This bulletin, which for convenience is to be published in eight parts, contains the results of all transit traverse* done In Missouri through 1937 by the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, including those heretofore published. (See page X.) Each of the parts deals with one of eight sections into which the State has been divided for this purpose and which have been designated northeastern, northwestern, southeastern, southwestern, central, east-central, south-central, and west-central Missouri. In each part descriptions of the points for which geodetic positions have been determined are listed according to the quadrangles in which the points occur. Results of transit traverse other than that done by the Geological Survey have not been included.
Southeastern Missouri, as the term is used in this bulletin and as the subject of part 1 of the bulletin, is that section of the State lying south of latitude 38°00' and east of longitude 91°15'.
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1939 - Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Mokelumne area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-17T09:45:46","indexId":"wsp780","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"780","title":"Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Mokelumne area, California","docAbstract":"The Mokelumne River basin of central California comprises portions of the \nCalifornia Trough and the Sierra Nevada section of the Pacific Mountain system. \nThe California Trough is divisible into four subsections-the Delta tidal plain, \nthe Victor alluvial plain, tlie river flood plains and channels, and the Arroyo Seco \ndissected pediment. These four subsections comprise the land forms produced \nby the Mokelumne River and other streams since the Sierra Nevada attained its \npresent height in the Pleistocene epoch. \nThe Victor alluvial plain rises eastward from the Delta plain and abuts on the \ndissected Arroyo Seco pediment; in the Mokelumne area it is 12 to 16 miles wide \nand slopes between 5 and 8 feet in a mile. It includes relatively extensive tracts \nthat are intensively cultivated and irrigated with water pumped from wells. The \nVictor plain has been compounded of overlapping alluvial fans along the western \nbase of the Sierra Nevada. It is prolonged eastward into the pediment by tongues \nof alluvium along several of the present streams; thus it seems likely that the \npresent stream pattern in the eastern part of the area has been fixed since dissection of the pediment began. \nThree of the four major streams-the Mokelumne and Cosumnes Rivers and \nDry Creek-traverse the Victor plain in trenches which are 15 to 40 feet deep \nat the heads of their respective alluvial fans but which die out toward the west. \nThe floors of these trenches, the historic flood plains, are from 100 yards to a mile \nwide. The exceptional major stream, which has not entrenched itself, is the \nCalaveras River. \nThe Arroyo Seco pediment, which lies east of the Victor plain, was initially at \nleast 8 to 15 miles wide and lay along the western foot of the Sierra Nevada entirely \n.across the Mokelumne area. Its numerous remnants decline 15 to 35 feet in a \nmile toward the west. \nThe Sierra Nevada section adjoins and lies east of the California Trough. Its \nmajor ridge crests define a volcanic plain whose westward slope is' inferred to have \nbeen initially about 90 feet in a mile but is now about 180 feet in a mile, owing to \ntilting of the Sierra Nevada block in Pleistocene time. \nIn and near the Mokelumne area the Sierra Nevada and California Trough \ntogether are roughly coextensive with a single structural unit. The Sierra \nNevada constitutes a block that has risen with respect to adjoini;ng valley areas \n'by simple rotation or tilting toward the west; it has not been warped or faulted \n-extensively. It is inferred that this block extends westward beneath the thick \nalluvial deposits of the trough without material warping or faulting. \nThe oldest rocks of the Mokelumne region are the Carboniferous and Jurassic \n-rocks that compose the crystalline core of the Sierra Nevada. These are overlain \nunconformably by sediments of Tertiary age--in upward succession the lone, \nValley Springs, Mehrten, and J.Jaguna formations. Of these formations all except \nthe lone are newly discriminated, and type sections are described in the full text. \nThese Tertiary sediments form a great wedge, thinnest along the mountain front \nto the east, where they have been truncated by erosion. They dip about 2° W. \nThe lone formation (Eocene) consists chiefly of sandstone, clay, and shale; its \nmaximum thickness is 450 feet. \nThe Valley Springs formation (middle? Miocene) overlies the lone formation \nunconformably. It is composed largely of greenish-gray clay, shale, and sandstone derived from rhyolitic ejectamenta. These rhyolitic deposits are confined \nto narrow channels in the higher part of the Sierra Nevada, but they \nspread fanlike over the lower western edge of the mountain block, where they \nattain a maximum thickness of 525 feet. \nThe Mehrten formation (upper? Miocene and lower Pliocene?) comprises the \nandesitic rocks that constructed the Sierran volcanic plain. In the Mokelumne \narea it consists chiefly of sandstone and siltstone but includes, as a minor though \nconspicuous part of the formation, layers and tongues of resistant breccia or agglomerate, which are presumed to have originated as mud flows. Nonfragmental \nandesite is not known to occur in the Mokelumne area, although several possible \nvents occur farther east. In the eastern part of the area the Mehrten formation \ntruncates in turn the Valley Springs and lone formations and the pre-Cretaceous \nrocks; in the western part the Mehrten formation (andesitic) interfingers with the \nunderlying Valley Springs formation (rhyolitic). Its maximum measured thickness is 400 feet. Few of the irrigation wells are so deep that they can be said \nwith assurance to reach the Mehrten formation. \nThe Laguna formation (Pliocene? and possibly lower Pleistocene) comprises \npoorly sorted, nonandesitic fluviatile sedimentary that overlie the \nMehrten formation. It is inferred to be essentially parallel to and tilted equally \nwith the Mehrten formation and to be about 400 feet thick. \nThe Arroyo Seco gravel (presumably middle Pleistocene) veneers the Arroyo \nSeco pediment. At its easternmost outcrops the formation is composed of \npebbles, cobbles, and boulders in a matrix of brick-red sand and silt; farther west, \ndown the slope of the pediment, it becomes pr9gressively finer. It is inferred \nthat the Arroyo Seco gravel is a coarse fraction of the rock waste that was transported from the Sierra Nevada after the Sierran.block was tilted in Pleistocene \ntime. It is inferred further that the correlative of the Arroyo Seco gravel in the \nCalifornia Trough is a wedge-shaped mass of sediments whose base is the \ntilted Laguna formation and whose top can be interpolated by projecting a \nhypothetical surface through the remnants of the pediment. \nThe Victor formation comprises the fluviatile sand, silt, and gravel that built \nthe Victor alluvial plain over the hypothetical equivalent of the Arroyo' Seco \ngravel along the axis of the California Trough and against the western front of \nthe dissected pediment to the east. The formation is thought to be about 100 \nfeet thick along the western margin of the Mokelumne area, according to an \nestimate based upon projecting the slope of the Arroyo Seco pediment westward \nbeneath the Victor plain. \nThe Mokelumne area lies on the fertile central plain along the Mokelumne \nRiver about the city of Lodi, in northern San Joaquin County, and has been \nintensively developed for the cultivation of grapes, deciduous fruits, and other \ncrops. Of necessity its great productiveness is maintained by irrigation. Extensive irrigation from wells began about 1907 and has increased steadily until in \n1932 about 50,000 acres (80 percent of the area) was watered in that manner. \nThe specific question at issue is the extent to which the supply of ground water \nand hence the productiveness of the area are dependent upon the water flowing \nin the Mokelumne River and the extent to which that productiveness may be \ninfluenced by regulation of the stream--:in particular, by the substantial regulation of the river that is accomplished by the Pardee Dam of the East Bay Municipal Utility District, which began to function in March 1929. \nThe depth of 1,447 irrigation wells in five townships in the central part of the \narea (T. 3 N., Rs. 6 and 7 E., and T. 4 N., Rs. 6 to 8 E.) ranges from 20 to 910 \nfeet. About half the wells bottom within a 100-foot zone whose base is 75 feet \nbelow the projected Arroyo Seco pediment; essentially that zone constitutes the \nVictor formation. Only 6 percent of the wells bottom within the next lower 25-\nfoot zone, but the percentage increases sharply for depths still greater; it is inferred \nthat impervious strata are relatively persistent between 75 and 100 feet below \nthe projected pediment and that these are the uppermost part of the Arroyo Seco \ngravel. Of 580 observation wells known to bottom in the Victor formation, essentially all appear to indicate a regional water-table stage; thus the water is essentially unconfined. On the other hand, nearly all wells so deep that they reach the \nArroyo Seco gravel or some underlying formation tap confined water. Near the \nMokelumne River the water levels in these deep wells stand below the water \ntable, which is semiperched. In most deep wells remote from the river the water \nlevel stands above the water table except during the pumping season. \nFluctuations of ground-water levels are ascribed to moving or changing load on \nthe land surface, earthquakes, variation of barometic pressure, ground-water \ndraft by vegetation, infiltration of rain and certain indirect effects of rainfall, infiltration of water applied to the land for irrigation, variation in the discharge of \nstreams, and pumping from wells. \nIn the eastern part of the central district, between Clements and the vicinity of \nLockeford, it is inferred that (1) the river and the water in the alluvium of the \nflood plain are not insulated from the water in the sediments that form the adjacent Victor plain; (2) locally if not generally, however, there are discontinuities \nin pervious strata along the outer margin of the flood plain, where the water table \npasses from the alluvium into the enclosing sediments, so that percolation of \nground water is impeded materially at that margin; (3) rising river stages set up \nground-water waves that store relatively large volumes of water in the alluvium \nclose to the river, whereas falling stages cause much of that stored water to percolate back into the river, weeks and even months lapsing before the ground-water \nstage becomes steady within the flood plain; and (4) seepage loss from the river \ninto the alluvium tends to be intermittent and to alternate with seepage gain, the \nrate of loss or gain lagging weeks or months behind the fluctuations of river stage \nand lagging more for moderate changes at low stage. However, in the succeeding \nreach downstream as far as Woodbridge, it is inferred that percolation of ground \nwater is not impeded generally along the outer margin of the flood plain and that \nthe river tends to lose almost continuously by seepage rather than intermittently, \nalthough the rate of loss fluctuates somewhat in response to changing river stage. \nThe yearly pumpage for irrigation has been as much as 114,600 acre-feet (1928-\n29), and there have been as many as 2,500 wells equipped with irrigation pumping plants (1931). Commonly the wells are pumped only in daylight and are \nidle over week-ends and holidays, also during and after protracted rainstorms in \nthe early part of the season. In a small district near Victor pumping in recent \nyears has begun in January or February, has reached its height in March, and \nlargely has passed by April. In outlying districts general pumping has begun as \nlate as May, reached its height in June or July, and waned by September. \nSince 1907 the water table appears to have declined steadily in most of the \nMokelumne area except along the river. The decline was least in the Woodbridge Irrigation District, where in four typical wells. the average decline from 1907 \nto 1937 was 3 feet, or 0.15 foot a year. Among 18 shallow wells in the district of \nmost intensive pumping the average recession of the water table from 1907 to 1927 \nwas 11 feet, or 0.55 foot a year; the greatest measured recession was 15 feet, or \n0.75 foot a year. From 1927 to 1933 the water table declined 5 feet or more over \nmost of the central pumping district except within 2 miles of the Mokelumne \nRiver, and the greatest measured decline was 9 feet. The area of material \nrecession ,extends 4 to 7 miles eastward beyond the central pumping district, \nwhence it is inferred that pumping has drawn gradually on remote ground-water \nstorage. \nIt is inferred that the Mokelumne River ordinarily has been a losing stream \nbetween the Mehrten dam site, near Clements, and the Woodbridge Dam, the \narea that received the percolate having been triangular with its upstream \nand having included about 5,200 acres of the flood plain and 36,500 acres in outlying districts to the north and to the south. \nMean fluctuations of the water table within the area receiving percolate from \nihe river are believed to indicate that relatively little water is drawn from outside \nthe area. Accordingly, simple storage methods are competent for a ground-water \ninventory. It is inferred that the rate of seepage loss from the river depends \njointly upon river discharge, stage in the Woodbridge Reservoir, and groundwater pumpage. \nThe foregoing inferences lead to the following conclusions with respect to \nground-water replenishment by seepage loss from the river in the intensively \ncultivated district about Lodi: (1) The annual replenishment has tended to increase \nfor at least two decades, owing to the gradual increase in head between surface \nwater and ground water as ground-water levels have been lowered progressively \nby pumping; (2) annual replenishment has tended to increase, especially in recent \nyears, owing to gradually prolonged use of the Woodbridge Reservoir, for thereby \na relatively large wetted area and great differential head have been maintained \nfor an increasing term; (3) the rate of replenishment tends to be greater under \nregulation than under the so-called natural regimen, to the extent that regulation \nhas maintained a moderately large wetted area and stage in the river through \nthe later part ·of each pumping season, whi1e the ground-water levels have been \nlowest. Moreover, for any particular yearly run-off below the Mehrten dam site, \nthe replenishment by seepage would tend to be greater under the regulated \nregimen to the extent that fluctuations in discharge were suppressed, for the \ngreatest yearly mean stage and mean wetted area would be afforded by constant \ndischarge. -Thus, diverting water out of the Mokelumne River Basin at the \nPardee Dam does not necessari1y-entail a diminution in ground-water replenishment by seepage loss along the lower reach of the stream, at least in the replenishment beneath the Victor plain above the gaging station at Woodbridge. Rather. \nthe Pardee Dam affords a means for so regulating the discharge as to effect a \nmaximum ground-water replenishment with-a given run-off in the natural channel. \nBodies of ground water perched above the regional water table are common in \nthe Laguna formation, especially in its lower part. Conspicuous bodies occur \nabout 3 miles south of Clay, in a district between 1 mile and 5 miles south of \nClements, and along Dry Creek in T. 5 N., Rs. 7 and 8 E. \nFrom the relation between the water table and the piezometric surface for water \nconfined in deep aquifers, the area receiving percolate from the Mokelumne River \nmay be divided roughly into (1) a central area, extending not :p1ore than half a \nmi1e beyond the flood plain, in which the piezometric surface is inferred to have \nstood below the water table throughout the term of the investigation and hence \nin which the difference in head has favored the percolation of water from shallow \nbeds into deep beds in all seasons, and (2) an outlying area in which the difference \nin head likewise favors downward percolation into deep beds during the pumping \nseason but favors upward percolation during the nonpumping season. This outlying area includes about 75 percent of the segment of the Victor plain that receives percolate from the river. \nFrom 1927 to 1933 the subartesian head that existed during the nonpumping \nseason in the area remote from the river tended to increase; it is therefore inferred \nthat the relative opportunity for seasonal recharge of the shallow water-bearing \nbeds by underfeeding has likewise tended to increase. On the other hand, the \nnegative differential head in wells near the river also has tended to increase; thus \nin this central area the opportunity for discharge of water from shallow beds by \ndownward percolation has probably tended to increase. \nIt is believed that ground-water storage within the area near the river is not \ndecreased materially by\" discharge westward through deep pervious beds, also \nthat the yearly addition to ground-water storage in the outlying area by deep \npercolation from a remote easterly source is scant and for all practical purposes is \noffset by downward percolation along the river.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington","doi":"10.3133/wsp780","usgsCitation":"Piper, A.M., Gale, H.S., Thomas, H.E., and Robinson, T.W., 1939, Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Mokelumne area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 780, Report: vii, 230 p.; 8 Plates: 52.32 x 43.46 and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp780.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 230 p.; 8 Plates: 52.32 x 43.46 and smaller","numberOfPages":"257","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278843,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-10.pdf"},{"id":278841,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/report.pdf"},{"id":278842,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-09.pdf"},{"id":277927,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-08.pdf"},{"id":28624,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28625,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28626,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28627,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28628,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Calaveras River;California Trough;Cosumnes River;Dry Creek;Mokelumne River;Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,37.5 ], [ -122.5,39.25 ], [ -119.5,39.25 ], [ -119.5,37.5 ], [ -122.5,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6864a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, A. 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