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The investigation of the Globe district was begun early in the summer of 1901, a month being devoted to preliminary reconnaissances and areal mapping of the geology. Work was subsequently resumed in October of the same year, with the efficient assistance of Dr. John D. lrving, and continued to the 1st of February, 1902. Much time was necessarily consumed in studying and mapping the intricately faulted country in the northwest portion of the area, and when the season was perforce brought to a close it was with the reluctant feeling that the detailed study of the faults of the northern half of the quadrangle still offered attractive byways of investigation leading beyond the bounds prescribed by economic conditions for the present study. It is hoped that at some future time geological work may be undertaken in adjacent quadrangles and a broader basis provided for a discussion of the structural features of this interesting region. 

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The Geological Survey is making a geologic map of the United States, which necessitates the preparation of a topographic bas map.  The two are being issue together in the form of an atlas, the parts of which are called folios.  Each folio consists of a topographic base map and geologic maps of a small area of country, together with explanatory and descriptive texts.

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NATURE OF CLAY.

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The term clay is applied to a natural substance or rock which, whenfinely ground and mixed with water, forms a pasty, moldable mass that preserves its shape when air dried, and when burned changes to a hard, rock-like substance by the coalescence of its particles, through softening under the action of heat.

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A microscopic examination of clay shows that it is made up of a great number of small mineral fragments of many different kinds and of varying shape, ranging in size from. those which are under 1/1000 mm. in diameter (known as clay) up to grains of sand which are sufficiently large to be easily visible to the naked eye. The smaller particles predominate.

\n

Since clays vary mineralogically they vary also chemically, but the plasticity may remain the same through a wide range of chemical composition, and this property is evidently not dependent on the chemical composition alone, but is due rather to some physical cause. The plasticity may be destroyed by heating the clay to a sufficiently high temperature to drive off the chemically combined water. Although varying in their mineral composition, most clays are supposed to contain more or less of the mineral kaolinite (a hydrated silicate of alumina), which is commonly referred to as the clay base or clay substance. The adoption of the latter term has probably arisen from the fact that many have 'considered this mineral to be the cause of plasticity, an idea now known to be somewhat incorrect, because some of the most plastic clays contain but small quantities of kaolinite, and vice versa. 

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Central Washington includes a part of two great topographic provinces; the great plain of the Columbia and the Cascade Range. The former, in its position and general desert-like character, suggests at once a resemblance to the Great Basin of Utah and Nevada; and the vastness of the desert plain is emphasized by the snowy peaks of the Cascades along its western border. These provinces are not to be regarded as unconnected in their geologic history, however great the contrast in their general features. The intermediate zone between the great plain on the east and the mountain range on the west is a strategic point for the investigation of the geologic structure and history and the interpretation of the present topography of both provinces. On the extensive basalt-covered plain monotony wearies the traveler, while on the rocky peaks of the Cascades the complexity taxes the powers of the observer. 

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In the following pages the geology and paleontology of the Carboniferous rocks of Colorado are discussed from the viewpoint of the stratigraphic paleontologist. This viewpoint is also that of one not personally acquainted with the field in question, except in very small measure. I made or assisted in making a few collections of fossils, and enjoyed the privilege of being connected for a month with a field party under the charge of Mr. Whitman Cross during the season of 1900. Most of the extensive collections which I have studied are the work of others, and the strata, in their characters and mutual attitudes, have been viewed only through the pages of geologic reports. The tendencies of my work are almost exclusively toward the historical geology, for from the nature of the case, even had I wished, it would have been difficult to dear with the structural or economic phases of the subject. 

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The value of graphical methods for expressing relative quantities has been well established in all kinds of statistical exposition and discussion. Their use in conveying definite conceptions of relative quantities of chemical and mineral components of rocks is becoming more and more frequent, and the value of the results in some cases can not be overestimated. This is especially true when a series or group of rocks is being considered. The intricate variations in the amounts of numerous mineral components, or of chemical components, baffle most attempts to comprehend their interrelationships by simple contemplation or by study of the numbers in which they may be expressed. Many facts and relations are overlooked which arc readily observed when diagrams are used to represent numerical figures. Moreover, visual memory is sufficiently developed in most persons to enable them to carry in mind simple geometrical forms, where it does not permit them to recollect manifold assemblages of oft-repeated numbers. Mental impressions of simple diagrams are, therefore, more definite and lasting and enable the student to store up a much greater amount of quantitative data than he could otherwise acquire.

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