Summary and Recommendations
\n1. Eklutna Lake and Eklutna Creek lie in a wide, deep, glaciated, trough-like valley. Downstream from the lake, this valley is partially filled with unconsolidated glacial and alluvial deposits.
\n2. Eklutna Lake dam site, located about 400 feet below the lake outlet, is suitable for a low dam of flexible, earth-embankment type. Adequate control of the stream can be obtained by raising the lake level about 50 feet to altitude 910 feet, which will provide hold-over storage from wet years to dry years. Such a structure will have a crest length of about 1,950 feet.
\nA. Bedrock is probably 200 to 475 feet below stream bed at the proposed axis. The dam will rest on glacial deposits of till, clay, sand and gravel, and on deposits of lake-shore and alluvial fan gravels.
\nB. Geologic conditions in the area of the right abutment, as yet imperfectly known, may make necessary a long, deep cutoff extending for an unknown distance beyond the north end of the dam.
\nC. A foundation exploration program is recommended that includes deepening test pit No. 1 and drill hole No. 2, and drilling 11 new holes. It is suggested that one drill hold near the center of the valley be taken to bedrock to give a complete picture of the fill materials underlying the foundation.
3. Delivery of water from the forebay of the reservoir to the powerhouse eight miles downvalley by means of a conduit is regarded as infeasible because: difficult terrain of the route will require earthwork more extensive than the volume of the dam; the route is subject to land slides, and will require expensive maintenance; it is more or less completely exposed to adverse winter conditions that may engender icing conditions; and it is easily subject to sabotage. It is recommended that the water be taken to the powerhouse through a rock tunnel.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Great Falls, MT","doi":"10.3133/ofr4813","usgsCitation":"Bateman, A., 1947, Reconnaissance report on geology of Eklutna Lake dam site and conduit route near Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-13, Report: 82 p.; Figures 2-5, 7: 25.34 x 13.48 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4813.","productDescription":"Report: 82 p.; Figures 2-5, 7: 25.34 x 13.48 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"100","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289627,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-2.pdf"},{"id":289628,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-4.pdf"},{"id":289630,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-3.pdf"},{"id":289631,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-5.pdf"},{"id":289632,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-7.pdf"},{"id":289633,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/report.pdf"},{"id":289634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Eklutna Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153.3142,58.984 ], [ -153.3142,62.0035 ], [ -147.9858,62.0035 ], [ -147.9858,58.984 ], [ -153.3142,58.984 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7804e4b0abf75cf2c7ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bateman, A. F. Jr.","contributorId":24411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"A. F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2002596,"text":"2002596 - 1947 - Aquatic plant control with 2,4-D","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:03","indexId":"2002596","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":29,"text":"Fishery Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"217","title":"Aquatic plant control with 2,4-D","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"786/FH","usgsCitation":"Surber, E.W., 1947, Aquatic plant control with 2,4-D: Fishery Leaflet 217, p. 1-5.","productDescription":"p. 1-5","startPage":"1","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679fe2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Surber, E. W.","contributorId":8794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Surber","given":"E.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010878,"text":"70010878 - 1947 - Differentiation of aragonite from calcite by differential thermal analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T16:58:36.528733","indexId":"70010878","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiation of aragonite from calcite by differential thermal analysis","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.110.2859.402.b","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Faust, G.T., 1947, Differentiation of aragonite from calcite by differential thermal analysis: Science, v. 105, no. 2724, p. 402-403, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.110.2859.402.b.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"402","endPage":"403","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218890,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"2724","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0108e4b0c8380cd4fa67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faust, G. T.","contributorId":25982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010875,"text":"70010875 - 1947 - Ordovician Chazyan classification in Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T16:56:08.855227","indexId":"70010875","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ordovician Chazyan classification in Vermont","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.105.2736.601.a","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Kay, M., and Cady, W.M., 1947, Ordovician Chazyan classification in Vermont: Science, v. 105, no. 2736, p. 601-601, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.105.2736.601.a.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"601","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"2736","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f46e4b0c8380cd75a04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, M.","contributorId":19281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cady, W. M.","contributorId":64641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cady","given":"W.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010874,"text":"70010874 - 1947 - Cypress domes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T16:56:14.538994","indexId":"70010874","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cypress domes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.105.2717.97","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Vernon, R.O., 1947, Cypress domes: Science, v. 105, no. 2717, p. 97-99, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.105.2717.97.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"2717","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd28e4b0c8380cd4e681","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vernon, R. O.","contributorId":99285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vernon","given":"R.","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010877,"text":"70010877 - 1947 - The sensitized luminescence of manganese-activated calcite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:18","indexId":"70010877","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2171,"text":"Journal of Applied Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The sensitized luminescence of manganese-activated calcite","docAbstract":"Synthetic manganese-activated calcites are shown to be practically inert to ultraviolet excitation in the range 2000-3500A, while they are luminescent under cathode-ray excitation. The incorporation of small amounts of an auxiliary impurity along with the manganese produces the strong response to ultraviolet radiation hitherto ascribed to CaCO3:Mn itself. Three such impurities have been studied: lead, thallium, and cerium. The first two induce excitation in the neighborhood of the mercury resonance line, while the cerium introduces a response principally to longer wave ultraviolet. The strong response to 2537A excitation shown by some natural calcites is likewise found to be due to the presence of lead along with the manganese, rather than to the manganese alone. The data do not warrant ascribing the longer wave-length ultraviolet-excited luminescence of all natural calcites to the action of an auxiliary impurity. The essential identity of the cathode-ray excited luminescence spectra of CaCO 3:Mn, CaCO3: (Pb+Mn), CaCO3:(Tl+Mn), and CaCO3:(Ce+Mn) with the 2537A-excited spectra of the latter three is evidence that the luminescent center in all cases is the manganese ion or the MnO6 group. It is shown that a \"cascade\" mechanism for the action of the auxiliary impurities, lead, thallium, and cerium, is incorrect; and that the phenomenon must be considered as a case of sensitized luminescence. Owing to the nature of cathode-ray excitation, the manganese activator can be excited by this agent even in the absence of a second impurity. For optical excitation, however, an absorption band for the ultraviolet must be established by building into the CaCO3:Mn a second impurity or \"sensitizer.\".","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1063/1.1697831","issn":"00214922","usgsCitation":"Schulman, J., Evans, L., Ginther, R., and Murata, K.J., 1947, The sensitized luminescence of manganese-activated calcite: Journal of Applied Physics, v. 18, no. 8, p. 732-739, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1697831.","startPage":"732","endPage":"739","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480446,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1697831","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204894,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1697831"},{"id":218889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb00de4b08c986b324bc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulman, J.H.","contributorId":9126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulman","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, L.W.","contributorId":76999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ginther, R.J.","contributorId":23390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginther","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70164442,"text":"70164442 - 1947 - Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:28:01","indexId":"70164442","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943","docAbstract":"The mortality that nearly exterminated the huge stocks of smelt in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942–1943 appears to have originated in central Lake Huron in the Saginaw Bay area in late September or early October 1942. The mortality spread rapidly northward reaching the Drummond Island area about the latter part of October and the St. Ignace region of the Straits of Mackinac near the end of the month. In the latter part of October smelt died also in the Canadian waters of Lake Huron including North Channel and Georgian Bay but exact details as to time and course are lacking. There is some evidence that the epidemic had not reached the Ontario shore of central Lake Huron by late May 1943. Spreading through northern Lake Michigan the mortality had penetrated as far south as Grand Traverse Bay by November 19 and as far west as Point Aux Barques, Michigan, by November 26, 1942. Smelt were reported to be dying in Lake Charlevoix, Michigan, in early February 1943, and in Green Bay toward the middle of that month. The mortality did not reach Crystal Lake where in contrast to Lake Charlevoix a dam barred the passage of fish from Lake Michigan. At the time of the 1943 spring spawning run (April) only a few scattered survivors remained from the vast populations.
\nAfter consideration of possible causes, it was concluded that the mortality could be explained only as resulting from a communicable disease (bacteria or virus). This explanation alone is in harmony with the following facts: the mortality was progressive, spreading from one area into adjacent areas over a period of at least 4 1/2 months and under a great diversity of habitat conditions; only smelt were affected but within the species death overtook fish of all sizes from 2 inches on and all ages of both sexes, mature and immature; the mortality penetrated Lake Charlevoix where the passage of fish to and from Lake Michigan was possible but did not reach Crystal Lake where the passage from Lake Michigan was barred by a dam; the epidemic did not reach other inland lakes where free and easy access from the Great Lakes was impossible nor did it extend to Lakes Superior, Erie, and Ontario.
\nConsidered at first as a nuisance and a threat to the native fishes of the Great Lakes, the smelt ultimately became a fish of primary importance to commercial fishermen, sportsmen, and others. In Green Bay, the center of the commercial fishery, smelt became the dominant commercial species, yielding more than 4 million pounds in some years. Almost all of the commercial production was from nets set under the ice. The take by amateurs and others who dipped smelt from streams during the spawning run was even greater, amounting to as much as 5 1/2 million pounds in a single year in the State of Michigan alone (the yield in Wisconsin may have been nearly as great).
\nThe mortality of smelt was a severe blow to the nation's war-time food-production program. It is estimated that in 1943, in which year elaborate preparations had been made for the efficient utilization of the spawning-run production, the mortality reduced the output of smelt by about 13 million pounds. The total loss through the present (1946) season can be set in the neighborhood of 50 million pounds.
\nThe first indication of a recovery of the smelt came in 1945 when a small amount was produced commercially in Green Bay and numerous light runs occurred in streams tributary to Lakes Huron and Michigan. The general level of abundance in 1945, however, is believed to have been less than 10 per cent of that of “pre-mortality” years. Such information as is available for 1946 suggests considerable further improvement in this year. Given good survival of young, it is anticipated that a large rise in the abundance of smelt can occur in 1947 and that by 1948 or 1949 the size of the populations should no longer be influenced by the number of spawners available in preceding years.
\nThe smelt from the Escanaba area of Green Bay were without exception significantly longer and heavier in 1944 and 1945 than were fish of corresponding age captured in the same region in 1941. Furthermore, three of four comparisons indicated significantly greater size in 1945 than in 1944. This improvement in growth rate is believed to have been associated with the reduction in the smelt population brought about by the 1942–1943 mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1947, Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 310-337, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"337","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b48454e4b0cc799980531b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014247,"text":"1014247 - 1947 - Improved methods for the cultivation and storage of Phytophthora infestans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:28","indexId":"1014247","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3080,"text":"Phytopathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved methods for the cultivation and storage of Phytophthora infestans","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Phytopathology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"406/FH","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., Carpenter, J., Lowe, E., and Jakob, J., 1947, Improved methods for the cultivation and storage of Phytophthora infestans: Phytopathology, v. 37, no. 9, p. 635-649.","productDescription":"p. 635-649","startPage":"635","endPage":"649","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5d1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, J.B.","contributorId":91446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowe, E.P.","contributorId":28208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jakob, J.G.","contributorId":28209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakob","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013828,"text":"1013828 - 1947 - Furunculosis and its treatment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:07:09.270221","indexId":"1013828","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Furunculosis and its treatment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1947)9[13:FAIT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gutsell, J., 1947, Furunculosis and its treatment: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 9, no. 1, p. 13-20, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1947)9[13:FAIT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131825,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a845c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutsell, J.S.","contributorId":25523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutsell","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70194715,"text":"70194715 - 1947 - Specimens of type faces used in reproducing topographic and geologic maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T10:23:57","indexId":"70194715","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Specimens of type faces used in reproducing topographic and geologic maps","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70194715","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1947, Specimens of type faces used in reproducing topographic and geologic maps, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70194715.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70194715/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":349980,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70194715/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a615f0fe4b06e28e9c260ee"} ,{"id":70195897,"text":"70195897 - 1947 - Geology and ground water conditions at Minot, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T13:32:09","indexId":"70195897","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5646,"text":"North Dakota Ground Water Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Geology and ground water conditions at Minot, North Dakota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota State Water Conservation Commission","usgsCitation":"Akin, P., 1947, Geology and ground water conditions at Minot, North Dakota: North Dakota Ground Water Studies 6, 99 p.","productDescription":"99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff6d57e4b0da30c1bfe563","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Akin, P.D.","contributorId":104471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akin","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000136,"text":"1000136 - 1947 - Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T11:02:01","indexId":"1000136","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Ages were determined and individual growth histories were calculated from the examination and measurement of the scales of 1,649 kiyis captured at seven localities in Lake Michigan in 1931 and 1932. The numbers of individuals employed for the investigation of other phases of the life history (such as length-frequency distributions, length-weight relationship, and sex ratio) varied according to the amount of data available or required. Age-group IV was dominant in the 1931 collections from Racine, Port Washington, and Kewaunee, Wisconsin, and age-group V dominated the 1932 samples from the Fox Islands and from three localities southward of Manistique, Michigan. A trend was noticeable toward an increase in average age from south to north. Among the explanations suggested for the observed differences in age composition were: Variation with latitude in the natural span of life; differences in fishing intensity; fluctuations in the strength of year classes (to account possibly for the shift in the dominant age group from 1931 to 1932). The oldest male kiyi belonged to the VII group and the oldest female was a member of the X group. The possible distorting effects of such factors as gear selection traceable to differences in the mesh sizes of nets fished in 1931 and 1932, selection by nets on the basis of the condition (K) of the fish, and local variations in fishing intensity and hence in the selective destruction of rapidly growing individuals in the fishery were held to be sufficiently great to render doubtful the significance of most of the observed local differences in growth rate. Kiyis from all samples were combined to determine the general growth in length. The growth in weight of the Fox Islands fish, however, was considered separately as these fish were consistently lighter than kiyis of corresponding length from other localities. The Lake Michigan kiyi grows slowly, with the females growing slightly more rapidly than the males. The grand average calculated lengths indicated, for example, that the females did not attain a total length of 10 inches until the fifth year of life or the males until the sixth. Similarly, the calculated weight of 4 ounces was not reached until the fifth or sixth year (with the actual time varying with sex and locality). The season's growth of the kiyi probably begins sometime in May and most or all of the growth is completed by the end of August. The calculated lengths of the age groups exhibited large discrepancies that differed from “Lee's phenomenon” as ordinarily observed in that the data for the later rather than the earlier years of life were affected most severely. Chief among the factors held responsible for these discrepancies were gear selection and the selective destruction of the more rapidly growing individuals in the fishery. Errors inherent in the (direct-proportion) method of computing growth from scale measurements were considered to have been unimportant. The Lake Michigan kiyi exhibits growth compensation–the tendency for the smaller of the young fish to have the more rapid growth in the later years of life. Comparisons with the average lengths and weights of the age groups of the Lake Ontario kiyi given by Pritchard (1931) indicated the Lake Michigan fish to be the larger at the earlier ages (age-groups II and III) and the smaller at the later ages (age-groups IV to VI). The length-frequency distributions of the age groups exhibited extensive overlap. As many as eight age groups were represented in a single centimeter interval of length. The length frequencies and average lengths of all fish collected, arranged according to the mesh sizes of the gill nets by which they were captured, revealed that the selective action of these nets in the taking of kiyis was much more obvious in the numbers of fish in the catch than in their average size. As an illustration, in 1930–1931, the 2 3/4-inch mesh nets took fish that were only 0.1 inch longer than those in 2 1/2-inch meshes but captured less than one fourth as many. Gill nets fished in northern Lake Michigan in 1932 captured kiyis that averaged 0.2 to 0.4 inch longer than those taken in the same meshes in southern Lake Michigan in 1930–1931. Because of the more slender form of kiyis from the northeastern island region of Lake Michigan, data on the general length weight relationship were compiled separately for fish of that area and for those of the great central basins of the lake. In both regions the weight increased to a power slightly greater than the cube of the length. Available information on condition indicated that the coefficient (K) was higher in August and early September than in May, June, and July. Condition declined from early September to October and early November–the latter period the time of most active spawning. Spawning itself was accompanied by an additional loss of about 12 per cent of the body weight of females and of somewhat less than 2 per cent of the weight of males. Analysis of the variations of K within a group that was homogeneous with respect to age, sex, maturity, and time of collection revealed that a net of a particular mesh size tends to take the heavier of the shorter fish and the lighter of the longer fish within its range of effectiveness. Among fish of the same length the values of K tended to increase with increase in the mesh size of the nets employed for their capture. Practically all fish in the samples were mature (only 11 immature in more than 6,000). These “immature” fish were probably “non-functional” since all of them approached or exceeded the average length of the mature kiyis. Females were strongly predominant in the collections at all seasons but were relatively more plentiful during the summer (90 per cent of the total) than during the spawning period (75 per cent). Possible factors contributing to this predominance of females and to the change in the sex ratio at the spawning season were discussed. A decrease in the relative abundance of males with increase in age appears to be characteristic of the kiyi. This decrease indicates a differential mortality of th sexes (greater relative destruction of males in the spawning period when they are unusually abundant or a greater natural mortality rate for the males). Current fishery regulations on mesh size and closed seasons afford the kiyi good protection but offer no guarantee against depletion from too intensive fishing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Deason, H.J., and Hile, R., 1947, Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 88-142, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"142","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266919,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":131762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68973e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222493,"text":"5222493 - 1947 - Contents of crops, gizzards, and droppings of bobwhite quail force-fed known kinds and quantities of seeds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T16:31:47.517628","indexId":"5222493","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contents of crops, gizzards, and droppings of bobwhite quail force-fed known kinds and quantities of seeds","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3796039","usgsCitation":"Jensen, G., and Korschgen, L., 1947, Contents of crops, gizzards, and droppings of bobwhite quail force-fed known kinds and quantities of seeds: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 11, no. 1, p. 37-43, https://doi.org/10.2307/3796039.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196932,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jensen, G.H.","contributorId":62312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Korschgen, L.J.","contributorId":29910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2000874,"text":"2000874 - 1947 - Studies of the protozoan parasites of freshwater fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T18:08:02","indexId":"2000874","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1664,"text":"Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of the protozoan parasites of freshwater fishes","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Davis, H., 1947, Studies of the protozoan parasites of freshwater fishes: Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, v. 51, no. 1, 29 p.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352109,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/51-1/511toc.html"},{"id":352110,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/51-1/davis.pdf"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, H.S.","contributorId":81445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23271,"text":"ofr4735 - 1947 - Ground-water resources and problems of the Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T22:00:18.049331","indexId":"ofr4735","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-35","title":"Ground-water resources and problems of the Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"United States Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4735","usgsCitation":"Halpenny, L., Cushman, R., and Hem, J., 1947, Ground-water resources and problems of the Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-35, Report: 22 p.; 2 Plates: 11.31 x 10.61 inches and 10.93 x 10.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4735.","productDescription":"Report: 22 p.; 2 Plates: 11.31 x 10.61 inches and 10.93 x 10.36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110356,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52751.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52751"},{"id":52558,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52557,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52556,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.79574731487958,\n 32.87250637164715\n ],\n [\n -109.79574731487958,\n 32.66850780723142\n ],\n [\n -109.65433945991649,\n 32.66850780723142\n ],\n [\n -109.65433945991649,\n 32.87250637164715\n ],\n [\n -109.79574731487958,\n 32.87250637164715\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa0e4b07f02db661d60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halpenny, Leonard C.","contributorId":91898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halpenny","given":"Leonard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushman, Robert L.","contributorId":22751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"Robert L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010876,"text":"70010876 - 1947 - The polished rocks of Cornudas Mountain, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-22T17:04:10.110596","indexId":"70010876","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The polished rocks of Cornudas Mountain, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.105.2716.65","usgsCitation":"Lang, W., 1947, The polished rocks of Cornudas Mountain, New Mexico: Science, v. 105, no. 2716, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.105.2716.65.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"65","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Cornudas Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.69534301757812,\n 32.00283549540514\n ],\n [\n -105.44334411621094,\n 32.00283549540514\n ],\n [\n -105.44334411621094,\n 32.13084982308751\n ],\n [\n -105.69534301757812,\n 32.13084982308751\n ],\n [\n -105.69534301757812,\n 32.00283549540514\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"2716","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baea2e4b08c986b32422c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lang, Walter B.","contributorId":27507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"Walter B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014249,"text":"1014249 - 1947 - A bacterial disease of the lobster (Homarus americanus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T17:01:39.120511","indexId":"1014249","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A bacterial disease of the lobster (Homarus americanus)","title":"A bacterial disease of the lobster (Homarus americanus)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.105.2732.500","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., and Taylor, C.C., 1947, A bacterial disease of the lobster (Homarus americanus): Science, v. 105, no. 2732, p. 500-500, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.105.2732.500.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"500","endPage":"500","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"2732","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b139b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, C. C.","contributorId":8805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"C.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046396,"text":"70046396 - 1947 - Outline of geophysical investigations on the great earthquake in the south-west Japan on Dec. 21, 1946","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-09T16:05:00","indexId":"70046396","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":376,"text":"Pacific Geological Surveys","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"508","title":"Outline of geophysical investigations on the great earthquake in the south-west Japan on Dec. 21, 1946","docAbstract":"In in the early morning of Dec. 21, 1946, a great destructive earthquake occurred in southern-western Japan. According to the seismogram obtained in our university, the earthquake motion began at Tokyo from 4 h 20 m 10.4 s on Dec. 21, 1946. The maximum amplitude of NS, EW, and up-down components of the earthquake motion at Tokyo was 12.0 mm, 14.0 mm and 3.0 mm respectively, while the initial motion was composed of 80 μ south, 67 μ west and 20 μ down movements.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Geological Surveys","publisherLocation":"Tokyo, Japan?","doi":"10.3133/70046396","usgsCitation":"Nagata, T., 1947, Outline of geophysical investigations on the great earthquake in the south-west Japan on Dec. 21, 1946: Pacific Geological Surveys 508, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70046396.","productDescription":"81 p.","numberOfPages":"82","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274611,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70046396/report.pdf"},{"id":273579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70046396/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 128.58,29.80 ], [ 128.58,40.21 ], [ 142.91,40.21 ], [ 142.91,29.80 ], [ 128.58,29.80 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b846ebe4b03203c522b20c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagata, Takeshi","contributorId":100725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagata","given":"Takeshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000452,"text":"1000452 - 1947 - Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in the Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-43","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T17:05:41.886638","indexId":"1000452","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in the Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-43","docAbstract":"The mortality that nearly exterminated the huge stocks of smelt in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942–1943 appears to have originated in central Lake Huron in the Saginaw Bay area in late September or early October 1942. The mortality spread rapidly northward reaching the Drummond Island area about the latter part of October and the St. Ignace region of the Straits of Mackinac near the end of the month. In the latter part of October smelt died also in the Canadian waters of Lake Huron including North Channel and Georgian Bay but exact details as to time and course are lacking. There is some evidence that the epidemic had not reached the Ontario shore of central Lake Huron by late May 1943. Spreading through northern Lake Michigan the mortality had penetrated as far south as Grand Traverse Bay by November 19 and as far west as Point Aux Barques, Michigan, by November 26, 1942. Smelt were reported to be dying in Lake Charlevoix, Michigan, in early February 1943, and in Green Bay toward the middle of that month. The mortality did not reach Crystal Lake where in contrast to Lake Charlevoix a dam barred the passage of fish from Lake Michigan. At the time of the 1943 spring spawning run (April) only a few scattered survivors remained from the vast populations.
After consideration of possible causes, it was concluded that the mortality could be explained only as resulting from a communicable disease (bacteria or virus). This explanation alone is in harmony with the following facts: the mortality was progressive, spreading from one area into adjacent areas over a period of at least 4 1/2 months and under a great diversity of habitat conditions; only smelt were affected but within the species death overtook fish of all sizes from 2 inches on and all ages of both sexes, mature and immature; the mortality penetrated Lake Charlevoix where the passage of fish to and from Lake Michigan was possible but did not reach Crystal Lake where the passage from Lake Michigan was barred by a dam; the epidemic did not reach other inland lakes where free and easy access from the Great Lakes was impossible nor did it extend to Lakes Superior, Erie, and Ontario.
Considered at first as a nuisance and a threat to the native fishes of the Great Lakes, the smelt ultimately became a fish of primary importance to commercial fishermen, sportsmen, and others. In Green Bay, the center of the commercial fishery, smelt became the dominant commercial species, yielding more than 4 million pounds in some years. Almost all of the commercial production was from nets set under the ice. The take by amateurs and others who dipped smelt from streams during the spawning run was even greater, amounting to as much as 5 1/2 million pounds in a single year in the State of Michigan alone (the yield in Wisconsin may have been nearly as great).
The mortality of smelt was a severe blow to the nation's war‐time food‐production program. It is estimated that in 1943, in which year elaborate preparations had been made for the efficient utilization of the spawning‐run production, the mortality reduced the output of smelt by about 13 million pounds. The total loss through the present (1946) season can be set in the neighborhood of 50 million pounds.
The first indication of a recovery of the smelt came in 1945 when a small amount was produced commercially in Green Bay and numerous light runs occurred in streams tributary to Lakes Huron and Michigan. The general level of abundance in 1945, however, is believed to have been less than 10 per cent of that of “pre‐mortality” years. Such information as is available for 1946 suggests considerable further improvement in this year. Given good survival of young, it is anticipated that a large rise in the abundance of smelt can occur in 1947 and that by 1948 or 1949 the size of the populations should no longer be influenced by the number of spawners available in preceding years.
The smelt from the Escanaba area of Green Bay were without exception significantly longer and heavier in 1944 and 1945 than were fish of corresponding age captured in the same region in 1941. Furthermore, three of four comparisons indicated significantly greater size in 1945 than in 1944. This improvement in growth rate is believed to have been associated with the reduction in the smelt population brought about by the 1942–1943 mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1947, Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in the Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-43: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 310-337, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"337","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron, Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.03164123781633,\n 46.11737170689469\n ],\n [\n -88.72778534473579,\n 44.01041580808922\n ],\n [\n -87.93802021760128,\n 41.596888547126724\n ],\n [\n -86.94780559176624,\n 41.45246550640046\n ],\n [\n -86.03176390385137,\n 41.92385950362656\n ],\n [\n -86.09335361240689,\n 44.3402697663723\n ],\n [\n -84.704881657178,\n 45.49806914873613\n ],\n [\n -83.70584941702258,\n 45.250104673321985\n ],\n [\n -84.22858417910234,\n 43.645755705859244\n ],\n [\n -82.40701372351333,\n 42.917727001319875\n ],\n [\n -81.63191064564697,\n 43.09096293500792\n ],\n [\n -81.228674161158,\n 44.498157103563344\n ],\n [\n -79.844600035558,\n 44.36212303401899\n ],\n [\n -79.56048693155812,\n 45.02267714542673\n ],\n [\n -80.37827208274413,\n 45.9649997709854\n ],\n [\n -82.03179382977311,\n 46.40752157556918\n ],\n [\n -83.90979168502984,\n 46.44624525684242\n ],\n [\n -87.03164123781633,\n 46.11737170689469\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b478e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000175,"text":"1000175 - 1947 - Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:29:44","indexId":"1000175","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"From May to November, inclusive, the kiyis of southern Lake Michigan (north to and including localities off Kewaunee, Wisconsin, and Frankfort, Michigan) characteristically inhabit depths of more than 50 fathoms, although small numbers commonly are taken in shallower water (as shallow as 20 29 fathoms). There is evidence that the occasional penetration of relatively large numbers of kiyis into depths of less than 50 fathoms in this area is the result of exceptional hydrographic conditions involving the disturbance of considerable masses of water.
\nIn northern Lake Michigan the scattered lifts made in the region south of Manistique, Michigan, from June to September indicated kiyis to be abundant at depths from 40 to 69 fathoms (no lifts from shallower or deeper water). In northeastern Lake Michigan (Manitou, Fox, and Beaver Islands and the region between these islands and the east shore) kiyis were lacking in all lifts from 20–39 fathoms and were scarce at greater depths (three to four times as abundant, however, at 50–69 fathoms as at 40–49 fathoms).
\nThe consistency with which kiyis remain in water deeper than 40 or 50 fathoms is difficult to explain on the basis of a preference for cold water (about 4°C.). Water of temperatures only a fraction of a degree warmer than that in the region occupied by most kiyis extended up to depths of less than 30 fathoms. Possibly the bathymetric distribution of the kiyi is related to that of its principal food organisms. It was suggested also that the deeper-water habitat may enable the kiyi to avoid strong currents and that an aversion for currents may account for the scarcity of the species in the hydro-graphically complex northeastern area. Other possible factors are chemical conditions of the water or a preference of kiyis for great pressure and darkness.
\nThe abundance of kiyis appeared to be more or less uniform throughout the great central basins of Lake Michigan, except as related to depths of water. The scarcity of this species in the island region of northeastern Lake Michigan provided the only certain example of a regional difference in abundance.
\nThe survey of 1930–1932 yielded 89 new locality records for the kiyi in Lake Michigan. These localities, together with those reported previously by Koelz (1929), have been charted in Figure 1.
\nAlthough the gonads of certain apparently aberrant individuals may ripen as early as mid-July and considerable pre-spawning development of the organs may occur in August, there is no evidence of significant spawning activities of kiyis in southern Lake Michigan before the latter part of September. Spawning continues through at least the first week or two in November and possibly longer. The peak of spawning activity seems to occur in the latter half of October and in early November.
\nThe depth of water on known spawning grounds (all in southern Lake Michigan) was 57.5 to 84 fathoms. There is evidence that the kiyi may spawn in more than 90 fathoms. Spawning appears to be widespread throughout waters of suitable depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[143:DAASSA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., and Deason, H.J., 1947, Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, p. 143-165, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[143:DAASSA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"165","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d9d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160869,"text":"70160869 - 1947 - Bibliography of the geology and water resources of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T08:57:58","indexId":"70160869","displayToPublicDate":"1946-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"Bibliography of the geology and water resources of the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, G., 1947, Bibliography of the geology and water resources of the island of Hawaii: Bulletin 10, 191 p.","productDescription":"191 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":221,"text":"Division of Hydrography","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313180,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","city":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.55679321289062,\n 20.128155311797183\n ],\n [\n -155.58425903320312,\n 20.117839630491634\n ],\n [\n -155.64056396484375,\n 20.153941536577403\n ],\n [\n -155.65841674804688,\n 20.168122145270342\n ],\n [\n -155.68862915039062,\n 20.179723502765153\n ],\n [\n -155.73394775390625,\n 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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5c5e4b0e7594ee77656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, Gordon A.","contributorId":52273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"Gordon A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198516,"text":"70198516 - 1946 - Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T14:57:30","indexId":"70198516","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T14:56:29","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","docAbstract":"In classifying the lower Middle Ordovician of the Shenandoah Valley, the formation names Stones River, Mosheim, Lenoir, Holston, Whitesburg, and Athens have been used without adequate evidence. Detailed study shows that the so-called Athens and Whitesburg, as developed near Harrisonburg, are laterally continuous with the greater part of the Chambersburg limestone, which is supposed to be younger than the Athens. The newly discovered relations of these formations affect the classification of the Middle Ordovician in much of the northern Appalachian region. The present study has been high-lighted by the discovery that Cryptophragmus antiquatus, widely regarded as a valid guide to the lower Black River, ranges through several hundred feet of beds, possibly as high as lower Trenton. In the Shenandoah Valley, this fossil is most abundant near the top of the Chambersburg, which is supposed to be late Black River or early Trenton.
In the proposed reclassification, the lower Middle Ordovician is divided into six time-stratigraphic units, in ascending order: the New Market limestone, Whistle Creek limestone, Lincolnshire limestone, Edinburg formation, Oranda formation, and Collierstown limestone. The Edinburg embraces two equivalent facies: one of cobbly limestone (Lantz Mills facies) which is mainly developed in the northern and western parts of the Shenandoah Valley; and a relatively thicker body of black limestone and shale (Liberty Hall facies) which is typically developed in the Harrison-burg-Staunton area. In the western part of Shenandoah County, the topmost division of the Edinburg formation is composed of light-gray calcilutite and calcarenite, named the St. Luke limestone member. The rusty-brown granular limestones just below Butts' Athens in the Harrisonburg-Staunton-Lexington area are here named the Botetourt limestone member of the Edinburg formation.
At least part of the New Market limestone is linked with a part of the New York Chazy and type Lenoir, but the Lincolnshire seems to be post-Chazy. All the succeeding beds, comprising the greater part of the lower Middle Ordovician succession, are Black River or Trenton.
","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[35:LMOSOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cooper, B., and Cooper, G., 1946, Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 57, no. 1, p. 35-113, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[35:LMOSOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"79 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah Valley","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, B.N.","contributorId":206781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"B.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, G.A.","contributorId":31807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180156,"text":"70180156 - 1946 - Ground-water level fluctuations in Utah, 1936-45","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T16:00:32.855529","indexId":"70180156","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5276,"text":"Utah State Engineer Biennial Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"25","title":"Ground-water level fluctuations in Utah, 1936-45","docAbstract":"Ground-water investigations in Utah by the Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of the Interior have been in progress since 1935, in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer. This cooperative work includes (1) determination of the fluctuations of water level in most of the developed ground-water areas in the state, based upon measurements which are tabulated and published annually by the Geological Survey; and (2) detailed investigations of specific ground-water areas to determine source, movement, disposal, quantity and quality of the ground water, and to show the relation of present development to the maximum economic development of which those areas are capable. Such detailed investigations have been completed during the past decade for areas in Iron, Millard, Salt Lake, Tooele, and Weber Counties, and are referred to in discussion subsequently. Similar investigations are now in progress in other areas in Davis, Iron, and Weber Counties.
The users of wells for irrigation in Pavant Valley, particularly in the Flowell district, have long been cognizant of their utter dependency upon ground water for livelihood, and were among the first in the State to make an organized effort to conserve supplies by prevention of waste. Since passage of the State ground-water law in 1935, the State Engineer has not approved applications for new wells in the areas of most concentrated development, and has deferred adjudication of existing water rights until adequate data concerning the ground-water resources become available. The investigation of ground-water resources in Pavant Valley was suggested by the State Engineer and constitutes one of a series that are being made in the important groundwater basins of Utah by the Federal Geological Survey in cooperation with the State Engineer. The investigation was under the general supervision of Oscar E. Meinzer, geologist in charge of the ground-water division of the Federal Geological Survey. H. E. Thomas, in charge of groundwater investigations in Utah, returned from military service overseas in time to assist in the completion of the manuscript, and edited the report.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Dennis, P., Maxey, G.B., and Thomas, H.E., 1946, Ground water in Pavant Valley: Technical Publication 3, 96 p. .","productDescription":"96 p. ","numberOfPages":"102","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331482,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":331480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-080"},{"id":331481,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w9200082.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Millard County","otherGeospatial":"Pavant Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 38.68443777679761\n ],\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 39.257778150283364\n ],\n [\n -111.983642578125,\n 39.257778150283364\n ],\n [\n -111.983642578125,\n 38.68443777679761\n ],\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 38.68443777679761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58468aefe4b04fc80e5236e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennis, P. E.","contributorId":118921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennis","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maxey, G. B.","contributorId":76458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}