With the view of furthering study in the too neglected field of fossil insects, I transmit herewith for publication the card catalogue of described fossil insects which I have used for twenty years and kept constantly up to date, and which has greatly facilitated my own researches. It is believed to be practically complete. At least where insects are figured, and in many other cases where they are the first or only references from a given locality, entries are given where only the genus, the family, or even the order is mentioned. This has been done because the early literature of fossil insects is essentially vague and general, but it should not for that reason be wholly overlooked ; and to-day our knowledge of the occurrence of insects of a particular locality, even when of recent discovery, is not infrequently confined to statements of a general nature, which, if not brought to view or mind in a list like this, would be lost sight of, while their recognition may lead to further local investigation, to the earlier benefit of science.
It is in no sense a systematic catalogue, and except occasionally in the notes contains no immediate results of investigation. No questions of synonymy are settled. The entries are made as the authors quoted gave them, with only the corrections of spelling required; it follows that the same insect appears at several points, to which the student is referred by full cross-references, and that more than one insect may (though probably rarely does) figure under one name. In one or two such instances, where the same name has been given by inadvertence to two totally different creatures, the later one is separated from the earlier.
For convenience' sake, the entries are grouped into large sections, nearly identical with those I have employed in my systematic review of fossil insects (Bulletin 31, U. S. Geological Survey), by which method the insects from the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary rocks are kept distinct; but otherwise the entries are purely alphabetical under the orders. It should be noticed, however, that the vague references to groups higher than genera are brought together at the beginning of each alphabet, first the most vague, and then those which permit some alphabetization. In these cases the primary or secondary alphabetization is first by authors, second by dates, and in all cases where under one entry there is more than one date the order therein is chronological.
In a previous bulletin (Bulletin 69, U. S. Geological Survey) is given a complete bibliography of the literature from which these entries are taken, and the two works are thus complementary to each other.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b78","usgsCitation":"Clarke, F.W., 1891, Report of work done in the division of chemistry and physics, mainly during the fiscal year 1889-90: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 78, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b78.","productDescription":"131 p.","numberOfPages":"131","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/78/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":341580,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/78/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ae4b07f02db630191","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, Frank Wigglesworth","contributorId":88798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Wigglesworth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34139,"text":"b75 - 1891 - Record of North American geology for 1887 to 1889, inclusive","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T12:02:38","indexId":"b75","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1891","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75","title":"Record of North American geology for 1887 to 1889, inclusive","docAbstract":"The literary scope of this record includes geologic publications printed in North America and publications on North American geology wherever printed. Chronologically it includes publications issued during the years 1887,1888, and 1889. The List of Publications Examined, page 9, indicates the range of the sources of information.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b75","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1891, Record of North American geology for 1887 to 1889, inclusive: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 75, 173 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b75.","productDescription":"173 p.","numberOfPages":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/75/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":341570,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/75/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635d24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, Nelson Horatio","contributorId":78307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"Nelson","email":"","middleInitial":"Horatio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047701,"text":"70047701 - 1891 - Table of differences of altitude to nearest foot for angles from 1 minute to 2 degrees and for distances under 1 mile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T13:29:40","indexId":"70047701","displayToPublicDate":"1891-01-01T15:25:00","publicationYear":"1891","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Table of differences of altitude to nearest foot for angles from 1 minute to 2 degrees and for distances under 1 mile","docAbstract":"The top line represents differences of altitude in feet. The first column gives vertical angles in degrees and minutes. The body of the table gives distances in miles and hundredths of a mile, corresponding to the number of feet at the top of the column, and the angle at the left of the line.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/70047701","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1891, Table of differences of altitude to nearest foot for angles from 1 minute to 2 degrees and for distances under 1 mile, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047701.","productDescription":"16 p.","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047701.jpg"},{"id":278729,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047701/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52136e39e4b0b08f44619935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58139,"text":"ar11_1 - 1891 - Eleventh Annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey, Part 1-Geology: 1889-1890","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-27T21:52:54.817109","indexId":"ar11_1","displayToPublicDate":"1891-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1891","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":304,"text":"Annual Report","code":"AR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Eleventh Annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey, Part 1-Geology: 1889-1890","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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\nThe pages and plates of the present volume bear testimony to the fact that our tertiary strata have preserved remnants of an ancient host, so varied in structure, so closely also resembling their brethren of to-day, that nearly or quite every prevalent family-group in the entire range of the insect-world has already been demonstrated to have then existed. While often fragmentary and crushed, sometimes beyond recognition, a not insignificant number are sufficiently preserved for us to repopulate the past; sometimes, too, are they preserved in such a wonderful manner that in tiny creatures with a spread of wings scarcely more than a couple of millimeters one may count under the microscope the hairs fringing the wings.
\nIn attempting thus to restore the past world of our insects, two or three general features have been forced upon my attention, which may well be mentioned here. One of them is the rernarkable fact that in hardly a single instance has the same species been found at two distinct localities. These localities, it is true, are in some instances separated by hundreds or even thousands of miles, and analogy with the present distribution of insects would lead us to expect more or less profound changes in passing from one to another. But at other times the distance is not great, or at any rate not great enough to make this a satisfactory reason. It is more probable that the beds in which they occur are not altogether synchronous; and we are led to believe that in the separation of horizons insects will give more precise and definite distinctions than may be gained by the study of the plant remains of the same beds. The data at our disposal are not yet sufficiently varied to enable us to speak with any confidence, but when the other groups of Florissant insects, not considered in the present volume, are worked out, and the new material that is at hand from the other principal localities have been fairly studied, it may be found that we are armed with a new weapon of attack in solving the immediate succession of the Tertiary series of the West in their finer subdivisions.
\nAnother point to which attention may be drawn is the very considerable number and quite extraordinary proportion of species which so far are represented by a single specimen. Leaving out of consideration certain marvelously prevalent forms in the beds of Florissant, such as certain Formicidae, Alydina, etc., one working these beds, from which many thousands of insects have already been taken, may confidently expect that every third or fourth specimen will prove something new. A quite similar statement can be made of all, or all but one, of the other localities where insects have been found in our Tertiary deposits: it surely indicates that with all the rich results of the explorations so far undertaken we are only upon the threshold of our possible knowledge. We find a richness of fauna far exceeding anything before supposed possible.
\nThe interest of the Tertiary fauna is further enhanced by the discovery that no inconsiderable proportion of the species in this fauna must be referred to genera not now extant. Granted that our knowledge of the subtropical forms of this continent (with which as a whole at least our Florissant fauna seems to be akin) is much too meager to be of great service; granted also that in many cases we are forced to establish new genera upon what would be regarded among recent animals as too slender grounds : it is nevertheless true that an unexpectedly large number of forms can not be forced into modern genera already established; in many cases, throughout whole groups, kindred differences from modern types are found which indicate considerable changes of structure in the intervening epochs along parallel lines. In illustration of this we would call special attention to the differences observed in the genera of plant-lice, and, in several places among other Hemiptera as well as among the Coleoptera, to the decided differences in the relative length of various members of the body. My own belief, which springs from the comparisons instituted in the study of this fauna, is that a much larger proportion of genera should really have been founded, and that, for every type which may turn up in Central American explorations of the near future identical with those now established upon the fossils alone, it will be necessary to separate from the familiar surroundings in which I have placed it some other of the insects from the same beds.
\nIt should be stated that the larger part of the plates in this volume were engraved before the insects were studied, except in a cursory manner to separate the species; the insects are therefore not always properly grouped, and the legends upon the plates are in part inaccurate.
\nIn the enumeration of the specimens at the end of the specific descriptions the numbers of the obverse and reverse of the same specimen are always connected by \"and\" without any intervening comma, and this typographical method is employed only for expressing this relation.
\nIn the study of these extinct insects much assistance has been received from friends, to whom my cordial thanks are due; for valuable suggestions from the late Dr. J. L. LeConte, from Baron R. von Osten Sacken, Edward Burgess, Esq., and Drs. G. H. Horn and H. A. Hagen; for the open collections of the late G. D. Smith, Esq., and of Messrs. E. P. Austin and Samuel Henshaw; and for important aid in obtaining typical series of modern insects in various groups by Messrs. E. P. Austin, P. R. Uhler, E. P. Van Duzee, Edward Burgess, Dr. A. Forel, and most especially Mr. Samuel Henshaw.
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