost entirely of fine material during \npractically the entire period of the investigation. Most of the coarse material passing \nthe stations above Idaho City probably was retained behind the dikes or in \nthe pools usually formed by tailings from dredging operations in the placer-mining \narea below Idaho City, and much of the fine material measured at the station \non Moore Creek above Thorn Creek probably was contributed by placer-mining \nactivity. During the years when the spring runoff is greater than that measured \nduring 1939 and 1940, it is probable that the dikes and pools will be less effective \nin retaining coarse sediments within the placered area.
\nRecords of sediment loads measured in the New York Canal indicate that a \nnegligible amount of sediment was deposited there during 1939, but that in 1940 \nfrom 10 to 15 percent of the total load at the gaging station consisted of coarse \nsediment which was later deposited on the canal bottom. Most of the fine material \nwas doubtless carried through the canal and eventually deposited in diversion \nditches and on farm land. Because the sediment carried past the station on Moore \nCreek above Thorn Creek consisted almost entirely of fine material, it is probable, \nthat a considerable part of the coarse sediment carried in the New York Canal \nduring the 1940 spring runoff period was scoured from the large bed of deposited \nmaterial in the Boise River above Diversion- Dam, and that the remainder came \nfrom Grimes Creek. Arrow Rock Reservoir was not sluiced during the investigation, \nand it is therefore unlikely that any of the coarse sediment in the New York \nCanal came from the Boise River above Moore Creek during 1939 and 1940.
\nThe average dry weight of 71 samples of deposited sediments collected from \nseveral parts of the Boise River drainage basin is about 90 pounds per cubic \nfoot. The average specific gravity of 77 samples of deposited sediments is 2.57.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1048","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Flood Control Coordinating Committee, United States Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., and Benedict, P.C., 1948, Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho 1939-40: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1048, v, 150 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1048.","productDescription":"v, 150 p.","numberOfPages":"165","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414574,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24198.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1048/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27759,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1048/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Boise River drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 43.273\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 44.075\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 44.075\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 43.273\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 43.273\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aaaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benedict, Paul Charles","contributorId":32135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000453,"text":"1000453 - 1948 - Turbidity as a factor in the decline of Great Lakes fishes with special reference to Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:25:37","indexId":"1000453","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turbidity as a factor in the decline of Great Lakes fishes with special reference to Lake Erie","docAbstract":"Fish live and thrive in water with turbidities that range above 400 p.p.m. and average 200 p.p.m. The waters of the Great Lakes usually are clear except in Lake Erie where the turbidities of the inshore areas averaged 37 p.p.m.; the turbidities of the offshore waters averaged less. Lake Erie waters were no clearer 50 years ago than they are now. In fact, the turbidity values are less now than they were in the earlier years; the annual average of the inshore waters dropped from 44 p.p.m. before 1930 to 32 p.p.m. in 1930 and later, and the April-May values decreased from 72 p.p.m. to 46 p.p.m. Any general decline in the Lake Erie fishes cannot be attributed to increased turbidities. Furthermore, these turbidities averaged well below 100 p.p.m. and, therefore, were too low to affect fishes adversely.
\nTurbidity in the open waters of Lake Erie is primarily the result of wave action induced by winds. River discharge is a minor factor even in the western end of the lake. Other probable factors are plankton, the eastward movement of the water mass, currents, seiches, and possibly bacteria. Wave action is undoubtedly the dominant agency in soil erosion along the shores of all of the Great Lakes.
\nNo evidence exists that fluctuations in the abundance of zooplankton, the basic food of fishes, and of the fishes themselves are positively correlated in Lake Erie or that the plankton crop in this lake is ever in short supply. On the contrary, all available evidence shows that Lake Erie is comparatively rich in plankton and that the western end in spite of its turbidity is richer than the eastern. Some factor other than turbidity dominates the basic productivity of western Lake Erie.
\nWith respect to turbidity Lake Erie has not become less suitable for fishes. This conclusion also receives support from the study of the fishes themselves. It was demonstrated that the growth of the western Lake Erie fishes compared very favorably with that of fishes in the other Great Lakes or similar waters.
\nIt was shown further that the known occurrence of relatively strong year classes in this lake was not consistently associated with low turbidities and conversely that the known low turbidities of the Lake Erie waters were not always accompanied by large year classes. Also, contrary to the “turbidity theory,” certain clean-water varieties, such as the walleye, have increased tremendously in recent years in Lake Erie, whereas the supposedly turbid-water forms, such as the sauger, have decreased in abundance. Reference was made to Doan's work, wherein he attempted to show correlation between turbidity and abundance for several species of Lake Erie fish but failed to do so except for the sauger where he reported a positive correlation. With respect to the productivity of fishes Lake Erie ranks first among the Great Lakes, and the western end in spite of its greater turbidity surpasses the eastern. As judged by certain accepted standards of water suitability, Lake Erie ranks high, and the western end again surpasses the eastern. Finally, it was pointed out that fishes which inhabit the clear waters of the Great Lakes declined as well as those which live in the more turbid waters and that turbidity, therefore, cannot be a factor in the depletion of all Great Lakes fishes. Furthermore, the reduction in abundance repeatedly has been associated with increased fishing intensity.
\nAll of the evidence indicates, then, that soil erosion on farms and the turbidity of the water were not major factors, if operative at all, in the decline of Great Lakes fishes and that they did not make Lake Erie unsuitable for fish life.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[281:TAAFIT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1948, Turbidity as a factor in the decline of Great Lakes fishes with special reference to Lake Erie: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 75, no. 1, p. 281-322, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[281:TAAFIT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"322","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014362,"text":"1014362 - 1948 - Fertilization of a recreational lake to control submerged plants: Effects of fertilization program upon bathing, boating, fishing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:09:42.201334","indexId":"1014362","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fertilization of a recreational lake to control submerged plants: Effects of fertilization program upon bathing, boating, fishing","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[53:FOARLT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Surber, E.W., 1948, Fertilization of a recreational lake to control submerged plants: Effects of fertilization program upon bathing, boating, fishing: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 10, no. 2, p. 53-58, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[53:FOARLT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Surber, E. W.","contributorId":8794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Surber","given":"E.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014363,"text":"1014363 - 1948 - Increasing production of bluegill sunfish for farm pond stocking","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:18:13.101381","indexId":"1014363","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increasing production of bluegill sunfish for farm pond stocking","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[199:IPOBSF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Surber, E.W., 1948, Increasing production of bluegill sunfish for farm pond stocking: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 10, no. 4, p. 199-203, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[199:IPOBSF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aee53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Surber, E. W.","contributorId":8794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Surber","given":"E.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179961,"text":"70179961 - 1948 - Flood of August 1942 in the Ontonagon River basin, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T14:10:22","indexId":"70179961","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Flood of August 1942 in the Ontonagon River basin, Michigan","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/70179961","usgsCitation":"Noecker, M., and Wiitala, S., 1948, Flood of August 1942 in the Ontonagon River basin, Michigan: Open-File Report, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70179961.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Ontonagon River basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5883303be4b0d00231637832","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noecker, Max","contributorId":39349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noecker","given":"Max","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiitala, S.W.","contributorId":41806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiitala","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210415,"text":"70210415 - 1948 - Correlation of geophysical and geological data from Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:09:36.950333","indexId":"70210415","displayToPublicDate":"1947-11-01T16:05:06","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"23","title":"Correlation of geophysical and geological data from Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210415","usgsCitation":"Dana, S.W., 1948, Correlation of geophysical and geological data from Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 23, Report: 10 p.; 2 Figures: 29.91 x 22.53 inches and 17.34 x 10.23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210415.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 2 Figures: 29.91 x 22.53 inches and 17.34 x 10.23 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74606.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210415/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401097,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210415/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401095,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210415/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401096,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210415/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 71.4\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 71.4\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 68\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dana, S. W.","contributorId":13311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dana","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010925,"text":"70010925 - 1948 - Colloid peoperties of layer silicates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-10T21:24:13.911404","indexId":"70010925","displayToPublicDate":"1896-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2423,"text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Colloid peoperties of layer silicates","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/j150464a012","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W., and Grim, R.E., 1948, Colloid peoperties of layer silicates: Journal of Physical Chemistry, v. 52, no. 8, p. 1404-1413, https://doi.org/10.1021/j150464a012.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1404","endPage":"1413","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7b6e4b0c8380cd4cc80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W. F.","contributorId":84070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"W. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grim, R. E.","contributorId":47083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grim","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160500,"text":"70160500 - 1947 - Disease control in hatchery fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T12:07:49","indexId":"70160500","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":29,"text":"Fishery Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"subseriesTitle":"222","title":"Disease control in hatchery fish","docAbstract":"A direct method for controlling diseases among hatchery fish has long been sought as an alternative to the earlier technique of hand dipping. A simple, practical, effective method of direct pond treatment not only obviates all need for handling fish weakened by disease, but it would materially reduce the time and effort required by hatcherymen in keeping diseases under control. Furthermore, a direct pond treatment could be used for routine prophylaxis to eradicate diseases during their incipient stages--long before their presence becomes apparent.
\nSeveral methods for applying direct pond treatments in coldwater-fish culture have been proposed. Kingsbury and Embody (1932) developed a technique for applying disinfectants directly to the inflowing water of a pond. Later, Fish (1939) advocated a method involving the recirculation of a disinfecting solution through a fish pond. For various reasons, neither of these methods proved to be an effective answer to the problem of controlling hatchery diseases and neither became widely adopted.
\nThe method described herein has been extensively tested, both in the laboratory and at the producing hatchery, over a period of several years. Once familiarity with the details of application have been mastered, th8 reduction in effort required to treat fish is amazing. For example, two men have treated 20 large ponds containing several million fish, in one morning with no significant increase in mortality of the fish, whereas a crew of eight men required a full day to treat a single similar pond by hand dipping the fish with a subsequent loss approximating 50 percent of the stock.
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