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The Volcano Letter was an informal publication issued at irregular intervals by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) during the years 1925 to 1955. Individual issues contain information on volcanic activity, volcano research, and volcano monitoring in Hawaii. Information on volcanic activity at other locations is also occasionally included.

The Volcano Letter was published by HVO through multiple changes in administration, including the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association (1925 to 1932), the U.S. Geological Survey (1932 to 1935), the Department of the Interior (1935 to 1938), and the University of Hawai‘i (1938 to 1955). Issues 1-262 were published weekly from January 1, 1925, to January 2, 1930, and consisted of a single page of text. Issues 263-384, also published weekly, from January 9, 1930, to May 5, 1932, were generally longer—four pages— and provided more detail on volcanic activity, including photographs, maps, and plots. Weekly issues 385-387, published May 12-26, 1932, were a single page of text due to budget reductions brought on by the Great Depression. Budget restrictions reduced the publishing frequency to monthly for issues 388-428, covering the period of June 1932 to October 1935; these issues were generally shorter, 1-2 pages, and sometimes featured figures. From November 1935 to July 1938, issues 429-461 remained monthly but increased in length (generally eight pages) and featured figures frequently. Issues 462-530, published over the period of August 1938 to December 1955, varied in length from 2-15 pages, but were published quarterly, rather than monthly.

Six of the Volcano Letters are misnumbered:
Jan. 21, 1926 number is 55 though it should 56
July 29, 1926 number is 82 though it should be 83
Feb. 16, 1928 number is 161 though it should be 164
May 31, 1928 number is 197 though it should be 179
Nov. 29, 1928 number is 204 though it should be 205

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The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.  

HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea. 

The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order. 

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p.","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffdb6ae4b0824b2d178e34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cottam, Clarence","contributorId":41490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cottam","given":"Clarence","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010909,"text":"70010909 - 1936 - Nephelometric determination of fluorine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-10T20:31:40.724716","indexId":"70010909","displayToPublicDate":"1936-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1982,"text":"Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nephelometric determination of fluorine","docAbstract":"Fluorine in minerals may be determined with the nephelometer to about 1 per cent of the fluorine. The determination is made on an aliquot of the sodium chloride solution of the fluorine, obtained by the Berzelius method of extraction. The fluorine is precipitated as colloidal calcium fluoride in alcoholic solution, gelatin serving as a protective colloid. Arsenates, sulfates, and phosphates, which interfere with the determination, must be removed.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac50102a007","usgsCitation":"Stevens, R., 1936, Nephelometric determination of fluorine: Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, v. 8, no. 4, p. 248-252, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50102a007.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6473e4b0c8380cd729c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, R.E.","contributorId":62954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000428,"text":"1000428 - 1936 - Mortality of fish in Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:12","indexId":"1000428","displayToPublicDate":"1936-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1856,"text":"Great Lakes Fisherman","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of fish in Lake Erie","docAbstract":"The food habits of Blue Grouse vary from a simple winter diet that is made up predominantly of coniferous needles to a complex diet during the summer months, characterized by great variety of foods including green leaves, fruits and seeds, flowers, animal matter and coniferous needles. The spring and fall, which represent the transition periods between these two, are characterized by feeding habits that are generally intermediate. The diets of the two species of Blue Grouse, Dendrugapus obscurus and Dendragapus juliginosus, are quite similar as far as major types of food are concerned, but they differ considerably in the species that are taken. Such differences reflect differences in the vegetation within the ecologic and geographic ranges occupied by the two species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Lakes Fisherman","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Also printed as pp.92-100 in Pennsylvania Board of Fish Commissioners. Biennial Report, 1938Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1936, Mortality of fish in Lake Erie: Great Lakes Fisherman, v. 1, no. 3; 4, p. 2, 10; 2-3.","productDescription":"p. 2, 10; 2-3","startPage":"2, 10; 2","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3; 4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698d84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000420,"text":"1000420 - 1936 - A new immigrant comes to Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:12","indexId":"1000420","displayToPublicDate":"1936-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3560,"text":"The Fisherman","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new immigrant comes to Michigan","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Fisherman","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1936, A new immigrant comes to Michigan: The Fisherman, v. 5, no. 6, p. 1, 3-1, 3.","productDescription":"p. 1, 3","startPage":"1, 3","endPage":"1, 3","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6ac186","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000204,"text":"1000204 - 1936 - Age and growth of the cisco, Leucichthys artedi (Le Sueur), in the lakes of the northeastern highlands, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T11:15:23","indexId":"1000204","displayToPublicDate":"1936-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1118,"text":"Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and growth of the cisco, Leucichthys artedi (Le Sueur), in the lakes of the northeastern highlands, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., 1936, Age and growth of the cisco, Leucichthys artedi (Le Sueur), in the lakes of the northeastern highlands, Wisconsin: Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, v. 48, no. 19, p. 211-317.","productDescription":"106 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"317","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689704","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000423,"text":"1000423 - 1936 - Net selectivity on the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:12","indexId":"1000423","displayToPublicDate":"1936-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1846,"text":"Gold Medal Netting News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Net selectivity on the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Two experiments, using 784 bobwhite quail chicks, were conducted at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Bowie, Maryland, to find a growing diet that would meet wartime restrictions. In 1941 a diet containing 14 per cent sardine fish meal was formulated and gave satisfactory results from the standpoints of survival and growth. Since fish meal now is scarce, search was made for a diet without war-restricted commodities yet equal to the above-mentioned diet in feeding value. Ten diets were compared.....In the present experiments, quail fed this same diet modified by the substitution of 0.12 per cent of D-activated sterol for vitamin A and D feeding oil fortified showed the highest survival and the best live weights at the end of both the sixth and tenth weeks. They also were among the top three groups in requiring the least quantity of feed per unit of gain in weight; however, they consumed the greatest quantity of feed.....Of the other nine diets, that which seemed most promising, considering survival, live weight, and efficiency of feed utilization, was as follows (parts by weight) : Yellow corn, ground 26.08...Millet, ground 10.00...Alfalfa leaf meal, dehydrated 7.50...Soybean oil meal, solvent-processed 50.00...Dried whey 3.00...Special steamed bonemeal 1.50...Limestone, ground 0.80...Salt mixture 1.OO...D-activated animal sterol 0.12....100.00.....At the end of ten weeks the results on this diet (Diet l l ) , as compared with that containing sardine meal (Diet 23), were as follows: Diet No. 11 Percentage survival 71, Average live weight per bird, grams 144,....Growing mash consumed, per bird-day, grams 6.8 Feed consumed per gram of gain in weight (grams) 3.8......Diet 23....Percentage survival, 80,...Avg live weight per bird, grams....145,....Growing mash consumed , per bird-day, grams...7.4...Feed consumed per gram of gain in weight (grams)....3.9. Results were unsatisfactory when expeller-processed soybean oil meal was used in this diet to replace solvent-processed meal. At the end of ten weeks only 60 per cent of the quail survived and the average live weight was only 138 grams.....When the level of dried whey was raised to 5 per cent to provide a margin of safety against abnormal feather growth (resulting partly from riboflavin deficiency), the number of survivals was nearly as high as on the diet containing 14 per cent sardine meal, but the average live weight per bird was only 139 grams. The difference between this weight and that for the birds on Diet 11 (3% dried whey) was not statistically significant.....The general rating for the diet was as high as that for Diet 11, when ground wheat replaced ground millet in the diet containing 3 per cent dried whey. Survival of birds was 5 per cent-units lower, the average live weight was about the same, and efficiency of feed utilization was higher.....Using D-activated animal sterol as a source of vitamin D and yellow corn and a good grade of alfalfa leaf meal as sources of vitamin A, fish oils were omitted from the diets without causing symptons of avitaminosis. However because of the instability of vitamin A in storage, it is advisable to include sufficient fish oil, if obtainable, in quail diets to supply at least 2,000 I. U. of vitamin A per pound of feed on a total feed basis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Gold Medal Netting News","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1936, Net selectivity on the Great Lakes: Gold Medal Netting News, v. 10, no. July, p. 2-3.","productDescription":"p. 2-3","startPage":"2","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"July","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000132,"text":"1000132 - 1936 - Bottles set adrift on Lake Michigan yield information on surface currents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-12T07:55:37","indexId":"1000132","displayToPublicDate":"1936-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2721,"text":"Michigan Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottles set adrift on Lake Michigan yield information on surface currents","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Michigan Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Deason, H.J., 1936, Bottles set adrift on Lake Michigan yield information on surface currents: Michigan Conservation, v. 6, no. 6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602980","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}