The Ocoee series is divided into four major units present from northern North Carolina to western Georgia and a fifth, younger, formation present only in southern North Carolina and Georgia. The units recognize dare as follows: The Ocoee series is a broad synclinal belt of resistant Great Smoky quartzite, which forms most of the Great Smoky Mountains and the Bald Mountains, with Nantahala slate and in places the Big Butt quartzite enclosed in synclines; the Hurricane graywacke is on the flanks of the main syncline. In the deeper Murphy syncline the Big Butt quartzite is overlain by the Valleytown formation. The Ocoee series is thrust northwestward on the Great Smoky overthrust over Paleozoic rocks of the Great Valley, and in Tennessee overrides unmetamorphosed sandstone, shale, limestone, and limestone conglomerate which previously were mapped as Wilhite slate and were included in the Ocoee series. These rocks in a few places contain Middle Ordovician fossils and are a newly recognized part of a clastic shore facies equivalent to an expanded Tellico sandstone of undetermined stratigraphic range. This part of the Ordovician shore facies is in the Pulaski block in Tennessee and is exposed also in windows in the Great Smoky overthrust block in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia. The Ocoee series does not resemble the Lower Cambrian Chilhowee group, which it overrides, nor any other Lower Cambrian facies. Lower Cambrian quartzites overlie with erosional unconformity the Catoctin basalt, Swift Run tuff, and Mt. Rogers volcanic series, proving that these volcanic rocks are late pre-Cambrian. The Ocoee series resembles the Lynchburg gneiss, which is equivalent to the late pre-Cambrian Swift Run tuff. The Ocoee series is stratigraphically overlain by the Lower Cambrian Unicoi formation and is late pre-Cambrian. © 1949, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[267:OSOTSA]2.0.CO;2","issn":" 00167606","usgsCitation":"George, W., and Stose, A., Ocoee series of the southern Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60 , no. 2, p. 267-320, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[267:OSOTSA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"54 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"320","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369185,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"North Carolina, 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\"}}]}","volume":"60 ","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, W.O.","contributorId":41886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"W.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stose, A.J.","contributorId":88808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stose","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206352,"text":"70206352 - null - The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-30T17:56:49","indexId":"70206352","displayToPublicDate":"1937-07-01T17:48:36","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite","docAbstract":"The Chelmsford granite is quarried in and around Oak Hill, about six miles west of Lowell, Massachusetts. The granite‐area is about eight miles long and one to three miles wide, and its longer dimension has a northeast bearing which is parallel with the regional axis of foliation in the country rock. The writer favors a hypothesis that much of the granite represents granitization of biotite schist under hydro‐magmatic invasion, and under stress that was insufficient to deform or distort the preexisting country rock‐structures to any marked degree. Banding of the granite is due chiefly, to variable amounts of biotite. The bands are thin and remarkably uniform. The banding, attitudes of schist inclusions, and distribution of the entire mass con form to the regional structural elements. Lit‐par‐lit injection‐bands are not clearly discernible although many of the light‐colored bands are doubtless of such origin. The absence of flow‐schlieren is noted. Petrographic evidence shows a remarkable amount of metasomatic fabric. Undoubted primary granitic texture is practically wanting. There is a high degree of orientation of biotite, muscovite, and groups of small mosaic quartz‐grains. The contacts of inclusions with adjacent granite‐bands are very irregular and interpenetrative, and granitic material also penetrates intricately along schistosity planes within the inclusions. Large irregular feldspar porphyroblasts and strings of such grains are distributed through the inclusions, generally with decreasing concentration toward the centers. Pegmatite and quartz veins, some of which carry much tourmaline, are abundant in some of the quarries. Crystallization zoning of feldspars is very rare. Feldspars are of three generations: (1) Early polysynthetically twinned porphyroblasts and irregular groundmass grains of oligoclase or albite‐oligoclase; (2) microcline and orthoclase, chiefly as porphyroblasts, and in part replacing the earlier plagioclase; and (3) albite and albite‐oligoclase, untwinned and mottled, as individual crystals, streaks, patches, and porphyroblasts, replacing microcline, quartz, and mica. Incomplete twinning, corrosion‐contacts, optical anomalies, inclusions of minerals, pseudo‐perthitic and myrmekitlc grains are among the diagnostic petrographic features that contribute to the theory of replacement.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1029/TR018i001p00260","issn":" 00028606","usgsCitation":"Currier, L., The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 18, no. 1, p. 260-261, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR018i001p00260.","productDescription":"2 pg. 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margins of the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Johnston Island. This decade-long program was undertaken in cooperation with the United Kingdom's Institute of Oceanographic Sciences at the Deacon Laboratory (now the Southampton Oceanography Centre).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70182006","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D., Seafloor images refine petroleum exploration models, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70182006.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/seafloor-images/","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","publicComments":"Published between 2000 and 2003","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57710e4b057081a24eee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, David","contributorId":15871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182016,"text":"70182016 - No Year - Louisiana coastal wetlands: a resource at risk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T10:03:45","indexId":"70182016","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T00:00:00","noYear":true,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Louisiana coastal wetlands: a resource at risk","docAbstract":"Approximately half the Nation's original wetland habitats have been lost over the past 200 years. In part, this has been a result of natural evolutionary processes, but human activities, such as dredging wetlands for canals or draining and filling for agriculture, grazing, or development, share a large part of the responsibility for marsh habitat alteration and destruction. Louisiana's wetlands today represent about 40 percent of the wetlands of the continental United States, but about 80 percent of the losses. The State's wetlands extend as much as 130 kilometers inland and along the coast for about 300 kilometers. Not all the wetlands are receding; in fact some wetlands are stable, and others are growing. But, at the present net rate of wetlands loss, Louisiana will have lost this crucial habitat in about 200 years. Considerable effort has been expended, and will continue to be expended, on understanding the processes that control wetlands evolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70182016","usgsCitation":"Williams, S.J., Louisiana coastal wetlands: a resource at risk, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70182016.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335487,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/la-wetlands/","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n \"stroke-width\": 2,\n \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.26068115234375,\n 28.803766775462204\n ],\n [\n -90.0714111328125,\n 28.803766775462204\n ],\n [\n -90.0714111328125,\n 29.351057685705033\n ],\n [\n -91.26068115234375,\n 29.351057685705033\n ],\n [\n -91.26068115234375,\n 28.803766775462204\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57713e4b057081a24eee8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, S. Jeffress 0000-0002-1326-7420 jwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7420","contributorId":2063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"jwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jeffress","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182019,"text":"70182019 - No Year - Seafloor studies of Mamala Bay, Honolulu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T10:08:18","indexId":"70182019","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","noYear":true,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Seafloor studies of Mamala Bay, Honolulu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"No comprehensive study of the effects of disposal of dredge spoils has been conducted to determine if the environment has suffered. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has regularly dredged the shipping channels of Honolulu Harbor and Pearl Harbor for commercial and military purposes. The 5-year frequency for new dredging activity has led to the formation of extensive offshore wide deposits of relatively coarse sediments being created in a sedimentary environment that naturally collects much finer-grained materials. At the same time, the rapid growth of Honolulu and its suburban region over the past 3 decades has added nutrient-enriched sewage outfall to the artificially-heavy sediment load. The combined effects of dredge-spoil disposal and contaminant loads are not well-documented, and are poorly understood. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a comprehensive study to characterize the seafloor of Mamala Bay.
In 1993, the USGS initiated a program sponsored by the USACE and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that produced a detailed map of the seafloor, especially of the distribution of dredge spoils, and a preliminary analysis of the environmental effects of dredge-spoils disposal and the chemical effects of the introduction of nutrient-rich outfall. Part of the work would involve sediment sampling, biological testing, and evaluation. Of particular interest is tissue sampling and analysis of endemic shrimp to determine the rates of absorption of toxic elements, such as heavy metals, that are easily brought into the food chain.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70182019","usgsCitation":"Torresan, M.E., Seafloor studies of Mamala Bay, Honolulu, Hawaii, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70182019.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/mamala-bay/","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","city":"Honolulu","otherGeospatial":"Mamala Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.09669494628906,\n 21.17672864097083\n ],\n [\n -157.76092529296875,\n 21.17672864097083\n ],\n [\n -157.76092529296875,\n 21.400655238970007\n ],\n [\n -158.09669494628906,\n 21.400655238970007\n ],\n [\n -158.09669494628906,\n 21.17672864097083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"Published between 2000 and 2004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57713e4b057081a24eeeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torresan, Michael E. mtorresan@usgs.gov","contributorId":4392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torresan","given":"Michael","email":"mtorresan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":669288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}