The Volcano Letter was an informal publication issued at irregular intervals by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) during the years 1925 to 1955. Individual issues contain information on volcanic activity, volcano research, and volcano monitoring in Hawaii. Information on volcanic activity at other locations is also occasionally included.
The Volcano Letter was published by HVO through multiple changes in administration, including the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association (1925 to 1932), the U.S. Geological Survey (1932 to 1935), the Department of the Interior (1935 to 1938), and the University of Hawai‘i (1938 to 1955). Issues 1-262 were published weekly from January 1, 1925, to January 2, 1930, and consisted of a single page of text. Issues 263-384, also published weekly, from January 9, 1930, to May 5, 1932, were generally longer—four pages— and provided more detail on volcanic activity, including photographs, maps, and plots. Weekly issues 385-387, published May 12-26, 1932, were a single page of text due to budget reductions brought on by the Great Depression. Budget restrictions reduced the publishing frequency to monthly for issues 388-428, covering the period of June 1932 to October 1935; these issues were generally shorter, 1-2 pages, and sometimes featured figures. From November 1935 to July 1938, issues 429-461 remained monthly but increased in length (generally eight pages) and featured figures frequently. Issues 462-530, published over the period of August 1938 to December 1955, varied in length from 2-15 pages, but were published quarterly, rather than monthly.
Six of the Volcano Letters are misnumbered:
Jan. 21, 1926 number is 55 though it should 56
July 29, 1926 number is 82 though it should be 83
Feb. 16, 1928 number is 161 though it should be 164
May 31, 1928 number is 197 though it should be 179
Nov. 29, 1928 number is 204 though it should be 205
This report deals with ground-water conditions in an area about 5 miles wide from east to west and 8 miles long from north to south, in Tps. 8 and 9 N., Rs. 7 and 8 E., in Seminole County, Oklahoma, including the town of Wewoka and Lake Wewoka. The possible contamination of the lake waters from oil-well brines disposed through a well 3.75 miles north of the lake, and other effects of brine disposal, are considered.
The investigation was made at the request of Frank Raab, member of the Oklahoma Planning and Resources Board, and Don McBride, Chief Engineer of the Division of Water Resources who has the responsibility of preventing contamination of water supplies in Oklahoma.
Field work was done July 5 and 6, 1941, by Robert H. Dott, Director of the Oklahoma Geological Survey; C.G. Lalicker, Department of Geology, University of Oklahoma; and S.L. Schoff, Assistant Geologist in the Ground Water Division, Water Resources Branch, of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Lalicker spent both days studying the rocks exposed in the vicinity and measuring their thickness. A copy of the composite section measured by him is attached. Dott and Schoff spent one day collecting the well information summarized in Table 1, and one day with Lalicker on the stratigraphy.
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VI. The liquefaction and fractionation of air. VII. The liquefaction and fractionation of natural gas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-07T16:52:38.829693","indexId":"70011064","displayToPublicDate":"1941-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2206,"text":"Journal of Chemical Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lecture experiments in general chemistry. VI. The liquefaction and fractionation of air. VII. The liquefaction and fractionation of natural gas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ed018p79","issn":"00219584","usgsCitation":"Morris, S., and Headlee, A., 1941, Lecture experiments in general chemistry. VI. The liquefaction and fractionation of air. VII. The liquefaction and fractionation of natural gas: Journal of Chemical Education, v. 18, no. 2, p. 79-80, https://doi.org/10.1021/ed018p79.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1941-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4637e4b0c8380cd675c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morris, S.","contributorId":76887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Headlee, A.J.W.","contributorId":80406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Headlee","given":"A.J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013725,"text":"1013725 - 1941 - The management of trout streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:10","indexId":"1013725","displayToPublicDate":"1941-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3637,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The management of trout streams","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"775/FH","usgsCitation":"Davis, H., 1941, The management of trout streams: Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference, v. 6, p. 169-179.","productDescription":"p. 169-179","startPage":"169","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6988f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, H.S.","contributorId":81445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014097,"text":"1014097 - 1941 - Bacteriaemia in land-locked salmon (Salmo sebago) in Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T16:25:08.707138","indexId":"1014097","displayToPublicDate":"1941-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Bacteriaemia in land-locked salmon (Salmo sebago) in Maine","title":"Bacteriaemia in land-locked salmon (Salmo sebago) in Maine","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.93.2425.601.a","usgsCitation":"Nelson, E.C., and Snieszko, S.F., 1941, Bacteriaemia in land-locked salmon (Salmo sebago) in Maine: Science, v. 93, no. 2425, p. 601-601, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.93.2425.601.a.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"601","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129580,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"2425","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ad0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, E. C.","contributorId":11554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"E.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011063,"text":"70011063 - 1941 - The oxidizing power of illinois coal. I. The reaction with titanous chloride","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:23:50.4555","indexId":"70011063","displayToPublicDate":"1941-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2519,"text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The oxidizing power of illinois coal. I. The reaction with titanous chloride","docAbstract":"Illinois coals which have been exposed to air or oxygen show a small but definite ability to oxidize titanous chloride. This oxidizing power is gained very rapidly when freshly ground coal is exposed to air. Neither the magnitude nor the rapid increase of this oxidizing power can be accounted for entirely by the presence or the formation of soluble ferric compounds in the coal.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ja01847a055","issn":"00027863","usgsCitation":"Yoke, G., and Harman, C.A., 1941, The oxidizing power of illinois coal. I. The reaction with titanous chloride: Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 63, no. 2, p. 555-556, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01847a055.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"555","endPage":"556","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae76e4b08c986b3240f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yoke, G.R.","contributorId":95615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoke","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harman, C. Alex","contributorId":105047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Alex","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011065,"text":"70011065 - 1941 - Basic sulfates of iron and aluminum in analytical separations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-23T17:51:19.319916","indexId":"70011065","displayToPublicDate":"1941-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1982,"text":"Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basic sulfates of iron and aluminum in analytical separations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society Publications","doi":"10.1021/i560090a008","issn":"00964484","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, J., 1941, Basic sulfates of iron and aluminum in analytical separations: Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, v. 13, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1021/i560090a008.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efeae4b0c8380cd4a4f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairchild, J.G.","contributorId":104982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006574,"text":"70006574 - 1941 - The age and growth of fresh-water fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-01T10:02:28","indexId":"70006574","displayToPublicDate":"1940-01-01T10:00:55","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"seriesTitle":{"id":423,"text":"A symposium on hydrobiology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":12}},"title":"The age and growth of fresh-water fishes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","conferenceTitle":"A symposium on hydrobiology","conferenceDate":"1940-09-04T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"University of Wisconsin","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin Press","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1941, The age and growth of fresh-water fishes: A symposium on hydrobiology, p. 196-205.","productDescription":"p. 196-205","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289293,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b3d872e4b07c5f79a7f363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45279,"text":"b899A - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties","indexId":"b899A","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","indexId":"b899","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":45280,"text":"b899B - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 2. Subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York and mode of occurrence of gas in the Medina group","indexId":"b899B","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 2. Subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York and mode of occurrence of gas in the Medina group"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","indexId":"b899","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T09:29:16","indexId":"b899","displayToPublicDate":"1938-01-01T11:10:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"899","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","docAbstract":"The area covered by this report is in southwestern New York and includes a little more than 3,000 square miles in Steuben and Yates counties and parts of the six adjacent counties. This area has been mapped to determine the structural attitude of the exposed rocks, so as to aid those interested in prospecting for natural gas in the Oriskany sandstone of Lower Devonian age.
Because of the gentle regional dip toward the southwest, the youngest beds are exposed in the southwest corner of the area, and progressively older beds crop out northeastward in successive bands that strike generally northwest. All the exposed rocks are of Upper Devonian age except those in a narrow belt at the extreme north edge of the area, where a small thickness of Middle Devonian rocks crops out. The maximum thickness of beds so exposed is nearly 4,000 feet, of which the lower part is predominantly soft dark shale and the upper part predominantly fine-grained sandstone and gray shale. All the beds are marine except a few tongues of continental deposits—red shale and sandstone and gray mudstone—in the youngest beds. All the beds thicken southeastward, so that there is a northwestward convergence between any two lithologic units in the series. More than 30 key horizons that are persistent and distinctive were mapped, and altitudes on these key horizons served as a basis for constructing the structure contour map. Many of the key horizons are formation or member boundaries, but others are the tops or bottoms of limestone or sandstone beds within formations. All the stratigraphic units mapped are purely lithologic. (See pl. 2.)
The Tully limestone, which crops out along the northern border of the area, is an easily recognizable and therefore valuable key bed for subsurface correlations in this part of the State. Below the Tully limestone is a thick body of Middle Devonian shales of the Hamilton group which rests on another valuable key bed, the hard, cherty Onondaga limestone, also of Middle Devonian age. Below the Onondaga limestone is the Lower Devonian Oriskany sandstone, which is the gas-producing bed. Unlike the Onondaga, the Oriskany is locally thin or absent.
The structure of most of the area is shown by contour lines at 25-foot intervals, but, where key horizons are lacking the structure is indicated by dip symbols. Upon the regional south and southwest dip are superposed numerous gentle folds whose axes trend approximately northeastward in the greater part of the area but more nearly eastward in the eastern part. The folds generally tend to become narrower and steeper, and therefore more closely spaced, southwestward. Many of the anticlines fork southwestward, whereas the synclines tend to fork northeastward. All the folds have a westward or southwestward plunge.
Throughout the area the rocks are jointed in two dominant sets—one that trends northwest and the other east or northeast. No evident relation between these joints, which were measured only in the hard, relatively brittle beds, and the individual folds or domes was discernible.
The faults are concentrated in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the area and trend either northeastward or northwestward. Some are nearly vertical normal faults ; others are steep reverse faults. Subsurface data show that most of the faults increase in throw downward and also that many subsurface faults do not reach the surface. A group of faults in the northwestern part of the Greenwood quadrangle and the southwestern part of the Hornell quadrangle were active during Upper Devonian time, while the Gowanda shale and overlying beds were being deposited. At this stratigraphic horizon the beds in a zone a few hundred feet thick are highly deformed in a wide belt on both sides of the faults. Sandstone layers are thinned out into long stringers or swollen into thick masses and in places are bent acutely without fracture. Thin layers of shale, coquina, and sand have flowed together into intricately plicated zones that lack cleavage and joints. These features show that the sediments were deformed while wet and plastic and buried only a little way below the sea floor. The beds that were laid down over these disturbed zones were not involved in this deformation. Many of the sharper flexures and most of the faults are not evident in the beds several hundred feet stratigraphically higher. Accordingly, broad, gentle folds in these higher beds in parts of the area south and west of the northwest corner of the Greenwood quadrangle may conceal, at considerable depths below them, narrow folds separated by abrupt flexures or faults.
Several of the larger streams and rivers occupy strike valleys, and their courses swing to follow the changing strike of the rocks where they cross successive folds. But, with few exceptions, the small streams are not adjusted to the bedrock structure.
Domes likely to serve as traps for natural gas are concentrated in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the area. The Wayne-Dundee gas field is in the northeastern part. All the other potentially valuable domes in this part of the area have been drilled and found valueless except one small structural feature in the southern part of the Ovid quadrangle, which, if the Oriskany is present, may trap a small quantity of gas.
In the Greenwood quadrangle in the southwestern part of the area there is one gas field and four well-defined domes, all of which may be productive if the Oriskany sandstone is present. In the northwest corner of the quadrangle the dips indicate at least two domes that can be adequately defined and evaluated only by geophysical prospecting. The State Line gas field is in the Wellsville quadrangle. In the southeast corner of this quadrangle there are three other domes of comparable size that may also be productive if underlain by the Oriskany sandstone. At other places in the Wellsville quadrangle the dips suggest several anticlinal axes on which analogous productive domes may be found. The structural features in this quadrangle, however, are defined by contours only in the southeastern part. In the Woodhull quadrangle a large dome east of Jasper may be productive, and the western top of the large Wood-hull dome in the southwestern part of the quadrangle seems to warrant drilling, despite the absence of the Oriskany in a well on the eastern top. Two wells drilled in 1936 and 1937 a little northeast of a broad, nearly flat-topped dome in the Hornell quadrangle, a few miles east of Hornell, struck small flows of gas, suggesting that wells drilled higher on this dome may be productive.
In much of the southwestern part of the area seismograph surveys should be of great value in determining the structure at the Tully and Onondaga horizons. Without abundant subsurface control of this sort, the danger of drilling into subsurface faults can hardly be overemphasized.
Three closed or nearly closed synclines in the Greenwood and Wellsville quadrangles appear to be favorable places to drill for oil in the shallow sands— presumably parts of the Dunkirk sandstone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b899","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W., Pepper, J., and Richardson, G.B., 1941, Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 899, Report: iv, 93 p.; Plate: 33.83 x 35.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b899.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 93 p.; Plate: 33.83 x 35.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":334031,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"27.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":334032,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"15.37 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.7621,40.496 ], [ -79.7621,45.0159 ], [ -71.8563,45.0159 ], [ -71.8563,40.496 ], [ -79.7621,40.496 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc1ee4b0b58d96eeb598","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Wilmot H.","contributorId":51751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Wilmot H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pepper, James F.","contributorId":10086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pepper","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richardson, G. B.","contributorId":70356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160520,"text":"70160520 - 1940 - Experiments upon the control of Trichodiniasis of salmonid fishes by the prolonged recirculation of formalin solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-02T14:23:58.195695","indexId":"70160520","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experiments upon the control of Trichodiniasis of salmonid fishes by the prolonged recirculation of formalin solutions","docAbstract":"In a search for more effective disinfectants to combat parasitic diseases of hatchery fish, the authors report results from a series of experiments designed to determine the toxicity of varying exposures to concentrations of formalin, sodium p‐phenolsulphonate, ammonium sulphate, and sodium benzoate. Non‐toxic concentrations of these disinfectants were tested, in addition to the usual hatchery methods of salt treatment and hand dipping in copper sulphate and acetic acid solutions, on No. 1 brook trout fingerlings which had been experimentally infected with the protozoan parasite Trichodina sp. (previously known as Cyclochaeta sp.).
Of the disinfectants tested, only formalin completely removed all parasites. Salt treatment in a 5 per cent solution, by weight, as well as hand dipping in 1:500 acetic acid, failed to eradicate all parasites present, although a marked reduction in their numbers did occur. The hand dipping in a 1:2,000 copper sulphate solution was found to be without practical value for the removal of parasites.
The authors recommend a prolonged treatment for sixty minutes by recirculating a 1:4,000 solution of formalin, or, where circumstances permit, a 120‐ to 150‐minute exposure to a 1:6,000 concentration of formalin, as the most effective, most economical, and least toxic treatments for combating infections of Trichodina sp., and presumably those of other external parasites as well, among hatchery fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1939)69[94:EUTCOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., and Burrows, R.E., 1940, Experiments upon the control of Trichodiniasis of salmonid fishes by the prolonged recirculation of formalin solutions: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 69, no. 1, p. 94-100, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1939)69[94:EUTCOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312646,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930bbe4b0da412f4fb51c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, Frederic F.","contributorId":256930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burrows, Roger E.","contributorId":73659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burrows","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160518,"text":"70160518 - 1940 - An evaluation of trout culture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T11:24:48","indexId":"70160518","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" An evaluation of trout culture","docAbstract":"In an evaluation of the efficiency of trout culture, the author presents a detailed analysis of complete loss records from 288 individual lots of trout at twenty-two hatcheries in the western United States. Summarized data are given to show the percentage loss of eggs, fry, and fingerlings by progressive one-half inch size groups. The accumulative percentage loss is also included to indicate the losses, under average hatchery conditions, between the egg stage and each successive size-group. These data cover the individual species of trout commonly reared in hatcheries; summarized data are given also for all species combined. A brief discussion of hatchery losses, natural losses, and the cost of artificial propagation is included.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1939)69[85:AEOTC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"American Fisheries Society, 1940, An evaluation of trout culture: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 69, no. 1, p. 85-89, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1939)69[85:AEOTC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930bae4b0da412f4fb51a"} ,{"id":70160514,"text":"70160514 - 1940 - Formalin treatments pass new tests. Additional notes on the control of ecto-parasitic protozoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T11:37:55","indexId":"70160514","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Formalin treatments pass new tests. Additional notes on the control of ecto-parasitic protozoa","docAbstract":"After the completion of the eхреriments reported recently, in which the efficacy of formalin in controlling infections of Gostia mecatrix was demonstrated, the author was afforded an opportunity to test the value of formalin solutions in combatting established mixed infections of (Gyrodactylus, Tricbodina, Cyclochaeta) and a stalked protozoan on rainbow trout fingerlings. This opportunity was provided through the courtesy and cooperation of Clarence F. Pautzke, Chief Biologist for the Washington State Game Department, and Lee Walters, Superintendent of the Washington State Hatchery at Seward Park, Seattle.
","language":"English","publisher":" Bureau of Fisheries, U.S. Department of Commerce","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1940)7[31:FTPNT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":" Bureau of Fisheries, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1940, Formalin treatments pass new tests. Additional notes on the control of ecto-parasitic protozoa: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 7, no. 49, p. 31-32, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1940)7[31:FTPNT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312640,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8640%281940%297%5B31%3AFTPNT%5D2.0.CO%3B2"}],"volume":"7","issue":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930bbe4b0da412f4fb522"} ,{"id":70006911,"text":"70006911 - 1940 - Calomel versus carbarsone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T13:38:22","indexId":"70006911","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T15:51:00","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calomel versus carbarsone","docAbstract":"No parasite common to hatchery salmon and trout possesses quite so varied a reputation as does Octomitus salmonis. Discovered, studied, and described independently, but essentially simultaneously, by Dr. Emmeline Moore and Dr. H. S. Davis,\nOctomitus salmonis was introduced to fish culture during the early twenties. This easily found and widely distributed parasite, once recognized, was soon held responsible for practically every ailment noted in trout hatcheries at that time. Such a reputation was doubtless deserved in some instances, but unquestionably many losses ascribed to Octomitus salmonis actually resulted from such troubles as bacterial gill disease, which was then unknown, or from less easily found parasites such as Costia necatrlx. As might be expected, the pendulum of opinion gradually swung to the other extreme.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1940)7[26:CVC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., and McKernan, D., 1940, Calomel versus carbarsone: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 7, no. 51, p. 26-29, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1940)7[26:CVC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258309,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1940)7[26:CVC]2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"7","issue":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f327e4b0c8380cd4b61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, F. F.","contributorId":82572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKernan, D.L.","contributorId":65713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKernan","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160515,"text":"70160515 - 1940 - Formalin for external protozoan parasites: A report on the prevention and control of Costia necatrix","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T18:34:43","indexId":"70160515","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formalin for external protozoan parasites: A report on the prevention and control of Costia necatrix","docAbstract":"The smallest and most destructive of the ectoparasitic protozoans infecting salmon and trout, Costia necatrix, has unfortunately been relegated to virtual obscurity during the past few years. Few references to this parasite can be found in the recent literature and, where such things are discussed, one seldom hears a mention of Costia necatrix.
\nThis apparent lack of interest in Costia certainly does not result from the infrequency of its appearances nor from any lack of pathogenicity on its part when it does occur. Preserved specimens of ailing trout an dsalmon submitted to the Seattle Pathology Laboratory for diagnosis have yielded very surprising indications concerning the frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution of Costiasis - surprising in that a parasite should be so widespread, so pathogenic, and yet so seldom mentioned. The answer undoubtedly lies in the fact that Costia, being small in size and usually sedentary in its habits, is being overlooked during parasitic examinations. Although Costia is not at all difficult to recognize, even well-trained workers unfamiliar with its appearance almost invariably pass it by.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1940)7[1:FFEPP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fisher, F.S., 1940, Formalin for external protozoan parasites: A report on the prevention and control of Costia necatrix: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 7, no. 48, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1940)7[1:FFEPP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930bbe4b0da412f4fb520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Frederick S.","contributorId":17979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220698,"text":"5220698 - 1940 - Some birds naturalized in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:49","indexId":"5220698","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:26","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3637,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some birds naturalized in North America","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cooke, M., and Knappen, P., 1940, Some birds naturalized in North America: Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference, v. 5, p. 176-183.","productDescription":"176-183","startPage":"176","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e9353","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooke, M.T.","contributorId":20858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooke","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knappen, P.","contributorId":8200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knappen","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220818,"text":"5220818 - 1940 - Traumatic autotransplantation of splenic tissue with a report on three cases in the dog","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:40","indexId":"5220818","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:25","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1340,"text":"Cornell Veterinarian","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Traumatic autotransplantation of splenic tissue with a report on three cases in the dog","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cornell Veterinarian","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, W., 1940, Traumatic autotransplantation of splenic tissue with a report on three cases in the dog: Cornell Veterinarian, v. 30, no. 1, p. 89-96.","productDescription":"89-96","startPage":"89","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626b00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, W.H.","contributorId":18864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}