Puerto Rico, the easternmost and smallest of the Greater Antilles, has an axis of deformed and metamorphosed volcanic rocks of Upper Cretaceous age, intruded by dioritic rocks during the Antillean revolution. The hard-rock core is flanked on the north and south by limestones and clastic rocks of late Oligocene and early Miocene age, which have been gently arched and uplifted. Similar rocks were deposited in late Miocene or early Pliocene time along the west coast. During the Quaternary the island has been separated from the other major Antillean islands by faulting and has been arched, uplifted, and tilted to the northeast. Alluvium and littoral deposits have partially filled the valleys and have formed coastal plains on the north and south. The Upper Cretaceous volcanic and associated rocks yield small supplies of water to wells in most places. The Tertiary limestones yield large supplies in some places on the north, south, and west coasts. The Quaternary sands and gravels are the most important aquifers. They yield about 200 million gallons a day to wells in the main south coastal plain alone. The water is used largely for irrigation. A total of perhaps 250 to 300 million gallons a day is pumped from wells in the island, and moderate to large additional supplies are available in some places.
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Rico\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1947-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuinness, Charles Lee","contributorId":101249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuinness","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220482,"text":"70220482 - 1947 - The zinc content of plants on the friedensville zinc slime ponds in relation to biogeo-chemical prospecting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-16T11:50:14.788989","indexId":"70220482","displayToPublicDate":"1947-09-01T06:47:14","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The zinc content of plants on the friedensville zinc slime ponds in relation to biogeo-chemical prospecting","docAbstract":"The zinc content of thirty different kinds of plants growing on slime ponds containing on the average 12.5 per cent zinc were determined by the dithizone method. The zinc content ranged from 39 p.p.m. in the fruit of the false Solomon's seal (Smilacina racemosa) to 5,400 in the horsetail (Equiseteum arvense). This latter plant varied considerably in zinc at different places on the slime ponds. The zinc contents of the aspen (Populus grandidentata), ragweed {Ambrosia artemisiifolia), and horsetail grown on normal soils are compared to those on the slime ponds and it is recommended that the poplar and ragweed be studied further as indicators of zinc ore bodies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.42.6.572","usgsCitation":"Robinson, W., Lakin, H.W., and Reichen, L., 1947, The zinc content of plants on the friedensville zinc slime ponds in relation to biogeo-chemical prospecting: Economic Geology, v. 42, no. 6, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.42.6.572.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385658,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1947-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, W.O.","contributorId":258134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"W.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lakin, H. W.","contributorId":11594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lakin","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichen, L.E.","contributorId":58389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichen","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175827,"text":"70175827 - 1947 - Ground-water resources of Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-12T16:31:58.736242","indexId":"70175827","displayToPublicDate":"1947-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3634,"text":"Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water resources of Kansas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kansas Academy of Science","doi":"10.2307/3625943","usgsCitation":"Fishel, V., 1947, Ground-water resources of Kansas: Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, v. 50, no. 2, p. 105-114, https://doi.org/10.2307/3625943.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"114","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.04023104345244,\n 40.00963199137024\n ],\n [\n -102.04023104345244,\n 37.005406624743856\n ],\n [\n -94.56939761229677,\n 37.005406624743856\n ],\n [\n -94.55932083927976,\n 39.175646654014685\n ],\n [\n -95.0051858894479,\n 39.55128528818841\n ],\n [\n -94.83913402705961,\n 39.8029874402177\n ],\n [\n -95.15713878507813,\n 39.99113508822603\n ],\n [\n -102.04023104345244,\n 40.00963199137024\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82dc4e4b03fd6b7da376f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishel, V.C.","contributorId":6126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37921,"text":"37921 - 1947 - Colleges and universities offering courses in wildlife management, 1946-47","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-21T09:37:06","indexId":"37921","displayToPublicDate":"1947-08-01T09:35:20","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"296","title":"Colleges and universities offering courses in wildlife management, 1946-47","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Chicago, IL","usgsCitation":"Swanson, G.A., and Yeager, L.E., 1947, Colleges and universities offering courses in wildlife management, 1946-47 (Revises and updates Wildlife Leaflet BS-98 (1937)): Wildlife Leaflet 296, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290523,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revises and updates Wildlife Leaflet BS-98 (1937)","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd51d0e4b0b290850f41ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Gustav Adolph","contributorId":95808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Gustav","email":"","middleInitial":"Adolph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeager, Lee Emmett","contributorId":26630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeager","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"Emmett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206755,"text":"70206755 - 1947 - The sangdong tungsten deposit, southern Korea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-25T01:39:37.307858","indexId":"70206755","displayToPublicDate":"1947-08-01T08:35:47","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" The sangdong tungsten deposit, southern Korea","docAbstract":"The Sangdong deposit consists of metamorphosed lenticular beds in a sequence of gently dipping argillaceous sedimentary rocks. It is believed that scheelite mineralization was simultaneous with metamorphism, followed by deposition of wolframite during a later hydrothermal phase. The reserve of ore is estimated to be 3,000,000 tons, containing 51,000 tons of WO (sub 3.)
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.42.5.465","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Klepper, M.R., 1947, The sangdong tungsten deposit, southern Korea: Economic Geology, v. 42, no. 5, p. 465-477, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.42.5.465.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"465","endPage":"477","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Korea ","otherGeospatial":"southern Korea ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 125.63964843750001,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n 130.517578125,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n 130.517578125,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n 125.63964843750001,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n 125.63964843750001,\n 34.125447565116126\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1947-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klepper, M. R.","contributorId":64278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klepper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220569,"text":"5220569 - 1947 - Vegetation of the Patuxent Research Refuge, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-16T17:28:39.911595","indexId":"5220569","displayToPublicDate":"1947-07-01T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation of the Patuxent Research Refuge, Maryland","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.2307/2421630","usgsCitation":"Hotchkiss, N., and Stewart, R., 1947, Vegetation of the Patuxent Research Refuge, Maryland: American Midland Naturalist, v. 38, no. 1, p. 1-75, https://doi.org/10.2307/2421630.","productDescription":"75 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"75","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197107,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Patuxent Research Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.81130208928899,\n 39.003910371172964\n ],\n [\n -76.74112359024306,\n 39.03778063487968\n ],\n [\n -76.71666744663662,\n 39.07287292525797\n ],\n [\n -76.72304731018602,\n 39.089380909420754\n ],\n [\n -76.80970712340151,\n 39.09515779128256\n ],\n [\n -76.83416326700849,\n 39.09722084869125\n ],\n [\n -76.83575823289597,\n 39.06998363090571\n ],\n [\n -76.82725174816275,\n 39.01960836439997\n ],\n [\n -76.81130208928899,\n 39.00349721903629\n ],\n [\n -76.81130208928899,\n 39.003910371172964\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hotchkiss, Neil","contributorId":93544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hotchkiss","given":"Neil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, Robert E.","contributorId":84813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221491,"text":"5221491 - 1947 - The effects of feeding DDT-treated insects to nestling birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-16T06:44:54","indexId":"5221491","displayToPublicDate":"1947-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2244,"text":"Journal of Economic Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of feeding DDT-treated insects to nestling birds","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jee/40.6.782","usgsCitation":"George, J., and Mitchell, R., 1947, The effects of feeding DDT-treated insects to nestling birds: Journal of Economic Entomology, v. 40, no. 6, p. 782-789, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/40.6.782.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"782","endPage":"789","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16539,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jee/1947/00000040/00000006/art00005","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1947-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, J.L.","contributorId":64749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, R.T.","contributorId":16112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220013,"text":"70220013 - 1947 - Radioactivity of the rocks of the batholith of southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T18:06:53.0774","indexId":"70220013","displayToPublicDate":"1947-06-01T13:01:57","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radioactivity of the rocks of the batholith of southern California","docAbstract":"Determination of radioactivity has been made on 43 rocks, carefully selected from the different mapped units of the complex Cretaceous batholith of Southern California; they range from gabbro to granite. The activity of the gabbro averages about 0.3 alphas/mg./hr., that of the tonalites, 0.8, the granodiorite 1.3, and the granites over 2.0. The activity of the average rock of the batholith is about 0.9 alphas/mg./hr. Most of the rocks have been analyzed, and modal compositions are given. The radioactivity and the percentages of K2O, SiO2 and PbO are plotted on a variation diagram. The variation curve for activity nearly parallels that for K2O, and the ratio of activity to K2O is about 0.5. The radioactivities of some rocks fall far from the variation curve, and degree of activity correlates with K2O content. A less-marked correlation between activity SiO2 and PbO was also noted. The K2O, SiO2, PbO, and radioactivity concentrate in the residual liquid during crystallization and differentiation. PbO follows K2O closely, as it is concentrated in the K2O minerals, but radioactivity is very low in the K2O minerals and is greatly concentrated in the accessory minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[483:ROTROT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Larsen, E.S., and Keevil, N., 1947, Radioactivity of the rocks of the batholith of southern California: GSA Bulletin, v. 58, no. 6, p. 483-494, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[483:ROTROT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"483","endPage":"494","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385171,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 32.62087018318113\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Esper S. Jr.","contributorId":39029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Esper","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keevil, N.B.","contributorId":257511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keevil","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":37903,"text":"37903 - 1947 - Bibliography on walrus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T11:11:37","indexId":"37903","displayToPublicDate":"1947-05-01T11:10:45","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"293","title":"Bibliography on walrus","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Chicago, IL","usgsCitation":"Charters, E.M., 1947, Bibliography on walrus: Wildlife Leaflet 293, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290690,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd989e4b0824b2d1786ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Charters, Emma M.","contributorId":48106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charters","given":"Emma","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207425,"text":"70207425 - 1947 - Petrology and structure of the Moa Chromite district, Oriente Province, Cuba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T10:02:19","indexId":"70207425","displayToPublicDate":"1947-04-30T10:00:04","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and structure of the Moa Chromite district, Oriente Province, Cuba","docAbstract":"Chromite deposits In the Moa district, on the north coast of Oriente Province, Cuba, form one facies of the ultramafic complex in which they occur. Two planar structures, one a compositional layering due to variations in the relative proportions of olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, and chromite, and the other a foliation caused by the orientation of pyroxene crystals in peridotite, are in general parallel, but diverge in a few places. Dips are fairly constant, being moderate to the northwest over most of the area, but sharp reversals occur immediately adjacent to irregularities in the chromite deposits. Two prominent joint sets are present: (1) Cross joints striking parallel to the strike of the foliation and dipping approximately at right angles to it; and (2) longitudinal joints striking parallel to the direction of dip of the foliation and nearly vertical. Gabbro dikes follow the first set, chrysotlle veins the second. Within the ore bodies dikes are commonly coarser‐grained, larger, and far more abundant than in peridotite; they enclose coarse, angular fragments of chromite. ©1947. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/TR028i002p00218","issn":"00028606","usgsCitation":"Guild, P.W., 1947, Petrology and structure of the Moa Chromite district, Oriente Province, Cuba: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 28, no. 2, p. 218-246, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR028i002p00218.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"246","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370468,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cuba ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-82.26815,23.18861],[-81.40446,23.11727],[-80.61877,23.10598],[-79.67952,22.7653],[-79.28149,22.3992],[-78.34743,22.51217],[-77.9933,22.27719],[-77.14642,21.65785],[-76.52382,21.20682],[-76.19462,21.22057],[-75.59822,21.01662],[-75.67106,20.73509],[-74.9339,20.69391],[-74.17802,20.28463],[-74.29665,20.05038],[-74.96159,19.92344],[-75.63468,19.87377],[-76.32366,19.95289],[-77.75548,19.85548],[-77.08511,20.41335],[-77.49265,20.67311],[-78.13729,20.73995],[-78.48283,21.02861],[-78.71987,21.59811],[-79.285,21.55918],[-80.21748,21.82732],[-80.51753,22.03708],[-81.82094,22.19206],[-82.16999,22.38711],[-81.795,22.63696],[-82.7759,22.68815],[-83.49446,22.16852],[-83.9088,22.15457],[-84.05215,21.91058],[-84.54703,21.80123],[-84.97491,21.89603],[-84.44706,22.20495],[-84.23036,22.56575],[-83.77824,22.78812],[-83.26755,22.98304],[-82.51044,23.07875],[-82.26815,23.18861]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cuba\"}}]}","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guild, P. W.","contributorId":39039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guild","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2239,"text":"2239 - 1947 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Salt River Valley area, Maricopa and Pinal counties, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T11:50:20","indexId":"2239","displayToPublicDate":"1947-02-04T11:47:35","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Salt River Valley area, Maricopa and Pinal counties, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/2239","usgsCitation":"McDonald, H.R., Wolcott, H.N., and Hem, J.D., 1947, Geology and ground-water resources of the Salt River Valley area, Maricopa and Pinal counties, Arizona, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/2239.","productDescription":"45 p.","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289904,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa County;Pinal County","otherGeospatial":"Salt River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.9563,32.5012 ], [ -112.9563,33.4661 ], [ -110.4484,33.4661 ], [ -110.4484,32.5012 ], [ -112.9563,32.5012 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc24e4b0b58d96eeb5a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Harris R.","contributorId":53880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Harris","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolcott, Henry Newton","contributorId":100369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolcott","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"Newton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hem, John David","contributorId":42577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":37902,"text":"37902 - 1947 - The Hungarian and chukar partridges in America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T11:09:07","indexId":"37902","displayToPublicDate":"1947-02-01T11:08:30","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"292","title":"The Hungarian and chukar partridges in America","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Chicago, IL","usgsCitation":"Aldrich, J.W., 1947, The Hungarian and chukar partridges in America (This leaflet supersedes Wildlife leaflet BS-159, issued by the Bureau of Biological Survey in April 1940.): Wildlife Leaflet 292, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"This leaflet supersedes Wildlife leaflet BS-159, issued by the Bureau of Biological Survey in April 1940.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd989e4b0824b2d1786d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aldrich, John W.","contributorId":65900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldrich","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70095691,"text":"tei36 - 1947 - Present investigations of radioactive raw materials by the Geological Survey and a recommended program for future work","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-27T14:56:30","indexId":"tei36","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T15:25:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"Present investigations of radioactive raw materials by the Geological Survey and a recommended program for future work","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey's program of investigation of radioactive raw materials is presented herewith under present investigations, plans for future investigations, plan of operation, and cost of operation. This report was prepared at the request of the Atomic Energy Commission.
\nPresent investigations are summarized to show the scope of the present Trace Elements program, grouping individual projects into related types of investigations.
\nPlans for future investigations on an expanded scale are outlined. These should provide sufficient data and knowledge of the occurrence and availability of uranium, thorium, and related elements, to permit a more complete evaluation of domestic resources. Reconnaissance projects are designed to discover possible new sources of uranium and thorium and to select areas and materials warranting further investigation. Typical projects leading to the estimation of reserves are the investigation of the carnotite ores of the Colorado Plateau by geologic mapping, exploratory drilling, and related research, and investigation of asphaltic sandstone in Emery County, Utah. Extensive research will be undertaken to establish the principles governing the geological and geochemical relations of uranium, thorium, and associated elements as an essential guide in appraising domestic resources. Particular emphasis will be placed on phosphatic rocks and black shales which offer ultimate resources of uranium far greater than carnotite ores. All the foregoing investigations will be accompanied by chemical, gephysical, and mineralogical research and analytical work.
\nUnder plan of operation is discussed the organization of the Trace Elements Unit, space requirements for laboratory and office, the scheduling of investigations, and other related problems. The proposed scheduling of work calls for approximately 109, 173, and 203 man years in fiscal years 1948, 1949, and 1950 respectively. Definite plans have been formulated only for the next three fiscal years, by which time it is assumed the program will reach stable proportions or can be altered as experience dictates.
\nUnder cost of operation is set forth the funds available in fiscal year 1947, the status of funds transferred from Atomic Services (14-217/80920), and funds necessary in succeeding fiscal years. The estimate for fiscal year 1948 inclues a non-recurring item of $1,025,000 for establishing adequate laboratories for chemical, physical, spectrographic and mineralogic research and analytical work. The total funds required in fiscal years 1948, 1949, and 1950 to support the proposed program will be $2,440,000, $2,161,000 and $2,198,000 respectively. The Geological survey anticipates contributing from its appropriation in fiscal years 1948, 1949 and 1950 approximately $243,000, $350,000, and $400,000 respectively; the balance of the necessary funds to be contributed by the Atomic Energy Commission in fiscal years 1948, 1949, and 1950 will be approximately $2,196,900, $1,811,000, and $1,798,000 respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei36","usgsCitation":"Butler, A., and Stead, F., 1947, Present investigations of radioactive raw materials by the Geological Survey and a recommended program for future work: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 36, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei36.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":283499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei36.jpg"},{"id":284496,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0036/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355952be4b0120853e8c15e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, A.P. Jr.","contributorId":22414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"A.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stead, F.W.","contributorId":42653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stead","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70211262,"text":"70211262 - 1947 - Sedimentary formations of Washington, D.C., and vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-22T14:21:21.120532","indexId":"70211262","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T14:23:11","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Sedimentary formations of Washington, D.C., and vicinity","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70211262","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1947, Sedimentary formations of Washington, D.C., and vicinity, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70211262.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":376568,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":376566,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68259.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"31680","country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Washington D.C.","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.26,\n 38.75\n ],\n [\n -76.875,\n 38.75\n ],\n [\n -76.875,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -77.26,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -77.26,\n 38.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, N. H.","contributorId":71523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":793455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1465,"text":"1465 - 1947 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Wellton-Mohawk area, Yuma County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-10T13:07:20","indexId":"1465","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T13:05:07","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Wellton-Mohawk area, Yuma County, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"Arizona State Land Department","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/1465","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona State Land Department.","usgsCitation":"Babcock, H.M., Brown, S.C., and Hem, J.D., 1947, Geology and ground-water resources of the Wellton-Mohawk area, Yuma County, Arizona, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/1465.","productDescription":"22 p.","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Yuma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.684986,32.479067 ], [ -114.684986,32.732294 ], [ 114.45913,32.732294 ], [ 114.45913,32.479067 ], [ -114.684986,32.479067 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bfb601e4b06d97a6487d1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Babcock, Horace Maxson","contributorId":93384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"Horace","email":"","middleInitial":"Maxson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Silas C.","contributorId":67412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Silas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hem, John David","contributorId":42577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70268047,"text":"70268047 - 1947 - The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association - 1947","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70268047,"text":"70268047 - 1947 - The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association - 1947","indexId":"70268047","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association - 1947"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70246900,"text":"70246900 - 1925 - The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association","indexId":"70246900","publicationYear":"1925","noYear":false,"title":"The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70246900,"text":"70246900 - 1925 - The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association","indexId":"70246900","publicationYear":"1925","noYear":false,"title":"The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-20T15:47:34.024271","indexId":"70268047","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T13:00:21","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association - 1947","docAbstract":"The Volcano Letter was an informal publication issued at irregular intervals by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) during the years 1925 to 1955. Individual issues contain information on volcanic activity, volcano research, and volcano monitoring in Hawaii. Information on volcanic activity at other locations is also occasionally included.
The Volcano Letter was published by HVO through multiple changes in administration, including the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association (1925 to 1932), the U.S. Geological Survey (1932 to 1935), the Department of the Interior (1935 to 1938), and the University of Hawai‘i (1938 to 1955). Issues 1-262 were published weekly from January 1, 1925, to January 2, 1930, and consisted of a single page of text. Issues 263-384, also published weekly, from January 9, 1930, to May 5, 1932, were generally longer—four pages— and provided more detail on volcanic activity, including photographs, maps, and plots. Weekly issues 385-387, published May 12-26, 1932, were a single page of text due to budget reductions brought on by the Great Depression. Budget restrictions reduced the publishing frequency to monthly for issues 388-428, covering the period of June 1932 to October 1935; these issues were generally shorter, 1-2 pages, and sometimes featured figures. From November 1935 to July 1938, issues 429-461 remained monthly but increased in length (generally eight pages) and featured figures frequently. Issues 462-530, published over the period of August 1938 to December 1955, varied in length from 2-15 pages, but were published quarterly, rather than monthly.
Six of the Volcano Letters are misnumbered:
Jan. 21, 1926 number is 55 though it should 56
July 29, 1926 number is 82 though it should be 83
Feb. 16, 1928 number is 161 though it should be 164
May 31, 1928 number is 197 though it should be 179
Nov. 29, 1928 number is 204 though it should be 205
Niihau lies 171/2 miles southwest of Kauai. Its area is 72 square miles, and its highest point has an altitude of 1,281 feet. The population is about 180, chiefly Hawaiians. The annual rainfall at Kiekie, the ranch headquarters, generally ranges between 18 and 26 inches. The chief industries are the raising of sheep and cattle and production of honey. The island is privately owned.
The main mass of the island is composed of a deeply weathered remnant of a basalt dome of Tertiary age, cut by a dike complex trending NE-SW. These Tertiary rocks are herein named the Paniau volcanic series. The central vent lay about 2 miles out to sea to the east of the present island. The dome, after deep gulches were cut into it by stream erosion and it was cliffed all around by the sea, was partly submerged. During Pleistocene time a broad wave-cut platform on the north, west, and south sides was built above sea level and widened by the eruption of lavas and tuffs, from 9 vents now visible and other vents now buried, to form a low coastal plain. These Pleistocene volcanic rocks are named the Kiekie volcanic series. Ash from Lehua Island, a Pleistocene tuff cone, has been drifted into duties on the north end of Niihau. Lithified dunes that extend below sea level, and the small outcrops of emerged fossiliferous limestone above sea level, indicate the plus 100-foot, minus 60-foot, plus 25-foot, and plus 5-foot eustatic stands of the sea correlative with changes in the volume of the polar ice caps and concurrent changes in the configuration of ocean basins.
Calcareous dune and beach deposits, short stretches of nullipore reef and beach rock, and playa and alluvial deposits constitute the Recent rocks.
No perennial streams exist on the island but about a dozen playa lakes, fresh or brackish during rainy weather, lie on the plain. The domestic water supply is rain caught from roofs. Only three wells on the island yield water with less than 25 grains of salt per gallon (260 parts per million of chloride). Typically, water holes for stock are about 15 feet across, 5 feet deep, and 8 feet wide. They have been dug in the lowlands where the depth to water is usually less than 5 feet. Forty-six dug wells and water holes exist, the water of some of which has become too salty for stock. Two or three deep wells were drilled 500 to 1,000 feet below sea level, but they encountered salty water. Three wells, not yet used, have been excavated in the Tertiary basalts. One of them has an infiltration tunnel at the bottom. Two seeps perched on vitric tuff beds more than 500 feet above sea level carry large quantities of salt leached from spray that falls on their recharge areas. Several sites are recommended for developing additional water for stock. The island, however, will always be short of domestic water because of aridity, unfavorable geologic structures, continuous deposition of salt spray, and abundant authigenic salts in the lake beds.
Among the lavas of the Paniau volcanic series, of Tertiary age, olivine basalts probably predominate but ordinary basalts are abundant. Picrite-basalt of the primitive type, containing abundant olivine phenocrysts, also occurs. Andesites are probably present but are rare. Most of the lavas of the Kiekie volcanic series, of Pleistocene age, are olivine basalt, but one is transitional between olivine basalt and picrite-basalt. In many of the Pleistocene lavas the late-crystallized augite is titanian. A single occurrence of melilite-nepheline basalt has been reported. Chemical analyses of five rocks are listed.
The island of Molokai is the fifth largest of the Hawaiian Islands, with an area of 250 square miles. It lies 25 miles southeast of Oahu, and 8.5 miles northwest of Maui. It consists of two principal parts, each a major volcanic mountain. East Molokai rises to 4,970 feet altitude. It is built largely of basaltic lavas, with a thin cap of andesites and a little trachyte. The volcanic rocks of East Molokai are named the East Molokai volcanic series, the basaltic part being separated as the lower member of the series, and the andesites and trachytes as the upper member. Large cinder cones and bulbous domes are associated with the lavas of the upper member. Thin beds of ash are present locally in both members. The lavas of the lower member are cut by innumerable dikes lying in two major rift zones trending eastward and northwestward. A large caldera, more than 4 miles long, and a smaller pit 0.8 mile across existed near the summit of the volcano. The rocks formed in and under the caldera are separated on plate 1 as the caldera complex. Stream erosion has cut large amphitheater-headed valleys into the northern coast of East Molokai, exposing the dikes and the caldera complex.
West Molokai is lower than East Molokai, rising to 1,380 feet altitude. It was built by basaltic lavas erupted along rift zones trending southwestward and northwestward. Many of the flows were unusually fluid. The volcanic rocks of West Molokai Volcano are named the West Molokai volcanic series. Along its eastern side, the mountain is broken by a series of faults along which its eastern edge has been dropped downward. West Molokai Volcano became extinct earlier than East Molokai Volcano, and its flank is partly buried beneath lavas of East Molokai.
Both volcanic mountains were built upward from the sea floor probably during Tertiary time. Following the close of volcanic activity stream erosion cut large canyons on East Molokai, but accomplished much less on drier West Molokai. Marine erosion attacked both parts of the island, producing high sea-cliffs on the windward coast. In late Tertiary or early Pleistocene time the island was submerged to a level at least 560 feet above the present shore line, then reemerged. Later shifts of sea level, probably partly resulting from Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation, ranged from 300 feet below to 100 feet or more above present sea level. Marine deposits on the southern slope extend to an altitude of at least 200 feet. Eruption of the Kalaupapa basalt built a small lava cone at the foot of the northern cliff, forming Kalaupapa peninsula; and a small submarine eruption off the eastern end of Molokai built the Mokuhooniki tuff cone, the fragments of which now form Hooniki and Kanaha Islands. Deposition of marine and fluviatile sediments has built a series of narrow flats close to sea-level along the southern coast.
Nearly the entire island is underlain, close to sea level, by ground water of the basal zone of saturation. Beneath West Molokai, the Hoolehua Plain between West and East Molokai, and the southern coastal area of East Molokai, the basal water is brackish. Beneath much of East Molokai, fresh basal water is obtainable. Small amounts of fresh water are perched at high levels in East Molokai by thin poorly permeable ash beds. Fresh water is confined at high levels in permeable compartments between poorly permeable dikes in the rift zones of East Molokai, and can be developed by tunnels. Projects to bring the abundant surface and ground water of the large wind ward valleys to the Hoolehua Plain are described. Future developments are suggested. All wells and water-development tunnels are described in tables.
Summary and Recommendations
\n1. Eklutna Lake and Eklutna Creek lie in a wide, deep, glaciated, trough-like valley. Downstream from the lake, this valley is partially filled with unconsolidated glacial and alluvial deposits.
\n2. Eklutna Lake dam site, located about 400 feet below the lake outlet, is suitable for a low dam of flexible, earth-embankment type. Adequate control of the stream can be obtained by raising the lake level about 50 feet to altitude 910 feet, which will provide hold-over storage from wet years to dry years. Such a structure will have a crest length of about 1,950 feet.
\nA. Bedrock is probably 200 to 475 feet below stream bed at the proposed axis. The dam will rest on glacial deposits of till, clay, sand and gravel, and on deposits of lake-shore and alluvial fan gravels.
\nB. Geologic conditions in the area of the right abutment, as yet imperfectly known, may make necessary a long, deep cutoff extending for an unknown distance beyond the north end of the dam.
\nC. A foundation exploration program is recommended that includes deepening test pit No. 1 and drill hole No. 2, and drilling 11 new holes. It is suggested that one drill hold near the center of the valley be taken to bedrock to give a complete picture of the fill materials underlying the foundation.
3. Delivery of water from the forebay of the reservoir to the powerhouse eight miles downvalley by means of a conduit is regarded as infeasible because: difficult terrain of the route will require earthwork more extensive than the volume of the dam; the route is subject to land slides, and will require expensive maintenance; it is more or less completely exposed to adverse winter conditions that may engender icing conditions; and it is easily subject to sabotage. It is recommended that the water be taken to the powerhouse through a rock tunnel.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Great Falls, MT","doi":"10.3133/ofr4813","usgsCitation":"Bateman, A., 1947, Reconnaissance report on geology of Eklutna Lake dam site and conduit route near Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-13, Report: 82 p.; Figures 2-5, 7: 25.34 x 13.48 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4813.","productDescription":"Report: 82 p.; Figures 2-5, 7: 25.34 x 13.48 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"100","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289627,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-2.pdf"},{"id":289628,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-4.pdf"},{"id":289630,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-3.pdf"},{"id":289631,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-5.pdf"},{"id":289632,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-7.pdf"},{"id":289633,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/report.pdf"},{"id":289634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Eklutna Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153.3142,58.984 ], [ -153.3142,62.0035 ], [ -147.9858,62.0035 ], [ -147.9858,58.984 ], [ -153.3142,58.984 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7804e4b0abf75cf2c7ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bateman, A. F. Jr.","contributorId":24411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"A. F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222493,"text":"5222493 - 1947 - Contents of crops, gizzards, and droppings of bobwhite quail force-fed known kinds and quantities of seeds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T16:31:47.517628","indexId":"5222493","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contents of crops, gizzards, and droppings of bobwhite quail force-fed known kinds and quantities of seeds","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3796039","usgsCitation":"Jensen, G., and Korschgen, L., 1947, Contents of crops, gizzards, and droppings of bobwhite quail force-fed known kinds and quantities of seeds: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 11, no. 1, p. 37-43, https://doi.org/10.2307/3796039.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196932,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jensen, G.H.","contributorId":62312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Korschgen, L.J.","contributorId":29910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046396,"text":"70046396 - 1947 - Outline of geophysical investigations on the great earthquake in the south-west Japan on Dec. 21, 1946","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-09T16:05:00","indexId":"70046396","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":376,"text":"Pacific Geological Surveys","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"508","title":"Outline of geophysical investigations on the great earthquake in the south-west Japan on Dec. 21, 1946","docAbstract":"In in the early morning of Dec. 21, 1946, a great destructive earthquake occurred in southern-western Japan. According to the seismogram obtained in our university, the earthquake motion began at Tokyo from 4 h 20 m 10.4 s on Dec. 21, 1946. The maximum amplitude of NS, EW, and up-down components of the earthquake motion at Tokyo was 12.0 mm, 14.0 mm and 3.0 mm respectively, while the initial motion was composed of 80 μ south, 67 μ west and 20 μ down movements.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Geological Surveys","publisherLocation":"Tokyo, Japan?","doi":"10.3133/70046396","usgsCitation":"Nagata, T., 1947, Outline of geophysical investigations on the great earthquake in the south-west Japan on Dec. 21, 1946: Pacific Geological Surveys 508, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70046396.","productDescription":"81 p.","numberOfPages":"82","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274611,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70046396/report.pdf"},{"id":273579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70046396/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 128.58,29.80 ], [ 128.58,40.21 ], [ 142.91,40.21 ], [ 142.91,29.80 ], [ 128.58,29.80 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b846ebe4b03203c522b20c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagata, Takeshi","contributorId":100725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagata","given":"Takeshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014249,"text":"1014249 - 1947 - A bacterial disease of the lobster (Homarus americanus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T17:01:39.120511","indexId":"1014249","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A bacterial disease of the lobster (Homarus americanus)","title":"A bacterial disease of the lobster (Homarus americanus)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.105.2732.500","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., and Taylor, C.C., 1947, A bacterial disease of the lobster (Homarus americanus): Science, v. 105, no. 2732, p. 500-500, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.105.2732.500.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"500","endPage":"500","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"2732","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b139b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, C. C.","contributorId":8805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"C.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000175,"text":"1000175 - 1947 - Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:29:44","indexId":"1000175","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"From May to November, inclusive, the kiyis of southern Lake Michigan (north to and including localities off Kewaunee, Wisconsin, and Frankfort, Michigan) characteristically inhabit depths of more than 50 fathoms, although small numbers commonly are taken in shallower water (as shallow as 20 29 fathoms). There is evidence that the occasional penetration of relatively large numbers of kiyis into depths of less than 50 fathoms in this area is the result of exceptional hydrographic conditions involving the disturbance of considerable masses of water.
\nIn northern Lake Michigan the scattered lifts made in the region south of Manistique, Michigan, from June to September indicated kiyis to be abundant at depths from 40 to 69 fathoms (no lifts from shallower or deeper water). In northeastern Lake Michigan (Manitou, Fox, and Beaver Islands and the region between these islands and the east shore) kiyis were lacking in all lifts from 20–39 fathoms and were scarce at greater depths (three to four times as abundant, however, at 50–69 fathoms as at 40–49 fathoms).
\nThe consistency with which kiyis remain in water deeper than 40 or 50 fathoms is difficult to explain on the basis of a preference for cold water (about 4°C.). Water of temperatures only a fraction of a degree warmer than that in the region occupied by most kiyis extended up to depths of less than 30 fathoms. Possibly the bathymetric distribution of the kiyi is related to that of its principal food organisms. It was suggested also that the deeper-water habitat may enable the kiyi to avoid strong currents and that an aversion for currents may account for the scarcity of the species in the hydro-graphically complex northeastern area. Other possible factors are chemical conditions of the water or a preference of kiyis for great pressure and darkness.
\nThe abundance of kiyis appeared to be more or less uniform throughout the great central basins of Lake Michigan, except as related to depths of water. The scarcity of this species in the island region of northeastern Lake Michigan provided the only certain example of a regional difference in abundance.
\nThe survey of 1930–1932 yielded 89 new locality records for the kiyi in Lake Michigan. These localities, together with those reported previously by Koelz (1929), have been charted in Figure 1.
\nAlthough the gonads of certain apparently aberrant individuals may ripen as early as mid-July and considerable pre-spawning development of the organs may occur in August, there is no evidence of significant spawning activities of kiyis in southern Lake Michigan before the latter part of September. Spawning continues through at least the first week or two in November and possibly longer. The peak of spawning activity seems to occur in the latter half of October and in early November.
\nThe depth of water on known spawning grounds (all in southern Lake Michigan) was 57.5 to 84 fathoms. There is evidence that the kiyi may spawn in more than 90 fathoms. Spawning appears to be widespread throughout waters of suitable depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[143:DAASSA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., and Deason, H.J., 1947, Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, p. 143-165, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[143:DAASSA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"165","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d9d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70164442,"text":"70164442 - 1947 - Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:28:01","indexId":"70164442","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943","docAbstract":"The mortality that nearly exterminated the huge stocks of smelt in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942–1943 appears to have originated in central Lake Huron in the Saginaw Bay area in late September or early October 1942. The mortality spread rapidly northward reaching the Drummond Island area about the latter part of October and the St. Ignace region of the Straits of Mackinac near the end of the month. In the latter part of October smelt died also in the Canadian waters of Lake Huron including North Channel and Georgian Bay but exact details as to time and course are lacking. There is some evidence that the epidemic had not reached the Ontario shore of central Lake Huron by late May 1943. Spreading through northern Lake Michigan the mortality had penetrated as far south as Grand Traverse Bay by November 19 and as far west as Point Aux Barques, Michigan, by November 26, 1942. Smelt were reported to be dying in Lake Charlevoix, Michigan, in early February 1943, and in Green Bay toward the middle of that month. The mortality did not reach Crystal Lake where in contrast to Lake Charlevoix a dam barred the passage of fish from Lake Michigan. At the time of the 1943 spring spawning run (April) only a few scattered survivors remained from the vast populations.
\nAfter consideration of possible causes, it was concluded that the mortality could be explained only as resulting from a communicable disease (bacteria or virus). This explanation alone is in harmony with the following facts: the mortality was progressive, spreading from one area into adjacent areas over a period of at least 4 1/2 months and under a great diversity of habitat conditions; only smelt were affected but within the species death overtook fish of all sizes from 2 inches on and all ages of both sexes, mature and immature; the mortality penetrated Lake Charlevoix where the passage of fish to and from Lake Michigan was possible but did not reach Crystal Lake where the passage from Lake Michigan was barred by a dam; the epidemic did not reach other inland lakes where free and easy access from the Great Lakes was impossible nor did it extend to Lakes Superior, Erie, and Ontario.
\nConsidered at first as a nuisance and a threat to the native fishes of the Great Lakes, the smelt ultimately became a fish of primary importance to commercial fishermen, sportsmen, and others. In Green Bay, the center of the commercial fishery, smelt became the dominant commercial species, yielding more than 4 million pounds in some years. Almost all of the commercial production was from nets set under the ice. The take by amateurs and others who dipped smelt from streams during the spawning run was even greater, amounting to as much as 5 1/2 million pounds in a single year in the State of Michigan alone (the yield in Wisconsin may have been nearly as great).
\nThe mortality of smelt was a severe blow to the nation's war-time food-production program. It is estimated that in 1943, in which year elaborate preparations had been made for the efficient utilization of the spawning-run production, the mortality reduced the output of smelt by about 13 million pounds. The total loss through the present (1946) season can be set in the neighborhood of 50 million pounds.
\nThe first indication of a recovery of the smelt came in 1945 when a small amount was produced commercially in Green Bay and numerous light runs occurred in streams tributary to Lakes Huron and Michigan. The general level of abundance in 1945, however, is believed to have been less than 10 per cent of that of “pre-mortality” years. Such information as is available for 1946 suggests considerable further improvement in this year. Given good survival of young, it is anticipated that a large rise in the abundance of smelt can occur in 1947 and that by 1948 or 1949 the size of the populations should no longer be influenced by the number of spawners available in preceding years.
\nThe smelt from the Escanaba area of Green Bay were without exception significantly longer and heavier in 1944 and 1945 than were fish of corresponding age captured in the same region in 1941. Furthermore, three of four comparisons indicated significantly greater size in 1945 than in 1944. This improvement in growth rate is believed to have been associated with the reduction in the smelt population brought about by the 1942–1943 mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1947, Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 310-337, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"337","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b48454e4b0cc799980531b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}