The City of Tulsa, Oklahoma, uses water from Lake Eucha and Spavinaw Lake in the Eucha-Spavinaw basin of northwestern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma for public water supply. Increases in algal biomass, which cause taste and odor problems in drinking water produced from the lakes, may be attributable to increases in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the lakes and in streams discharging to the lakes. To evaluate transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment in this basin, loads and temporal trends were evaluated for five streamflow-gaging stations in the Spavinaw and Beaty Creek basins.
\nTwo approaches were used to develop regression equations for estimation of loads and yields of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment. The first approach used regression equations referred to as daily mean load (DML) regressions, developed from water-quality samples and daily mean streamflow data collected from 2002 through 2010 at five streamflow-gaging stations in the basin. This approach was updated to compare loading results with those used in previous investigations. The second approach used regression equations, referred to as instantaneous continuous (INSTC) regressions, developed from continuous measurements of physical water-quality constituents (specific conductance, temperature, and turbidity, and streamflow data) obtained from 2004 through 2010 to estimate loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment at two of the streamflow-gaging stations, Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, Okla., and Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla. Daily, annual, and mean annual loads estimated from these two regression methods were compared for the period 2005–10.
\nBased on estimates obtained using DML regressions, mean annual loads of 1,640,000 pounds of nitrogen, 99,900 pounds of phosphorus, and 116,000,000 pounds of sediment were transported into Lake Eucha from the Spavinaw and Beaty Creek basins. Estimated annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus delivered to Lake Eucha from the Spavinaw and Beaty Creek basins during 2002–10 were 2.5 to 7.8 percent less, respectively, than the loads of those constituents discharged to Lake Eucha from 2002–09, indicating that nitrogen and phosphorus loads in 2010 were less than loads typical for the period 2002–09.
\nDaily, annual, and mean annual load estimates varied substantially, depending on streamflow conditions and the independent variables used to develop regressions. Daily and annual loads estimated from INSTC regressions that included turbidity, streamflow, temperature, specific conductance, and seasonality fit better with the field data than loads estimated from DML regressions that included streamflow, seasonality, and time. Loads estimated from the INSTC regression generally were greater than those estimated from the DML regression. Relative percent differences in the mean annual total nitrogen load estimated by the INSTC and DML regressions were within 2 percent for Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, and Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla. The relative percent difference between the two types of regressions for estimates of mean annual total phosphorus loads at the two streamflow-gaging stations was 27.7 for Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, Okla., and only -2.6 percent for Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla. The relative percent difference between mean annual suspended-sediment loads at the streamflow-gaging stations was -38.6 percent for Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, Okla., and -122.7 percent for Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla. The DML regression may have substantially underestimated phosphorus load at the Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, Okla., streamflow-gaging station in wet years and overestimated sediment load at both streamflow-gaging stations in wet years.
\nTemporal trends in flow-adjusted nitrate-nitrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations were analyzed for the five streamflow-gaging stations for the period 2001–10. No significant trends were observed for nitrate plus nitrite-nitrogen or total nitrogen concentrations at any streamflow-gaging station. There were significant upward trends in phosphorus concentrations in water samples collected during base-flow conditions at the Spavinaw Creek near Maysville, Okla., streamflow-gaging station and during runoff conditions for the Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla., streamflow-gaging station (3.5 to 4.2 percent per year). There were significant downward trends in phosphorus concentrations in base-flow and runoff samples collected at the Spavinaw Creek near Cherokee City, Sycamore, and Colcord, Okla., streamflow-gaging stations (-4.9 to -12.9 percent per year). There were significant downward trends in suspended-sediment concentration at the Spavinaw Creek near Maysville, and Sycamore, Okla., and the Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla., streamflow-gaging stations (-1.5 to -1.8 percent per year). No significant trends were detected in suspended-sediment concentration for the Spavinaw Creek near Cherokee City, and Colcord, Okla., streamflow-gaging stations.
\nPossible causes for downward trends in phosphorus concentrations include decreases in phosphorus discharges from a wastewater-treatment plant upstream from the Spavinaw Creek near Cherokee City, Okla., streamflow-gaging station, and implementation of best management practices in the basin. Downward trends in sediment concentrations may be related to effects of best management practices in the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115172","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Tulsa, Oklahoma","usgsCitation":"Esralew, R.A., Andrews, W.J., Allen, M.L., and Becker, C., 2011, Comparison of load estimation techniques and trend analysis for nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment in the Eucha-Spavinaw Basin, northwestern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma, 2002-10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5172, viii, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115172.","productDescription":"viii, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"68","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":254701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5172.gif"},{"id":254694,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5172/SIR11-5172.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Eucha-Pavinaw Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.08333333333333,36.2 ], [ -95.08333333333333,36.5 ], [ -94.25,36.5 ], [ -94.25,36.2 ], [ -95.08333333333333,36.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f86fe4b0c8380cd4d0d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esralew, Rachel A.","contributorId":104862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esralew","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Monica L.","contributorId":43065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Monica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Becker, Carol 0000-0001-6652-4542 cjbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-4542","contributorId":2489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Carol","email":"cjbecker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037950,"text":"sir20115143 - 2011 - Low-flow characteristics of Virginia streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-28T14:11:07","indexId":"sir20115143","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5143","title":"Low-flow characteristics of Virginia streams","docAbstract":"Low-flow annual non-exceedance probabilities (ANEP), called probability-percent chance (P-percent chance) flow estimates, regional regression equations, and transfer methods are provided describing the low-flow characteristics of Virginia streams. Statistical methods are used to evaluate streamflow data. Analysis of Virginia streamflow data collected from 1895 through 2007 is summarized. Methods are provided for estimating low-flow characteristics of gaged and ungaged streams. The 1-, 4-, 7-, and 30-day average streamgaging station low-flow characteristics for 290 long-term, continuous-record, streamgaging stations are determined, adjusted for instances of zero flow using a conditional probability adjustment method, and presented for non-exceedance probabilities of 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, and 0.005. Stream basin characteristics computed using spatial data and a geographic information system are used as explanatory variables in regional regression equations to estimate annual non-exceedance probabilities at gaged and ungaged sites and are summarized for 290 long-term, continuous-record streamgaging stations, 136 short-term, continuous-record streamgaging stations, and 613 partial-record streamgaging stations. Regional regression equations for six physiographic regions use basin characteristics to estimate 1-, 4-, 7-, and 30-day average low-flow annual non-exceedance probabilities at gaged and ungaged sites. Weighted low-flow values that combine computed streamgaging station low-flow characteristics and annual non-exceedance probabilities from regional regression equations provide improved low-flow estimates. Regression equations developed using the Maintenance of Variance with Extension (MOVE.1) method describe the line of organic correlation (LOC) with an appropriate index site for low-flow characteristics at 136 short-term, continuous-record streamgaging stations and 613 partial-record streamgaging stations. Monthly streamflow statistics computed on the individual daily mean streamflows of selected continuous-record streamgaging stations and curves describing flow-duration are presented. Text, figures, and lists are provided summarizing low-flow estimates, selected low-flow sites, delineated physiographic regions, basin characteristics, regression equations, error estimates, definitions, and data sources. This study supersedes previous studies of low flows in Virginia.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115143","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Austin, S.H., Krstolic, J.L., and Wiegand, U., 2011, Low-flow characteristics of Virginia streams: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5143, v, 122 p.; Tables 1-12, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115143.","productDescription":"v, 122 p.; Tables 1-12","numberOfPages":"127","temporalStart":"1895-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":598,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey, Richmond, VA","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":254427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5143.gif"},{"id":254423,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5143/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.61666666666666,36.516666666666666 ], [ -83.61666666666666,39.61666666666667 ], [ -75.21666666666667,39.61666666666667 ], [ -75.21666666666667,36.516666666666666 ], [ -83.61666666666666,36.516666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a2de4b0c8380cd68b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Austin, Samuel H. 0000-0001-5626-023X saustin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5626-023X","contributorId":153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"Samuel","email":"saustin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krstolic, Jennifer L. 0000-0003-2253-9886 jkrstoli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-9886","contributorId":3677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krstolic","given":"Jennifer","email":"jkrstoli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiegand, Ute","contributorId":76412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiegand","given":"Ute","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037951,"text":"sir20115144 - 2011 - Peak-flow characteristics of Virginia streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T13:18:18","indexId":"sir20115144","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5144","title":"Peak-flow characteristics of Virginia streams","docAbstract":"Peak-flow annual exceedance probabilities, also called probability-percent chance flow estimates, and regional regression equations are provided describing the peak-flow characteristics of Virginia streams. Statistical methods are used to evaluate peak-flow data. Analysis of Virginia peak-flow data collected from 1895 through 2007 is summarized. Methods are provided for estimating unregulated peak flow of gaged and ungaged streams. Station peak-flow characteristics identified by fitting the logarithms of annual peak flows to a Log Pearson Type III frequency distribution yield annual exceedance probabilities of 0.5, 0.4292, 0.2, 0.1, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.002 for 476 streamgaging stations. Stream basin characteristics computed using spatial data and a geographic information system are used as explanatory variables in regional regression model equations for six physiographic regions to estimate regional annual exceedance probabilities at gaged and ungaged sites. Weighted peak-flow values that combine annual exceedance probabilities computed from gaging station data and from regional regression equations provide improved peak-flow estimates. Text, figures, and lists are provided summarizing selected peak-flow sites, delineated physiographic regions, peak-flow estimates, basin characteristics, regional regression model equations, error estimates, definitions, data sources, and candidate regression model equations. This study supersedes previous studies of peak flows in Virginia.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115144","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Austin, S.H., Krstolic, J.L., and Wiegand, U., 2011, Peak-flow characteristics of Virginia streams: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5144, iv, 106 p.; Tables 1-6; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115144.","productDescription":"iv, 106 p.; Tables 1-6; Appendices","temporalStart":"1895-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":598,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey, Richmond, VA","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":254426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5144.gif"},{"id":254424,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5144/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.61666666666666,36.516666666666666 ], [ -83.61666666666666,39.61666666666667 ], [ -75.21666666666667,39.61666666666667 ], [ -75.21666666666667,36.516666666666666 ], [ -83.61666666666666,36.516666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7613e4b0c8380cd77eea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Austin, Samuel H. 0000-0001-5626-023X saustin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5626-023X","contributorId":153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"Samuel","email":"saustin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krstolic, Jennifer L. 0000-0003-2253-9886 jkrstoli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-9886","contributorId":3677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krstolic","given":"Jennifer","email":"jkrstoli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiegand, Ute","contributorId":76412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiegand","given":"Ute","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70007474,"text":"70007474 - 2011 - Nutrient loadings to streams of the continental United States from municipal and industrial effluent?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-28T15:47:43","indexId":"70007474","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient loadings to streams of the continental United States from municipal and industrial effluent?","docAbstract":"Data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Permit Compliance System national database were used to calculate annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads to surface waters from municipal and industrial facilities in six major regions of the United States for 1992, 1997, and 2002. Concentration and effluent flow data were examined for approximately 118,250 facilities in 45 states and the District of Columbia. Inconsistent and incomplete discharge locations, effluent flows, and effluent nutrient concentrations limited the use of these data for calculating nutrient loads. More concentrations were reported for major facilities, those discharging more than 1 million gallons per day, than for minor facilities, and more concentrations were reported for TP than for TN. Analytical methods to check and improve the quality of the Permit Compliance System data were used. Annual loads were calculated using \"typical pollutant concentrations\" to supplement missing concentrations based on the type and size of facilities. Annual nutrient loads for over 26,600 facilities were calculated for at least one of the three years. Sewage systems represented 74% of all TN loads and 58% of all TP loads. This work represents an initial set of data to develop a comprehensive and consistent national database of point-source nutrient loads. These loads can be used to inform a wide range of water-quality management, watershed modeling, and research efforts at multiple scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Middleburg, VA","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00576.x","usgsCitation":"Maupin, M.A., and Ivahnenko, T., 2011, Nutrient loadings to streams of the continental United States from municipal and industrial effluent?: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 47, no. 5, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00576.x.","numberOfPages":"5","temporalStart":"1992-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474759,"rank":101,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3307619","text":"External Repository"},{"id":204726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":204715,"rank":100,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00576.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","volume":"47","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6989e4b0c8380cd73da5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivahnenko, Tamara 0000-0002-1124-7688 ivahnenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1124-7688","contributorId":93524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivahnenko","given":"Tamara","email":"ivahnenk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70007430,"text":"sir20115111 - 2011 - Hydrology, phosphorus, and suspended solids in five agricultural streams in the Lower Fox River and Green Bay Watersheds, Wisconsin, Water Years 2004-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:29:15","indexId":"sir20115111","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-15T09:06:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5111","title":"Hydrology, phosphorus, and suspended solids in five agricultural streams in the Lower Fox River and Green Bay Watersheds, Wisconsin, Water Years 2004-06","docAbstract":"A 3-year study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay to characterize water quality in agricultural streams in the Fox/Wolf watershed in northeastern Wisconsin and provide information to assist in the calibration of a watershed model for the area. Streamflow, phosphorus, and suspended solids data were collected between October 1, 2003, and September 30, 2006, in five streams, including Apple Creek, Ashwaubenon Creek, Baird Creek, Duck Creek, and the East River. During this study, total annual precipitation was close to the 30-year normal of 29.12 inches. The 3-year mean streamflow was highest in the East River (113 ft3/s), followed by Duck Creek (58.2 ft3/s), Apple Creek (26.9 ft3/s), Baird Creek (12.8 ft3/s), and Ashwaubenon Creek (9.1 ft3/s). On a yield basis, during these three years, the East River had the highest flow (0.78 ft3/s/mi2), followed by Baird Creek (0.61 ft3/s/mi2), Apple Creek (0.59 ft3/s/mi2), Duck Creek (0.54 ft3/s/mi2), and Ashwaubenon Creek (0.46 ft3/s/mi2). \nThe overall median total suspended solids (TSS) concentration was highest in Baird Creek (73.5 mg/L), followed by Apple and Ashwaubenon Creeks (65 mg/L), East River (40 mg/L), and Duck Creek (30 mg/L). The median total phosphorus (TP) concentration was highest in Ashwaubenon Creek (0.60 mg/L), followed by Baird Creek (0.47 mg/L), Apple Creek (0.37 mg/L), East River (0.26 mg/L), and Duck Creek (0.22 mg/L).
\nThe average annual TSS yields ranged from 111 tons/mi2 in Apple Creek to 45 tons/mi2 in Duck Creek. All five watersheds yielded more TSS than the median value (32.4 tons/mi2) from previous studies in the Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains (SWTP) ecoregion. The average annual TP yields ranged from 663 lbs/mi2 in Baird Creek to 382 lbs/mi2 in Duck Creek. All five watersheds yielded more TP than the median value from previous studies in the SWTP ecoregion, and the Baird Creek watershed yielded more TP than the statewide median of 650 lbs/mi2 from previous studies.Overall, Duck Creek had the lowest median and volumetric weighted concentrations and mean yield of TSS and TP. The same pattern was true for dissolved phosphorus (DP), except the volumetrically weighted concentration was lowest in the East River. In contrast, Ashwaubenon, Baird, and Apple Creeks had greater median and volumetrically weighted concentrations and mean yields of TSS, TP, DP than Duck Creek and the East River. Water quality in Duck Creek and East River were distinctly different from Ashwaubenon, Baird, and Apple Creeks. Loads from individual runoff events for all of these streams were important to the total annual mass transport of the constituents. On average, about 20 percent of the annual TSS loads and about 17 percent of the TP loads were transported in 1-day events in each stream.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115111","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay","usgsCitation":"Graczyk, D., Robertson, D.M., Baumgart, P.D., and Fermanich, K., 2011, Hydrology, phosphorus, and suspended solids in five agricultural streams in the Lower Fox River and Green Bay Watersheds, Wisconsin, Water Years 2004-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5111, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115111.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5111.gif"},{"id":116345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lower Fox River Watershed;Green Bay Watershed","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a377ee4b0c8380cd60f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":356385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baumgart, Paul D.","contributorId":92423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumgart","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fermanich, Kevin 0000-0002-5354-2941","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5354-2941","contributorId":63945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fermanich","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35036,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Green Bay","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":356383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70007204,"text":"ofr20111265 - 2011 - Impact of mine and natural sources of mercury on water, sediment, and biota in Harley Gulch adjacent to the Abbott-Turkey Run mine, Lake County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T15:08:05.776269","indexId":"ofr20111265","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1265","title":"Impact of mine and natural sources of mercury on water, sediment, and biota in Harley Gulch adjacent to the Abbott-Turkey Run mine, Lake County, California","docAbstract":"
Executive Summary
Stable-isotope data indicate that there are three sources of water that effect the composition and Hg concentration of waters in Harley Gulch: (1) meteoric water that dominates water chemistry during the wet season; (2) thermal water effluent from the Turkey Run mine that effects the chemistry at sample site HG1; and (3) cold connate groundwater that dominates water chemistry during the dry season as it upwells and reaches the surface. The results from sampling executed for this study suggest four distinct areas in Harley Gulch: (1) the contaminated West Fork of Harley Gulch, consisting of the stream immediately downstream from the mine area and the wetlands upstream from Harley Gulch canyon (sample sites HG1-HG2, (2) the East Fork of Harley Gulch, where no mining has occurred (sample site HG3), (3) sample sites HG4-HG7, where a seasonal influx of saline groundwater alters stream chemistry, and (4) sample sites HG7-HG10, downstream in Harley Gulch towards the confluence with Cache Creek.
West Fork: Mine Area and Wetlands
The concentration of Hg in both storm sediment and active channel sediment was highest at sample site HG1, immediately downstream from the mine. The highest concentrations of total Hg (HgT) in water also occurred at site HG1, and they decreased systematically downstream from the mine. The high concentration of HgT at site HG1 reflects input of thermal-water effluent from the Turkey Run mine which comprises most of the flow at this site during the dry season. During the May 2011 low-flow sampling, HgT concentration was very high at site HG1, but the maximum in HgT concentration occurred at sample site HG1.5 in the middle of the wetland area. The high concentration of HgT and isotopic chemistry at this site indicates that a significant input of connate groundwater into the creek at this location contributes to the high Hg concentration in water. At site HG1, just downstream from the thermal water input from the Turkey Run mine, water sampled in June 2010 was almost entirely composed of thermal-water effluent. During the storm sampling in March 2011, which resulted in the highest flows of the winter, thermal effluent was virtually undetectable at site HG1, and the water was all meteoric. During the May 2011 sampling event, the input of connate groundwater in the middle of the wetland area at site HG1.5 was dominant. Discharge from the adit and runoff from the mine contributes to the high Hg concentration at site HG1 under both high and low-flow conditions.
East Fork: Background
Hg levels in waters collected from the East Fork of Harley Gulch, where no mining has occurred, were as high as 32.8 parts per trillion (pptr). These levels of Hg in water are significantly higher than regional background Hg concentrations, which range from 4-7 pptr. These anomalous Hg concentrations are partially explained by the abundance of Hg-enriched groundwater in Harley Gulch.
Sites HG4-HG7
Downstream from the wetland, the aqueous concentration of HgT decreased, but remained above background levels as another input of connate groundwater occurs in the creek segment between sample sites HG4 and HG7. The input of connate groundwater in this segment of the creek is reflected in the increase in dissolved constituents characteristic of the connate groundwater, such as sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl) and magnesium (Mg). Stable-isotope data for heavy isotopes d18O and d2D also confirm two areas of input of connate groundwater into Harley Gulch: the creek segment in the West Fork near sample site HG1.5 and the segment between sample sites HG4 and HG7. Downstream from the second area of input of connate groundwater, both HgF and HgT concentrations decrease similarly, but the percentage of Hg in the filtered fraction increases. The decreases in HgT and HgF between sample sites HG5 and HG7 suggests that this second source of connate groundwater to Harley Gulch is distinct from the Hg-enriched source that enters the middle of the wetlands at sample site HG1.5. During low-flow conditions in June 2010, input of connate groundwater increased from sample site HG4 and reached a maximum near sample site HG7, where it dominated creek water chemistry. Waters collected from sample site HG7 during the June 2010 sampling event were the heaviest isotopically and contained high concentrations of Cl and SO4, constituents that are characteristically high in the connate groundwater. Both above and below sample site HG7, the amount of connate groundwater in the creek water decreased.
Sites HG8-HG10
Sediment with high Hg concentration is present throughout the West Fork of Harley Gulch below the mine and in the upper part of the Harley Gulch main stem to just above sample site HG10. At the sample site furthest downstream, HG10, Hg concentration is at background levels, as are cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and tungsten (W), indicating that the sediment is not significantly contaminated with Hg from the mine.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111265","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Rytuba, J.J., Hothem, R.L., Brussee, B.E., and Goldstein, D., 2011, Impact of mine and natural sources of mercury on water, sediment, and biota in Harley Gulch adjacent to the Abbott-Turkey Run mine, Lake County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1265, ix, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111265.","productDescription":"ix, 105 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":663,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center-Menlo Park Office","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1265.gif"},{"id":115690,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1265/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":394515,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1265/of2011-1265.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Harley Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.47550010681154,\n 38.98630040014555\n ],\n [\n -122.46953487396239,\n 38.98913576852135\n ],\n [\n -122.46584415435791,\n 38.99210444428017\n ],\n [\n -122.46232509613036,\n 38.99610695603966\n ],\n [\n -122.45932102203369,\n 38.99847500223872\n ],\n [\n -122.45584487915039,\n 38.99994248405357\n ],\n [\n -122.45090961456299,\n 39.000642862372096\n ],\n [\n -122.44996547698975,\n 39.00231040189239\n ],\n [\n -122.44528770446779,\n 39.003977902109774\n ],\n [\n -122.4415111541748,\n 39.0037444544454\n ],\n [\n -122.44013786315918,\n 39.004478144510884\n ],\n [\n -122.43631839752197,\n 39.003777804158915\n ],\n [\n -122.43498802185059,\n 39.00371110471618\n ],\n [\n -122.42915153503418,\n 39.00727943658698\n ],\n [\n -122.4305248260498,\n 39.00941367990123\n ],\n [\n -122.43348598480225,\n 39.00948037396715\n ],\n [\n -122.43614673614502,\n 39.00954706797022\n ],\n [\n -122.44155406951904,\n 39.00797974227288\n ],\n [\n -122.4439573287964,\n 39.00864669362303\n ],\n [\n -122.44949340820312,\n 39.0077463078146\n ],\n [\n -122.451810836792,\n 39.0061455936338\n ],\n [\n -122.45803356170654,\n 39.004344746883135\n ],\n [\n -122.46138095855713,\n 39.00524517598894\n ],\n [\n -122.46442794799805,\n 39.003177506910475\n ],\n [\n -122.46743202209471,\n 39.00117647929471\n ],\n [\n -122.46923446655273,\n 38.99854170661785\n ],\n [\n -122.47047901153564,\n 38.997441076321095\n ],\n [\n -122.47116565704346,\n 38.996307075685365\n ],\n [\n -122.47318267822266,\n 38.99410572845627\n ],\n [\n -122.47464179992674,\n 38.992304575244454\n ],\n [\n -122.47610092163085,\n 38.99003639117867\n ],\n [\n -122.47871875762938,\n 38.98860206079838\n ],\n [\n -122.47550010681154,\n 38.98630040014555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38c1e4b0c8380cd616a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brussee, Brianne E. 0000-0002-2452-7101 bbrussee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-7101","contributorId":4249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","email":"bbrussee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldstein, Daniel N.","contributorId":87671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Daniel N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70007179,"text":"sir20115112 - 2011 - Changes in low-flow frequency from 1976-2006 at selected streamgages in New York, excluding Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115112","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-23T10:06:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5112","title":"Changes in low-flow frequency from 1976-2006 at selected streamgages in New York, excluding Long Island","docAbstract":"Many Federal, State, and local agencies use low-flow data to establish water-use policy and help determine the total maximum daily loads and effluent limits of point and nonpoint sources of contamination of surface water during periods of decreased streamflow. Low-flow magnitude and frequency are used often by water-supply planners, reservoir managers, and hydroelectric facilities to manage water availability for supply and power generation.
\nLow-flow statistics for eight selected U.S. Geological Survey streamgages in New York State were calculated for the period from 1976 through 2006 and for the entire period of continuous streamflow record. The 7-day, 2-year and 10-year low flows were computed and compared with those low flows published in the1979 U.S. Geological Survey report, Low-flow frequency analysis of streams in New York, Bulletin 74. Observed changes in low-flow frequency at each gage were then examined and compared to changes in precipitation and land use to determine whether a relation between similar patterns could be identified.
\nA statewide U.S. Geological Survey study has not been done to develop equations for estimating low flows on rural unregulated streams in New York. Currently (2010) only one regional study developed for parts of the lower Hudson River Basin in 1986 is available to assist in estimating low flows on rural streams with unregulated streamflow in New York. Low-flow statistics published in the 1979 report need to be updated by using additional data collected since 1976 to determine current low-flow conditions across New York State.
\nAt-site low-flow statistics were updated for eight streamgages in New York by using continuous daily streamflow data through 2006 for the future development of a statewide research study. Selection of the eight streamgages used in this study identified a major deficiency in the number of available unregulated long-term U.S. Geological Survey streamgages needed for the development of regional low-flow equations in New York. A limited analysis of the changes in land use for the contributing drainage areas for each streamgage, changes in precipitation, and trends in the annual 7-day minimum flow also are presented. The 7-day, 2-year low flow showed increases of 14 to 35 percent and the 7-day 10-year low flow showed zero to 19 percent increases at rural streamgages with unregulated streamflows when statistics were computed by using data from 1976 through 2006 and compared with published data in Bulletin 74. When the entire period of record was used to compute low flow frequencies, the 7-day, 2-year low flows increased from about 6 to 15 percent whereas the 7-day 10-year low flows showed zero to 5 percent increases. Streamgages affected by urbanization and regulation for water supply showed the most significant changes in the 7-day, 2-year and 10-year low-flow frequencies. These streamgages are included to help identify the effects of urbanization and regulation on streamflow at these locations. The 7-day 10-year low flow increased by 65 percent at the U.S. Geological Survey streamgage Hackensack River at West Nyack, N.Y., and increased 120 percent at the U.S. Geological Survey streamgage Neversink River at Godeffroy, N.Y., when statistics were computed by using data from 1976 through 2006 and compared with the statistics for the regulated period computed in Bulletin 74.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115112","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Suro, T.P., and Gazoorian, C.L., 2011, Changes in low-flow frequency from 1976-2006 at selected streamgages in New York, excluding Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5112, vi, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115112.","productDescription":"vi, 21 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1976-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5112.gif"},{"id":115677,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81,40 ], [ -81,45 ], [ -72,45 ], [ -72,40 ], [ -81,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f41be4b0c8380cd4bb43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suro, Thomas P. 0000-0002-9476-6829 tsuro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6829","contributorId":2841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suro","given":"Thomas","email":"tsuro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gazoorian, Christopher L. 0000-0002-5408-6212 cgazoori@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-6212","contributorId":2929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gazoorian","given":"Christopher","email":"cgazoori@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70007134,"text":"sir20115203 - 2011 - Improvement in precipitation-runoff model simulations by recalibration with basin-specific data, and subsequent model applications, Onondaga Lake Basin, Onondaga County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"sir20115203","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5203","title":"Improvement in precipitation-runoff model simulations by recalibration with basin-specific data, and subsequent model applications, Onondaga Lake Basin, Onondaga County, New York","docAbstract":"Water-resource managers in Onondaga County, New York, are faced with the challenge of improving the water quality of Onondaga Lake, which has the distinction of being one of the most contaminated lakes in the United States. To assist in this endeavor, during 2003-07 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Onondaga Lake Partnership, developed a precipitation-runoff model of the 285-square-mile Onondaga Lake Basin with the computer program Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF). The model was intended to provide a tool whereby the processes responsible for the generation of loads of sediment and nutrients that are transported to Onondaga Lake could be better understood. This objective was only partly attained because data for calibration of the model were available from monitoring sites only at or near the mouths of the major tributaries to Onondaga Lake; no calibration data from headwater subbasins, where the loads originated, were available. To address this limitation and thereby decrease the uncertainty in the simulated results that were associated with headwater processes, the USGS conducted a 3-year (2005-08) basinwide study to assess the quality of surface water in the Onondaga Lake Basin. The study quantified the relative contributions of nonpoint sources associated with the major land uses and land covers in the basin and also monitored known sources and presumed sinks of sediment and nutrient loads, which previously had not been evaluated. The use of the newly acquired data to recalibrate the HSPF model resulted in improvements in the simulation of processes in the headwater subbasins, including suspended-sediment, orthophosphate, and phosphorus generation and transport.\nSimulation of streamflows in small subbasins was improved by adjusting model parameter values to match base flows, storm peaks, and storm recessions more precisely than had been done with the original model. Simulated recessional and low flows were either increased or decreased as appropriate for a given stream, and simulated peak flows generally were lowered in the revised model. The use of suspended-sediment concentrations rather than concentrations of the surrogate constituent, total suspended solids, resulted in increases in the simulated low-flow sediment concentrations and, in most cases, decreases in the simulated peak-flow sediment concentrations. Simulated orthophosphate concentrations in base flows generally increased but decreased for peak flows in selected headwater subbasins in the revised model. Compared with the original model, phosphorus concentrations simulated by the revised model were comparable in forested subbasins, generally decreased in developed and wetland-dominated subbasins, and increased in agricultural subbasins. A final revision to the model was made by the addition of the simulation of chloride (salt) concentrations in the Onondaga Creek Basin to help water-resource managers better understand the relative contributions of salt from multiple sources in this particular tributary. The calibrated revised model was used to (1) compute loading rates for the various land types that were simulated in the model, (2) conduct a watershed-management analysis that estimated the portion of the total load that was likely to be transported to Onondaga Lake from each of the modeled subbasins, (3) compute and assess chloride loads to Onondaga Lake from the Onondaga Creek Basin, and (4) simulate precolonization (forested) conditions in the basin to estimate the probable minimum phosphorus loads to the lake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115203","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Onondaga Lake Partnership","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., 2011, Improvement in precipitation-runoff model simulations by recalibration with basin-specific data, and subsequent model applications, Onondaga Lake Basin, Onondaga County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5203, x, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115203.","productDescription":"x, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5203.gif"},{"id":112501,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"New York","county":"Onondaga","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.5,42.7 ], [ -76.5,43.166666666666664 ], [ -75.96666666666667,43.166666666666664 ], [ -75.96666666666667,42.7 ], [ -76.5,42.7 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3969e4b0c8380cd618f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, William F. 0000-0002-7007-7797 wcoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-7797","contributorId":1765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"William","email":"wcoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70007119,"text":"sir20115196 - 2011 - Potential water-quality effects of coal-bed methane production water discharged along the upper Tongue River, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"sir20115196","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5196","title":"Potential water-quality effects of coal-bed methane production water discharged along the upper Tongue River, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"Water quality in the upper Tongue River from Monarch, Wyoming, downstream to just upstream from the Tongue River Reservoir in Montana potentially could be affected by discharge of coal-bed methane (CBM) production water (hereinafter referred to as CBM discharge). CBM discharge typically contains high concentrations of sodium and other ions that could increase dissolved-solids (salt) concentrations, specific conductance (SC), and sodium-adsorption ratio (SAR) in the river. Increased inputs of sodium and other ions have the potential to alter the river's suitability for agricultural irrigation and aquatic ecosystems. Data from two large tributaries, Goose Creek and Prairie Dog Creek, indicate that these tributaries were large contributors to the increase in SC and SAR in the Tongue River. However, water-quality data were not available for most of the smaller inflows, such as small tributaries, irrigation-return flows, and CBM discharges. Thus, effects of these inflows on the water quality of the Tongue River were not well documented. Effects of these small inflows might be subtle and difficult to determine without more extensive data collection to describe spatial patterns. Therefore, synoptic water-quality sampling trips were conducted in September 2005 and April 2006 to provide a spatially detailed profile of the downstream changes in water quality in this reach of the Tongue River. The purpose of this report is to describe these downstream changes in water quality and to estimate the potential water-quality effects of CBM discharge in the upper Tongue River.
\n\nSpecific conductance of the Tongue River through the study reach increased from 420 to 625 microsiemens per centimeter (.μS/cm; or 49 percent) in the downstream direction in September 2005 and from 373 to 543 .μS/cm (46 percent) in April 2006. Large increases (12 to 24 percent) were measured immediately downstream from Goose Creek and Prairie Dog Creek during both sampling trips. Increases attributed to direct CBM discharges were smaller. In September 2005, the SC of 12 measured CBM discharges ranged from 1,750 to 2,440 .μS/cm, and the combined discharges increased SC in the river by an estimated 4.5 percent. In April 2006, the SC of eight measured CBM discharges ranged from 1,720 to 2,070 μS/cm; the largest of these discharges likely increased SC in the river by 5.8 percent.
\n\nEstimates of potential effects of the CBM discharges on the SC of the Tongue River near the Tongue River Reservoir were calculated using a two-step process involving linear regression and mass-balance calculations for a range of streamflow and CBM-discharge conditions. Potential effects from CBM discharges are larger increases of SC and SAR at lower flows than at higher flows and relative increases that are substantially smaller for SC than for SAR. For example, if the streamflow was 100 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) in the Tongue River near the Tongue River Reservoir and CBM discharge ranged from 1,250 to 5,000 gallons per minute, the projected increases would range from 4.4 to 16 percent for SC and from 39 to 151 percent for SAR. In comparison, if the streamflow was 600 ft3/s, the projected increases would range from 2.2 to 8.4 percent for SC and from 21 to 79 percent for SAR. This analysis of potential water-quality effects on the SC and SAR of the Tongue River in the study area assumes that the quantity and quality of water flowing into the study reach at the time of this study was the same as during the period before CBM development (data from water years 1985-99).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115196","usgsCitation":"Kinsey, S., and Nimick, D.A., 2011, Potential water-quality effects of coal-bed methane production water discharged along the upper Tongue River, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5196, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115196.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5196.png"},{"id":112460,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5196/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming;Montana","otherGeospatial":"Upper Tongue River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f6be4b0c8380cd7ab08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinsey, Stacy M. skinsey@usgs.gov","contributorId":1136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinsey","given":"Stacy M.","email":"skinsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":355864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006335,"text":"70006335 - 2011 - Analysis of trends in climate, streamflow, and stream temperature in north coastal California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:41:02","indexId":"70006335","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-02T06:15:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Analysis of trends in climate, streamflow, and stream temperature in north coastal California","docAbstract":"As part of a broader project analyzing trends in climate, streamflow, vegetation, salmon, and ocean conditions in northern California national park units, we compiled average monthly air temperature and precipitation data from 73 climate stations, streamflow data from 21 river gaging stations, and limited stream temperature data from salmon-bearing rivers in north coastal California. Many climate stations show a statistically significant increase in both average maximum and average minimum air temperature in early fall and midwinter during the last century. Concurrently, average September precipitation has decreased. In many coastal rivers, summer low flow has decreased and summer stream temperatures have increased, which affects summer rearing habitat for salmonids. Nevertheless, because vegetative cover has also changed during this time period, we cannot ascribe streamflow changes to climate change without first assessing water budgets. Although shifts in the timing of the centroid of runoff have been documented in snowmelt-dominated watersheds in the western United States, this was not the case in lower elevation coastal rivers analyzed in this study.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Observing, studying, and managing for change - Proceedings of the Fourth Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5169","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"The Fourth Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds","conferenceDate":"September 26-30, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Madej, M.A., 2011, Analysis of trends in climate, streamflow, and stream temperature in north coastal California, in Observing, studying, and managing for change - Proceedings of the Fourth Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5169, Fairbanks, AK, September 26-30, 2011, p. 40-45.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"45","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-030349","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5169/SIR11-5169_508_Session-1B.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.95 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":321310,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5169/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.25537109375,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -122.420654296875,\n 42.02481360781777\n ],\n [\n -122.15698242187499,\n 40.83874913796459\n ],\n [\n -121.83837890625,\n 39.14710270770074\n ],\n [\n -121.212158203125,\n 38.57393751557591\n ],\n [\n -121.025390625,\n 38.09133660751176\n ],\n [\n -121.2451171875,\n 37.80544394934274\n ],\n [\n -122.23388671874999,\n 37.68382032669382\n ],\n [\n -122.684326171875,\n 37.63163475580643\n ],\n [\n -123.01391601562499,\n 37.76202988573211\n ],\n [\n -123.255615234375,\n 38.14319750166766\n ],\n [\n -123.958740234375,\n 38.69408504756833\n ],\n [\n -124.068603515625,\n 39.32579941789298\n ],\n [\n -124.024658203125,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -124.57397460937499,\n 40.16208338164619\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 41.178653972331695\n ],\n [\n -124.42016601562499,\n 41.549700145132725\n ],\n [\n -124.51904296875,\n 41.92680320648791\n ],\n [\n -124.25537109375,\n 42.01665183556825\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d643de4b07e28b66834d5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Medley, C. Nicholas","contributorId":146966,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Medley","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nicholas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629591,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patterson, Glenn","contributorId":86476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"Glenn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629592,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Melanie J. mparker@usgs.gov","contributorId":670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Melanie","email":"mparker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":629593,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039546,"text":"70039546 - 2011 - SICS: the Southern Inland and Coastal System interdisciplinary project of the USGS South Florida Ecosystem Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T15:26:17","indexId":"70039546","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T11:39:43","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"SICS: the Southern Inland and Coastal System interdisciplinary project of the USGS South Florida Ecosystem Program","docAbstract":"State and Federal agencies are working jointly on structural modifications and improved water-delivery strategies to reestablish more natural surface-water flows through the Everglades wetlands and into Florida Bay. Changes in the magnitude, duration, timing, and distribution of inflows from the headwaters of the Taylor Slough and canal C-111 drainage basins have shifted the seasonal distribution and extent of wetland inundation, and also contributed to the development of hypersaline conditions in nearshore embayments of Florida Bay. Such changes are altering biological and vegetative communities in the wetlands and creating stresses on aquatic habitat. Affected biotic resources include federally listed species such as the Cape Sable seaside sparrow, American crocodile, wood stork, and roseate spoonbill. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is synthesizing scientific findings from hydrologic process studies, collecting data to characterize the ecosystem properties and functions, and integrating the results of these efforts into a research tool and management model for this Southern Inland and Coastal System(SICS). Scientists from all four disciplinary divisions of the USGS, Biological Resources, Geology, National Mapping, and Water Resources are contributing to this interdisciplinary project.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039546","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2011, SICS: the Southern Inland and Coastal System interdisciplinary project of the USGS South Florida Ecosystem Program, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039546.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261670,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039546/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.94 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":261671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039546/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park, Florida Bay, Taylor Slough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.8426513671875,\n 24.661994379101547\n ],\n [\n -81.8426513671875,\n 26.150507192328902\n ],\n [\n -80.0738525390625,\n 26.150507192328902\n ],\n [\n -80.0738525390625,\n 24.661994379101547\n ],\n [\n -81.8426513671875,\n 24.661994379101547\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf4fe4b0c8380cd874fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042247,"text":"sir201151204 - 2011 - Baseline hydrologic studies in the lower Elwha River prior to dam removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-19T13:31:43","indexId":"sir201151204","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5120-4","title":"Baseline hydrologic studies in the lower Elwha River prior to dam removal","docAbstract":"After the removal of two large, long‑standing dams on the Elwha River, Washington, the additional load of sediment and wood is expected to affect the hydrology of the lower river, its estuary, and the alluvial aquifer underlying the surrounding flood plain. To better understand the surface-water and groundwater characteristics of the river and estuary before dam removal, several hydrologic data sets were collected and analyzed. An experiment using a dye tracer characterized transient storage, and it was determined that the low‑flow channel of the lower Elwha River was relatively simple; 1–6 percent of the median travel time of dye was attributed to transient‑storage processes. Water data from monitoring wells adjacent to the main‑stem river indicated a strong hydraulic connectivity between stage in the river and groundwater levels in the flood plain. Analysis of temperature data from the monitoring wells showed that changes in the groundwater temperature responded weeks or months after water temperature changed in the river. A seepage investigation indicated that water from the river was moving into the aquifer (losing\nreach) between 1.7 and 2.8 kilometers from the river mouth. Surface‑water measurements and temperature and salinity data collected throughout the estuary helped to characterize the magnitude and nature of water movement in and out of the estuary. Salinity and stage sensors positioned in the estuarine network showed a strong surface‑water connection between the river and estuary waters east of the river. In contrast, there was a weaker connection between the river and estuarine water bodies west of the river.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal (Chapter 2011-5120)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir201151204","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 4 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal. For more information, see: Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120","usgsCitation":"Magirl, C.S., Curran, C.A., Sheibley, R.W., Warrick, J., Czuba, J., Czuba, C.R., Gendaszek, A.S., Shafroth, P.B., Duda, J., and Foreman, J.R., 2011, Baseline hydrologic studies in the lower Elwha River prior to dam removal: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120-4, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir201151204.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264924,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5120/pdf/sir20115120_ch4.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.64151000976561,\n 48.14501426822942\n ],\n [\n -123.65249633789062,\n 48.00830020485928\n ],\n [\n -123.64700317382812,\n 47.87859187064733\n ],\n [\n -123.62228393554686,\n 47.81592114659012\n ],\n [\n -123.39157104492186,\n 47.818687628247105\n ],\n [\n -123.46984863281249,\n 48.133100659448935\n ],\n [\n -123.55087280273438,\n 48.151428143221224\n ],\n [\n -123.62365722656249,\n 48.14501426822942\n ],\n [\n -123.64151000976561,\n 48.14501426822942\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5d0f2e4b0a4aa5bb0b094","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curran, Christopher A. 0000-0001-8933-416X ccurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8933-416X","contributorId":1650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Christopher","email":"ccurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheibley, Rich W. 0000-0003-1627-8536 sheibley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-8536","contributorId":3044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheibley","given":"Rich","email":"sheibley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Czuba, Jonathan A.","contributorId":19917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Czuba, Christiana R. cczuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":4555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Christiana","email":"cczuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gendaszek, Andrew S. 0000-0002-2373-8986 agendasz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-8986","contributorId":3509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gendaszek","given":"Andrew","email":"agendasz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":68854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Foreman, James R. 0000-0003-0535-4580 jforeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0535-4580","contributorId":3669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"James","email":"jforeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70006368,"text":"ofr20111308 - 2011 - Postwildfire preliminary debris flow hazard assessment for the area burned by the 2011 Las Conchas Fire in north-central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"ofr20111308","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-30T14:32:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1308","title":"Postwildfire preliminary debris flow hazard assessment for the area burned by the 2011 Las Conchas Fire in north-central New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Las Conchas Fire during the summer of 2011 was the largest in recorded history for the state of New Mexico, burning 634 square kilometers in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico. The burned landscape is now at risk of damage from postwildfire erosion, such as that caused by debris flows and flash floods. This report presents a preliminary hazard assessment of the debris-flow potential from 321 basins burned by the Las Conchas Fire. A pair of empirical hazard-assessment models developed using data from recently burned basins throughout the intermountain western United States was used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence and volume of debris flows at the outlets of selected drainage basins within the burned area. The models incorporate measures of burn severity, topography, soils, and storm rainfall to estimate the probability and volume of debris flows following the fire.
In response to a design storm of 28.0 millimeters of rain in 30 minutes (10-year recurrence interval), the probabilities of debris flows estimated for basins burned by the Las Conchas Fire were greater than 80 percent for two-thirds (67 percent) of the modeled basins. Basins with a high (greater than 80 percent) probability of debris-flow occurrence were concentrated in tributaries to Santa Clara and Rio del Oso Canyons in the northeastern part of the burned area; some steep areas in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, Los Alamos, and Guaje Canyons in the east-central part of the burned area; tributaries to Peralta, Colle, Bland, and Cochiti canyons in the southwestern part of the burned area; and tributaries to Frijoles, Alamo, and Capulin Canyons in the southeastern part of the burned area (within Bandelier National Monument). Estimated debris-flow volumes ranged from 400 cubic meters to greater than 72,000 cubic meters. The largest volumes (greater than 40,000 cubic meters) were estimated for basins in Santa Clara, Los Alamos, and Water Canyons, and for two basins at the northeast edge of the burned area tributary to Rio del Oso and Vallecitos Creek.
The Combined Relative Debris-Flow Hazard Rankings identify the areas of highest probability of the largest debris flows. Basins with high Combined Relative Debris-Flow Hazard Rankings include upper Santa Clara Canyon in the northern section of the burn scar, and portions of Peralta, Colle, Bland, Cochiti, Capulin, Alamo, and Frijoles Canyons in the southern section of the burn scar. Three basins with high Combined Relative Debris-Flow Hazard Rankings also occur in areas upstream from the city of Los Alamos—the city is home to and surrounded by numerous technical sites for the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Potential debris flows in the burned area could affect the water supply for Santa Clara Pueblo and several recreational lakes, as well as recreational and archeological resources in Bandelier National Monument. Debris flows could damage bridges and culverts along State Highway 501 and other roadways. Additional assessment is necessary to determine if the estimated volume of material is sufficient to travel into areas downstream from the modeled basins along the valley floors, where they could affect human life, property, agriculture, and infrastructure in those areas. Additionally, further investigation is needed to assess the potential for debris flows to affect structures at or downstream from basin outlets and to increase the threat of flooding downstream by damaging or blocking flood mitigation structures. The maps presented here may be used to prioritize areas where erosion mitigation or other protective measures may be necessary within a 2- to 3-year window of vulnerability following the Las Conchas Fire.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111308","usgsCitation":"Tillery, A.C., Darr, M.J., Cannon, S.H., and Michael, J.A., 2011, Postwildfire preliminary debris flow hazard assessment for the area burned by the 2011 Las Conchas Fire in north-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1308, v, 11 p.; 3 Plates - Plate 1: 20.35 x 32.35 inches, Plate 2: 20.21 x 32.41 inches, Plate 3: 20.41 x 32.41 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111308.","productDescription":"v, 11 p.; 3 Plates - Plate 1: 20.35 x 32.35 inches, Plate 2: 20.21 x 32.41 inches, Plate 3: 20.41 x 32.41 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-06-01","temporalEnd":"2011-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1308.png"},{"id":112410,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1308/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.61749999999999,35.6 ], [ -106.61749999999999,36.08416666666667 ], [ -106.25083333333333,36.08416666666667 ], [ -106.25083333333333,35.6 ], [ -106.61749999999999,35.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ea0e4b0c8380cd7a65e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillery, Anne C. 0000-0002-9508-7908 atillery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-7908","contributorId":2549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillery","given":"Anne","email":"atillery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darr, Michael J. mjdarr@usgs.gov","contributorId":4239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darr","given":"Michael","email":"mjdarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, Susan H. cannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Susan","email":"cannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michael, John A. jmichael@usgs.gov","contributorId":1877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"John","email":"jmichael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006364,"text":"ofr20111310 - 2011 - Summary of November 2010 meeting to evaluate turbidite data for constraining the recurrence parameters of great Cascadia earthquakes for the update of national seismic hazard maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:01","indexId":"ofr20111310","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1310","title":"Summary of November 2010 meeting to evaluate turbidite data for constraining the recurrence parameters of great Cascadia earthquakes for the update of national seismic hazard maps","docAbstract":"This report summarizes a meeting of geologists, marine sedimentologists, geophysicists, and seismologists that was held on November 18–19, 2010 at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon. The overall goal of the meeting was to evaluate observations of turbidite deposits to provide constraints on the recurrence time and rupture extent of great Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) earthquakes for the next update of the U.S. national seismic hazard maps (NSHM). The meeting was convened at Oregon State University because this is the major center for collecting and evaluating turbidite evidence of great Cascadia earthquakes by Chris Goldfinger and his colleagues. We especially wanted the participants to see some of the numerous deep sea cores this group has collected that contain the turbidite deposits. Great earthquakes on the CSZ pose a major tsunami, ground-shaking, and ground-failure hazard to the Pacific Northwest. Figure 1 shows a map of the Pacific Northwest with a model for the rupture zone of a moment magnitude Mw 9.0 earthquake on the CSZ and the ground shaking intensity (in ShakeMap format) expected from such an earthquake, based on empirical ground-motion prediction equations. The damaging effects of such an earthquake would occur over a wide swath of the Pacific Northwest and an accompanying tsunami would likely cause devastation along the Pacifc Northwest coast and possibly cause damage and loss of life in other areas of the Pacific. A magnitude 8 earthquake on the CSZ would cause damaging ground shaking and ground failure over a substantial area and could also generate a destructive tsunami. The recent tragic occurrence of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake highlights the importance of having accurate estimates of the recurrence times and magnitudes of great earthquakes on subduction zones. For the U.S. national seismic hazard maps, estimating the hazard from the Cascadia subduction zone has been based on coastal paleoseismic evidence of great earthquakes over the past 5,000 years. The instrumental catalog of earthquakes is of little use for constraining the hazard of the CSZ, because there are virtually no recorded earthquakes on most of the plate interface of the CSZ. There are no historical accounts in the past 150 years of large earthquakes on most of the CSZ. Until about 20 years ago, some interpreted this lack of recent and historical earthquakes as an indicator that the subduction zone was slipping aseismically and could not produce a great earthquake. The work of Brian Atwater and others, in the late 1980s and the 1990s (Atwater, 1987, 1992; Atwater and others, 1995; Nelson and others, 1996; Clague, 1997; Atwater and Hemphill-Haley, 1997; Atwater and others, 2004) demonstrated that submerged forests, buried soils, tsunami deposits, and liquefaction along and near the coast were compelling evidence of repeated great Cascadia earthquakes over at least the past 5,000 years. Atwater and Hemphill-Haley (1997) concluded from paleoseismic evidence at Willapa Bay, Washington, that great earthquakes ruptured the CSZ with an average recurrence time of about 500 years. The date of the last great CSZ earthquake, January 26, 1700, was established from historical records of the so-called orphan tsunami in Japan that is inferred to have been produced by this earthquake (Satake and others, 1996, 2003; Atwater and others, 2005) and is consistent with tree-ring data from drowned forests in Washington and Oregon. From modeling the observations of the tsunami, Satake and others (2003) estimated a moment magnitude of about 9.0 for this earthquake. Many other paleoseismic sites have been investigated along the Pacific Northwest coast from Vancouver Island to northern California and show evidence of great CSZ earthquakes. Nelson and others (2006) summarized the dates found from these studies and proposed correlations between sites indicating the extent of rupture for individual events. Dating of inferred tsunami deposits in Bradley Lake, Oregon by Kelsey and others (2005), as well as tsunami and subsidence evidence from Six Rivers, Oregon (Kelsey and others, 2002) and Coquille River (Witter and others, 2003), indicates that there were probably Mw 8 ruptures in the southern portion of the CSZ in addition to the Mw 9 events that rupture the whole length of the CSZ (Nelson and others, 2006). A parallel development over the past 20 years or more is the use of deep-sea turbidite deposits for identifying and dating great Cascadia earthquakes over the past 10,000 years (Adams, 1990; Goldfinger and others, 2003, 2008, in press; Goldfinger, 2011). Turbidites are sediment deposits in the deep ocean from turbidity currents, which are energetic flows of sediment and water along the continental shelf and slope. Adams (1990), using the counts of turbidites in deep-sea cores off the coast of Oregon and Washington collected and analyzed by Griggs (1969) and Griggs and others (1969), proposed that these turbidites were caused by the shaking of great Cascadia earthquakes. Part of his reasoning was that the number (13) of turbidite deposits that occurred since deposition of the Mazama Ash 7,000 years ago gave a recurrence time of about 500 years, consistent with that derived from the coastal submergence data. Adams (1990) also proposed the “confluence test” which evaluates the number of turbidites for submarine channels that form a confluence. He reported that the number of turbidites in the single downstream channel equaled the number in each of the tributary channels. He reasoned that this indicated that the turbidites in each tributary were simultaneously triggered and were, therefore, caused by a common forcing agent. He concluded that shaking from extended ruptures of great Cascadia earthquakes was the most likely cause of these turbidites. Based on the paleoseismic evidence of past great earthquakes, the hazard from the Cascadia subduction zone was included in the 1996 U.S. NSHM (Frankel and others, 1996), which were the basis for seismic provisions in the 2000 International Building Code. These hazard maps used the paleoseismic studies to constrain the recurrence rate of great CSZ earthquakes. Goldfinger and his colleagues have since collected many more deep ocean cores and done extensive analysis on the turbidite deposits that they identified in the cores (Goldfinger and others, 2003, 2008, in press; Goldfinger, 2011). Using their dating of the sediments and correlation of features in the logs of density and magnetic susceptibility between cores, they developed a detailed chronology of great earthquakes along the CSZ for the past 10,000 years (Goldfinger and others, in press). These correlations consist of attempting to match the peaks and valleys in logs of density and magnetic susceptibility between cores separated, in some cases, by hundreds of kilometers. Based on this work, Goldfinger and others (2003, 2008, in press) proposed that the turbidite evidence indicated the occurrence of great earthquakes (Mw 8) that only ruptured the southern portion of the CSZ, as well as earthquakes with about Mw 9 that ruptured the entire length of the CSZ. For the southernmost portion of the CSZ, Goldfinger and others (in press) proposed a recurrence time of Mw 8 or larger earthquakes of about 230 years. This proposed recurrence time was shorter than the 500 year time that was incorporated in one scenario in the NSHM’s. It is important to note that the hazard maps of 1996 and later also included a scenario or set of scenarios with a shorter recurrence time for Mw 8 earthquakes, using rupture zones that are distributed along the length of the CSZ (Frankel and others, 1996; Petersen and others, 2008). Originally, this scenario was meant to correspond to the idea that some of the 500-year averaged ruptures seen in the paleoseismic evidence could have been a series of Mw 8 earthquakes that occurred over a short period of time (a few decades), rather than Mw 9 earthquakes. Figure 2 shows the logic tree for the CSZ used in the 2008 NSHM’s (Petersen and others, 2008). This logic tree includes whole CSZ rupture earthquakes (Mw 8.8–9.2) and partial CSZ rupture earthquakes (Mw 8.0–8.7). In this latest version of the NSHM’s, the effective recurrence time of earthquakes on the CSZ with moment magnitudes greater than or equal to 8.0 over the various models is about 270 years (Petersen and others, 2008). This recurrence time applies to the entire CSZ, so that the hazard from great earthquakes was approximately equal along the whole zone, although the hazard estimates taper on the northern and southern ends of the CSZ, because of the way rupture zones of Mw 8 earthquakes were distributed along the strike of the CSZ. The NSHM will be updated in 2013, as part of the standard update cycle that corresponds to the update cycle of the national model building codes that are based on the seismic hazard maps. A meeting was necessary to assemble a wide group of experts to hear Dr. Goldfinger explain his methodology for dating and correlating the turbidites and for developing the earthquake chronology. The overall goal of the workshop was to evaluate observations of turbidite deposits to provide constraints on the recurrence times and rupture extents of great Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes for the next update of the NSHM. Before the meeting, participants were supplied with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Professional Paper of Goldfinger and others (in press), as well as material from Brian Atwater and Alan Nelson. The agenda of the meeting was developed by Art Frankel, with assistance from Chris Goldfinger, Brian Atwater, Alan Nelson, Mark Petersen, and Craig Weaver. The meeting was hosted by Chris Goldfinger of Oregon State University. We stress that it is difficult to evaluate in a two-day meeting the large amount of work that Goldfinger and his colleagues have done over the past 15 years or more. This meeting is the first step in a process that develops the inputs to the update of the national maps. The conclusions of this workshop will be discussed and possibly modified at the regional Pacific Northwest workshop for the hazard maps to be held in early 2012. Vetting new research results using informed expert opinion is an integral part of updating the national maps and does not reflect on the veracity of these results.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111310","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A.D., 2011, Summary of November 2010 meeting to evaluate turbidite data for constraining the recurrence parameters of great Cascadia earthquakes for the update of national seismic hazard maps: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1310, iii, 10 p.; Appendix; Figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111310.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p.; Appendix; Figures","startPage":"i","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1310.gif"},{"id":112398,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1310/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -130,40 ], [ -130,50 ], [ -118,50 ], [ -118,40 ], [ -130,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9e3de4b08c986b31dd97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006336,"text":"sir20115222 - 2011 - Assessing controls on perched saturated zones beneath the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115222","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5222","title":"Assessing controls on perched saturated zones beneath the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center, Idaho","docAbstract":"Waste byproducts associated with operations at the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) have the potential to contaminate the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) aquifer. Recharge to the ESRP aquifer is controlled largely by the alternating stratigraphy of fractured volcanic rocks and sedimentary interbeds within the overlying vadose zone and by the availability of water at the surface. Beneath the INTEC facilities, localized zones of saturation perched on the sedimentary interbeds are of particular concern because they may facilitate accelerated transport of contaminants. The sources and timing of natural and anthropogenic recharge to the perched zones are poorly understood. Simple approaches for quantitative characterization of this complex, variably saturated flow system are needed to assess potential scenarios for contaminant transport under alternative remediation strategies. During 2009-2011, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, employed data analysis and numerical simulations with a recently developed model of preferential flow to evaluate the sources and quantity of recharge to the perched zones. Piezometer, tensiometer, temperature, precipitation, and stream-discharge data were analyzed, with particular focus on the possibility of contributions to the perched zones from snowmelt and flow in the neighboring Big Lost River (BLR). Analysis of the timing and magnitude of subsurface dynamics indicate that streamflow provides local recharge to the shallow, intermediate, and deep perched saturated zones within 150 m of the BLR; at greater distances from the BLR the influence of streamflow on recharge is unclear. Perched water-level dynamics in most wells analyzed are consistent with findings from previous geochemical analyses, which suggest that a combination of annual snowmelt and anthropogenic sources (for example, leaky pipes and drainage ditches) contribute to recharge of shallow and intermediate perched zones throughout much of INTEC. The source-responsive fluxes model was parameterized to simulate recharge via preferential flow associated with intermittent episodes of streamflow in the BLR. The simulations correspond reasonably well to the observed hydrologic response within the shallow perched zone. Good model performance indicates that source-responsive flow through a limited number of connected fractures contributes substantially to the perched-zone dynamics. The agreement between simulated and observed perched-zone dynamics suggest that the source-responsive fluxes model can provide a valuable tool for quantifying rapid preferential flow processes that may result from different land management scenarios.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115222","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Mirus, B.B., Perkins, K.S., and Nimmo, J.R., 2011, Assessing controls on perched saturated zones beneath the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5222, vi, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115222.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5222.gif"},{"id":112312,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5222/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Idaho","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edd0e4b0c8380cd49a0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mirus, Benjamin B. 0000-0001-5550-014X bbmirus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-014X","contributorId":4064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirus","given":"Benjamin","email":"bbmirus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5077,"text":"Northwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, Kim S.","contributorId":106963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006326,"text":"ofr20111299 - 2011 - Results of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in Miami-Dade and southern Broward Counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-28T15:52:17","indexId":"ofr20111299","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1299","title":"Results of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in Miami-Dade and southern Broward Counties, Florida","docAbstract":"Time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) soundings were made in Miami-Dade and southern Broward Counties to aid in mapping the landward extent of saltwater in the Biscayne aquifer. A total of 79 soundings were collected in settings ranging from urban to undeveloped land, with some of the former posing problems of land access and interference from anthropogenic features. TEM soundings combined with monitoring-well data were used to determine if the saltwater front had moved since the last time it was mapped, to provide additional spatial coverage where existing monitoring wells were insufficient, and to help interpret a previously collected helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) survey flown in the southernmost portion of the study area.
TEM soundings were interpreted as layered resistivity-depth models. Using information from well logs and water-quality data, the resistivity of the freshwater saturated Biscayne aquifer is expected to be above 30 ohm-meters, and the saltwater-saturated aquifer will have resistivities of less than 10 ohm-meters allowing determination of water quality from the TEM interpretations. TEM models from 29 soundings were compared to electromagnetic induction logs collected in nearby monitoring wells. In general, the agreement of these results was very good, giving confidence in the use of the TEM data for mapping saltwater encroachment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Society","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111299","usgsCitation":"Fitterman, D.V., and Prinos, S.T., 2011, Results of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in Miami-Dade and southern Broward Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1299, ix, 289 p.; Supplemental Files Download, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111299.","productDescription":"ix, 289 p.; Supplemental Files Download","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1299.png"},{"id":112309,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1299/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Miami-dade;Broward","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aabf0e4b0c8380cd86a81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitterman, David V. dfitterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"David","email":"dfitterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prinos, Scott T. 0000-0002-5776-8956 stprinos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-8956","contributorId":4045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinos","given":"Scott","email":"stprinos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006268,"text":"ofr20111020 - 2011 - Summary of hydrologic testing of the Floridan aquifer system at Fort Stewart, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T14:26:37","indexId":"ofr20111020","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1020","title":"Summary of hydrologic testing of the Floridan aquifer system at Fort Stewart, Georgia","docAbstract":"Two test wells were completed at Fort Stewart, GA, in January and February 2010 to investigate the potential of using the Lower Floridan aquifer as a source of water to satisfy anticipated increases in water use. One well was completed in the Lower Floridan aquifer at a depth of 1,255 feet below land surface; the other well was completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer at a depth of 560 feet below land surface. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted hydrologic testing at the well site including flowmeter surveys, slug tests within packer-isolated intervals of the Lower Floridan confining unit, and aquifer tests of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers.\nFlowmeter surveys at the study site indicate several permeable zones within the Floridan aquifer system. The Upper Floridan aquifer is composed of two water-bearing zones-the upper zone and the lower zone. The upper zone extends from 520 to 650 feet below land surface, contributes 96 percent of the total flow, and is more permeable than the lower zone, which extends from 650 to 705 feet below land surface and contributes the remaining 4 percent of the flow. The Lower Floridan aquifer consists of three zones at depths of 912-947, 1,090-1,139, and 1,211-1,250 feet below land surface that are inter-layered with three less-permeable zones. The Lower Floridan confining unit includes a permeable zone that extends from 793 to 822 feet below land surface. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity values of the Lower Floridan confining unit derived from slug tests within four packer-isolated intervals were from 2 to 20 feet per day, with a high value of 70 feet per day obtained for one of the intervals. Aquifer testing, using analytical techniques and model simulation, indicated the Upper Floridan aquifer had a transmissivity of about 100,000 feet squared per day, and the Lower Floridan aquifer had a transmissivity of 7,000 feet squared per day. Flowmeter surveys, slug tests within packer-isolated intervals, and parameter-estimation results indicate that the hydraulic properties of the Lower Floridan confining unit are similar to those of the Lower Floridan aquifer. Water-level data, for each aquifer test, were filtered for external influences such as barometric pressure, earth-tide effects, and long-term trends to enable detection of small water-level responses to aquifer-test pumping of less than 1 foot. During a 72-hour aquifer test of the Lower Floridan aquifer, a drawdown response of 0.3 to 0.4 foot was observed in two Upper Floridan aquifer wells, one of which was more than 1 mile away from the pumped well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army","usgsCitation":"Gonthier, G., 2011, Summary of hydrologic testing of the Floridan aquifer system at Fort Stewart, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1020, viii, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111020.","productDescription":"viii, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1020.jpg"},{"id":112047,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1020/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Floridan aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,31.5 ], [ -82,32.333333333333336 ], [ -80.75,32.333333333333336 ], [ -80.75,31.5 ], [ -82,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9e8fe4b08c986b31dfa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gonthier, Gerard 0000-0003-4078-8579 gonthier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4078-8579","contributorId":3141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonthier","given":"Gerard ","email":"gonthier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006276,"text":"ofr20111254 - 2011 - Borehole geophysical and flowmeter data for eight boreholes in the vicinity of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, Lake Seminole, Jackson County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"ofr20111254","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1254","title":"Borehole geophysical and flowmeter data for eight boreholes in the vicinity of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, Lake Seminole, Jackson County, Florida","docAbstract":"Borehole geophysical logs and flowmeter data were collected in April 2011 from eight boreholes to identify the depth and orientation of cavernous zones within the Miocene Tampa Limestone in the vicinity of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam in Jackson County, Florida. These data are used to assess leakage near the dam. Each of the eight boreholes was terminated in limestone at depths ranging from 84 to 104 feet. Large cavernous zones were encountered in most of the borings, with several exceeding 20-inches in diameter. The cavernous zones generally were between 1 and 5 feet in height, but a cavern in one of the borings reached a height of about 6 feet. The resistivity of limestone layers penetrated by the boreholes generally was less than 1,000 ohm-meters. Formation resistivity near the cavernous zones did not show an appreciable contrast from surrounding bedrock, probably because the bedrock is saturated, owing to its primary permeability. Measured flow rates in the eight boreholes determined using an electromagnetic flowmeter were all less than ±0.1 liter per second. These low flow rates suggest that vertical hydraulic gradients in the boreholes are negligible and that hydraulic head in the various cavernous zones shows only minor, if any, variation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111254","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District Office","usgsCitation":"Clarke, J.S., Hamrick, M.D., and Holloway, O.G., 2011, Borehole geophysical and flowmeter data for eight boreholes in the vicinity of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, Lake Seminole, Jackson County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1254, iv, 8 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111254.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.; Appendix","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1254.jpg"},{"id":112055,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1254/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Florida","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f217e4b0c8380cd4afd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, John S. jsclarke@usgs.gov","contributorId":400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"John","email":"jsclarke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamrick, Michael D. hamrick@usgs.gov","contributorId":3237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamrick","given":"Michael","email":"hamrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holloway, O. Gary ghollowa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"O.","email":"ghollowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006257,"text":"sir20115214 - 2011 - Geomorphology and bank erosion of the Matanuska River, southcentral Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T10:51:07","indexId":"sir20115214","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5214","title":"Geomorphology and bank erosion of the Matanuska River, southcentral Alaska","docAbstract":"Bank erosion along the Matanuska River, a braided, glacial river in southcentral Alaska, has damaged or threatened houses, roadways, and public facilities for decades. Mapping of river geomorphology and bank characteristics for a 65-mile study area from the Matanuska Glacier to the river mouth provided erodibility information that was assessed along with 1949-2006 erosion to establish erosion hazard data. Braid plain margins were delineated from 1949, 1962, and 2006 orthophotographs to provide detailed measurements of erosion. Bank material and height and geomorphic features within the Matanuska River valley (primarily terraces and tributary fans) were mapped in a Geographic Information System (GIS) from orthophotographs and field observations to provide categories of erodibility and extent of the erodible corridor. The braid plain expanded 861 acres between 1949 and 2006. Erosion in the highest category ranged from 225 to 1,043 feet at reaches of bank an average of 0.5 mile long, affecting 8 percent of the banks but accounting for 64 percent of the erosion. Correlation of erosion to measurable predictor variables was limited to bank height and material. Streamflow statistics, such as peak streamflow or mean annual streamflow, were not clearly linked to erosion, which can occur during the prolonged period of summer high flows where channels are adjacent to an erodible braid plain margin. The historical braid plain, which includes vegetated braid plain bars and islands and active channels, was identified as the greatest riverine hazard area on the basis of its historical occupation. In 2006, the historical braid plain was an average of 15 years old, as determined from the estimated age of vegetation visible in orthophotographs. Bank erosion hazards at the braid plain margins can be mapped by combining bank material, bank height, and geomorphology data. Bedrock bluffs at least 10 feet high (31 percent of the braid plain margins) present no erosion hazard. At unconsolidated banks (63 percent of the braid plain margins), erosion hazards are great and the distinction in hazards between banks of varying height or geomorphology is slight.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Matanuska-Susitna Borough","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., and McTeague, M.L., 2011, Geomorphology and bank erosion of the Matanuska River, southcentral Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5214, viii, 50 p.; Appendix; Appendix A; GIS Shapefiles, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115214.","productDescription":"viii, 50 p.; Appendix; Appendix A; GIS Shapefiles","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5214.jpg"},{"id":112037,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5214/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a27a4e4b0c8380cd59a8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Janet H. 0000-0002-3899-6275 jcurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6275","contributorId":690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Janet","email":"jcurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McTeague, Monica L.","contributorId":82045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McTeague","given":"Monica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006265,"text":"ofr20111001 - 2011 - Evaluation of landslide monitoring in the Polish Carpathians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:56","indexId":"ofr20111001","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1001","title":"Evaluation of landslide monitoring in the Polish Carpathians","docAbstract":"In response to the June 15, 2010 request from the Polish Geological Institute (PGI) to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for assistance and advice regarding real-time landslide monitoring, landslide specialists from the USGS Landslide Hazard Program visited PGI headquarters and field sites in September 2010. During our visit we became familiar with characteristics of landslides in the Polish Carpathians, reviewed PGI monitoring techniques, and assessed needs for monitoring at recently activated landslides. Visits to several landslides that are monitored by PGI (the Just, Hańczowa, Szymbark, Siercza and Łasńica landslides) revealed that current data collection (monthly GPS and inclinometer surveys, hourly piezometers readings) is generally sufficient for collecting basic information about landslide displacement, depth, and groundwater conditions. Large landslides are typically hydrologically complex, and we would expect such complexity in Carpathian landslides, given the alternating shale and sandstone stratigraphy and complex geologic structures of the flysch bedrock. Consequently groundwater observations could be improved by installing several piezometers that sample the basal shear zone of each landslide being monitored by PGI. These could be supplemented by additional piezometers at shallower depths to help clarify general flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Remedial works at Hańczowa\nmake the landslide unsuitable for monitoring as part of an early warning\nnetwork. Monitoring there should focus on continued performance of the remedial\nworks.\nOur suggestions for new monitoring at recently activated landslides are summarized in table 1. Displacement\nmonitoring using extensometers and (or) GPS is a high priority at Kłodne, Łaśnica,\nŁazki, and Siedloki. Geomorphologic mapping of active surface features\n(scarps, cracks, shear zones, folds, and thrusts) in sufficient detail to\nreveal the kinematics of each landslide would greatly help in planning\nsubsurface exploration and monitoring. Mapping should take advantage of\nexisting and future airborne lidar data sets of specific areas, where\navailable. Borehole inclinometers and piezometers would complete the basic\nmonitoring package for these landslides. The landslide at Kłodne may be\nwell suited for more detailed monitoring for landslide process research,\nalthough research opportunities exist at the other landslides as well. The\nlandslide near Siedloki may be a good candidate for terrestrial laser scanning\n(TLS). Tandem streamflow gages upstream and downstream from the Siedloki\nlandslide, or laser distance meters to monitor advancement of the toe, may be\nneeded to provide warning of stream blockage of Potok Milowski. A real-time\nwarning system specifically for the Łazki landslide might be considered due\nto potential concerns about catastrophic movement into Międzybrodzie\nReservoir.\nChallenges associated with the establishment of a complete real-time monitoring and early warning system are\nfar greater than just the technical and logistical aspects of installing remote\nmonitoring systems at a large number of landslides. Long-term maintenance of a\nlandslide monitoring network will involve considerable effort and expense as\nsensors break-down from exposure to weather, landslide movement, and harsh\nunderground environmental conditions.\nOnce PGI’s planned pilot network\nof 10-20 monitored landslides is operating, a period of observation and\nanalysis will be needed to establish appropriate alert levels and criteria for\nissuing alerts and warnings. Simultaneously, discussions with authorities will\nbe needed to develop action plans for responding to landslide notifications and\n(or) warnings. Public resistance to landslide warnings and mandated evacuations\nmay be high given the low historical incidence of fatalities and injuries\nresulting from Carpathian landslides and the small potential for warnings to\nreduce landslide damage to homes and land. Careful weighing of purpose,\nadvantages, and costs of a large-scale monitoring and early warning program is\nneeded early in the planning process and should be revisited regularly\nthroughout pilot and final implementation.\nIn this report, we present a generic plan for monitoring of a hypothetical Carpathian landslide that\nillustrates how our suggestions for each of the specific landslides could be\nimplemented. The plan includes basic pore pressure, displacement, and weather\nmonitoring, along with supplemental monitoring for special conditions at\nspecific landslides. Table 2 summarizes the overall approach and basic\nequipment and software requirements.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111001","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Polish Geological Institute","usgsCitation":"Collins, B., Baum, R.L., Mrozek, T., Nescieruk, P., Perski, Z., Raczkowski, W., and Graniczny, M., 2011, Evaluation of landslide monitoring in the Polish Carpathians (Modified March 1, 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1001, v, 28 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111001.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":671,"text":"Western Region Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1001.gif"},{"id":112046,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Modified March 1, 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c8fe4b0c8380cd52bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Brian D.","contributorId":71641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mrozek, Teresa","contributorId":86889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mrozek","given":"Teresa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nescieruk, Piotr","contributorId":99281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nescieruk","given":"Piotr","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perski, Zbigniew","contributorId":41579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perski","given":"Zbigniew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Raczkowski, Wojciech","contributorId":78463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raczkowski","given":"Wojciech","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Graniczny, Marek","contributorId":10146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graniczny","given":"Marek","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70006254,"text":"sir20115193 - 2011 - Factors influencing riverine fish assemblages in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115193","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5193","title":"Factors influencing riverine fish assemblages in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, and the Massachusetts Department of Fish and Game, conducted an investigation of fish assemblages in small- to medium-sized Massachusetts streams. The objective of this study was to determine relations between fish-assemblage characteristics and anthropogenic factors, including impervious cover and estimated flow alteration, relative to the effects of environmental factors, including physical-basin characteristics and land use. The results of this investigation supersede those of a preliminary analysis published in 2010. Fish data were obtained for 669 fish-sampling sites from the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife fish-community database. A review of the literature was used to select fish metrics - species richness, abundance of individual species, and abundances of species grouped on life history traits - responsive to flow alteration. The contributing areas to the fish-sampling sites were delineated and used with a geographic information system to determine a set of environmental and anthropogenic factors that were tested for use as explanatory variables in regression models. Reported and estimated withdrawals and return flows were used together with simulated unaltered streamflows to estimate altered streamflows and indicators of flow alteration for each fish-sampling site. Altered streamflows and indicators of flow alteration were calculated on the basis of methods developed in a previous U.S. Geological Survey study in which unaltered daily streamflows were simulated for a 44-year period (water years 1961-2004), and streamflow alterations were estimated by use of water-withdrawal and wastewater-return data previously reported to the State for the 2000-04 period and estimated domestic-well withdrawals and septic-system discharges. A variable selection process, conducted using principal components analysis and Spearman rank correlation, was used to select a set of 15 non-redundant environmental and anthropogenic factors to test for use as explanatory variables in the regression analyses. Twenty-one fish species were used in a multivariate analysis of fish-assemblage patterns. Results of nonmetric multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to group fish species into fluvial and macrohabitat generalist habitat-use classes. Two analytical techniques, quantile regression and generalized linear modeling, were applied to characterize the association between fish-response variables and environmental and anthropogenic explanatory variables. Quantile regression demonstrated that as percent impervious cover and an indicator of percent alteration of August median flow from groundwater withdrawals increase, the relative abundance and species richness of fluvial fish decrease. The quantile regression plots indicate that (1) as many as seven fluvial fish species are expected in streams with little flow alteration or impervious cover, (2) no more than four fluvial fish species are expected in streams where flow alterations from groundwater withdrawals exceed 50 percent of the August median flow or the percent area of impervious cover exceeds 15 percent, and (3) few fluvial fish remain at high rates of withdrawal (approaching 100 percent) or high rates of impervious cover (between 25 and 30 percent). Three generalized linear models (GLMs) were developed to quantify the response of fluvial fish to multiple environmental and anthropogenic variables. All variables in the GLM equations were demonstrated to be significant (p less than 0.05, with most less than 0.01). Variables in the fluvial-fish relative-abundance model were channel slope, estimated percent alteration of August median flow from groundwater withdrawals, percent wetland in a 240-meter buffer strip, and percent impervious cover. Variables in the fluvial-fish species-richness model were drainage area, channel slope, total undammed reach length, percent wetland in a 240-meter buffer strip, and percent impervious cover. Variables in the brook trout relativeabundance model were drainage area, percent open water, and percent impervious cover. The variability explained by the GLM models, as measured by the pseudo R2, ranged from 18.2 to 34.6, and correlations between observed and predicted values ranged from 0.50 to 0.60. Results of GLM models indicated that, keeping all other variables the same, a one-unit (1 percent) increase in the percent depletion of August median flow would result in a 0.9-percent decrease in the relative abundance (in counts per hour) of fluvial fish. The results of GLM models also indicated that a unit increase in impervious cover (1 percent) resulted in a 3.7-percent decrease in the relative abundance of fluvial fish, a 5.4-percent decrease in fluvial-fish species richness, and an 8.7-percent decrease in brook trout relative abundance.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115193","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, and the Massachusetts Department of Fish and Game","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, D.S., Richards, T.A., and Levin, S.B., 2011, Factors influencing riverine fish assemblages in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5193, ix, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115193.","productDescription":"ix, 59 p.","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5193.gif"},{"id":112030,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5193/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.5,41.166666666666664 ], [ -73.5,42.88333333333333 ], [ -69.95,42.88333333333333 ], [ -69.95,41.166666666666664 ], [ -73.5,41.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ecae4b0c8380cd53619","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, David S. 0000-0003-1695-1233 darmstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-1233","contributorId":1390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"David","email":"darmstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, Todd A.","contributorId":52266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Levin, Sara B. 0000-0002-2448-3129 slevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2448-3129","contributorId":1870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levin","given":"Sara","email":"slevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006242,"text":"sim3193 - 2011 - Regional potentiometric-surface map of the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system in Snake Valley and surrounding areas, Juab, Millard, and Beaver Counties, Utah, and White Pine and Lincoln Counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T20:02:04","indexId":"sim3193","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3193","title":"Regional potentiometric-surface map of the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system in Snake Valley and surrounding areas, Juab, Millard, and Beaver Counties, Utah, and White Pine and Lincoln Counties, Nevada","docAbstract":"Water-level measurements from 190 wells were used to develop a potentiometric-surface map of the east-central portion of the regional Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system in and around Snake Valley, eastern Nevada and western Utah. The map area covers approximately 9,000 square miles in Juab, Millard, and Beaver Counties, Utah, and White Pine and Lincoln Counties, Nevada. Recent (2007-2010) drilling by the Utah Geological Survey and U.S. Geological Survey has provided new data for areas where water-level measurements were previously unavailable. New water-level data were used to refine mapping of the pathways of intrabasin and interbasin groundwater flow. At 20 of these locations, nested observation wells provide vertical hydraulic gradient data and information related to the degree of connection between basin-fill aquifers and consolidated-rock aquifers. Multiple-year water-level hydrographs are also presented for 32 wells to illustrate the aquifer system's response to interannual climate variations and well withdrawals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3193","usgsCitation":"Gardner, P.M., Masbruch, M.D., Plume, R.W., and Buto, S.G., 2011, Regional potentiometric-surface map of the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system in Snake Valley and surrounding areas, Juab, Millard, and Beaver Counties, Utah, and White Pine and Lincoln Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3193, 2 Maps: 38 x 28 inches; GIS Data Download, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3193.","productDescription":"2 Maps: 38 x 28 inches; GIS Data Download","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3193.jpg"},{"id":111137,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3193/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334776,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/sim2011_3193_potentiometric.xml","text":"Potentiometric contours and well locations, Snake Valley and surrounding areas, 2011"},{"id":334777,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3193/pdf/sim3193.pdf","size":"5.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers equal area","datum":"NAD83","country":"United States","state":"Utah, Nevada","county":"Beaver, Juab, Lincoln, Millard, White Pine","otherGeospatial":"Snake Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.66666666666667,37.916666666666664 ], [ -114.66666666666667,39.916666666666664 ], [ -112.66666666666667,39.916666666666664 ], [ -112.66666666666667,37.916666666666664 ], [ -114.66666666666667,37.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a549e4b0e8fec6cdbdd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Philip M. 0000-0003-3005-3587 pgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-3587","contributorId":962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Philip","email":"pgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masbruch, Melissa D. 0000-0001-6568-160X mmasbruch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-160X","contributorId":1902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masbruch","given":"Melissa","email":"mmasbruch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plume, Russell W. rwplume@usgs.gov","contributorId":2303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plume","given":"Russell","email":"rwplume@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":354142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buto, Susan G. 0000-0002-1107-9549 sbuto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-9549","contributorId":1057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buto","given":"Susan","email":"sbuto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006204,"text":"sir20115187 - 2011 - Suspended-sediment loads, reservoir sediment trap efficiency, and upstream and downstream channel stability for Kanopolis and Tuttle Creek Lakes, Kansas, 2008-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115187","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5187","title":"Suspended-sediment loads, reservoir sediment trap efficiency, and upstream and downstream channel stability for Kanopolis and Tuttle Creek Lakes, Kansas, 2008-10","docAbstract":"Continuous streamflow and turbidity data collected from October 1, 2008, to September 30, 2010, at streamgage sites upstream and downstream from Kanopolis and Tuttle Creek Lakes, Kansas, were used to compute the total suspended-sediment load delivered to and released from each reservoir as well as the sediment trap efficiency for each reservoir. Ongoing sedimentation is decreasing the ability of the reservoirs to serve several purposes including flood control, water supply, and recreation. River channel stability upstream and downstream from the reservoirs was assessed using historical streamgage information. For Kanopolis Lake, the total 2-year inflow suspended-sediment load was computed to be 600 million pounds. Most of the suspended-sediment load was delivered during short-term, high-discharge periods. The total 2-year outflow suspended-sediment load was computed to be 31 million pounds. Sediment trap efficiency for the reservoir was estimated to be 95 percent. The mean annual suspended-sediment yield from the upstream basin was estimated to be 129,000 pounds per square mile per year. No pronounced changes in channel width were evident at five streamgage sites located upstream from the reservoir. At the Ellsworth streamgage site, located upstream from the reservoir, long-term channel-bed aggradation was followed by a period of stability. Current (2010) conditions at five streamgages located upstream from the reservoir were typified by channel-bed stability. At the Langley streamgage site, located immediately downstream from the reservoir, the channel bed degraded 6.15 feet from 1948 to 2010. For Tuttle Creek Lake, the total 2-year inflow suspended-sediment load was computed to be 13.3 billion pounds. Most of the suspended-sediment load was delivered during short-term, high-discharge periods. The total 2-year outflow suspended-sediment load was computed to be 327 million pounds. Sediment trap efficiency for the reservoir was estimated to be 98 percent. The mean annual suspended-sediment yield from the upstream basin was estimated to be 691,000 pounds per square mile per year. In general, no pronounced changes in channel width were evident at six streamgage sites located upstream from the reservoir. At the Barnes and Marysville streamgage sites, located upstream from the reservoir, long-term channel-bed degradation followed by stability was indicated. At the Frankfort streamgage site, located upstream from the reservoir, channel-bed aggradation of 1.65 feet from 1969 to 1989 followed by channel-bed degradation of 2.4 feet from 1989 to 2010 was indicated and may represent the passage of a sediment pulse caused by historical disturbances (for example, channelization) in the upstream basin. With the exception of the Frankfort streamgage site, current (2010) conditions at four streamgages located upstream from the reservoir were typified by channel-bed stability. At the Manhattan streamgage site, located downstream from the reservoir, high-flow releases associated with the 1993 flood widened the channel about 60 feet (30 percent). The channel bed at this site degraded 4.2 feet from 1960 to 1998 and since has been relatively stable. For the purpose of computing suspended-sediment concentration and load, the use of turbidity data in a regression model can provide more reliable and reproducible estimates than a regression model that uses discharge as the sole independent variable. Moreover, the use of discharge only to compute suspended-sediment concentration and load may result in overprediction. Stream channel banks, compared to channel beds, likely are a more important source of sediment to Kanopolis and Tuttle Creek Lakes from the upstream basins. Other sediment sources include surface-soil erosion in the basins and shoreline erosion in the reservoirs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 2011, Suspended-sediment loads, reservoir sediment trap efficiency, and upstream and downstream channel stability for Kanopolis and Tuttle Creek Lakes, Kansas, 2008-10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5187, vii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115187.","productDescription":"vii, 35 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5187.jpg"},{"id":111038,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5187/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Conic Equal-Area","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103,38 ], [ -103,41.5 ], [ -95.83333333333333,41.5 ], [ -95.83333333333333,38 ], [ -103,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba314e4b08c986b31fb81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, Kyle E. 0000-0002-2102-8980 kjuracek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":2022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"Kyle","email":"kjuracek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006168,"text":"sir20115179 - 2011 - Monitoring to assess progress toward meeting the Assabet River, Massachusetts, phosphorus total maximum daily load - Aquatic macrophyte biomass and sediment-phosphorus flux","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T07:47:49","indexId":"sir20115179","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5179","title":"Monitoring to assess progress toward meeting the Assabet River, Massachusetts, phosphorus total maximum daily load - Aquatic macrophyte biomass and sediment-phosphorus flux","docAbstract":"In 2004, the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Total Phosphorus in the Assabet River, Massachusetts, was approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The goal of the TMDL was to decrease the concentrations of the nutrient phosphorus to mitigate some of the instream ecological effects of eutrophication on the river; these effects were, for the most part, direct consequences of the excessive growth of aquatic macrophytes. The primary instrument effecting lower concentrations of phosphorus was to be strict control of phosphorus releases from four major wastewatertreatment plants in Westborough, Marlborough, Hudson, and Maynard, Massachusetts. The improvements to be achieved from implementing this control were lower concentrations of total and dissolved phosphorus in the river, a 50-percent reduction in aquatic-plant biomass, a 30-percent reduction in episodes of dissolved oxygen supersaturation, no low-flow dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 5.0 milligrams per liter, and a 90-percent reduction in sediment releases of phosphorus to the overlying water. In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, initiated studies to evaluate conditions in the Assabet River prior to the upgrading of wastewater-treatment plants to remove more phosphorus from their effluents. The studies, completed in 2008, implemented a visual monitoring plan to evaluate the extent and biomass of the floating macrophyte Lemna minor (commonly known as lesser duckweed) in five impoundments and evaluated the potential for phosphorus flux from sediments in impounded and free-flowing reaches of the river. Hydrologically, the two study years 2007 and 2008 were quite different. In 2007, summer streamflows, although low, were higher than average, and in 2008, the flows were generally higher than in 2007. Visually, the effects of these streamflow differences on the distribution of Lemna were obvious. In 2007, large amounts of floating macrophytes accumulated behind bridge constrictions and dams; in 2008, high flows during the early part of the growing season carried floating macrophytes past bridges and over dams, minimizing accumulations. Samples of Lemna were collected and weighed to provide an estimate of Lemna biomass based on areal coverage during the summer growing seasons at eight sites in the five impoundments. Average estimated biomass during 2007 was approximately twice the 2008 biomass in each of the areas monitored. In 2007, in situ hyperspectral and high-resolution, multispectral data from the IKONOS satellite were obtained to evaluate the feasibility of using remote sensing to monitor the extent of aquatic plant growth in Assabet River impoundments. Three vegetation indices based on light reflectance were used to develop metrics with which the hyperspectral and satellite data were compared. The results of the comparisons confirmed that the high-resolution satellite imagery could differentiate among the common aquatic-plant associations found in the impoundments. The use of satellite imagery could counterbalance emphasis on the subjective judgment of a human observer, and airborne hyperspectral data can provide higher resolution imagery than multispectral satellite data. In 2007 and 2008, the potential for sediment flux of phosphorus was examined in free-flowing reaches of the river and in the two largest impoundments-Hudson and Ben Smith. These studies were undertaken to determine in situ flux rates prior to the implementation of the Assabet River Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for phosphorus and to compare these rates with those used in the development and evaluation of the TMDL. Water samples collected from a chamber placed on the river bottom were analyzed for total phosphorus and orthophosphorus. Ambient dissolved oxygen concentrations and seasonal temperature differences appeared to affect the rates of sequestration and sediment release of phosphorus. When dissolved oxygen concentrations remained relatively high in the chambers and when the temperature was relatively low, the tendency was for phosphorus concentrations to decrease in the chambers, indicating sediment sequestration of phosphorus; when dissolved oxygen concentrations dropped to near zero and temperatures were warmest, phosphorus concentrations increased in the chambers, indicating phosphorus flux from the sediment. The rates of release and sequestration in the in situ studies were generally comparable with the rates determined in laboratory studies of Assabet River sediment cores for State and Federal agencies. Sediment-core and chamber studies produced substantial sediment fluxes to the water column only under extremely low-DO or anaerobic conditions rarely found in the Assabet River impoundments; thus, sediment is not likely to be a major phosphorus source, especially when compared to the wastewater effluent, which sustains higher ambient concentrations. The regulatory agencies now (2011) have substantial laboratory and field data with which to determine the required 90-percent reduction in phosphorus flux after the completion of upgrades to the wastewater-treatment plants that discharge to the Assabet River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20115179","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, M.J., Qian, Y., and Yong Q., T., 2011, Monitoring to assess progress toward meeting the Assabet River, Massachusetts, phosphorus total maximum daily load - Aquatic macrophyte biomass and sediment-phosphorus flux: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5179, x, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115179.","productDescription":"x, 77 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":111004,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5179.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Assabet River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72,42 ], [ -72,43 ], [ -71,43 ], [ -71,42 ], [ -72,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5df6e4b0c8380cd706f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Marc J. mzimmerm@usgs.gov","contributorId":3245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc","email":"mzimmerm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qian, Yu","contributorId":105037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qian","given":"Yu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yong Q., Tian","contributorId":31102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yong Q.","given":"Tian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006153,"text":"ofr20111278 - 2011 - 2010 update—Streamflow characteristics at selected sites in southwestern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and northwestern Florida, near Lake Seminole","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T14:54:33","indexId":"ofr20111278","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1278","title":"2010 update—Streamflow characteristics at selected sites in southwestern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and northwestern Florida, near Lake Seminole","docAbstract":"Since the first edition of this report was published in 1996, continuous streamflow data have been recorded in the tri-state area of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, near Lake Seminole. Several notable floods and severe droughts have occurred during this additional 16-year period that have sparked the need to include these additional recorded data into a comprehensive report for use by local, State, and Federal agencies. Flow durations, low-flow, and mean-flow analyses of daily mean discharges were compiled and analyzed for 12 streamflow stations during three selected periods that included pre-Lake Seminole (1929-53), post-Lake Seminole and pre-irrigation (1958-70), and post-Lake Seminole and post-irrigation (1976-2010), as well as for specified partial periods. The analyses yielded information on the variability of inflow to and outflow from Lake Seminole and the variability of flows in area streams. Streamflow characteristics for Ichawaynochaway Creek at Milford, Georgia, and Chipola River near Altha, Florida, varied similarly from 1944-53 to 1958-70, with mean annual flows decreasing by about 8 and 6 percent, respectively. This decreasing trend continued from 1958-70 to 1976-2010 by about 10 and 2 percent, respectively. The mean annual streamflow for Spring Creek near Iron City, Georgia, however, remained basically unchanged from 1944-53 to 1958-70, as well as from 1958-70 to 1976-2010. Streamflow characteristics for inflow to and outflow from Lake Seminole varied similarly during 1929-53, 1958-70, and 1976-2010. Mean 30-day low flows for inflow and outflow at Lake Seminole increased by about 24 to 11 percent, respectively, from 1929-53 to 1958-70; the values for 1976-2010 returned to near, but less than, the low-flow values of 1929-53.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111278","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Stamey, T.C., 2011, 2010 update—Streamflow characteristics at selected sites in southwestern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and northwestern Florida, near Lake Seminole: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1278, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111278.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"14","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1929-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110997,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1278/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1278.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia;Alabama;Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Seminole","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86,29.5 ], [ -86,32.333333333333336 ], [ -83.25,32.333333333333336 ], [ -83.25,29.5 ], [ -86,29.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4926e4b0b290850eeeb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamey, Timothy C. tcstamey@usgs.gov","contributorId":4770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamey","given":"Timothy","email":"tcstamey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}