Elevated concentrations of sediment-associated contaminants are typically associated with urban areas such as San Antonio, Texas, in Bexar County, the seventh most populous city in the United States. This report describes an assessment of selected sediment-associated contaminants in samples collected in Bexar County from sites on the following streams: Medio Creek, Medina River, Elm Creek, Martinez Creek, Chupaderas Creek, Leon Creek, Salado Creek, and San Antonio River. During 2007-09, the U.S. Geological Survey periodically collected surficial streambed-sediment samples during base flow and suspended-sediment (large-volume suspended-sediment) samples from selected streams during stormwater runoff. All sediment samples were analyzed for major and trace elements and for organic compounds including halogenated organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Selected contaminants in streambed and suspended sediments in watersheds of the eight major streams in Bexar County were assessed by using a variety of methods—observations of occurrence and distribution, comparison to sediment-quality guidelines and data from previous studies, statistical analyses, and source indicators. Trace elements concentrations were low compared to the consensus-based sediment-quality guidelines threshold effect concentration (TEC) and probable effect concentration (PEC). Trace element concentrations were greater than the TEC in 28 percent of the samples and greater than the PEC in 1.5 percent of the samples. Chromium concentrations exceeded sediment-quality guidelines more frequently than concentrations of any other constituents analyzed in this study (greater than the TEC in 69 percent of samples and greater than the PEC in 8 percent of samples). Mean trace element concentrations generally are lower in Bexar County samples compared to concentrations in samples collected during previous studies in the Austin and Fort Worth, Texas, areas, but considering the relatively large ranges and standard deviations associated with the concentrations measured in all three areas, the trace element concentrations are similar. On the basis of Mann-Whitney U test results, the presence of a military installation in a watershed was associated with statistically significant higher chromium, mercury, and zinc concentrations in streambed sediments compared to concentrations of the same elements in a watershed without a military installation. Halogenated organic compounds analyzed in sediment samples included pesticides (chlordane, dieldrin, DDT, DDD, and DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants. Three or more halogenated organic compounds were detected in each sediment sample, and 66 percent of all concentrations were less than the respective interim reporting levels. Halogenated organic compound concentrations were mostly low compared to consensus-based sediment quality guidelines-;TECs were exceeded in 11 percent of the analyses and PECs were exceeded in 1 percent of the analyses. Chlordane compounds were the most frequently detected halogenated organic compounds with one or more detections of chlordane compounds in every watershed; concentrations were greater than the TEC in 6 percent of the samples. Dieldrin was detected in 50 percent of all samples, however all concentrations were much less than the TEC. The DDT compounds (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE) were detected less frequently than some other halogenated organic compounds, however most detections exceeded the TECs. p,p'-DDT was detected in 13 percent of the samples (TEC exceeded in 67 percent); p,p'-DDD was detected in 19 percent of the samples (TEC exceeded in 78 percent); and p,p'-DDE was detected in 35 percent of the samples (TEC exceeded in 53 percent). p,p'-DDE concentrations in streambed-sediment samples correlate positively with population density and residential, commercial, and transportation land use. One or more PCB congeners were detected in
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115097","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio River Authority and the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District Public Center for Environmental Health","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.T., 2011, Assessment of selected contaminants in streambed- and suspended-sediment samples collected in Bexar County, Texas, 2007-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5097, ix, 57 p.; Appendices: 1-2, 3, 4, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115097.","productDescription":"ix, 57 p.; Appendices: 1-2, 3, 4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5097.gif"},{"id":24453,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5097/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bexar","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -99.75,29 ], [ -99.75,30 ], [ -98,30 ], [ -98,29 ], [ -99.75,29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aade4b07f02db66b311","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Jennifer T. 0000-0003-4481-6354 jenwilso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-6354","contributorId":1782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Jennifer","email":"jenwilso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70004957,"text":"tm6A38 - 2011 - MODPATH-LGR; documentation of a computer program for particle tracking in shared-node locally refined grids by using MODFLOW-LGR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:21:24","indexId":"tm6A38","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A38","title":"MODPATH-LGR; documentation of a computer program for particle tracking in shared-node locally refined grids by using MODFLOW-LGR","docAbstract":"The computer program described in this report, MODPATH-LGR, is designed to allow simulation of particle tracking in locally refined grids. The locally refined grids are simulated by using MODFLOW-LGR, which is based on MODFLOW-2005, the three-dimensional groundwater-flow model published by the U.S. Geological Survey. The documentation includes brief descriptions of the methods used and detailed descriptions of the required input files and how the output files are typically used. \r\n\r\n The code for this model is available for downloading from the World Wide Web from a U.S. Geological Survey software repository. The repository is accessible from the U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Information Web page at http://water.usgs.gov/software/ground_water.html. \r\n\r\n The performance of the MODPATH-LGR program has been tested in a variety of applications. Future applications, however, might reveal errors that were not detected in the test simulations. Users are requested to notify the U.S. Geological Survey of any errors found in this document or the computer program by using the email address available on the Web site. Updates might occasionally be made to this document and to the MODPATH-LGR program, and users should check the Web site periodically.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A38","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, J.E., Hanson, R.T., Mehl, S.W., and Hill, M.C., 2011, MODPATH-LGR; documentation of a computer program for particle tracking in shared-node locally refined grids by using MODFLOW-LGR: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A38, vii, 13 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A38.","productDescription":"vii, 13 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_A38.gif"},{"id":24441,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a38/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696cf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, Jesse E. 0000-0002-0048-0839 jdickins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-0839","contributorId":152545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Jesse","email":"jdickins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70004960,"text":"sir20115090 - 2011 - Hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:59","indexId":"sir20115090","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5090","title":"Hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-2008","docAbstract":"Dissolved oxygen is a critical constituent in reservoirs and lakes because it is essential for metabolism by all aerobic aquatic organisms. In general, hypolimnetic temperature and dissolved-oxygen concentrations vary from summer to summer in reservoirs, more so than in natural lakes, largely in response to the magnitude of flow into and release out of the water body. Because eutrophication is often defined as the acceleration of biological productivity resulting from increased nutrient and organic loading, hypolimnetic oxygen consumption rates or deficits often provide a useful tool in analyzing temporal changes in water quality.\r\n\r\nThis report updates a previous report that evaluated hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics for a 21-year record (1974-94) in Beaver, Table Rock, Bull Shoals, and Norfork Lakes, as well as analyzed the record for Greers Ferry Lake. Beginning in 1974, vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved-oxygen concentrations generally were collected monthly from March through December at sites near the dam of each reservoir. The rate of change in the amount of dissolved oxygen present below a given depth at the beginning and end of the thermal stratification period is referred to as the areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit. Areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit was normalized for each reservoir based on seasonal flushing rate between April 15 and October 31 to adjust for wet year and dry year variability.\r\n\r\nAnnual cycles in thermal stratification within Beaver, Table Rock, Bull Shoals, Norfork, and Greers Ferry Lakes exhibited typical monomictic (one extended turnover period per year) characteristics. Flow dynamics drive reservoir processes and need to be considered when analyzing areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit rates. A nonparametric, locally weighted scatter plot smooth line describes the relation between areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit and seasonal flushing rates, without assuming linearity or normality of the residuals. \r\n\r\nThe results in this report are consistent with earlier findings that oxygen deficit rates and flushing-rate adjusted areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit in Beaver and Table Rock Lakes were decreasing between 1974 and 1994. The additional data (1995-2008) demonstrate that the decline in flushing-rate adjusted areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit in Beaver Lake has continued, whereas that in Table Rock Lake has flattened out in recent years. The additional data demonstrate the flushing-rate adjusted areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit in Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes have declined since 1995 (improved water quality), which was not indicated in earlier studies, while Greers Ferry Lake showed little net change over the period of record. Given the amount of data (35 years) for these reservoirs, developing an equation or model to predict areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit and, therefore, areal hypolimnetic oxygen content, on any given day during future stratification seasons may be useful for reservoir managers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115090","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Southwest Power Administration, and the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission","usgsCitation":"De Lanois, J.L., and Green, W.R., 2011, Hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5090, iv, 15 p.; Appendices: Beaver Lake, Table Rock Lake, Bull Shoals Lake, Norfolk Lake, Greers Ferry Lak-, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115090.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.; Appendices: Beaver Lake, Table Rock Lake, Bull Shoals Lake, Norfolk Lake, Greers Ferry Lak-","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5090.gif"},{"id":24443,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5090/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Vertical Datum of 1988, North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Missouri;Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"White River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94,35 ], [ -94,37.5 ], [ -91,37.5 ], [ -91,35 ], [ -94,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc67d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Lanois, Jeanne L. jdelanoi@usgs.gov","contributorId":4672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Lanois","given":"Jeanne","email":"jdelanoi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004956,"text":"ofr20111143 - 2011 - Development of a high-resolution binational vegetation map of the Santa Cruz River riparian corridor and surrounding watershed, southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:59","indexId":"ofr20111143","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1143","title":"Development of a high-resolution binational vegetation map of the Santa Cruz River riparian corridor and surrounding watershed, southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the development of a binational vegetation map developed for the Santa Cruz Watershed, which straddles the southern border of Arizona and the northern border of Sonora, Mexico. The map was created as an environmental input to the Santa Cruz Watershed Ecosystem Portfolio Model (SCWEPM) that is being created by the U.S. Geological Survey for the watershed. The SCWEPM is a map-based multicriteria evaluation tool that allows stakeholders to explore tradeoffs between valued ecosystem services at multiple scales within a participatory decision-making process. Maps related to vegetation type and are needed for use in modeling wildlife habitat and other ecosystem services. Although detailed vegetation maps existed for the U.S. side of the border, there was a lack of consistent data for the Santa Cruz Watershed in Mexico. We produced a binational vegetation classification of the Santa Cruz River riparian habitat and watershed vegetation based on NatureServe Terrestrial Ecological Systems (TES) units using Classification And Regression Tree (CART) modeling. Environmental layers used as predictor data were derived from a seasonal set of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images (spring, summer, and fall) and from a 30-meter digital-elevation-model (DEM) grid. Because both sources of environmental data are seamless across the international border, they are particularly suited to this binational modeling effort. Training data were compiled from existing field data for the riparian corridor and data collected by the NM-GAP (New Mexico Gap Analysis Project) team for the original Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project (SWReGAP) modeling effort. Additional training data were collected from core areas of the SWReGAP classification itself, allowing the extrapolation of the SWReGAP mapping into the Mexican portion of the watershed without collecting additional training data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111143","usgsCitation":"Wallace, C., Villarreal, M., and Norman, L.M., 2011, Development of a high-resolution binational vegetation map of the Santa Cruz River riparian corridor and surrounding watershed, southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1143, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111143.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1143.gif"},{"id":24440,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1143/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States;Mexico","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.75,30.75 ], [ -111.75,32.75 ], [ -110,32.75 ], [ -110,30.75 ], [ -111.75,30.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db6605e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, Cynthia S.A.","contributorId":70487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Cynthia S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L.","contributorId":107012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004961,"text":"sir20115066 - 2011 - Precipitation and runoff simulations of select perennial and ephemeral watersheds in the middle Carson River basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, west-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T20:06:14.507389","indexId":"sir20115066","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5066","title":"Precipitation and runoff simulations of select perennial and ephemeral watersheds in the middle Carson River basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, west-central Nevada","docAbstract":"The effect that land use may have on streamflow in the Carson River, and ultimately its impact on downstream users can be evaluated by simulating precipitation-runoff processes and estimating groundwater inflow in the middle Carson River in west-central Nevada. To address these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, began a study in 2008 to evaluate groundwater flow in the Carson River basin extending from Eagle Valley to Churchill Valley, called the middle Carson River basin in this report. This report documents the development and calibration of 12 watershed models and presents model results and the estimated mean annual water budgets for the modeled watersheds. This part of the larger middle Carson River study will provide estimates of runoff tributary to the Carson River and the potential for groundwater inflow (defined here as that component of recharge derived from percolation of excess water from the soil zone to the groundwater reservoir). \n\nThe model used for the study was the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, a physically based, distributed-parameter model designed to simulate precipitation and snowmelt runoff as well as snowpack accumulation and snowmelt processes. Models were developed for 2 perennial watersheds in Eagle Valley having gaged daily mean runoff, Ash Canyon Creek and Clear Creek, and for 10 ephemeral watersheds in the Dayton Valley and Churchill Valley hydrologic areas. Model calibration was constrained by daily mean runoff for the 2 perennial watersheds and for the 10 ephemeral watersheds by limited indirect runoff estimates and by mean annual runoff estimates derived from empirical methods. The models were further constrained by limited climate data adjusted for altitude differences using annual precipitation volumes estimated in a previous study. The calibration periods were water years 1980-2007 for Ash Canyon Creek, and water years 1991-2007 for Clear Creek. To allow for water budget comparisons to the ephemeral models, the two perennial models were then run from 1980 to 2007, the time period constrained somewhat by the later record for the high-altitude climate station used in the simulation. The daily mean values of precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and groundwater inflow simulated from the watershed models were summed to provide mean annual rates and volumes derived from each year of the simulation. \n\nMean annual bias for the calibration period for Ash Canyon Creek and Clear Creek watersheds was within 6 and 3 percent, and relative errors were about 18 and -2 percent, respectively. For the 1980-2007 period of record, mean recharge efficiency and runoff efficiency (percentage of precipitation as groundwater inflow and runoff) averaged 7 and 39 percent, respectively, for Ash Canyon Creek, and 8 and 31 percent, respectively, for Clear Creek. For this same period, groundwater inflow volumes averaged about 500 acre-feet for Ash Canyon and 1,200 acre-feet for Clear Creek. The simulation period for the ephemeral watersheds ranged from water years 1978 to 2007. Mean annual simulated precipitation ranged from 6 to 11 inches. Estimates of recharge efficiency for the ephemeral watersheds ranged from 3 percent for Eureka Canyon to 7 percent for Eldorado Canyon. Runoff efficiency ranged from 7 percent for Eureka Canyon and 15 percent at Brunswick Canyon. For the 1978-2007 period, mean annual groundwater inflow volumes ranged from about 40 acre-feet for Eureka Canyon to just under 5,000 acre-feet for Churchill Canyon watershed. Watershed model results indicate significant interannual variability in the volumes of groundwater inflow caused by climate variations. For most of the modeled watersheds, little to no groundwater inflow was simulated for years with less than 8 inches of precipitation, unless those years were preceded by abnormally high precipitation years with significant subsurface storage carryover.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115066","usgsCitation":"Jeton, A.E., and Maurer, D.K., 2011, Precipitation and runoff simulations of select perennial and ephemeral watersheds in the middle Carson River basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, west-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5066, vii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115066.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5066.jpg"},{"id":406881,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95335.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":24444,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"datum":"North American Vertical Datum of 1988, North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"middle Carson River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.7469,\n 39.0142\n ],\n [\n -119.2,\n 39.0142\n ],\n [\n -119.2,\n 39.4714\n ],\n [\n -119.7469,\n 39.4714\n ],\n [\n -119.7469,\n 39.0142\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a25f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jeton, Anne E.","contributorId":45351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeton","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004944,"text":"sir20115095 - 2011 - Development of a precipitation-runoff model to simulate unregulated streamflow in the South Fork Flathead River Basin, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115095","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5095","title":"Development of a precipitation-runoff model to simulate unregulated streamflow in the South Fork Flathead River Basin, Montana","docAbstract":"This report documents the development of a precipitation-runoff model for the South Fork Flathead River Basin, Mont. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model, developed in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, can be used to simulate daily mean unregulated streamflow upstream and downstream from Hungry Horse Reservoir for water-resources planning. Two input files are required to run the model. The time-series data file contains daily precipitation data and daily minimum and maximum air-temperature data from climate stations in and near the South Fork Flathead River Basin. The parameter file contains values of parameters that describe the basin topography, the flow network, the distribution of the precipitation and temperature data, and the hydrologic characteristics of the basin soils and vegetation.\r\n\r\nA primary-parameter file was created for simulating streamflow during the study period (water years 1967-2005). The model was calibrated for water years 1991-2005 using the primary-parameter file. This calibration was further refined using snow-covered area data for water years 2001-05. The model then was tested for water years 1967-90. Calibration targets included mean monthly and daily mean unregulated streamflow upstream from Hungry Horse Reservoir, mean monthly unregulated streamflow downstream from Hungry Horse Reservoir, basin mean monthly solar radiation and potential evapotranspiration, and daily snapshots of basin snow-covered area. \r\n\r\nSimulated streamflow generally was in better agreement with observed streamflow at the upstream gage than at the downstream gage. Upstream from the reservoir, simulated mean annual streamflow was within 0.0 percent of observed mean annual streamflow for the calibration period and was about 2 percent higher than observed mean annual streamflow for the test period. Simulated mean April-July streamflow upstream from the reservoir was about 1 percent lower than observed streamflow for the calibration period and about 4 percent higher than observed for the test period. Downstream from the reservoir, simulated mean annual streamflow was 17 percent lower than observed streamflow for the calibration period and 12 percent lower than observed streamflow for the test period. Simulated mean April-July streamflow downstream from the reservoir was 13 percent lower than observed streamflow for the calibration period and 6 percent lower than observed streamflow for the test period. \r\n\r\nCalibrating to solar radiation, potential evapotranspiration, and snow-covered area improved the model representation of evapotranspiration, snow accumulation, and snowmelt processes. Simulated basin mean monthly solar radiation values for both the calibration and test periods were within 9 percent of observed values except during the month of December (28 percent different). Simulated basin potential evapotranspiration values for both the calibration and test periods were within 10 percent of observed values except during the months of January (100 percent different) and February (13 percent different). The larger percent errors in simulated potential evaporation occurred in the winter months when observed potential evapotranspiration values were very small; in January the observed value was 0.000 inches and in February the observed value was 0.009 inches. Simulated start of melting of the snowpack occurred at about the same time as observed start of melting. The simulated snowpack accumulated to 90-100 percent snow-covered area 1 to 3 months earlier than observed snowpack. This overestimated snowpack during the winter corresponded to underestimated streamflow during the same period. \r\n\r\nIn addition to the primary-parameter file, four other parameter files were created: for a \"recent\" period (1991-2005), a historical period (1967-90), a \"wet\" period (1989-97), and a \"dry\" period (1998-2005). For each data file of projected precipitation and air temperature, a single parameter file can be used to simulate a s","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115095","usgsCitation":"Chase, K., 2011, Development of a precipitation-runoff model to simulate unregulated streamflow in the South Fork Flathead River Basin, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5095, viii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115095.","productDescription":"viii, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5095.gif"},{"id":24435,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5095/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Montana;Idaho","otherGeospatial":"South Fork Flathead River Basin;Hungry Horse Reservoir;Clark Fort Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116,45 ], [ -116,49 ], [ -111,49 ], [ -111,45 ], [ -116,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, K.J.","contributorId":43093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70004943,"text":"ofr20111071 - 2011 - Liquefaction and other ground failures in Imperial County, California, from the April 4, 2010, El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20111071","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1071","title":"Liquefaction and other ground failures in Imperial County, California, from the April 4, 2010, El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake","docAbstract":"The Colorado River Delta region of southern Imperial Valley, California, and Mexicali Valley, Baja California, is a tectonically dynamic area characterized by numerous active faults and frequent large seismic events. Significant earthquakes that have been accompanied by surface fault rupture and/or soil liquefaction occurred in this region in 1892 (M7.1), 1915 (M6.3; M7.1), 1930 (M5.7), 1940 (M6.9), 1950 (M5.4), 1957 (M5.2), 1968 (6.5), 1979 (6.4), 1980 (M6.1), 1981 (M5.8), and 1987 (M6.2; M6.8). Following this trend, the M7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake of April 4, 2010, ruptured approximately 120 kilometers along several known faults in Baja California. \r\n\r\nLiquefaction caused by the M7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake was widespread throughout the southern Imperial Valley but concentrated in the southwest corner of the valley, southwest of the city centers of Calexico and El Centro where ground motions were highest. Although there are few strong motion recordings in the very western part of the area, the recordings that do exist indicate that ground motions were on the order of 0.3 to 0.6g where the majority of liquefaction occurrences were found. More distant liquefaction occurrences, at Fites Road southwest of Brawley and along Rosita Canal northwest of Holtville were triggered where ground motions were about 0.2 g. \r\n\r\nDamage to roads was associated mainly with liquefaction of sandy river deposits beneath bridge approach fills, and in some cases liquefaction within the fills. Liquefaction damage to canal and drain levees was not always accompanied by vented sand, but the nature of the damage leads the authors to infer that liquefaction was involved in the majority of observed cases. Liquefaction-related damage to several public facilities - Calexico Waste Water Treatment Plant, Fig Lagoon levee system, and Sunbeam Lake Dam in particular - appears to be extensive. The cost to repair these facilities to prevent future liquefaction damage will likely be prohibitive. As such, it is likely that liquefaction will recur at these facilities during the next large earthquake in this area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111071","usgsCitation":"McCrink, T.P., Pridmore, C.L., Tinsley, J., Sickler, R.R., Brandenberg, S.J., and Stewart, J.P., 2011, Liquefaction and other ground failures in Imperial County, California, from the April 4, 2010, El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1071, Pamphlet: x, 81 p.; Appendices; 1 Plate - Plate 1: 42 x 44 inches; Table; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111071.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: x, 81 p.; Appendices; 1 Plate - Plate 1: 42 x 44 inches; Table; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1071.gif"},{"id":24434,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1071/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States;Mexico","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"New River;Alamo River;Imperial Valley;El Mayor;Sierra Cucapah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.25,31 ], [ -116.25,33.5 ], [ -113.75,33.5 ], [ -113.75,31 ], [ -116.25,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4fca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCrink, Timothy P.","contributorId":92408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCrink","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":351696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pridmore, Cynthia L.","contributorId":39502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pridmore","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tinsley, John C. III jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":3266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John C.","suffix":"III","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sickler, Robert R. 0000-0002-9141-625X rsickler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-625X","contributorId":3235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sickler","given":"Robert","email":"rsickler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brandenberg, Scott J.","contributorId":49478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandenberg","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stewart, Jonathan P.","contributorId":100110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7081,"text":"University of California - Los Angeles","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":351697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70004942,"text":"sir20115089 - 2011 - Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer, predevelopment to 2009, 2007-08, and 2008-09, and change in water in storage, predevelopment to 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115089","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5089","title":"Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer, predevelopment to 2009, 2007-08, and 2008-09, and change in water in storage, predevelopment to 2009","docAbstract":"The High Plains aquifer underlies 111.8 million acres (175,000 square miles) in parts of eight States - Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. Water-level declines began in parts of the High Plains aquifer soon after the beginning of substantial irrigation with groundwater in the aquifer area. This report presents water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer from the time before substantial groundwater irrigation development had occurred (about 1950 and termed \"predevelopment\" in this report) to 2009, from 2007-08, and from 2008-09. The report also presents change in water in storage in the aquifer, from predevelopment to 2009. Ninety-nine percent of the water-level changes from predevelopment to 2009 ranged from a rise of 41 feet to a decline of 178 feet. The area-weighted, average water-level changes in the aquifer were a decline of 14.0 feet from predevelopment to 2009, a decline of 0.1 foot from 2007-08, and a decline of 0.3 foot from 2008-09. Total water in storage in the aquifer in 2009 was about 2.9 billion acre-feet, which was a decline of about 274 million acre-feet since predevelopment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115089","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"McGuire, V., 2011, Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer, predevelopment to 2009, 2007-08, and 2008-09, and change in water in storage, predevelopment to 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5089, viii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115089.","productDescription":"viii, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5089.jpg"},{"id":24433,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5089/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2000000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Kansas;Nebraska;New Mexico;Oklahoma;South Dakota;Texas;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"High Plains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106,31.5 ], [ -106,44 ], [ -96,44 ], [ -96,31.5 ], [ -106,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e8e4b07f02db5e8f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, V. L. 0000-0002-3962-4158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-4158","contributorId":94702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"V. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70004941,"text":"fs20113069 - 2011 - Changes in water levels and storage in the High Plains Aquifer, predevelopment to 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"fs20113069","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3069","title":"Changes in water levels and storage in the High Plains Aquifer, predevelopment to 2009","docAbstract":"The High Plains aquifer underlies 111.8 million acres (175,000 square miles) in parts of eight States - Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The area overlying the High Plains aquifer is one of the primary agricultural regions in the Nation. Water-level declines began in parts of the High Plains aquifer soon after the onset of substantial irrigation with groundwater from the aquifer (about 1950 and termed \"predevelopment\" in this fact sheet). By 1980, water levels in the High Plains aquifer in parts of Texas, Oklahoma, and southwestern Kansas had declined more than 100 feet (ft) (Luckey and others, 1981). In 1987, in response to declining water levels, Congress directed the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in collaboration with numerous Federal, State, and local water-resources entities, to assess and track water-level changes in the aquifer. This fact sheet summarizes changes in water levels and drainable water in storage in the High Plains aquifer from predevelopment to 2009. Drainable water in storage is the fraction of water in the aquifer that will drain by gravity and can be withdrawn by wells. The remaining water in the aquifer is held to the aquifer material by capillary forces and generally cannot be withdrawn by wells. Drainable water in storage is termed \"water in storage\" in this report. A companion USGS report presents more detailed and technical information about water-level and storage changes in the High Plains aquifer during this period (McGuire, 2011).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113069","usgsCitation":"McGuire, V., 2011, Changes in water levels and storage in the High Plains Aquifer, predevelopment to 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3069, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113069.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3069.jpg"},{"id":24432,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3069/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Kansas;Nebraska;New Mexico;Oklahoma;South Dakota;Texas;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"High Plains Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106,31.5 ], [ -106,44 ], [ -96,44 ], [ -96,31.5 ], [ -106,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6921","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, V. L. 0000-0002-3962-4158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-4158","contributorId":94702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"V. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70004893,"text":"cir1368 - 2011 - Development of industrial minerals in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:00","indexId":"cir1368","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1368","title":"Development of industrial minerals in Colorado","docAbstract":"Technology and engineering have helped make mining safer and cleaner for both humans and the environment. Inevitably, mineral development entails costs as well as benefits. Developing a mine is an environmental, engineering, and planning challenge that must conform to many Federal, State, and local regulations. Community collaboration, creative design, and best management practices of sustainability and biodiversity can be positive indicators for the mining industry. A better understanding of aesthetics, culture, economics, geology, climate, vegetation and wildlife, topography, historical significance, and regional land planning is important in resolving land-use issues and managing mineral resources wisely. Ultimately, the consuming public makes choices about product use (including water, food, highways, housing, and thousands of other items) that influence operations of the mineral industry. Land planners, resource managers, earth scientists, designers, and public groups have a responsibility to consider sound scientific information, society's needs, and community appeals in making smart decisions concerning resource use and how complex landscapes should change. \n\nAn effort to provide comprehensive geosciences data for land management agencies in central Colorado was undertaken in 2003 by scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Colorado Geological Survey. This effort, the Central Colorado Assessment Project, addressed a variety of land-use issues: an understanding of the availability of industrial and metallic rocks and minerals, the geochemical and environmental effects of historic mining activity on surface water and groundwater, and the geologic controls on the availability and quality of groundwater. \n\nThe USDA Forest Service and other land management agencies have the opportunity to contribute to the sustainable management of natural aggregate and other mineral resources through the identification and selective development of mineral resources and the reclamation of mines on lands that they administer. The information in this Circular will help them carry out that task.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1368","usgsCitation":"Arbogast, B.F., Knepper, D.H., Langer, W.H., Cappa, J.A., Keller, J.W., Widmann, B.L., Ellefsen, K.J., Klein, T.L., Lucius, J.E., and Dersch, J.S., 2011, Development of industrial minerals in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1368, vii, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1368.","productDescription":"vii, 87 p.","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1368.gif"},{"id":24427,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1368/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107,37 ], [ -107,41 ], [ -104.5,41 ], [ -104.5,37 ], [ -107,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arbogast, Belinda F.","contributorId":89124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arbogast","given":"Belinda","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knepper, Daniel H. dknepper@usgs.gov","contributorId":1242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"Daniel","email":"dknepper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langer, William H. blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cappa, James A.","contributorId":47844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cappa","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keller, John W.","contributorId":48687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Widmann, Beth L.","contributorId":104613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widmann","given":"Beth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":351607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Klein, Terry L. tklein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Terry","email":"tklein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lucius, Jeffrey E. lucius@usgs.gov","contributorId":817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucius","given":"Jeffrey","email":"lucius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Dersch, John S.","contributorId":89500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dersch","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70004937,"text":"ofr20111172 - 2011 - Habitat diversity in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Selected video clips from the Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline digital archive","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:59","indexId":"ofr20111172","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1172","title":"Habitat diversity in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Selected video clips from the Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline digital archive","docAbstract":"This project combines underwater video with maps and descriptions to illustrate diverse seafloor habitats from Tampa Bay, Florida, to Mobile Bay, Alabama. A swath of seafloor was surveyed with underwater video to 100 meters (m) water depth in 1999 and 2000 as part of the Gulfstream Natural Gas System Survey. \r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in St. Petersburg, Florida, in cooperation with Eckerd College and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), produced an archive of analog-to-digital underwater movies. Representative clips of seafloor habitats were selected from hundreds of hours of underwater footage. The locations of video clips were mapped to show the distribution of habitat and habitat transitions. \r\n\r\nThe numerous benthic habitats in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico play a vital role in the region's economy, providing essential resources for tourism, natural gas, recreational water sports (fishing, boating, scuba diving), materials, fresh food, energy, a source of sand for beach renourishment, and more. These submerged natural resources are important to the economy but are often invisible to the general public. \r\n\r\nThis product provides a glimpse of the seafloor with sample underwater video, maps, and habitat descriptions. It was developed to depict the range and location of seafloor habitats in the region but is limited by depth and by the survey track. It should not be viewed as comprehensive, but rather as a point of departure for inquiries and appreciation of marine resources and seafloor habitats. Further information is provided in the Resources section.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111172","usgsCitation":"Raabe, E.A., D’Anjou, R., Pope, D.K., and Robbins, L.L., 2011, Habitat diversity in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Selected video clips from the Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline digital archive: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1172, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111172.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":600,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1172.bmp"},{"id":24426,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida;Alabama;Mississippi;Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Northeastern Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88,27 ], [ -88,30.5 ], [ -82,30.5 ], [ -82,27 ], [ -88,27 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64940e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raabe, Ellen A. eraabe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raabe","given":"Ellen","email":"eraabe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Anjou, Robert","contributorId":7827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Anjou","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pope, Domonique K.","contributorId":42339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Domonique","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robbins, Lisa L. 0000-0003-3681-1094 lrobbins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3681-1094","contributorId":422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Lisa","email":"lrobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042170,"text":"70042170 - 2011 - Inter-laboratory comparison of wave velocity measures.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-26T14:49:44","indexId":"70042170","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Inter-laboratory comparison of wave velocity measures.","docAbstract":"This paper presents an eight-laboratory comparison of compressional and shear wave velocities measured in F110 Ottawa sand. The study was run to quantify the physical property variations one should expect in heterogeneous, multiphase porous materials by separately quantifying the variability inherent in the measurement techniques themselves. Comparative tests were run in which the sand was dry, water-saturated, partially water-saturated, partially ice-saturated and partially hydrate-saturated. Each test illustrates a collection of effects that can be classified as inducing either specimen-based or measurement-based variability. The most significant variability is due to void ratio variations between samples. Heterogeneous pore-fill distributions and differences in measurement techniques also contribute to the observed variability, underscoring the need to provide detailed sample preparation and system calibration information when reporting wave velocities in porous media.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2011)","conferenceTitle":"7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2011)","conferenceDate":"July 17-21, 2011","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Waite, W., Santamarina, J., Rydzy, M., Chong, S., Grozic, J., Hester, K., Howard, J., Kneafsey, T., Lee, J., Nakagawa, S., Priest, J., Reese, E., Koh, H., Sloan, E.D., and Sultaniya, A., 2011, Inter-laboratory comparison of wave velocity measures.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029495","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307548,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"UNITED STATES","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dee333e4b0518e354e0817","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, William F. 0000-0002-9436-4109 wwaite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9436-4109","contributorId":625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"William F.","email":"wwaite@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santamarina, J.C.","contributorId":50283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santamarina","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":516082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rydzy, M.","contributorId":115175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rydzy","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":516083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chong, S.H.","contributorId":147062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chong","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grozic, J.L.H.","contributorId":117260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grozic","given":"J.L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":516085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hester, K.","contributorId":147063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hester","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":516086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Howard, J.","contributorId":147064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kneafsey, T.J.","contributorId":40330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kneafsey","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":516081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lee, J.Y.","contributorId":20061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nakagawa, S.","contributorId":147065,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nakagawa","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Priest, J.","contributorId":147066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Priest","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Reese, E.","contributorId":147067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reese","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Koh, H.","contributorId":119302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koh","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Sloan, E. D.","contributorId":8625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sloan","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Sultaniya, A.","contributorId":147069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sultaniya","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70156798,"text":"70156798 - 2011 - Laboratory formation of non-cementing, methane hydrate-bearing sands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T14:40:01.013114","indexId":"70156798","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Laboratory formation of non-cementing, methane hydrate-bearing sands","docAbstract":"Naturally occurring hydrate-bearing sands often behave as though methane hydrate is acting as a load-bearing member of the sediment. Mimicking this behavior in laboratory samples with methane hydrate likely requires forming hydrate from methane dissolved in water. To hasten this formation process, we initially form hydrate in a free-gas-limited system, then form additional hydrate by circulating methane-supersaturated water through the sample. Though the dissolved-phase formation process can theoretically be enhanced by increasing the pore pressure and flow rate and lowering the sample temperature, a more fundamental concern is preventing clogs resulting from inadvertent methane bubble formation in the circulation lines. Clog prevention requires careful temperature control throughout the circulation loop.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2011)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2011)","conferenceDate":"July 17-21, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Edinburgh, Scotland","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Waite, W., Bratton, P.M., and Mason, D.H., 2011, Laboratory formation of non-cementing, methane hydrate-bearing sands, in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2011), Edinburgh, Scotland, July 17-21, 2011, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029079","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311665,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"tableOfContents":"This report was commissioned by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The purpose was to develop a monitoring program for Kaua`i forest birds in the USFWS Strategic Habitat Conservation and adaptive management frameworks. Monitoring within those frameworks is a tool to assess resource responses to management and conservation actions, and through an iterative learning process improve our understanding of species recovery, effective management, and knowledge gaps. This report provides only the monitoring component of both frameworks, and we apply the monitoring program to the East Alaka`i Protective Fence Project.
\nThe East Alaka`i Protective Fence Project is a joint project by the USFWS, State of Hawai`i Division of Forest and Wildlife, Kaua`i Watershed Alliance, and The Nature Conservancy to restore and preserve an 809 ha area of native forest bird habitat through fencing, and ungulate and weed control. The primary purpose of the project is to restore and preserve the habitat that will in turn support abundant and resilient bird populations.
\nThis report contains:
\nWithout the management components described in the East Alaka`i Protective Fence Project and the Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds (USFWS 2006) the bird monitoring recommended in this report is little better than surveillance (i.e., monitoring without a link to management). If, however, the proposed management actions are implemented in conjunction with the recommended bird monitoring, then this monitoring program will identify population changes in a timely manner and facilitate identification of the proximate causes of population changes.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Camp, R., and Gorresen, P.M., 2011, Design of forest bird monitoring for strategic habitat conservation on Kaua'i Island, Hawai'i: Technical Report HCSU-022, Report: iv, 66 p.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 66 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-026359","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326166,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a5b8b9e4b0ebae89b7887f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Camp, Richard J. rick_camp@usgs.gov","contributorId":2952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"Richard J.","email":"rick_camp@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorresen, P. Marcos mgorresen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorresen","given":"P.","email":"mgorresen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Marcos","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003769,"text":"70003769 - 2011 - Direction of unsaturated flow in a homogeneous and isotropic hillslope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T19:37:13.375745","indexId":"70003769","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direction of unsaturated flow in a homogeneous and isotropic hillslope","docAbstract":"The distribution of soil moisture in a homogeneous and isotropic hillslope is a transient, variably saturated physical process controlled by rainfall characteristics, hillslope geometry, and the hydrological properties of the hillslope materials. The major driving mechanisms for moisture movement are gravity and gradients in matric potential. The latter is solely controlled by gradients of moisture content. In a homogeneous and isotropic saturated hillslope, absent a gradient in moisture content and under the driving force of gravity with a constant pressure boundary at the slope surface, flow is always in the lateral downslope direction, under either transient or steady state conditions. However, under variably saturated conditions, both gravity and moisture content gradients drive fluid motion, leading to complex flow patterns. In general, the flow field near the ground surface is variably saturated and transient, and the direction of flow could be laterally downslope, laterally upslope, or vertically downward. Previous work has suggested that prevailing rainfall conditions are sufficient to completely control these flow regimes. This work, however, shows that under time-varying rainfall conditions, vertical, downslope, and upslope lateral flow can concurrently occur at different depths and locations within the hillslope. More importantly, we show that the state of wetting or drying in a hillslope defines the temporal and spatial regimes of flow and when and where laterally downslope and/or laterally upslope flow occurs.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.1029/2010WR010003","usgsCitation":"Lu, N., Kaya, B.S., and Godt, J.W., 2011, Direction of unsaturated flow in a homogeneous and isotropic hillslope: Water Resources Research, v. 47, W02519, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010003.","productDescription":"W02519, 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Ning","contributorId":191360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Ning","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12620,"text":"U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":348784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaya, Basak Sener","contributorId":19277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaya","given":"Basak","email":"","middleInitial":"Sener","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70003796,"text":"70003796 - 2011 - Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the PACMANUS, Northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-25T20:42:18.341299","indexId":"70003796","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the PACMANUS, Northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea","docAbstract":"
Processes controlling the composition of seafloor hydrothermal fluids in silicic back-arc or near-arc crustal settings remain poorly constrained despite growing evidence for extensive magmatic–hydrothermal activity in such environments. We conducted a survey of vent fluid compositions from two contrasting sites in the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea, to examine the influence of variations in host rock composition and magmatic inputs (both a function of arc proximity) on hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Fluid samples were collected from felsic-hosted hydrothermal vent fields located on Pual Ridge (PACMANUS and Northeast (NE) Pual) near the active New Britain Arc and a basalt-hosted vent field (Vienna Woods) located farther from the arc on the Manus Spreading Center. Vienna Woods fluids were characterized by relatively uniform endmember temperatures (273–285 °C) and major element compositions, low dissolved CO2 concentrations (4.4 mmol/kg) and high measured pH (4.2–4.9 at 25 °C). Temperatures and compositions were highly variable at PACMANUS/NE Pual and a large, newly discovered vent area (Fenway) was observed to be vigorously venting boiling (358 °C) fluid. All PACMANUS fluids are characterized by negative
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has operated streamflow-gaging stations in 1,053 watersheds in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) since 1894. Currently, 223 of these streamgages are active. This report presents selected watershed characteristics for 10,338 watersheds in the UCRB. These watersheds are compared to the watersheds upstream of USGS streamgages to assess how well the USGS streamgage network represents the physical characteristics of the watersheds in the entire basin. To conduct this assessment, 17 watershed characteristics, including physiographic parameters, land cover types, lithology, and parameters that describe anthropogenic influence, were computed for each of the gaging station drainage basins. The set of 10,338 watersheds in the UCRB was constructed from a previously developed stream-reach network, and the same 17 basin characteristics were computed for each watershed to facilitate comparisons. The USGS streamgage watersheds and the UCRB watersheds were split into those that are currently unaffected by upstream reservoir regulation and those currently affected by upstream reservoir regulation. In general, for unregulated watersheds, the streamgage network represents the range of most basin characteristics in the watersheds of the UCRB. However, the active streamgage network for unregulated watersheds is generally lacking in representation of most basin characteristics compared with watersheds in the UCRB. At regulated locations, the streamgage network including the active network, generally represents the range of most basin characteristics well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115081","usgsCitation":"Kenney, T.A., Buto, S.G., and Susong, D.D., 2011, Analysis of watersheds monitored by the U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station network in the Upper Colorado River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5081, Report: vi, 48 p.; Download of Readme File; ZIP Download of Guide, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115081.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 48 p.; Download of Readme File; ZIP Download of Guide","numberOfPages":"102","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5081.jpg"},{"id":24408,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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tkenney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4477-7295","contributorId":447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenney","given":"Terry","email":"tkenney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buto, Susan G. 0000-0002-1107-9549 sbuto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-9549","contributorId":1057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buto","given":"Susan","email":"sbuto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004018,"text":"70004018 - 2011 - Diel biogeochemical processes and their effect on the aqueous chemistry of streams: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-11T10:37:36","indexId":"70004018","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel biogeochemical processes and their effect on the aqueous chemistry of streams: A review","docAbstract":"This review summarizes biogeochemical processes that operate on diel, or 24-h, time scales in streams and the changes in aqueous chemistry that are associated with these processes. Some biogeochemical processes, such as those producing diel cycles of dissolved O2 and pH, were the first to be studied, whereas processes producing diel concentration cycles of a broader spectrum of chemical species including dissolved gases, dissolved inorganic and organic carbon, trace elements, nutrients, stable isotopes, and suspended particles have received attention only more recently. Diel biogeochemical cycles are interrelated because the cyclical variations produced by one biogeochemical process commonly affect another. Thus, understanding biogeochemical cycling is essential not only for guiding collection and interpretation of water-quality data but also for geochemical and ecological studies of streams. Expanded knowledge of diel biogeochemical cycling will improve understanding of how natural aquatic environments function and thus lead to better predictions of how stream ecosystems might react to changing conditions of contaminant loading, eutrophication, climate change, drought, industrialization, development, and other factors.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1038/286118a0","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D.A., Gammons, C.H., and Parker, S., 2011, Diel biogeochemical processes and their effect on the aqueous chemistry of streams: A review: Chemical Geology, v. 283, no. 1-2, p. 3-17, https://doi.org/10.1038/286118a0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"283","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d971","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gammons, Christopher H.","contributorId":7822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gammons","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Stephen R.","contributorId":46673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Stephen R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70003915,"text":"70003915 - 2011 - Diel biogeochemical processes in terrestrial waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T07:39:21","indexId":"70003915","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel biogeochemical processes in terrestrial waters","docAbstract":"Many biogeochemical processes in rivers and lakes respond to the solar photocycle and produce persistent patterns of measureable phenomena that exhibit a day–night, or 24-h, cycle. Despite a large body of recent literature, the mechanisms responsible for these diel fluctuations are widely debated, with a growing consensus that combinations of physical, chemical, and biological processes are involved. These processes include streamflow variation, photosynthesis and respiration, plant assimilation, and reactions involving photochemistry, adsorption and desorption, and mineral precipitation and dissolution. Diel changes in streamflow and water properties such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentration have been widely recognized, and recently, diel studies have focused more widely by considering other constituents such as dissolved and particulate trace metals, metalloids, rare earth elements, mercury, organic matter, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and nutrients. The details of many diel processes are being studied using stable isotopes, which also can exhibit diel cycles in response to microbial metabolism, photosynthesis and respiration, or changes in phase, speciation, or redox state. In addition, secondary effects that diel cycles might have, for example, on biota or in the hyporheic zone are beginning to be considered.
This special issue is composed primarily of papers presented at the topical session “Diurnal Biogeochemical Processes in Rivers, Lakes, and Shallow Groundwater” held at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in October 2009 in Portland, Oregon. This session was organized because many of the growing number of diel studies have addressed just a small part of the full range of diel cycling phenomena found in rivers and lakes. This limited focus is understandable because (1) fundamental aspects of many diel processes are poorly understood and require detailed study, (2) the interests and expertise of individual scientists typically do not encompass the wide diversity and range of processes that produce diel cycles, and (3) the logistics of making field measurements for 24-h periods has limited recognition and understanding of these important cycles. Thus, the topical session brought together hydrologists, biologists, geochemists, and ecologists to discuss field studies, laboratory experiments, theoretical modeling, and measurement techniques related to diel cycling. Hopefully with the cross-disciplinary synergy developed at the session as well as by this special issue, a more comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships between the diel processes will be developed. Needless to say, understanding diel processes is critical for regulatory agencies and the greater scientific community. And perhaps more importantly, expanded knowledge of biogeochemical cycling may lead to better predictions of how aquatic ecosystems might react to changing conditions of contaminant loading, eutrophication, climate change, drought, industrialization, development, and other variables.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.023","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D.A., and Gammons, C.H., 2011, Diel biogeochemical processes in terrestrial waters: Chemical Geology, v. 283, no. 1-2, p. 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.023.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"283","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65da0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":730084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gammons, Chris","contributorId":140801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gammons","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":730085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}