The scientific design of flood-control works is based on an evaluation of the hydrologic factors basic to flood events, particularly how rainfall and snow runoff, soil conditions, and channel influences can combine to produce greater or lesser floods. For this purpose an analysis of the pertinent hydrologic data is needed. The methods of analysis adopted should conform as closely as possible to those already in use and must be adapted to the quality of the available information. Maximum floods in 8 basins in New York and Pennsylvania during the winter and nonwinter months were studied, a total of 21 floods. The most outstanding winter flood of record in the North Atlantic region was that of March 1936. Rainfall plus snow melt in the basins studied ranged between 3.04 and 6.87 inches, and associated volumes of direct runoff from 1.88 to 5.63 inches. Winter floods have a common characteristic in their relation to freezing temperature. The antecedent periods, representing a period of snow accumulation and frost penetration, are below freezing, and the flood itself is contemporaneous with a period of above-freezing temperatures, usually associated with rain, during which the previously accumulated snow is melted. A second common characteristic of major winter floods is their tendency to be associated with widespread causal meteorologic conditions. There was a more complete conversion of rainfall and snow melt into runoff during the winter storms studied than during the wettest nonwinter flood. Snow melt during winter floods ranged from 0.04 to 0.07 inch per degree-day above 32° F. The depth of mean areal rainfall produced by the nonwinter storms studied ranged from 3.05 to 4.96 inches. The maximum 24-hour quantity at single stations was 14 inches, which was measured during the storm of July 1935 in New York. The volume of direct runoff ranged between 1.39 and 3.41 inches. The portion of rainfall that was converted into runoff varied in accordance with the rate of antecedent base flow, expressed in second-feet per square mile, and emphasized the influence of antecedent conditions. The average volume of direct runoff during winter floods was 4.24 inches, and the average during nonwinter floods was 2.44 inches. The latter, however, were more concentrated as to time, tending to compensate for large volume of runoff in winter, so that the crest rates of direct runoff averaged 0.056 inches per hour during the winter and 0.051 inches during the nonwinter period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp915","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., 1947, Major winter and nonwinter floods in selected basins in New York and Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 915, ix, 139 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp915.","productDescription":"ix, 139 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424716,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24687.htm","text":"Susquehanna and Delaware River basins","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24687"},{"id":424715,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24686.htm","text":"Sacandaga River basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24686"},{"id":24733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0915/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0915/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.583,\n 43.681\n ],\n [\n -74.583,\n 43.229\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 43.229\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 43.681\n ],\n [\n -74.583,\n 43.681\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64980b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, Walter Basil","contributorId":40581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Basil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":129,"text":"wsp966 - 1947 - Minor floods of 1938 in the North Atlantic States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp966","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"966","title":"Minor floods of 1938 in the North Atlantic States","docAbstract":"Five noteworthy floods occurred during 1938 in the North Atlantic States. The first flood was in January, the others were in June, July, August, and September. The floods of January, June, and August were relatively local events in Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, respectively. The floods of July and September were widespread, reaching from New Jersey and New York to New Hampshire in generally coincident locations. The flood of September, the most severe, is described in appropriate detail in Water-Supply Paper 867; the others in this volume are in separate sections arranged chronologically. Extraordinary floods in Connecticut during January 1938 resulted from a critical combination of warm rainfall and virtual overnight melting of the accumulated snowfall of winter. Seven small streams in central and western Connecticut rose to levels on January 25 higher than those reached during the great floods of March 1936. Crest discharge of these streams approximated 100 second-feet per square mile. Ice cover was loosened and sent downstream in recurrent jams. In general, the larger rivers did not attain extraordinary stages. The Connecticut River at Hartford peaked at a stage 3.6 feet above ordinary flood level. Direct damage by the flood was relatively small. Snow cover on January 20, at the beginning of the rains, varied from 0.25 inch along the coast to 2.75 inches water equivalent in the northern part of the State. Precipitation between January 24 and 26 exceeded 2.75 inches in only three small areas. Total supply as water in snow and precipitation did not exceed 4.8 inches over any tributary area. Maximum measured flood run-off was 2.7 inches. \r\n\r\nThe flood of June 1938 in New Jersey was the immediate result of a 30-hour rainstorm on June 26-27 that centered along a line extending from Odessa, Del., to Milton, N. J. Storm rainfall exceeded 5 inches over a total area of 2,900 square miles. River stages in the central parts of the storm area rose to levels that approached and on a few rivers exceeded previous maxima of record. Damage was extensive throughout the storm area, especially in Burlington, N. J., where Sylvan Lake Dam failed. The highest rate of flow per unit of area measured was 88 second-feet per square mile. However, all peak discharges were exceeded during the later floods of 1938 or by the flood of September 1, 1940, which produced discharges over 1,000 second-feet per square mile in southern New Jersey. The maximum volume of direct runoff during the flood, expressed in mean depth in inches on the drainage area, was 2.1 inches. \r\n\r\nFrom July 17 to 25, 1938, there was an irregular series of rainstorms over the eastern seaboard that brought more than 10 inches of rain over an area of 2,000 square miles and more than 6 inches over 23,000 square miles. Nearly 14 inches of rain fell at Long Branch, N. J. Extraordinary floods occurred mainly in the smaller tributary streams. Damage to highways, homes, factories, and crops, particularly the tobacco co-op in Connecticut, was extensive. Crest discharges at 12 gaging stations exceeded those previously observed. Maximum rates of discharge varied from 601 second-feet per square mile for an area of 2.91 square miles in New Jersey to 35 second-feet per square mile for an area of 711 square miles in Connecticut. Antecedent soil moisture prior to the storm was probably normal or a little above. The maximum volume of direct runoff was 4.75 inches in Massachusetts, 5.6 inches in eastern Connecticut, 6.75 inches in the Catskill Mountain region of New York, and 4.95 inches in the Raritan River Basin of New Jersey. Infiltration indices from 0.09 .to 0.21 inch per hour were computed, such rates being within the range defined for basins in the same areas during the floods of September 1938. \r\n\r\nThe flood of August 6-11, 1938, in the Catskill Mountain region of New York resulted from heavy rains with a maximum of 8 inches at two centers. Rainfall exceeded 3 inches over more than 3,000","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp966","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1947, Minor floods of 1938 in the North Atlantic States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 966, xiii, 426 p. : chiefly ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp966.","productDescription":"xiii, 426 p. : chiefly ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0966/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24740,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0966/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264350,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0966/plate-11.pdf","size":"7417","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264351,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0966/plate-12.pdf","size":"7485","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":583,"text":"wsp1041 - 1947 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1945, Part XI, Pacific slope basins in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:08","indexId":"wsp1041","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1041","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1945, Part XI, Pacific slope basins in California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1041","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1947, Surface water supply of the United States, 1945, Part XI, Pacific slope basins in California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1041, viii, 469 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1041.","productDescription":"viii, 469 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136281,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1041/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25146,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1041/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696e57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":577,"text":"wsp1003 - 1947 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1944, Part III, Ohio River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:07","indexId":"wsp1003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1003","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1944, Part III, Ohio River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1003","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1947, Surface water supply of the United States, 1944, Part III, Ohio River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1003, x, 685 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1003.","productDescription":"x, 685 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25140,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697259","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55583,"text":"ofr4727A - 1947 - Electrochemical stabilization of clayey ground","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T11:15:23","indexId":"ofr4727A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-27","chapter":"A","title":"Electrochemical stabilization of clayey ground","docAbstract":"Recently developed new methods of stabilization of weak grounds (e.g. the silicate treatment) are based on injection of chemical solutions into the ground. Such methods are applicable accordingly only to the kinds of ground that have the coefficient of filtration higher than 2 meters per 24 hours and permit penetration of the chemical solutions under pressure. This limit, however, as it is shown by our experience in construction, excludes a numerous and an important class of grounds, stabilization of which is indispensable in many instances. For example, digging of trenches and pits in clayey, silty, or sandy ground shows that all these types act like typical \"floaters\" (sluds? -S) in the presence of the ground water pressure. There were several instances in the canalization of the city of Moskow where the laying of trenches below the ground water level has led to extreme difficulties with clayey and silty ground.
\nSimilar examples could be cited in mining, engineering hydrology, and railroad construction. For these reasons, the development of methods of stabilizing such difficult types of ground has become an urgent problem of our day.
\nIn 1936, the author began his investigations, at the ground Stabilization Laboratory of VODGEO Institute, with direct electrical current as the means of stabilization of grounds. Experiments had shown that a large number of clayey types, following passage of direct electrical current, undergoes a transformation of its physico-chemical properties. It was established that the (apparent -S) density of the ground is substantially increased in consequence of the application of direct electrical current. The ground loses also its capacity to swell and to soften in water. Later, after a more detailed study of the physico-chemical mechanism of the electrical stabilization, it became possible to develop the method so as to make it applicable to sandy and silty as well as to clayey ground. By this time (1941, S.), the method has already been tested in the field, was found satisfactory, and is being introduced into construction practice.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4727A","usgsCitation":"Rzhanitzin, B., and Sokoloff, V., 1947, Electrochemical stabilization of clayey ground: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-27, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4727A.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289623,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0027-A/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606e09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rzhanitzin, B.A.","contributorId":16921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rzhanitzin","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sokoloff, V.P. (translator)","contributorId":18773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokoloff","given":"V.P.","suffix":"(translator)","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":42422,"text":"ofr4722 - 1947 - Preliminary map showing construction materials in the south one-half of Williams County, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:09","indexId":"ofr4722","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-22","title":"Preliminary map showing construction materials in the south one-half of Williams County, North Dakota","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4722","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1947, Preliminary map showing construction materials in the south one-half of Williams County, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-22, 1 map on 2 sheets :photocopy ;70 x 157 cm., sheets 107 x 96 cm. and 107 x 67 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4722.","productDescription":"1 map on 2 sheets :photocopy ;70 x 157 cm., sheets 107 x 96 cm. and 107 x 67 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":98869,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0022/plate-1.pdf","size":"9194","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98870,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0022/plate-2.pdf","size":"7148","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d6ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55579,"text":"ofr4729 - 1947 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55579,"text":"ofr4729 - 1947 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada","indexId":"ofr4729","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35649,"text":"b997 - 1953 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada","indexId":"b997","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35649,"text":"b997 - 1953 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada","indexId":"b997","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:59","indexId":"ofr4729","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-29","title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4729","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.P., 1947, The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-29, 136 p. :ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4729.","productDescription":"136 p. :ill.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, C. 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Wood","contributorId":51720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bass","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wood","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":37905,"text":"wl295 - 1947 - Deer mortality from gunshot wounds.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:00","indexId":"wl295","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T12:38:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"295","title":"Deer mortality from gunshot wounds.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Robinette, W., 1947, Deer mortality from gunshot wounds.: Wildlife Leaflet 295, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":112362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015007538500?urlappend=%3Bseq=785"},{"id":204200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe35e4b0c8380cd4ebc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinette, W.L.","contributorId":50282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinette","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014361,"text":"1014361 - 1947 - Results of varying the ratio of largemouth black bass and bluegills in the stocking of experimental farm ponds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T16:55:08.505162","indexId":"1014361","displayToPublicDate":"1949-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results of varying the ratio of largemouth black bass and bluegills in the stocking of experimental farm ponds","docAbstract":"During the period 1943 to 1946, several combinations of largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were stocked in ponds on the station grounds at Leetown, West Virginia. These ponds were fertilized with 12–5–5, inorganic fertilizer, but when water blooms failed to control the submerged vegetation, sodium arsenite or copper sulfate was occasionally used for this purpose.
Bluegill‐bass ratios varying from 8:1 to 15:1 were used. Inventories of ponds showed that approximately 199 pounds of edible fish per acre could be produced annually in well managed ponds at Leetown regardless of the stocking ratio employed. The average size of bluegills varied inversely with the number stocked. The smallest bluegills, produced in the 15:1 bluegill‐bass ratio, averaged about 5.7 inches in fork length, compared with about 6.5 inches from the 8:1 ratio. Largemouth bass failed to make good growth in the 15:1 ratio, averaging only 9.3 inches compared with 10.2 inches in the 8:1 ratio.
The fact that in two ponds 71 percent of the largemouth black bass in the original stocking were removed during a brief period suggests that good pond management may include removal of the fish in the same ratio as the original stocking, to assure maintenance of a balance of species.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1947)77[141:ROVTRO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Surber, E.W., 1947, Results of varying the ratio of largemouth black bass and bluegills in the stocking of experimental farm ponds: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 77, no. 1, p. 141-151, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1947)77[141:ROVTRO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"151","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129610,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db60546e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Surber, E. W.","contributorId":8794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Surber","given":"E.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33268,"text":"b957 - 1947 - Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":56969,"text":"b957A - 1947 - Geophysical abstracts 128, January-March 1947","indexId":"b957A","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geophysical abstracts 128, January-March 1947"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33268,"text":"b957 - 1947 - Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947","indexId":"b957","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":56970,"text":"b957B - 1947 - Geophysical abstracts 129, April-June 1947","indexId":"b957B","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geophysical abstracts 129, April-June 1947"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33268,"text":"b957 - 1947 - Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947","indexId":"b957","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":56971,"text":"b957C - 1947 - Geophysical abstracts 130, July-September 1947","indexId":"b957C","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Geophysical abstracts 130, July-September 1947"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33268,"text":"b957 - 1947 - Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947","indexId":"b957","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":56972,"text":"b957D - 1948 - Geophysical abstracts 131, October-December 1947","indexId":"b957D","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Geophysical abstracts 131, October-December 1947"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33268,"text":"b957 - 1947 - Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947","indexId":"b957","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947"},"id":4}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-08T13:11:08","indexId":"b957","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T10:06:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"957","title":"Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b957","usgsCitation":"Skitsky, V., 1947, Geophysical abstracts 128-131, January-December 1947: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 957, 265 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b957.","productDescription":"265 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":344654,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/957/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":289452,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/957/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bbc16ce4b084059e8bfec4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skitsky, V.L.","contributorId":62259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skitsky","given":"V.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70222220,"text":"70222220 - 1947 - Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the Wolf Creek anticline, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:27:40.432093","indexId":"70222220","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T17:44:11","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"14","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the Wolf Creek anticline, Alaska","docAbstract":"In 1946 U. S. Geological Survey Party 2 was assigned the task of carrying out detailed structural and stratigraphic investigations in the area of Maybe Creek*. Field studies indicated the presence of a large anticlinal structure whose axis lies just south of Wolf Creek. Later structural data compiled from aerial photographic studies indicated that the anticline is a closed structure 8-9 miles long, and as much as 6 miles wide. The evidence for a closure on the east end of the structure appears very strong, but not enough evidence was obtained to prove closure on the west end. In 1947 U. S. Geological Survey Party 1 spent two weeks at Wolf Creek, mapping bedding traces on the west end of the structure with plane table and alidade, in an attempt to prove or disprove west closure on the anticline. Party 1, consisting of 3 geologists, cook, and a \"weasel\" mechanic, left Umiat on July 21, and returned on August 5. Two \"weasels\" were used for the transportation of the party and equipment, and were also used extensively in mapping the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222220","usgsCitation":"Stefansson, K., Thurrell, R.F., and Zumberge, J.H., 1947, Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the Wolf Creek anticline, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 14, Report: 2 p.; 1 Figure: 32.79 x 20.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222220.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; 1 Figure: 32.79 x 20.40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74568.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396838,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222220/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401399,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222220/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401400,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222220/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Wolf Creek anticline","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.8333,\n 69.3333\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69.3333\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -153.8333,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -153.8333,\n 69.3333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stefansson, Karl","contributorId":61296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stefansson","given":"Karl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurrell, R. F. Jr.","contributorId":43024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurrell","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zumberge, J. H.","contributorId":22021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zumberge","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70222219,"text":"70222219 - 1947 - Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Colville River north of Umiat, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:25:54.227705","indexId":"70222219","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T17:36:20","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"13","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Colville River north of Umiat, Alaska","docAbstract":"The stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Colville north of Umiat was studied by U. S. GeologicaI Survey Party No. 1 during the period of May 31 to July 19, 1947. The. party, consisting pf two geologists, a cook, and a \"weasel\" mechanic, left Umiat in two \"weasels”. The weasels were used to transport the party and equipment from camp to camp, and also made it possible for the geologists to work as far as 15 to 20 miles out from a camp in one day. A ten-foot canvas-boat was carried along. During most of the month of June even the smaller tributaries to the Kogohokruk carried enough melt and run off water to make them navigable in the 10-foot boat. The party returned to Umiat on June 23, after traversing both the Kikiakrorak and the Kogohokruk Rivers, and several smaller tributaries to the Kogohokruk.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222219","usgsCitation":"Stefansson, K., Thurrell, R.F., and Zumberge, J.H., 1947, Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Colville River north of Umiat, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 13, Report: 16 p.; 2 Figures: 24.51 x 40.27 inches and 21.66 x 15.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222219.","productDescription":"Report: 16 p.; 2 Figures: 24.51 x 40.27 inches and 21.66 x 15.18 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401394,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401395,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222219/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401396,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222219/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396837,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":387329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74675.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Colville River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.3333,\n 69.3333\n ],\n [\n -151,\n 69.3333\n ],\n [\n -151,\n 70.0833\n ],\n [\n -152.3333,\n 70.0833\n ],\n [\n -152.3333,\n 69.3333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stefansson, Karl","contributorId":61296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stefansson","given":"Karl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurrell, R. F. Jr.","contributorId":43024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurrell","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zumberge, J. H.","contributorId":22021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zumberge","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70222085,"text":"70222085 - 1947 - Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Colville River between Ninuluk and Prince Creeks, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T19:18:59.818573","indexId":"70222085","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T17:17:29","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"12","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Colville River between Ninuluk and Prince Creeks, Alaska","docAbstract":"Geological Survey Party 4 began studies at a point on the Colville River 18 miles downstream from the mouth of the Killik River on July 19. From this point the studies were continued along the Colville River to near the mouth of Prince Creek. The investigation was completed on September 1 and the party returned to Umiat. A traverse was made along the lower half of Prince Creek and along one of its northern tributaries between September 8 and September 15. Canvas boats were used for transportation along the Colville River and a weasel was used to traverse Prince Creek. The party was composed of four members: R. L. Detterman and D. E. Mathewson, geologists; J. L. Townley, surveyor; and Charles Segal, cook.
During the summer of. 1947, U. S. Geological Survey Party No. 2 made a reconnaissance survey of the area between Awuna River and the divide north of the Kigalik River. The westernmost observations were made along the Awuna anticline to longitude about 157°30' W. and along the Kigalik anticline to longitude about 156°55'W. The easternmost work was done along the Knife Blade Ridge anticline at a longitude of about 154°30'W. Not all of this area was traversed, but a general idea of the area studied may be had by noting the distribution of dip and strike symbols on Figure 1.
Parts of this area had been previously visited by Smith 1/ in 1927 as a part of his traverse from Allakaket to the Arctic Coast. In the period from about July 10 to August 5 his party ascended the Awuna River and Birthday Creek, portaged over the Kigalik-Awuna divide at Birthday Pass, and descended the Kigalik River to its mouth.
Various parties in the field season of 1946 worked in areas not far distant. Webber 2/ began his field work near the headwaters of the Meade River and measured a section across the Kigalik anticline about 25 miles beyond the westernmost observations made on that structure by Party No. 2. Work by Chapman and Thurrell 3/ along the Colville River parallels at a distance of three or four miles work by Party No. 2 in the vicinity of Knife Blade Ridge. The easternmost observations by Party No. 2 in the vicinity of Knife Blade Ridge are about 11 miles west of the area south of Maybe Creek mapped by Ray and Fischer.4/
Of the 1947 work of other field parties that of Thurrell 5/ along the Colville River is most closely related to this report. His thickness from the base of Zone A to his Trace No. 5 is included in Column 1 of Figure 3. Webber's work 6/ along the Ikpikpuk and Titaluk Rivers is also in a closely related area.
Party No. 2 moved through this area by weasel, the weasels being used extensively on the daily traverses. The party assembled at Umiat late in May and was flown out to a lake about one mile west of the Ikpikpuk River at latitude 69°40' N. where the weasels and initial supplies had been previously cached. Early in June the party moved south into the area in which it was to begin work. For the next several weeks the party worked in the area north of the Kigalik River, moving westward along the divide north of that river. At this time considerable work was done south of the Kigalik River, west of longitude 154°40'W. No closure was detected along the Kigalik anticline. Shortly after the middle of July the party moved southwestward to the vicinity of the Awuna anticline where a westerly plunge had been suggested from the study of aerial photographs. The general route of the party from then on was eastward along the divide between the Awuna and Kigalik Rivers. Due to the need to reach a food cache further east very little data was gathered in the area between Birthday and Section Creeks. It was intended to work this area by one or two spike trips from the camp at the head of Section Creek. However, after constructing a cross-section from data gathered by the party along Section Creek and by Thurreli in the area between the Colville and Awuna Rivers it became apparent that the strata exposed along the axis of the Awuna anticline were stratigraphically below the base of Zone A. It thus appeared that there would be little point in attempting to gather additional data in the area between Birthday and Section Creeks. The party continued eastward, working along the south flank of the Kigalik anticline. On September 1, the party camped about one mile west of the summit of Knife Blade Ridge. Because of unfavorable weather at this time only a small amount of field work was accomplished in the next week. Enough data was gathered to give a general picture of the structure here, but the data on stratigraphy and structure is far from exhaustive. On September 9 the party moved eastward, camping that night about 3 miles northeast of :Wolf Creek, and arriving at Umiat on the afternoon of September 10.
Aerial photographs were carried in the field and used to record the points at which observations were made. A considerable amount of data was recorded on the photographs. Approximate elevations were obtained, at first by aneroid barometers, and later by more sensitive airplane altimeters. Plane table and alidade were used in local traverses in the area north of the Kigalik River to obtain dips and strikes by the 'three-point method. Nearly all other dips and strikes recorded were measured by Brunton compass. Dips of 5° or less in the area south of the Kigalik River should, in general, be considered as dip components with only the approximate strike shown. These low dips were taken on bedding traces* where it was usually impossible to observe an accurate strike with the Brunton.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222084","usgsCitation":"Whittington, C.L., and Troyer, M.L., 1947, Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of Kigalik and Awuna Rivers, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 11, Report: 9 p.; 3 Plates: 54.47 x 24.76 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222084.","productDescription":"Report: 9 p.; 3 Plates: 54.47 x 24.76 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401385,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401386,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401387,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401388,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":387247,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74566.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"area of the Kigalik and Awuna Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.5,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -154.3333,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -154.3333,\n 69.4167\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 69.4167\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 69\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whittington, C. L.","contributorId":33310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittington","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troyer, M. L.","contributorId":13672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210448,"text":"70210448 - 1947 - Stratigraphy and structure of the area of Maybe Creek","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:13:22.94605","indexId":"70210448","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T15:46:03","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the area of Maybe Creek","docAbstract":"During the summer of 1946 the United States Geological Survey continued its program of stratigraphic and structural investigations in Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, northern Alaska. This report summarizes the results of work in the area of Maybe Creek (see inset, fig. 1). The area studied is southwest of Umiat and includes about 500 square miles lying generally between the headwaters and mouth of Maybe Creek. Structural data covering approximately 250 square miles of this area has been compiled from aerial photographic studies. The area is bordered generally on the north by the lake country and on the west by the Ikpikpuk River. Most of the area is north of Maybe Creek except for that part extending for 6 miles south of Maybe Creek between longitudes 153° 30' W. and 154° 20' W. The latitude of Maybe Creek is about 69° 15' N. The stream flows generally westward and at longitude 154° 40' W. unites with the eastward-flowing Kigalik River to form the Ikpikpuk River, which has a northerly course across the Arctic Slope to the ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210448","usgsCitation":"Ray, R.G., and Fischer, W., 1947, Stratigraphy and structure of the area of Maybe Creek: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 4, Report: 10 p.; 4 Figures: 36.61 x 24.22 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210448.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 4 Figures: 36.61 x 24.22 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401190,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401189,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401188,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401187,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401186,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":375318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74595.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Maybe Creek area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.8333,\n 69.150\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69.150\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -154.8333,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -154.8333,\n 69.150\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ray, Richard G.","contributorId":29802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, William A.","contributorId":47787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"William A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":836510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70222264,"text":"70222264 - 1947 - Preliminary report on the general geology and engineering geology of Noonan quadrangle, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-01T21:21:30.213546","indexId":"70222264","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T15:15:29","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Preliminary report on the general geology and engineering geology of Noonan quadrangle, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The Noonan quadrangle is in northwestern North Dakota adjacent to the Dominion of Canada and approximately 35 miles east of Montana. The small coal-mining, farm, and railroad town of Noonan is located near the eastern edge of this sparsely populated area. The east-west State Highway 5 bisects the quadrangle.
Cultural development in this area depends largely on agricultural exploitation of the glacial deposits that mantle the bedrock. For this reason, emphasis in this report is on the description, classification, and analysis of the surficial deposits.
The geologic map is the base of the report. The map explanation includes a description of the material found in the various deposits along with the distinctive topographic and lithologic characteristics. Most of the text and the analyses of samples are written in tabular form so that specific information may be easily found. Depth relations may be determined from the cross section attached and the data on the map page.
Most of the subsurface data in this report are inferred from drill-hole logs and water-well information provided by the North Dakota State Geological Survey, the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, and the Ground Water Division of the U. S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222264","usgsCitation":"Townsend, R., 1947, Preliminary report on the general geology and engineering geology of Noonan quadrangle, North Dakota: Open-File Report, Report: 7 p.; 5 Plates: 32.52 x 55.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222264.","productDescription":"Report: 7 p.; 5 Plates: 32.52 x 55.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401626,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401625,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401624,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401627,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401623,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401622,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":387365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8841.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Noonan quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.25,\n 48.75\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 48.75\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -103.25,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -103.25,\n 48.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Townsend, R. C.","contributorId":6524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townsend","given":"R. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206791,"text":"70206791 - 1947 - Delineation of parallel folds and measurement of stratigraphic dimensions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T15:02:15","indexId":"70206791","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T14:56:15","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineation of parallel folds and measurement of stratigraphic dimensions","docAbstract":"The delineation of parallel folds in structural sections, and the extraction therefrom of stratigraphic information, has generally been done with considerable personal interpretation. If profiles must be drawn, or sections measured, from structural observations used in pairs, this is unavoidable; but superior results may be obtained if more than two observations are simultaneously utilized. The first section of this paper is an exposition of the method of evolute and involutes, which is applicable if three or more observations are available, lying in or close to a profile plane that is normal to the strike of a series of folded rocks. Parallel curves, which in certain sections represent the traces of parallel stratigraphic surfaces, are necessarily involutes that may be generated from one or more evolutes. It is more practical to derive an evolute, and to construct from it a set of parallel curves, than it is to draw such curves directly. Simple graphical methods are given for the construction of evolutes from different sets of structural data, and for the subsequent derivation of parallel curves. An examination of the resulting evolutes and involutes shows that most of them may be represented by the equation y = axn, if suitable values are assigned to the parameters a and n. The second section of the paper is an exposition of methods that apply to the measurement of stratigraphic thickness, or other stratigraphic dimensions, if structural observations must be used in pairs. Four methods are discussed, which are known as the method of mean strikes and dips, the method of integrated trigonometric functions, the method of skew-line normals, and the method of integrated strikes and dips. The last named of these is a new method, which yields a mean value for the strike or dip, utilizing indirectly the concept of concentric arcs. A formula for mean dip (or mean strike) is derived, which has been computed for all values from 0° to 90°, at intervals of 5°. The results of this computation are given in a chart, which is used for the graphical computation of these values and for interpolation to less than 5°. The mean values of strike and dip that are thus obtained are substituted in any formula for stratigraphic dimensions that applies to a homoclinal sequence of rocks. Under the topic of Errors and Differences, it is shown that the error resulting from the application of the method of evolute and involutes is small and is dependent mainly upon original errors in the determination of strike and dip. When observations are used in pairs, however, the resulting error may be much larger. If certain enumerated conditions are favorable, this error may be 10 per cent or less; but under unfavorable conditions, it may be 100 per cent or more. © 1947, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[779:DOPFAM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Mertie, J., 1947, Delineation of parallel folds and measurement of stratigraphic dimensions: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 58, no. 8, p. 779-802, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[779:DOPFAM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p. ","startPage":"779","endPage":"802","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369413,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mertie, J.B. Jr.","contributorId":29383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mertie","given":"J.B.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}