This report evaluates dissolved noble gas data, specifically helium-3 and helium-4, collected by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, during 2002-03. Helium analyses are used to provide insight into the sources of groundwater in the freshwater/saline-water transition zone of the San Antonio segment of the Edwards aquifer. Sixty-nine dissolved gas samples were collected from 19 monitoring wells (categorized as fresh, transitional, or saline on the basis of dissolved solids concentration in samples from the wells or from fluid-profile logging of the boreholes) arranged in five transects, with one exception, across the freshwater/saline-water interface (the 1,000-milligrams-per-liter dissolved solids concentration threshold) of the Edwards aquifer. The concentration of helium-4 (the dominant isotope in atmospheric and terrigenic helium) in samples ranged from 63 microcubic centimeters per kilogram at standard temperature (20 degrees Celsius) and pressure (1 atmosphere) in a well in the East Uvalde transect to 160,587 microcubic centimeters per kilogram at standard temperature and pressure in a well in the Kyle transect. Helium-4 concentrations in the 10 saline wells generally increase from the western transects to the eastern transects. Increasing helium-4 concentrations from southwest to northeast in the transition zone, indicating increasing residence time of groundwater from southwest to northeast, is consistent with the longstanding conceptualization of the Edwards aquifer in which water recharges in the southwest, flows generally northeasterly (including in the transition zone, although more slowly than in the fresh-water zone), and discharges at major springs in the northeast. Excess helium-4 was greater than 1,000 percent for 60 of the 69 samples, indicating that terrigenic helium is largely present and that most of the excess helium-4 comes from sources other than the atmosphere. The helium data of this report cannot be used to identify sources of groundwater in and near the transition zone of the Edwards aquifer in terms of specific geologic (stratigraphic) units or hydrogeologic units (aquifers or confining units). However, the data indicate that the source or sources of the helium, and thus the water in which the helium is dissolved, in the transition zone are mostly terrigenic in origin rather than atmospheric. Whether most helium in and near the transition zone of the Edwards aquifer originated either in rocks outside the transition zone and at depth or in the adjacent Trinity aquifer is uncertain; but most of the helium in the transition zone had to enter the transition zone from the Trinity aquifer because the Trinity aquifer is the hydrogeologic unit immediately beneath and laterally adjacent to the transition zone of the Edwards aquifer. Thus the helium data support a hypothesis of sufficient hydraulic connection between the Trinity and Edwards aquifers to allow movement of water from the Trinity aquifer to the transition zone of the Edwards aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Virginia","doi":"10.3133/sir20105030","collaboration":"In cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Hunt, A.G., Lambert, R.B., and Fahlquist, L., 2010, Sources of groundwater based on Helium analyses in and near the freshwater/saline-water transition zone of the San Antonio segment of the Edwards Aquifer, South-Central Texas, 2002-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5030, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105030.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5030.jpg"},{"id":13535,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator ","country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.75,28.5 ], [ -100.75,29.5 ], [ -97.33333333333333,29.5 ], [ -97.33333333333333,28.5 ], [ -100.75,28.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e768b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lambert, Rebecca B. 0000-0002-0611-1591 blambert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-1591","contributorId":1135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"Rebecca","email":"blambert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fahlquist, Lynne","contributorId":8810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"Lynne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98283,"text":"gip104 - 2010 - Water Information Programs in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"gip104","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"104","title":"Water Information Programs in Kansas","docAbstract":"The USGS has collected hydrologic information in Kansas for more than 100 years. This information consists of streamflow and gage-height data; reservoir content; water-quality and water-quantity data; suspended-sediment data; and groundwater levels. Hydrologic studies are conducted on statewide, regional, and local levels. The USGS in Kansas works cooperatively with 31 Federal, State, and local agencies, such as the Kansas Water Office, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the City of Wichita.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gip104","usgsCitation":"Aucott, W., 2010, Water Information Programs in Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 104, https://doi.org/10.3133/gip104.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_104.jpg"},{"id":13536,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/104/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd3eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aucott, Walter","contributorId":57185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aucott","given":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98279,"text":"sir20105040 - 2010 - Groundwater conditions during 2009 and changes in groundwater levels from 1984 to 2009, Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T19:37:30.111512","indexId":"sir20105040","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5040","title":"Groundwater conditions during 2009 and changes in groundwater levels from 1984 to 2009, Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","docAbstract":"Groundwater elevations in three basalt units and one unconsolidated hydrogeologic unit in the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System were measured and evaluated to provide a regional overview of groundwater conditions in spring 2009. Water levels for the Saddle Mountains unit, the Wanapum unit, the Grande Ronde unit, and for the overlying Overburden unit were measured in 1,752 wells during spring 2009 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and 10 other Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies, including 66 wells located and measured by the USGS specifically for this study. These data were analyzed to determine the presence of spatial correlation of groundwater levels with distance and direction from each other. Groundwater flow in the Palouse Slope structural region showed evidence of being more continuous relative to groundwater flow in the Yakima Fold Belt, where the geologic complexity may contribute to compartmentalization of groundwater flow. This information was used to interpolate the generalized groundwater elevations for each of the basalt hydrogeologic units and to provide information on regional flow. \r\nWater-level change maps were constructed for the three basalt hydrogeologic units and the Overburden (unconsolidated) unit. Groundwater levels measured in spring 1984 and 2009 in 470 wells were compared. Small to moderate groundwater-level declines were measured in most wells, although declines greater than 100 ft and as great as 300 ft were measured in many wells. Essentially unchanged groundwater levels were measured in other wells. Of the wells measured in 1984 and 2009, water levels declined in 83 percent of the wells, and declines greater than 25 ft were measured in 29 percent of all wells. The groundwater-level changes were greatest in the deeper hydrogeologic units. Mean groundwater-level changes ranged from a 7 ft decline for the Overburden unit to a 51 ft decline for the Grande Ronde unit. The average annual rates of groundwater-level change for the 25-year period ranged from a 0.3 ft/yr decline for the Overburden unit to a 2.0 ft/yr decline for the Grande Ronde unit. \r\nGroundwater level declines were identified throughout the Columbia Plateau, but areas with large and widespread declines were located in the central northern part of the study area, in parts of the Yakima River basin in Washington, in the Pullman-Moscow area in Washington and Idaho, and in parts of the Umatilla River basin in Oregon. These declines are in areas known to rely heavily on groundwater for irrigation and other uses.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105040","usgsCitation":"Snyder, D.T., and Haynes, J.V., 2010, Groundwater conditions during 2009 and changes in groundwater levels from 1984 to 2009, Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5040, Report: iv, 12 p.; Plates; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105040.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Plates; Appendix","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415593,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92073.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13532,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5040/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.7,\n 48.2\n ],\n [\n -121.7,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 48.2\n ],\n [\n -121.7,\n 48.2\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a95e4b07f02db65a029","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haynes, Jonathan V. 0000-0001-6530-6252 jhaynes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6530-6252","contributorId":3113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhaynes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98276,"text":"ofr20101036 - 2010 - Analyses of gas, steam and water samples collected in and around Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1975–2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-31T21:55:14.757327","indexId":"ofr20101036","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1036","title":"Analyses of gas, steam and water samples collected in and around Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1975–2002","docAbstract":"This report contains physical and chemical data from gas, steam, and water samples collected between July 1975 and September 2002 from locations in and around Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. Data are compiled as tables in Excel spreadsheets and are organized by locale. Most data are keyed to 1 of 107 site codes that are shown on local- and regional-scale maps. Brief descriptions of terminology, sampling, and analytical methods are provided.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101036","usgsCitation":"Janik, C.J., and Bergfeld, D., 2010, Analyses of gas, steam and water samples collected in and around Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1975–2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1036, v, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101036.","productDescription":"v, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388525,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92065.htm"},{"id":13529,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1036/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1036.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen Volcanic National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 40.34026396683983\n ],\n [\n -121.26708984374999,\n 40.34026396683983\n ],\n [\n -121.26708984374999,\n 40.64938745451835\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 40.64938745451835\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 40.34026396683983\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68496f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janik, Cathy J.","contributorId":87090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"Cathy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergfeld, D. dbergfel@usgs.gov","contributorId":2069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"D.","email":"dbergfel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":304870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98274,"text":"ofr20101049 - 2010 - Science in the Public Sphere: Greater Sage-grouse Conservation Planning from a Transdisciplinary Perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:05","indexId":"ofr20101049","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1049","title":"Science in the Public Sphere: Greater Sage-grouse Conservation Planning from a Transdisciplinary Perspective","docAbstract":"Integration of scientific data and adaptive management techniques is critical to the success of species conservation, however, there are uncertainties about effective methods of knowledge exchange between scientists and decisionmakers. The conservation planning and implementation process for Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; ) in the Mono Basin, Calif. region, was used as a case study to observe the exchange of scientific information among stakeholders with differing perspectives; resource manager, scientist, public official, rancher, and others. \r\n\r\nThe collaborative development of a risk-simulation model was explored as a tool to transfer knowledge between stakeholders and inform conservation planning and management decisions. Observations compiled using a transdisciplinary approach were used to compare the exchange of information during the collaborative model development and more traditional interactions such as scientist-led presentations at stakeholder meetings. Lack of congruence around knowledge needs and prioritization led to insufficient commitment to completely implement the risk-simulation model. Ethnographic analysis of the case study suggests that further application of epistemic community theory, which posits a strong boundary condition on knowledge transfer, could help support application of risk simulation models in conservation-planning efforts within similarly complex social and bureaucratic landscapes. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101049","usgsCitation":"Torregrosa, A.A., Casazza, M.L., Caldwell, M.R., Mathiasmeier, T.A., Morgan, P.M., and Overton, C.T., 2010, Science in the Public Sphere: Greater Sage-grouse Conservation Planning from a Transdisciplinary Perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1049, iv, 31p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101049.","productDescription":"iv, 31p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1049.jpg"},{"id":13527,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1049/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120,37 ], [ -120,39.5 ], [ -117,39.5 ], [ -117,37 ], [ -120,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd4f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torregrosa, Alicia A. 0000-0001-7361-2241 atorregrosa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-2241","contributorId":3471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torregrosa","given":"Alicia","email":"atorregrosa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caldwell, Margaret R.","contributorId":31358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mathiasmeier, Teresa A.","contributorId":50488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathiasmeier","given":"Teresa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morgan, Peter M.","contributorId":54156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Overton, Cory T. 0000-0002-5060-7447 coverton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-7447","contributorId":3262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"Cory","email":"coverton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98272,"text":"ofr20101038 - 2010 - Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona— 2008–2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-31T21:19:16.856731","indexId":"ofr20101038","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1038","title":"Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona— 2008–2009","docAbstract":"The N aquifer is an extensive aquifer and the primary source of groundwater in the 5,400-square-mile Black Mesa area in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in northeastern Arizona because of continued water requirements for industrial and municipal use by a growing population and because of low precipitation in the arid climate of the Black Mesa area, which is typically about 6 to 14 inches per year. \r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey water-monitoring program in the Black Mesa area began in 1971 and provides information about the long-term effects of groundwater withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. This report presents results of data collected as part of the monitoring program in the Black Mesa area from January 2008 to September 2009. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) groundwater withdrawals, (2) groundwater levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, and (5) groundwater chemistry. \r\n\r\nIn 2008, total groundwater withdrawals were 4,110 acre-feet, industrial withdrawals were 1,210 acre-ft, and municipal withdrawals were 2,900 acre-ft. Total withdrawals during 2008 were about 44 percent less than total withdrawals in 2005. From 2007 to 2008 total withdrawals decreased by 4 percent, industrial withdrawals increased by approximately 3 percent, but total municipal withdrawals decreased by 6 percent. \r\n\r\nFrom 2008 to 2009, annually measured water levels in the Black Mesa area declined in 8 of 15 wells that were available for comparison in the unconfined areas of the N aquifer, and the median change was -0.1 feet. Water levels declined in 11 of 18 wells measured in the confined area of the aquifer. The median change for the confined area of the aquifer was -0.2 feet. From the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 2009, the median water-level change for 34 wells in both the confined and unconfined area was -11.8 feet. Also, from the prestress period to 2009, the median water-level changes were -1.6 feet for 16 wells measured in the unconfined areas and -36.7 feet for 18 wells measured in the confined area. \r\n\r\nSpring flow was measured at three springs in 2009. Flow fluctuated during the period of record, but a decreasing trend was apparent at Moenkopi School Spring and Pasture Canyon Spring. Discharge at Burro spring has remained constant since it was first measured in 1998. \r\n\r\nContinuous records of surface-water discharge in the Black Mesa area were collected from streamflow-gaging stations at the following sites: Moenkopi Wash at Moenkopi 09401260 (1976 to 2008), Dinnebito Wash near Sand Springs 09401110 (1993 to 2008), Polacca Wash near Second Mesa 09400568 (1994 to 2008), and Pasture Canyon Springs 09401265 (August 2004 to 2008). Median winter flows (November through February) of each water year were used as an index of the amount of groundwater discharge at the above-named sites. For the period of record of each streamflow-gaging station, the median winter flows have generally remained constant, which suggests no change in groundwater discharge. \r\n\r\nIn 2009, water samples collected from 6 wells and 3 springs in the Black Mesa area were analyzed for selected chemical constituents, and the results were compared with previous analyses. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate have varied at all 6 wells for the period of record, but neither increasing nor decreasing trends over time were found. Dissolved-solids, chloride, and sulfate concentrations increased at Moenkopi School Spring during the more than 12 years of record at that site. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Pasture Canyon Spring have not varied much since the early 1980s, and there is no trend in those data. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Burro Spring have varied for the period of record, but there is no trend in the data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101038","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs\r\nand the Arizona Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Macy, J.P., 2010, Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona— 2008–2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1038, vi, 43p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101038.","productDescription":"vi, 43p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388443,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92063.htm"},{"id":125830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1038.jpg"},{"id":13525,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1038/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.5,35.5 ], [ -111.5,37 ], [ -109.5,37 ], [ -109.5,35.5 ], [ -111.5,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696fdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macy, Jamie P. 0000-0003-3443-0079 jpmacy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3443-0079","contributorId":2173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macy","given":"Jamie","email":"jpmacy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98277,"text":"sir20105033 - 2010 - Estimation of Flood-Frequency Discharges for Rural, Unregulated Streams in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:12","indexId":"sir20105033","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5033","title":"Estimation of Flood-Frequency Discharges for Rural, Unregulated Streams in West Virginia","docAbstract":"Flood-frequency discharges were determined for 290 streamgage stations having a minimum of 9 years of record in West Virginia and surrounding states through the 2006 or 2007 water year. No trend was determined in the annual peaks used to calculate the flood-frequency discharges.\r\n\r\nMultiple and simple least-squares regression equations for the 100-year (1-percent annual-occurrence probability) flood discharge with independent variables that describe the basin characteristics were developed for 290 streamgage stations in West Virginia and adjacent states. The regression residuals for the models were evaluated and used to define three regions of the State, designated as Eastern Panhandle, Central Mountains, and Western Plateaus. Exploratory data analysis procedures identified 44 streamgage stations that were excluded from the development of regression equations representative of rural, unregulated streams in West Virginia. Regional equations for the 1.1-, 1.5-, 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year flood discharges were determined by generalized least-squares regression using data from the remaining 246 streamgage stations. Drainage area was the only significant independent variable determined for all equations in all regions.\r\n\r\nProcedures developed to estimate flood-frequency discharges on ungaged streams were based on (1) regional equations and (2) drainage-area ratios between gaged and ungaged locations on the same stream. The procedures are applicable only to rural, unregulated streams within the boundaries of West Virginia that have drainage areas within the limits of the stations used to develop the regional equations (from 0.21 to 1,461 square miles in the Eastern Panhandle, from 0.10 to 1,619 square miles in the Central Mountains, and from 0.13 to 1,516 square miles in the Western Plateaus). The accuracy of the equations is quantified by measuring the average prediction error (from 21.7 to 56.3 percent) and equivalent years of record (from 2.0 to 70.9 years).\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J.B., and Atkins, J.T., 2010, Estimation of Flood-Frequency Discharges for Rural, Unregulated Streams in West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5033, vi, 75 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105033.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5033.jpg"},{"id":13530,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5033/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.25,37 ], [ -83.25,41 ], [ -77.5,41 ], [ -77.5,37 ], [ -83.25,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbd80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":59746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkins, John T. jtatkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"John","email":"jtatkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98265,"text":"ofr20101032 - 2010 - 2008 High-flow experiment at Glen Canyon Dam: Morphologic response of eddy-deposited sandbars and associated aquatic backwater habitats along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T14:47:00.566274","indexId":"ofr20101032","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1032","title":"2008 High-flow experiment at Glen Canyon Dam: Morphologic response of eddy-deposited sandbars and associated aquatic backwater habitats along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park","docAbstract":"The March 2008 high-flow experiment (HFE) at Glen Canyon Dam resulted in sandbar deposition and sandbar reshaping such that the area and volume of associated backwater aquatic habitat in Grand Canyon National Park was greater following the HFE. Analysis of backwater habitat area and volume for 116 locations at 86 study sites, comparing one month before and one month after the HFE, shows that total habitat area increased by 30 percent to as much as a factor of 3 and that volume increased by 80 percent to as much as a factor of 15. These changes resulted from an increase in the area and elevation of sandbars, which isolate backwaters from the main channel, and the scour of eddy return-current channels along the bank where the habitat occurs. Because of this greater relief on the sandbars, backwaters were present across a broader range of flows following the HFE than before the experiment. \r\n\r\nReworking of sandbars during diurnal fluctuating flow operations in the first 6 months following the HFE caused sandbar erosion and a reduction of backwater size and abundance to conditions that were 5 to 14 percent greater than existed before the HFE. In the months following the HFE, erosion of sandbars and deposition in eddy return-current channels caused reductions of backwater area and volume. However, sandbar relief was still greater in October 2008 such that backwaters were present across a broader range of discharges than in February 2008. \r\n\r\nTopographic analyses of the sandbar and backwater morphologic data collected in this study demonstrate that steady flows are associated with a greater amount of continuously available backwater habitat than fluctuating flows, which result in a greater amount of intermittently available habitat. With the exception of the period immediately following the HFE, backwater habitat in 2008 was greater for steady flows associated with dam operations of relatively lower monthly volume (about 227 m3/s) than steady flows associated with dam operations of higher monthly volume. Similarly, there was greater habitat availability associated with lower monthly volume fluctuating flows (post-HFE through mid-April) compared to higher monthly volume fluctuating flows (after mid-April 2008). \r\n\r\nThe sites monitored for this study represent about 20 percent of the 569 estimated number of potential sand-bounded backwaters that occur in eddies below Glen Canyon Dam in Grand Canyon National Park. Data from fish sampling in backwaters, by seining, demonstrates that both native and nonnative species were present in the backwaters monitored for this study.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101032","collaboration":"Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center","usgsCitation":"Grams, P.E., Schmidt, J.C., and Andersen, M.E., 2010, 2008 High-flow experiment at Glen Canyon Dam: Morphologic response of eddy-deposited sandbars and associated aquatic backwater habitats along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1032, vi, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101032.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117643,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1032.jpg"},{"id":13518,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1032/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402022,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92060.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.97216796875,\n 35.63051198300061\n ],\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 35.63051198300061\n ],\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -113.97216796875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -113.97216796875,\n 35.63051198300061\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4923e4b0b290850eee9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grams, Paul E. 0000-0002-0873-0708 pgrams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0873-0708","contributorId":1830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grams","given":"Paul","email":"pgrams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, John C. 0000-0002-2988-3869 jcschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-3869","contributorId":1983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"John","email":"jcschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andersen, Matthew E. 0000-0003-4115-5028 mandersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4115-5028","contributorId":3190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Matthew","email":"mandersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156727,"text":"70156727 - 2010 - Estimating salinity intrusion effects due to climate change on the Lower Savannah River Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-08T17:47:31.723551","indexId":"70156727","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimating salinity intrusion effects due to climate change on the Lower Savannah River Estuary","docAbstract":"The ability of water-resource managers to adapt to future climatic change is especially challenging in coastal regions of the world. The East Coast of the United States falls into this category given the high number of people living along the Atlantic seaboard and the added strain on resources as populations continue to increase, particularly in the Southeast. Increased temperatures, changes in regional precipitation regimes, and potential increased sea level may have a great impact on existing hydrological systems in the region. The Savannah River originates at the confluence of the Seneca and Tugaloo Rivers, near Hartwell, Ga., and forms the state boundary between South Carolina and Georgia. The J. Strom Thurmond Dam and Lake, located 238 miles upstream from the Atlantic Ocean, is responsible for most of the flow regulation that affects the Savannah River from Augusta, Ga., to the coast. The Savannah Harbor experiences semi-diurnal tides of two low and two high tides in a 24.8-hour period with pronounced differences in tidal range between neap and spring tides occurring on a 14-day and 28-day lunar cycle. Salinity intrusion results from the interaction of three principal forces - streamflow, mean tidal water levels, and tidal range. To analyze, model, and simulate hydrodynamic behaviors at critical coastal streamgages in the Lower Savannah River Estuary, data-mining techniques were applied to over 15 years of hourly streamflow, coastal water-quality, and water-level data. Artificial neural network (ANN) models were trained to learn the variable interactions that cause salinity intrusions. Streamflow data from the 9,850 square-mile Savannah River Basin were input into the model as time-delayed variables. Tidal inputs to the models were obtained by decomposing tidal water-level data into a “periodic” signal of tidal range and a “chaotic” signal of mean water levels. The ANN models were able to convincingly reproduce historical behaviors and generate alternative scenarios of interest. Important freshwater resources are located proximal to the freshwater-saltwater interface of the estuary. The Savannah National Wildlife Refuge is located in the upper portion of the Savannah River Estuary. The tidal freshwater marsh is an essential part of the 28,000-acre refuge and is home to a diverse variety of wildlife and plant communities. Two municipal freshwater intakes are located upstream from the refuge. To evaluate the impact of climate change on salinity intrusion on these resources, inputs of streamflows and mean tidal water levels were modified to incorporate estimated changes in precipitation patterns and sea-level rise appropriate for the Southeastern United States. Changes in mean tidal water levels were changed parametrically for various sea-level rise conditions. Preliminary model results at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Interstate-95 streamgage (station 02198840) for a 7½-year simulation show that historical daily salinity concentrations never exceeded 0.5 practical salinity units (psu). A 1-foot sea-level rise (ft, 30.5 centimeters [cm]) would increase the number of days of salinity concentrations greater than 0.5 psu to 47 days. A 2-ft (61 cm) sea-level rise would increase the number of days to 248.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"2010 South Carolina Environmental Conference Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2010 South Carolina Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"March 13-17 2010","conferenceLocation":"Myrtle Beach, South Carolina","language":"English","publisher":"South Carolina Environmental Conference","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., Roehl, E.A., Daamen, R.C., Cook, J., Sexton, C.T., Tufford, D.L., Carbone, G.J., and Dow, K., 2010, Estimating salinity intrusion effects due to climate change on the Lower Savannah River Estuary, in 2010 South Carolina Environmental Conference Proceedings, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, March 13-17 2010, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cisa.sc.edu/library_CPP.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Lower Savannah River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.12866396878053,\n 31.73606362170419\n ],\n [\n -81.08922042433618,\n 31.729354188100046\n ],\n [\n -80.81705996766948,\n 31.98731612795615\n ],\n [\n -80.80128254989155,\n 32.057543979020494\n ],\n [\n -80.6750632076695,\n 32.17780922241056\n ],\n [\n -81.13260832322477,\n 32.38122972273655\n ],\n [\n -81.20755105766925,\n 32.29124741896493\n ],\n [\n -81.27460508322473,\n 31.906989849666886\n ],\n [\n -81.12866396878053,\n 31.73606362170419\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034b7e4b0f42e3d040e03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roehl, Edwin A.","contributorId":89242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roehl","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daamen, Ruby C.","contributorId":105391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daamen","given":"Ruby","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cook, John B.","contributorId":45594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sexton, Charles T.","contributorId":147101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sexton","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tufford, Daniel L. tufford@sc.edu","contributorId":147102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tufford","given":"Daniel","email":"tufford@sc.edu","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Carbone, Gregory J. greg.carbone@sc.edu","contributorId":147103,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carbone","given":"Gregory","email":"greg.carbone@sc.edu","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dow, Kristin","contributorId":147104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dow","given":"Kristin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":98263,"text":"ofr20101051 - 2010 - Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Endangered Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers in Relation to Environmental Variables in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: 2008 Annual Data Summary ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:45","indexId":"ofr20101051","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1051","title":"Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Endangered Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers in Relation to Environmental Variables in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: 2008 Annual Data Summary ","docAbstract":"Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) were listed as endangered in 1988 for a variety of reasons including apparent recruitment failure. Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and its tributaries are considered the most critical remaining habitat for these two species. Age-0 suckers are often abundant in Upper Klamath Lake throughout the summer months, but catches decline dramatically between late August and early September each year and age-1 and older sub-adult suckers are rare. These rapid declines in catch rates and a lack of substantial recruitment into adult sucker populations in recent years suggests sucker populations experience high mortality between their first summer and first spawn. A lack of access to, or abundance of, optimal rearing habitat may exacerbate juvenile sucker mortality or restrict juvenile growth or development. \r\n\r\nSummer age-0 sucker habitat use and distribution has been studied extensively, but many uncertainties remain about age-1 and older juvenile habitat use, distribution, and movement patterns within Upper Klamath Lake. We designed a study to examine seasonal changes in distribution of age-1 suckers in Upper Klamath Lake as they relate to depth and water quality. In this document, which meets our annual data summary and reporting obligations, we discuss the results of our second annual spring and summer sampling effort. \r\n\r\nCatch data collected in 2007 and 2008 indicate seasonal changes in age-1 and older juvenile sucker habitat use coincident with changes in water quality, which were previously undocumented. In both years during April and May, age-1 and older juvenile suckers were found in shallow water environments. Then, as water temperatures began to warm throughout Upper Klamath Lake in June, age-1 and older juvenile suckers primarily were captured along the western shore in some of the deepest available environments. Following a dramatic decrease in dissolved oxygen concentrations in Eagle Ridge Trench, juvenile suckers were no longer found along the western shore but were captured throughout the rest of Upper Klamath Lake. When dissolved oxygen concentrations were 4 milligrams per liter or greater along the western shore, juvenile sucker captures were again concentrated in that area. Although this pattern indicates that low dissolved oxygen concentration or another related water-quality limitation may force juvenile suckers to leave the western shore, it is unclear as to why age-1 and older juveniles might be attracted to the area in the first place. Understanding this apparent behavior could be important to managing habitat for these species. \r\n\r\nIn this data summary, we also describe the distribution of catches of age-0 suckers and other fishes in Upper Klamath Lake. These data corroborate previous studies that describe age-0 sucker habitat as shallow relative to depths available in Upper Klamath Lake. In this study, we did not seek, nor find additional clarification on age-0 sucker habitat use and distribution in Upper Klamath Lake. Our brief description of the distribution and abundance of all other fish species caught provides a context in which to assess the rarity of juvenile suckers within the fish community of Upper Klamath Lake. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101051","usgsCitation":"Burdick, S.M., and VanderKooi, S., 2010, Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Endangered Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers in Relation to Environmental Variables in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: 2008 Annual Data Summary : U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1051, vi, 36 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101051.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13516,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1051/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68561a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burdick, Summer M. 0000-0002-3480-5793 sburdick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-5793","contributorId":3448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdick","given":"Summer","email":"sburdick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanderKooi, Scott P.","contributorId":106584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderKooi","given":"Scott P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98259,"text":"ds476 - 2010 - Summary of Suspended-Sediment Concentration Data, San Francisco Bay, California, Water Year 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"ds476","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"476","title":"Summary of Suspended-Sediment Concentration Data, San Francisco Bay, California, Water Year 2007","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment concentration data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in San Francisco Bay during water year 2007 (October 1, 2006-September 30, 2007). Optical sensors and water samples were used to monitor suspended-sediment concentration at two sites in Suisun Bay, two sites in Central San Francisco Bay, and one site in South San Francisco Bay. Sensors were positioned at two depths at most sites to help define the vertical variability of suspended sediments.Water samples were collected periodically and analyzed for concentrations of suspended sediment. The results of the analyses were used to calibrate the output of the optical sensors so that a record of suspended-sediment concentrations could be derived. This report presents the data-collection methods used and summarizes, in graphs, the suspended-sediment concentration data collected from October 2006 through September 2007. Calibration curves and plots of the processed data for each sensor also are presented.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds476","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the CALFED Bay-Delta Authority and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District","usgsCitation":"Buchanan, P.A., and Morgan, T., 2010, Summary of Suspended-Sediment Concentration Data, San Francisco Bay, California, Water Year 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 476, vi, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds476.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2006-10-01","temporalEnd":"2007-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13512,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/476/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.58333333333333,37.416666666666664 ], [ -122.58333333333333,38.166666666666664 ], [ -121.83333333333333,38.166666666666664 ], [ -121.83333333333333,37.416666666666664 ], [ -122.58333333333333,37.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchanan, Paul A. 0000-0002-4796-4734 buchanan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-4734","contributorId":1018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Paul","email":"buchanan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, Tara L. 0000-0001-5632-5232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-5232","contributorId":29124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Tara L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98261,"text":"gip102 - 2010 - Satellite Map of Port-au-Prince, Haiti-2010-Natural Color","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:52","indexId":"gip102","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"102","title":"Satellite Map of Port-au-Prince, Haiti-2010-Natural Color","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey produced 1:24,000-scale post-earthquake image base maps incorporating high- and medium-resolution remotely sensed imagery following the 7.0 magnitude earthquake near the capital city of Port au Prince, Haiti, on January 12, 2010. Commercial 2.4-meter multispectral QuickBird imagery was acquired by DigitalGlobe on January 15, 2010, following the initial earthquake. Ten-meter multispectral ALOS AVNIR-2 imagery was collected by the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) on January 12, 2010. These data were acquired under the Remote Sensing International Charter, a global team of space and satellite agencies that provide timely imagery in support of emergency response efforts worldwide. The images shown on this map were employed to support earthquake response efforts, specifically for use in determining ground deformation, damage assessment, and emergency management decisions. The raw, unprocessed imagery was geo-corrected, mosaicked, and reproduced onto a cartographic 1:24,000-scale base map. These maps are intended to provide a temporally current representation of post-earthquake ground conditions, which may be of use to decision makers and to the general public.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gip102","usgsCitation":"Cole, C.J., and Sloan, J., 2010, Satellite Map of Port-au-Prince, Haiti-2010-Natural Color: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 102, Map, https://doi.org/10.3133/gip102.","productDescription":"Map","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_102.jpg"},{"id":13514,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/102/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"UTM","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.48333333333333,18.466666666666665 ], [ -72.48333333333333,18.616666666666667 ], [ -72.26666666666667,18.616666666666667 ], [ -72.26666666666667,18.466666666666665 ], [ -72.48333333333333,18.466666666666665 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Christopher J. cjcole@usgs.gov","contributorId":2163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Christopher","email":"cjcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, Jeff","contributorId":57562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98260,"text":"gip101 - 2010 - Satellite Map of Port-au-Prince, Haiti-2010-Infrared","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:52","indexId":"gip101","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"101","title":"Satellite Map of Port-au-Prince, Haiti-2010-Infrared","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey produced 1:24,000-scale post-earthquake image base maps incorporating high- and medium-resolution remotely sensed imagery following the 7.0 magnitude earthquake near the capital city of Port au Prince, Haiti, on January 12, 2010. Commercial 2.4-meter multispectral QuickBird imagery was acquired by DigitalGlobe on January 15, 2010, following the initial earthquake. Ten-meter multispectral ALOS AVNIR-2 imagery was collected by the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) on January 12, 2010. These data were acquired under the Remote Sensing International Charter, a global team of space and satellite agencies that provide timely imagery in support of emergency response efforts worldwide. The images shown on this map were employed to support earthquake response efforts, specifically for use in determining ground deformation, damage assessment, and emergency management decisions. The raw, unprocessed imagery was geo-corrected, mosaicked, and reproduced onto a cartographic 1:24,000-scale base map. These maps are intended to provide a temporally current representation of post-earthquake ground conditions, which may be of use to decision makers and to the general public.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gip101","usgsCitation":"Cole, C.J., and Sloan, J., 2010, Satellite Map of Port-au-Prince, Haiti-2010-Infrared: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 101, Map, https://doi.org/10.3133/gip101.","productDescription":"Map","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_101.jpg"},{"id":13513,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/101/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"UTM","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.48333333333333,18.45138888888889 ], [ -72.48333333333333,18.616666666666667 ], [ -72.25138888888888,18.616666666666667 ], [ -72.25138888888888,18.45138888888889 ], [ -72.48333333333333,18.45138888888889 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdc46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Christopher J. cjcole@usgs.gov","contributorId":2163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Christopher","email":"cjcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, Jeff","contributorId":57562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98262,"text":"ofr20091285 - 2010 - Mercury in Sediment, Water, and Biota of Sinclair Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington, 1989-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"ofr20091285","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1285","title":"Mercury in Sediment, Water, and Biota of Sinclair Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington, 1989-2007","docAbstract":"Historical records of mercury contamination in dated sediment cores from Sinclair Inlet are coincidental with activities at the U.S. Navy Puget Sound Naval Shipyard; peak total mercury concentrations occurred around World War II. After World War II, better metallurgical management practices and environmental regulations reduced mercury contamination, but total mercury concentrations in surface sediment of Sinclair Inlet have decreased slowly because of the low rate of sedimentation relative to the vertical mixing within sediment. The slopes of linear regressions between the total mercury and total organic carbon concentrations of sediment offshore of Puget Sound urban areas was the best indicator of general mercury contamination above pre-industrial levels. Prior to the 2000-01 remediation, this indicator placed Sinclair Inlet in the tier of estuaries with the highest level of mercury contamination, along with Bellingham Bay in northern Puget Sound and Elliott Bay near Seattle. This indicator also suggests that the 2000/2001 remediation dredging had significant positive effect on Sinclair Inlet as a whole. In 2007, about 80 percent of the area of the Bremerton naval complex had sediment total mercury concentrations within about 0.5 milligrams per kilogram of the Sinclair Inlet regression. Three areas adjacent to the waterfront of the Bremerton naval complex have total mercury concentrations above this range and indicate a possible terrestrial source from waterfront areas of Bremerton naval complex. Total mercury concentrations in unfiltered Sinclair Inlet marine waters are about three times higher than those of central Puget Sound, but the small numbers of samples and complex physical and geochemical processes make it difficult to interpret the geographical distribution of mercury in marine waters from Sinclair Inlet.\r\n\r\nTotal mercury concentrations in various biota species were compared among geographical locations and included data of composite samples, individual specimens, and caged mussels. Total mercury concentrations in muscle and liver of English sole from Sinclair Inlet ranked in the upper quarter and third, respectively, of Puget Sound locations. For other species, concentrations from Sinclair Inlet were within the mid-range of locations (for example, Chinook salmon). Total mercury concentrations of the long-lived and higher trophic rockfish in composites and individual specimens from Sinclair Inlet tended to be the highest in Puget Sound. For a given size, sand sole, graceful crab, staghorn sculpin, surf perch, and sea cucumber individuals collected from Sinclair Inlet had higher total mercury concentrations than individuals collected from non-urban estuaries. Total mercury concentrations in individual English sole and ratfish were not significantly different than in individuals of various sizes collected from either urban or non-urban estuaries in Puget Sound. Total mercury concentrations in English sole collected from Sinclair Inlet after the 2000-2001 dredging appear to have lower total mercury concentrations than those collected before (1996) the dredging project. The highest total mercury concentrations of mussels caged in 2002 were not within the Bremerton naval complex, but within the Port Orchard Marina and inner Sinclair Inlet.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091285","usgsCitation":"Paulson, A.J., Keys, M.E., and Scholting, K.L., 2010, Mercury in Sediment, Water, and Biota of Sinclair Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington, 1989-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1285, xii, 220 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091285.","productDescription":"xii, 220 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1285.jpg"},{"id":13515,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1285/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.83333333333333,47.5 ], [ -122.83333333333333,47.78333333333333 ], [ -122.5,47.78333333333333 ], [ -122.5,47.5 ], [ -122.83333333333333,47.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db6140b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulson, Anthony J. 0000-0002-2358-8834 apaulson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-8834","contributorId":5236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"Anthony","email":"apaulson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keys, Morgan E.","contributorId":92776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keys","given":"Morgan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scholting, Kelly L.","contributorId":17723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholting","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98254,"text":"ofr20101031 - 2010 - Short-Term Effects of the 2008 High-Flow Experiment on Macroinvertebrates in Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:52","indexId":"ofr20101031","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1031","title":"Short-Term Effects of the 2008 High-Flow Experiment on Macroinvertebrates in Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona","docAbstract":"Glen Canyon Dam has dramatically altered the physical environment (especially discharge regime, water temperatures, and sediment inputs) of the Colorado River. High-flow experiments (HFE) that mimic one aspect of the natural hydrograph (floods) were implemented in 1996, 2004, and 2008. The primary goal of these experiments was to increase the size and total area of sandbar habitats that provide both camping sites for recreational users and create backwaters (areas of stagnant flow in the lee of return-current eddies) that may be important as rearing habitat for native fish. Experimental flows might also positively or negatively alter the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sport fishery in the clear tailwater reach below Glen Canyon Dam, Ariz., and native fish populations in downstream reaches (for example, endangered humpback chub, Gila cypha) through changes in available food resources. \r\n\r\nWe examined the short-term response of benthic macroinvertebrates to the March 2008 HFE at three sites [river mile 0 (RM 0, 15.7 miles downriver from the dam), RM 62, and RM 225] along the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam by sampling immediately before and then 1, 7, 14, and 30 days after the HFE. We selected these sites because of their importance to management; RM 0 has a valuable trout fishery, and RM 62 is the location of the largest population of the endangered humpback chub in the Grand Canyon. In addition to the short-term collection of samples, as part of parallel investigations, we collected 3 years of monthly (quarterly for RM 62) benthic macroinvertebrate samples that included 15 months of post-HFE data for all three sites, but processing of the samples is only complete for one site (RM 0). At RM 0, the HFE caused an immediate 1.75 g AFDM/m2 (expressed as grams ash-free dry mass, or AFDM) reduction of macroinvertebrate biomass that was driven by significant reductions in the biomass of the two dominant taxa in this reach-Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snails) and Gammarus lacustris (scuds or side-swimmers)-and also biomass reductions of other common taxa (worms in the families Lumbricidae and Tubificidae). Invertebrate drift estimates during the HFE suggest that reductions in biomass of some taxa were because of export from the reach. Reductions in biomass of P. antipodarum and G. lacustris persisted at least 15 months after the HFE, when this study concluded, and coincided with a significant decline in the annual production of these taxa: P. antipodarum production of 11 to 13 g AFDM/m2/yr in two pre-HFE years versus 2 g AFDM/m2/yr in the post-HFE year, and G. lacustris production of 7 to 8 g AFDM/m2/yr in two pre-HFE years versus 3 g AFDM/m2/yr in the post-HFE year. There were not changes in invertebrate feeding habits in response to the HFE, as our 3-year dataset of invertebrate diets indicated no substantial changes. Our long-term analysis of the composition of the drift indicates that because of a reduction in P. antipodarum in the drift relative to digestible taxa, the quality of the drift as a food resource for fishes increased. At downstream sites, total assemblage biomass did not decline, likely because assemblages were dominated by blackflies (Simulium arcticum), which were not affected by the HFE. Similar to RM 0, G. lacustris and Tubificidae had significantly lower biomass after the HFE at RM 62 and RM 225. Chironomids were also significantly lower following the flood at both downstream sites. \r\n\r\nOur findings demonstrate that the effects of a HFE on invertebrates may persist up to at least 15 months in the clear tailwater below the dam, whereas in downstream reaches impacts were more short lived. If controlling the abundance of P. antipodarum is a goal of managers, our findings indicate that periodic HFEs on the order of every 2 to 3 years may be an effective strategy for meeting that goal. More frequent HFEs may cause a shift in the state of the benthic invertebrate assemblage of the tailwa","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101031","collaboration":"In cooperation with Cary Institute for Ecosystem Studies, Montana State University, Loyola University-Chicago, University of Wyoming, and Idaho State University","usgsCitation":"Rosi-Marshall, E.J., Kennedy, T., Kincaid, D., Cross, W.F., Kelly, H.A., Behn, K., White, T., Hall, R., and Baxter, C., 2010, Short-Term Effects of the 2008 High-Flow Experiment on Macroinvertebrates in Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1031, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101031.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1031.jpg"},{"id":13507,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1031/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1500000","projection":"Stateplane, Arizona Central Zone","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.83333333333333,35 ], [ -114.83333333333333,37.833333333333336 ], [ -110.83333333333333,37.833333333333336 ], [ -110.83333333333333,35 ], [ -114.83333333333333,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3f0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosi-Marshall, Emma J.","contributorId":17722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosi-Marshall","given":"Emma","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Theodore A. 0000-0003-3477-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3477-3629","contributorId":50227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Theodore A.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kincaid, Dustin W.","contributorId":100970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kincaid","given":"Dustin W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cross, Wyatt F.","contributorId":70881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Wyatt","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelly, Holly A.W.","contributorId":27971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Holly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Behn, Kathrine A.","contributorId":26784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behn","given":"Kathrine A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"White, Tyler","contributorId":24886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Tyler","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hall, Robert O. Jr.","contributorId":104182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Robert O.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Baxter, Colden V.","contributorId":47334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baxter","given":"Colden V.","affiliations":[{"id":13656,"text":"Idaho State Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":304820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":98251,"text":"ofr20101009 - 2010 - Hydrologic Evaluation of the Jungo Area, Southern Desert Valley, Nevada ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"ofr20101009","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1009","title":"Hydrologic Evaluation of the Jungo Area, Southern Desert Valley, Nevada ","docAbstract":"RecologyTM, the primary San Francisco waste-disposal entity, is proposing to develop a Class 1 landfill near Jungo, Nevada. The proposal calls for the landfill to receive by rail about 20,000 tons of waste per week for up to 50 years. On September 22, 2009, the Interior Appropriation (S.A. 2494) was amended to require the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate the proposed Jungo landfill site for: (1) potential water-quality impacts on nearby surface-water resources, including Rye Patch Reservoir and the Humboldt River; (2) potential impacts on municipal water resources of Winnemucca, Nevada; (3) locations and altitudes of aquifers; (4) how long it will take waste seepage from the site to contaminate local aquifers; and (5) the direction and distance that contaminated groundwater would travel at 95 and 190 years. This evaluation was based on review of existing data and information.\r\n\r\nDesert Valley is tributary to the Black Rock Desert via the Quinn River in northern Desert Valley. The Humboldt River and Rye Patch Reservoir would not be affected by surface releases from the proposed Jungo landfill site because they are in the Humboldt basin. Winnemucca, on the Humboldt River, is 30 miles east of the Jungo landfill site and in the Humboldt basin. Groundwater-flow directions indicate that subsurface flow near the proposed Jungo landfill site is toward the south-southwest. Therefore, municipal water resources of Winnemucca would not be affected by surface or subsurface releases from the proposed Jungo landfill site.\r\n\r\nBasin-fill aquifers underlie the 680-square-mile valley floor in Desert Valley. Altitudes around the proposed Jungo landfill site range from 4,162 to 4,175 feet. Depth to groundwater is fairly shallow in southern Desert Valley and is about 60 feet below land surface at the proposed Jungo landfill site. A groundwater divide exists about 7 miles north of the proposed Jungo landfill site. Groundwater north of the divide flows north towards the Quinn River. South of the divide and near the proposed Jungo landfill site, groundwater flows in a south-southwesterly direction. Data are insufficient to determine whether groundwater eventually flows into Rye Patch Reservoir or other adjacent valleys. Estimates indicate that contaminants would travel about 0.02 mile and a maximum of 2.5 miles in 95 years and about 0.04 mile and a maximum of 5.0 miles in 190 years. The closest supply wells that could be impacted by contaminants are 5 to 6 miles downgradient and are used for industry, irrigation, and stock watering.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101009","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., 2010, Hydrologic Evaluation of the Jungo Area, Southern Desert Valley, Nevada : U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1009, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101009.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13504,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1009/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.75,40.416666666666664 ], [ -118.75,41.583333333333336 ], [ -117.6,41.583333333333336 ], [ -117.6,40.416666666666664 ], [ -118.75,40.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6149cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98250,"text":"ofr20101008 - 2010 - Characterization of Geologic Structures and Host Rock Properties Relevant to the Hydrogeology of the Standard Mine in Elk Basin, Gunnison County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-26T09:54:25","indexId":"ofr20101008","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1008","title":"Characterization of Geologic Structures and Host Rock Properties Relevant to the Hydrogeology of the Standard Mine in Elk Basin, Gunnison County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Standard Mine Superfund Site is a source of mine drainage and associated heavy metal contamination of surface and groundwaters. The site contains Tertiary polymetallic quartz veins and fault zones that host precious and base metal sulfide mineralization common in Colorado. To assist the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in its effort to remediate mine-related contamination, we characterized geologic structures, host rocks, and their potential hydraulic properties to better understand the sources of contaminants and the local hydrogeology. Real time kinematic and handheld global positioning systems were used to locate and map precisely the geometry of the surface traces of structures and mine-related features, such as portals. New reconnaissance geologic mapping, field and x-ray diffraction mineralogy, rock sample collection, thin-section analysis, and elemental geochemical analysis were completed to characterize hydrothermal alteration, mineralization, and subsequent leaching of metallic phases. Surface and subsurface observations, fault vein and fracture network characterization, borehole geophysical logging, and mercury injection capillary entry pressure data were used to document potential controls on the hydrologic system.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101008","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Caine, J.S., Manning, A.H., Berger, B.R., Kremer, Y., Guzman, M., Eberl, D.D., and Schuller, K., 2010, Characterization of Geologic Structures and Host Rock Properties Relevant to the Hydrogeology of the Standard Mine in Elk Basin, Gunnison County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1008, v, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101008.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":212,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1008.jpg"},{"id":13503,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1008/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.1,38.834722222222226 ], [ -107.1,38.918055555555554 ], [ -106.91666666666667,38.918055555555554 ], [ -106.91666666666667,38.834722222222226 ], [ -107.1,38.834722222222226 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caine, Jonathan S. 0000-0002-7269-6989 jscaine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-6989","contributorId":1272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caine","given":"Jonathan","email":"jscaine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":304806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berger, Byron R. bberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Byron","email":"bberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kremer, Yannick","contributorId":78436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kremer","given":"Yannick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guzman, Mario A.","contributorId":87652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guzman","given":"Mario A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eberl, Dennis D.","contributorId":68388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schuller, Kathryn","contributorId":45025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuller","given":"Kathryn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":98253,"text":"ofr20091284 - 2010 - Geophysical characterization of subsurface properties relevant to the hydrology of the Standard Mine in Elk Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T21:52:18.189868","indexId":"ofr20091284","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1284","title":"Geophysical characterization of subsurface properties relevant to the hydrology of the Standard Mine in Elk Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"Geophysical data were collected at the Standard Mine in Elk Basin near Crested Butte, Colorado, to help improve the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's understanding of the hydrogeologic controls in the basin and how they affect surface and groundwater interactions with nearby mine workings. These data are discussed in the context of geologic observations at the site, the details of which are provided in a separate report. This integrated approach uses the geologic observations to help constrain subsurface information obtained from the analysis of surface geophysical measurements, which is a critical step toward using the geophysical data in a meaningful hydrogeologic framework. This approach combines the benefit of many direct but sparse field observations with spatially continuous but indirect measurements of physical properties through the use of geophysics. Surface geophysical data include: (1) electrical resistivity profiles aimed at imaging variability in subsurface structures and fluid content; (2) self-potentials, which are sensitive to mineralized zones at this site and, to a lesser extent, shallow-flow patterns; and (3) magnetic measurements, which provide information on lateral variability in near-surface geologic features, although there are few magnetic minerals in the rocks at this site.\r\n\r\nResults from the resistivity data indicate a general two-layer model in which an upper highly resistive unit, 3 to 10 meters thick, overlies a less resistive unit that is imaged to depths of 20 to 25 meters. The high resistivity of the upper unit likely is attributed to unsaturated conditions, meaning that the contact between the upper and lower units may correspond to the water table. Significant lateral heterogeneity is observed because of the presence of major features such as the Standard and Elk fault veins, as well as highly heterogeneous joint distributions. Very high resistivities (greater than 10 kiloohmmeters) are observed in locations that may correspond to more silicified, lower porosity rock. Several thin (2 to 3 meters deep and up to tens of meters wide) low-resistivity features in the very near surface coincide with observed surface-water drainage features at the site. These are limited to depths less than 3 meters and may indicate surface and very shallow groundwater flowing downhill on top of less permeable bedrock. The data do not clearly point to discrete zones of high infiltration, but these cannot be ruled out given the heterogeneous nature of joints in the shallow subsurface. Disseminated and localized electrically conductive mineralization do not appear to play a strong role in controlling the resistivity values, which generally are high throughout the site. \r\n\r\nThe self-potential analysis highlights the Standard fault vein, the northwest (NW) Elk vein near the Elk portal, and several polymetallic quartz veins. These features contain sulfide minerals in the subsurface that form an electrochemical cell that produces their distinct self-potential signal. A smaller component of the self-potential signal is attributed to relatively moderate topographically driven shallow groundwater flow, which is most prevalent in the vicinity of Elk Creek and to a lesser extent in the area of surface-water drainage below the Level 5 portal. Given the anomalies associated with the electrochemical weathering near the Standard fault vein, it is not possible to completely rule out downward infiltration of surface water and shallow groundwater intersected by the fault, though this is an unlikely scenario given the available data.\r\n\r\nMagnetic data show little variation, consistent with the mostly nonmagnetic host rocks and mineralization at the site, which is verified by magnetic susceptibility measurements and X-ray diffraction mineralogy data on local rock samples. The contact between the Ohio Creek Member of the Mesaverde Formation and Wasatch Formation coincides with a change in character of the magnetic signature, though","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091284","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Minsley, B.J., Ball, L.B., Burton, B., Caine, J.S., Curry-Elrod, E., and Manning, A.H., 2010, Geophysical characterization of subsurface properties relevant to the hydrology of the Standard Mine in Elk Basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1284, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091284.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":212,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/Ofr_2009_1284.jpg"},{"id":402901,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92030.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13506,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1284/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Elk Basin, Standard Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.0758,\n 38.8294\n ],\n [\n -107.0656,\n 38.8294\n ],\n [\n -107.0656,\n 38.8372\n ],\n [\n -107.0758,\n 38.8372\n ],\n [\n -107.0758,\n 38.8294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Minsley, Burke J. 0000-0003-1689-1306 bminsley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-1306","contributorId":697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minsley","given":"Burke","email":"bminsley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, Lyndsay B. 0000-0002-6356-4693 lbball@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-4693","contributorId":1138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Lyndsay","email":"lbball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, Bethany L. 0000-0001-5011-7862 blburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5011-7862","contributorId":1341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Bethany L.","email":"blburton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":304813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caine, Jonathan S. 0000-0002-7269-6989 jscaine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-6989","contributorId":1272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caine","given":"Jonathan","email":"jscaine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":304814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Curry-Elrod, Erika","contributorId":83634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry-Elrod","given":"Erika","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98229,"text":"sir20095243 - 2010 - Multilevel Hierarchical Modeling of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Responses to Urbanization in Nine Metropolitan Regions across the Conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095243","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5243","title":"Multilevel Hierarchical Modeling of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Responses to Urbanization in Nine Metropolitan Regions across the Conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Multilevel hierarchical modeling methodology has been developed for use in ecological data analysis. The effect of urbanization on stream macroinvertebrate communities was measured across a gradient of basins in each of nine metropolitan regions across the conterminous United States. The hierarchical nature of this dataset was harnessed in a multi-tiered model structure, predicting both invertebrate response at the basin scale and differences in invertebrate response at the region scale. Ordination site scores, total taxa richness, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) taxa richness, and richness-weighted mean tolerance of organisms at a site were used to describe invertebrate responses. Percentage of urban land cover was used as a basin-level predictor variable. Regional mean precipitation, air temperature, and antecedent agriculture were used as region-level predictor variables. Multilevel hierarchical models were fit to both levels of data simultaneously, borrowing statistical strength from the complete dataset to reduce uncertainty in regional coefficient estimates. Additionally, whereas non-hierarchical regressions were only able to show differing relations between invertebrate responses and urban intensity separately for each region, the multilevel hierarchical regressions were able to explain and quantify those differences within a single model. In this way, this modeling approach directly establishes the importance of antecedent agricultural conditions in masking the response of invertebrates to urbanization in metropolitan regions such as Milwaukee-Green Bay, Wisconsin; Denver, Colorado; and Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas. Also, these models show that regions with high precipitation, such as Atlanta, Georgia; Birmingham, Alabama; and Portland, Oregon, start out with better regional background conditions of invertebrates prior to urbanization but experience faster negative rates of change with urbanization. Ultimately, this urbanization-invertebrate response example is used to detail the multilevel hierarchical construction methodology, showing how the result is a set of models that are both statistically more rigorous and ecologically more interpretable than simple linear regression models.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095243","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Kashuba, R., Cha, Y., Alameddine, I., Lee, B., and Cuffney, T.F., 2010, Multilevel Hierarchical Modeling of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Responses to Urbanization in Nine Metropolitan Regions across the Conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5243, xi, 88p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095243.","productDescription":"xi, 88p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5243.jpg"},{"id":13490,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -65,23 ], [ -65,50 ], [ -125,50 ], [ -125,23 ], [ -65,23 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4890","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kashuba, Roxolana","contributorId":82814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kashuba","given":"Roxolana","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cha, YoonKyung","contributorId":9741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cha","given":"YoonKyung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alameddine, Ibrahim","contributorId":22459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alameddine","given":"Ibrahim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, Boknam","contributorId":14533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Boknam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cuffney, Thomas F. 0000-0003-1164-5560 tcuffney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5560","contributorId":517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuffney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}