A summary of the geology of the Bull Valley district, southwestern Utah, and a description of the occurrence of the magnetite and hematite deposits is given, as well as brief descriptions of the ore pits at Iron Mountain and Desert Mound 20 miles to the northeast, in which deposits formed under similar geologic conditions have been developed. Neither the ores nor the country rock show the features characteristic of contact-metamorphic deposits. The following explanation of the origin of the deposits is offered. During the intrusion of monzonite porphyry stocks, the hoods and overlying rock were fractured, causing a sudden release of pressure and liberating FeCl 3 and H 2 O gas from the stocks which were still at high temperature. These gases found ready egress to the surface along tension fissures without appreciably heating the country rock. They deposited magnetite and hematite in the fissures and replaced the contiguous fractured limestone. The period of gas emanation was brief and the hydrothermal stage probably evolved during the later magmatic history never reached this area. The deposits were formed under a cover of less than 5,000 feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.33.5.477","usgsCitation":"Wells, F.G., 1938, The origin of the iron ore deposits in the Bull Valley and Iron Springs districts, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 33, no. 5, p. 477-507, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.33.5.477.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"477","endPage":"507","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Bull Valley, Iron Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.92822265625,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -113.07952880859375,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -113.07952880859375,\n 37.89002800137122\n ],\n [\n -113.92822265625,\n 37.89002800137122\n ],\n [\n -113.92822265625,\n 37.19533058280065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1938-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Francis Gerritt","contributorId":38628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Gerritt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160865,"text":"70160865 - 1938 - Records of the drilled wells of the island of Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T08:56:21","indexId":"70160865","displayToPublicDate":"1938-08-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Records of the drilled wells of the island of Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The description, location, log and meter tests of all the drilled wells on Oahu are given herein as of March 1 1938. Except for the discharges of plantation wells, which are published on pages 275 to 322 of Bulletin 1, head, chloride, and discharge records are listed only to the close of 1934, the date when this report was compiled. All head measurements and salt determinations made by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1934 will be found in the annual U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers entitled “Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in the United States.” Records of wells in the district of Honolulu are currently printed in the biennial reports of the Board of Water Supply, Honolulu. Most of the records of the plantation wells have been furnished by the owners.
Plate 2 shows the location of the wells, whether they are sealed, and whether the log is known. The static level or head of a well is the height above mean sea level to which the water will rise when all flow from the well is shut off. In the nonartesian wells the static level is the level of the water table of the basal zone of saturation in the basalts of the Koolau and Waianae volcanic series. Many of the wells are subartesian; that is, the water stands in the well above the level at which it was first encountered but does not overflow.
The Little Hatchet Mountains contain two mining districts, the Eureka silver-lead-zinc district and the Sylvanite gold district, the deposits of each being associated with a mass of monzonite that intrudes Lower Cretaceous sediments. The same formations crop out in both districts, having been duplicated by a large post-ore fault, and the two monzonite masses and their accompanying mineralized zones lie at essentially the same stratigraphic position in the two fault blocks. The deposits of the Eureka district are mesothermal whereas those of the Sylvanite district are hypothermal, but the two groups are mineralogically similar in many respects.As the two monzonite exposures are several miles apart, the natural inference is that there are two separate intrusions. Contrary to this inference, the evidence of structure, mineralogy, and petrology indicates that the two monzonite masses are faulted parts of the same body and that the mineralized areas of the Eureka and Sylvanite districts were originally continuous and zonally related, the original igneous mass having been a flat-lying sill-like streamer, 7 miles or more long, that was bordered by a contact-metamorphic halo and that formed the core of a zone of mineralization.The economic implications of this interpretation are three-fold: (1) the mineralized zone is limited in thickness and is restricted, like a bedded deposit, to a particular sedimentary horizon; (2) the area between the Eureka and Sylvanite districts, hitherto considered barren, should contain mineralized ground at variable depths below the surface; and (3) the deposits change along the trend of the zone from the gold deposits of the one district to the silver-bearing base-metal deposits of the other. In structure and size the deposits in the hidden parts of the mineralized zone probably are similar to those already known. Under the alternative interpretation that the two districts are separate centers of activity, the outlook for future successful prospecting depends upon the depths at which the underlying Paleozoic limestones lie and the possibility of large deposits having been formed in them.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.33.4.365","usgsCitation":"Lasky, S.G., 1938, Outlook for further ore discoveries in the Little Hatchet Mountains, New Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 33, no. 4, p. 365-389, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.33.4.365.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"365","endPage":"389","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Little Hatchet Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.56414794921875,\n 31.726999082308968\n ],\n [\n -108.37257385253905,\n 31.726999082308968\n ],\n [\n -108.37257385253905,\n 31.962648655655887\n ],\n [\n -108.56414794921875,\n 31.962648655655887\n ],\n [\n -108.56414794921875,\n 31.726999082308968\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1938-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lasky, Samuel Grossman","contributorId":35380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasky","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"Grossman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32429,"text":"32429 - 1938 - Care of rabbits during warm weather","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T15:50:05","indexId":"32429","displayToPublicDate":"1938-05-01T15:49:21","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"114","title":"Care of rabbits during warm weather","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Templeton, G.S., 1938, Care of rabbits during warm weather: Wildlife Leaflet 114, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290734,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffdb30e4b0824b2d178d2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Templeton, George S.","contributorId":22252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Templeton","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32428,"text":"32428 - 1938 - European and American methods of rat control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T15:14:29","indexId":"32428","displayToPublicDate":"1938-05-01T15:13:48","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"113","title":"European and American methods of rat control","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Mills, E., 1938, European and American methods of rat control: Wildlife Leaflet 113, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290730,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffdb30e4b0824b2d178d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, E.M.","contributorId":78651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32423,"text":"32423 - 1938 - History and significance of American wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T13:59:23","indexId":"32423","displayToPublicDate":"1938-03-01T13:58:48","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"108","title":"History and significance of American wildlife","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Sheldon, H.P., 1938, History and significance of American wildlife: Wildlife Leaflet 108, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290726,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffdb30e4b0824b2d178d30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheldon, Harold P.","contributorId":38477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheldon","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32422,"text":"32422 - 1938 - Planning for wildlife management: an outline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T13:54:39","indexId":"32422","displayToPublicDate":"1938-03-01T13:53:59","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"107","title":"Planning for wildlife management: an outline","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Prepared in the Section of Wildlife Surveys, Division of Wildlife Research.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research, 1938, Planning for wildlife management: an outline: Wildlife Leaflet 107, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290725,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffdb30e4b0824b2d178d32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research","contributorId":128226,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research","id":529375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206430,"text":"70206430 - 1938 - The future of paleontology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-02T19:23:33","indexId":"70206430","displayToPublicDate":"1938-01-01T19:19:06","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2711,"text":"Memoir of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The future of paleontology","title":"The future of paleontology","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1130/GSAB-49-359","issn":" 00167606","usgsCitation":"Cushman, J., 1938, The future of paleontology: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 49, no. 3, p. 359-366, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-49-359.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"359","endPage":"366","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cushman, Joseph A.","contributorId":77200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"Joseph A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32426,"text":"32426 - 1938 - The waterfowl situation: 1937-38","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T14:11:04","indexId":"32426","displayToPublicDate":"1938-01-01T14:09:56","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"111","title":"The waterfowl situation: 1937-38","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Prepared in the Section of Distribution and Migration of Birds, Division of Wildlife Research.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey, 1938, The waterfowl situation: 1937-38: Wildlife Leaflet 111, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","temporalStart":"1937-01-01","temporalEnd":"1938-01-01","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290729,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffdb30e4b0824b2d178d34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey","contributorId":128079,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey","id":529376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32425,"text":"32425 - 1938 - Status of eelgrass (Zostera marina) on the north Atlantic coast, February 1938.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T14:07:54","indexId":"32425","displayToPublicDate":"1938-01-01T14:07:22","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"110","title":"Status of eelgrass (Zostera marina) on the north Atlantic coast, February 1938.","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Cottam, C., 1938, Status of eelgrass (Zostera marina) on the north Atlantic coast, February 1938.: Wildlife Leaflet 110, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffdb34e4b0824b2d178d36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cottam, Clarence","contributorId":41490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cottam","given":"Clarence","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33310,"text":"b880 - 1938 - Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45301,"text":"b880A - 1937 - Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1935. Mineral industry of Alaska in 1935","indexId":"b880A","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1935. Mineral industry of Alaska in 1935"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33310,"text":"b880 - 1938 - Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935","indexId":"b880","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":45302,"text":"b880B - 1937 - Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1935. Recent mineral developments in the Copper River region","indexId":"b880B","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1935. Recent mineral developments in the Copper River region"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33310,"text":"b880 - 1938 - Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935","indexId":"b880","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":45303,"text":"b880C - 1937 - Kodiak and adjacent islands, Alaska","indexId":"b880C","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Kodiak and adjacent islands, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33310,"text":"b880 - 1938 - Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935","indexId":"b880","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":45304,"text":"b880D - 1937 - Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1935. The Eska Creek coal deposits, Matanuska Valley","indexId":"b880D","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1935. The Eska Creek coal deposits, Matanuska Valley"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33310,"text":"b880 - 1938 - Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935","indexId":"b880","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935"},"id":4}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-26T15:49:19","indexId":"b880","displayToPublicDate":"1938-01-01T14:07:00","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"880","title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b880","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.S., 1938, Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1935: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 880, 214 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b880.","productDescription":"214 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289484,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/880/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":344354,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/880/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.44,51.21 ], [ 172.44,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ 172.44,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bbc179e4b084059e8bfedf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Philip S.","contributorId":22690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32424,"text":"32424 - 1938 - Fort Niobrara Game Preserve, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T14:05:04","indexId":"32424","displayToPublicDate":"1938-01-01T14:01:05","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"109","title":"Fort Niobrara Game Preserve, Nebraska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Ruth, C., 1938, Fort Niobrara Game Preserve, Nebraska: Wildlife Leaflet 109, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","city":"Niobrara","otherGeospatial":"For Niobrara Game Preserve","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.043884,42.744798 ], [ -98.043884,42.755585 ], [ -98.020918,42.755585 ], [ -98.020918,42.744798 ], [ -98.043884,42.744798 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffdb34e4b0824b2d178d38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruth, Clara","contributorId":104963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruth","given":"Clara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70276442,"text":"70276442 - 1938 - United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-10T21:36:37.824772","indexId":"70276442","displayToPublicDate":"1938-01-01T13:40:32","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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The ash formations, long known in a general way, had been only casually observed by geologists. Their interpretation and separation from other surficial materials has been much retarded by great differences in the degree of weathering and appearance of the same material in arid and in humid parts of the island. The wide distribution of ash formations in contrast to lava flows led to the hope that they could be discriminated and correlated and used as key horizons to work out the major events in the geologic history. It was believed that critical study of the effects of weathering on the ash formations, together with systematic tracing from regions of typical expression to others where the features were less typical and more obscure, would throw light on the stratigraphic relations and historical significance of the various units.
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1955. Individual issues contain information on volcanic activity, volcano research, and volcano monitoring in Hawaii. Information on volcanic activity at other locations is also occasionally included.
The Volcano Letter was published by HVO through multiple changes in administration, including the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association (1925 to 1932), the U.S. Geological Survey (1932 to 1935), the Department of the Interior (1935 to 1938), and the University of Hawai‘i (1938 to 1955). Issues 1-262 were published weekly from January 1, 1925, to January 2, 1930, and consisted of a single page of text. Issues 263-384, also published weekly, from January 9, 1930, to May 5, 1932, were generally longer—four pages— and provided more detail on volcanic activity, including photographs, maps, and plots. Weekly issues 385-387, published May 12-26, 1932, were a single page of text due to budget reductions brought on by the Great Depression. Budget restrictions reduced the publishing frequency to monthly for issues 388-428, covering the period of June 1932 to October 1935; these issues were generally shorter, 1-2 pages, and sometimes featured figures. From November 1935 to July 1938, issues 429-461 remained monthly but increased in length (generally eight pages) and featured figures frequently. Issues 462-530, published over the period of August 1938 to December 1955, varied in length from 2-15 pages, but were published quarterly, rather than monthly.
Six of the Volcano Letters are misnumbered:
Jan. 21, 1926 number is 55 though it should 56
July 29, 1926 number is 82 though it should be 83
Feb. 16, 1928 number is 161 though it should be 164
May 31, 1928 number is 197 though it should be 179
Nov. 29, 1928 number is 204 though it should be 205
Basically important in the general program of conservation and development were the results of the Geological Survey's work during the fiscal year 1938. Investigations of the Nation's mineral and water supplies were conducted with all possible vigor and dispatch, thousands of square miles were surveyed for topographic maps, and technical supervision was given to prospecting, mining, and producing operations on public and Indian lands. This work was accomplished through the use of the regularly appropriated funds, the co-operative funds from States, counties, and municipalities, the funds transferred from other departments of the Government for types of work within the Survey's field, and the emergency funds derived chiefly from the Public Works Administration and devoted largely to mapping of various types and to studies of floods. The aggregate expenditures amounted to $5,248,000, which was 265,000 less than the amount expended during the preceding year.
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Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
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