{"pageNumber":"747","pageRowStart":"18650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68924,"records":[{"id":70034533,"text":"70034533 - 2011 - Waves and tides responsible for the intermittent closure of the entrance of a small, sheltered tidal wetland at San Francisco, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T21:04:01.705421","indexId":"70034533","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waves and tides responsible for the intermittent closure of the entrance of a small, sheltered tidal wetland at San Francisco, CA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Crissy Field Marsh (CFM;&nbsp;</span><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/prsf/planyourvisit/crissy-field-marsh-and-beach.htm\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.nps.gov/prsf/planyourvisit/crissy-field-marsh-and-beach.htm\">http://www.nps.gov/prsf/planyourvisit/crissy-field-marsh-and-beach.htm</a><span>) is a small, restored tidal wetland located in the entrance to San Francisco Bay just east of the Golden Gate. The marsh is small but otherwise fairly typical of many such restored wetlands worldwide. The marsh is hydraulically connected to the bay and the adjacent Pacific Ocean by a narrow sandy channel. The channel often migrates and sometimes closes completely, which effectively blocks the tidal connection to the ocean and disrupts the hydraulics and ecology of the marsh. Field measurements of waves and tides have been examined in order to evaluate the conditions responsible for the intermittent closure of the marsh entrance. The most important factor found to bring about the entrance channel closure is the occurrence of large ocean waves. However, there were also a few closure events during times with relatively small offshore waves. Examination of the deep-water directional wave spectra during these times indicates the presence of a small secondary peak corresponding to long period swell from the southern hemisphere, indicating that CFM and San Francisco Bay in general may be more susceptible to long period ocean swell emanating from the south or southwest than the more common ocean waves coming from the northwest. The tidal records during closure events show no strong relationship between closures and tides, other than that closures tend to occur during multi-day periods with successively increasing high tides. It can be inferred from these findings that the most important process to the intermittent closure of the entrance to CFM is littoral sediment transport driven by the influence of ocean swell waves breaking along the CFM shoreline at oblique angles. During periods of large, oblique waves the littoral transport of sand likely overwhelms the scour potential of the tidal flow in the entrance channel.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2011.07.004","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Hanes, D., Ward, K., and Erikson, L.H., 2011, Waves and tides responsible for the intermittent closure of the entrance of a small, sheltered tidal wetland at San Francisco, CA: Continental Shelf Research, v. 31, no. 16, p. 1682-1687, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.07.004.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1682","endPage":"1687","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              37.48793540168987\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18170166015625,\n              37.48793540168987\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18170166015625,\n              37.920367835943516\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              37.920367835943516\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              37.48793540168987\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfa4e4b08c986b32ea0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanes, D.M.","contributorId":22479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, K.","contributorId":95715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erikson, L. H.","contributorId":21366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erikson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70033966,"text":"70033966 - 2011 - Classification of Thermal Patterns at Karst Springs and Cave Streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70033966","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of Thermal Patterns at Karst Springs and Cave Streams","docAbstract":"Thermal patterns of karst springs and cave streams provide potentially useful information concerning aquifer geometry and recharge. Temperature monitoring at 25 springs and cave streams in southeastern Minnesota has shown four distinct thermal patterns. These patterns can be divided into two types: those produced by flow paths with ineffective heat exchange, such as conduits, and those produced by flow paths with effective heat exchange, such as small fractures and pore space. Thermally ineffective patterns result when water flows through the aquifer before it can equilibrate to the rock temperature. Thermally ineffective patterns can be either event-scale, as produced by rainfall or snowmelt events, or seasonal scale, as produced by input from a perennial surface stream. Thermally effective patterns result when water equilibrates to rock temperature, and the patterns displayed depend on whether the aquifer temperature is changing over time. Shallow aquifers with seasonally varying temperatures display a phase-shifted seasonal signal, whereas deeper aquifers with constant temperatures display a stable temperature pattern. An individual aquifer may display more than one of these patterns. Since karst aquifers typically contain both thermally effective and ineffective routes, we argue that the thermal response is strongly influenced by recharge mode. ?? 2010 The Author(s). Journal compilation ?? 2010 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00737.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Luhmann, A., Covington, M., Peters, A.J., Alexander, S., Anger, C., Green, J., Runkel, A.C., and Alexander, E., 2011, Classification of Thermal Patterns at Karst Springs and Cave Streams: Ground Water, v. 49, no. 3, p. 324-335, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00737.x.","startPage":"324","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216806,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00737.x"},{"id":244698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f618e4b0c8380cd4c5ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luhmann, A.J.","contributorId":93731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luhmann","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Covington, M.D.","contributorId":19006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covington","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, Albert J.","contributorId":92517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alexander, S.C.","contributorId":9853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anger, C.T.","contributorId":101917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anger","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Green, J.A.","contributorId":75753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Runkel, Anthony C.","contributorId":63186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Alexander, E.C.","contributorId":70377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70033961,"text":"70033961 - 2011 - Trophic magnification of PCBs and its relationship to the octanol-water partition coefficient","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:44","indexId":"70033961","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trophic magnification of PCBs and its relationship to the octanol-water partition coefficient","docAbstract":"We investigated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) bioaccumulation relative to octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) and organism trophic position (TP) at the Lake Hartwell Superfund site (South Carolina). We measured PCBs (127 congeners) and stable isotopes (??15N) in sediment, organic matter, phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and fish. TP, as calculated from ??15N, was significantly, positively related to PCB concentrations, and food web trophic magnification factors (TMFs) ranged from 1.5-6.6 among congeners. TMFs of individual congeners increased strongly with log KOW, as did the predictive power (r2) of individual TP-PCB regression models used to calculate TMFs. We developed log KOW-TMF models for eight food webs with vastly different environments (freshwater, marine, arctic, temperate) and species composition (cold- vs warmblooded consumers). The effect of KOW on congener TMFs varied strongly across food webs (model slopes 0.0-15.0) because the range of TMFs among studies was also highly variable. We standardized TMFs within studies to mean = 0, standard deviation (SD) = 1 to normalize for scale differences and found a remarkably consistent KOW effect on TMFs (no difference in model slopes among food webs). Our findings underscore the importance of hydrophobicity (as characterized by KOW) in regulating bioaccumulation of recalcitrant compounds in aquatic systems, and demonstrate that relationships between chemical KOW and bioaccumulation from field studies are more generalized than previously recognized. ?? This article not subject to U.S. Copyright. Published 2011 by the American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es103158s","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Walters, D., Mills, M., Cade, B., and Burkard, L., 2011, Trophic magnification of PCBs and its relationship to the octanol-water partition coefficient: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 45, no. 9, p. 3917-3924, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103158s.","startPage":"3917","endPage":"3924","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216711,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103158s"},{"id":244597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb887e4b08c986b3278e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, D.M.","contributorId":41507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, M.A.","contributorId":77764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, B.S.","contributorId":47315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burkard, L.P.","contributorId":44386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkard","given":"L.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70033960,"text":"70033960 - 2011 - Comparative performance of CO<sub>2</sub> measuring methods: marine aquaculture recirculation system application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-21T19:13:23","indexId":"70033960","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative performance of CO<sub>2</sub> measuring methods: marine aquaculture recirculation system application","docAbstract":"Many methods are available for the measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide in an aqueous environment. Standard titration is the typical field method for measuring dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> in aquaculture systems. However, titrimetric determination of dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> in marine water aquaculture systems is unsuitable because of the high dissolved solids, silicates, and other dissolved minerals that interfere with the determination. Other methods used to measure dissolved carbon dioxide in an aquaculture water included use of a wetted CO<sub>2</sub> probe analyzer, standard nomographic methods, and calculation by direct measurements of the water's pH, temperature, and alkalinity. The determination of dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> in saltwater based on partial pressure measurements and non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) techniques with a CO<sub>2</sub> gas analyzer are widely employed for oceanic surveys of surface ocean CO<sub>2</sub> flux and are similar to the techniques employed with the head space unit (HSU) in this study. Dissolved carbon dioxide (DC) determination with the HSU using a infra-red gas analyzer (IRGA) was compared with titrimetric, nomographic, calculated, and probe measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> in freshwater and in saltwater with a salinity ranging from 5.0 to 30 ppt, and a CO<sub>2</sub> range from 8 to 50 mg/L. Differences in CO<sub>2</sub> measurements between duplicate HSUs (0.1–0.2 mg/L) were not statistically significant different. The coefficient of variation for the HSU readings averaged 1.85% which was better than the CO<sub>2</sub> probe (4.09%) and that for the titrimetric method (5.84%). In all low, medium and high salinity level trials HSU precision was good, averaging 3.39%. Differences existed between comparison testing of the CO<sub>2</sub> probe and HSU measurements with the CO<sub>2</sub> probe readings, on average, providing DC estimates that were higher than HSU estimates. Differences between HSU and titration based estimates of DC increased with salinity and reached a maximum at 32.2 ppt. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) at all salinity levels greater than 0.3 ppt. Results indicated reliable replicated results from the head space unit with varying salinity and dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquacultural Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.10.001","issn":"01448609","usgsCitation":"Pfeiffer, T., Summerfelt, S., and Watten, B., 2011, Comparative performance of CO<sub>2</sub> measuring methods: marine aquaculture recirculation system application: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 44, no. 1, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.10.001.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475395,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.10.001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216681,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.10.001"},{"id":244566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f821e4b0c8380cd4ceca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pfeiffer, T.J.","contributorId":61266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfeiffer","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Summerfelt, S.T.","contributorId":47717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summerfelt","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watten, B.J. 0000-0002-2227-8623","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":11537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":443414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034541,"text":"70034541 - 2011 - Landscape evolution in south-central Minnesota and the role of geomorphic history on modern erosional processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70034541","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landscape evolution in south-central Minnesota and the role of geomorphic history on modern erosional processes","docAbstract":"The Minnesota River Valley was carved during catastrophic drainage of glacial Lake Agassiz at the end of the late Pleistocene. The ensuing base-level drop on tributaries created knickpoints that excavated deep valleys as they migrated upstream. A sediment budget compiled in one of these tributaries, the Le Sueur River, shows that these deep valleys are now the primary source of sediment to the Minnesota River. To compare modern sediment loads with pre-European settlement erosion rates, we analyzed incision history using fluvial terrace ages to constrain a valley incision model. Results indicate that even thoughthe dominant sediment sources are derived from natural sources (bluffs, ravines, and streambanks), erosion rates have increased substantially, due in part to pervasive changes in watershed hydrology.","largerWorkTitle":"GSA Today","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G121A.1","issn":"10525173","usgsCitation":"Gran, K., Belmont, P., Day, S., Finnegan, N., Jennings, C., Lauer, J., and Wilcock, P., 2011, Landscape evolution in south-central Minnesota and the role of geomorphic history on modern erosional processes, <i>in</i> GSA Today, v. 21, no. 9, p. 7-9, https://doi.org/10.1130/G121A.1.","startPage":"7","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215743,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G121A.1"}],"volume":"21","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a440ee4b0c8380cd66800","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gran, K.B.","contributorId":44688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gran","given":"K.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belmont, P.","contributorId":67322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belmont","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day, S.S.","contributorId":42805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finnegan, N.","contributorId":106727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finnegan","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jennings, C.","contributorId":78536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lauer, J.W.","contributorId":104303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilcock, P.R.","contributorId":36709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70035087,"text":"70035087 - 2011 - Prototyping an online wetland ecosystem services model using open model sharing standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T12:30:28","indexId":"70035087","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prototyping an online wetland ecosystem services model using open model sharing standards","docAbstract":"<p><span>Great interest currently exists for developing ecosystem models to forecast how ecosystem services may change under alternative land use and climate futures. Ecosystem services are diverse and include supporting services or functions (e.g., primary production, nutrient cycling), provisioning services (e.g., wildlife, groundwater), regulating services (e.g., water purification, floodwater retention), and even cultural services (e.g., ecotourism, cultural heritage). Hence, the knowledge base necessary to quantify ecosystem services is broad and derived from many diverse scientific disciplines. Building the required interdisciplinary models is especially challenging as modelers from different locations and times may develop the disciplinary models needed for ecosystem simulations, and these models must be identified and made accessible to the interdisciplinary simulation. Additional difficulties include inconsistent data structures, formats, and metadata required by geospatial models as well as limitations on computing, storage, and connectivity. Traditional standalone and closed network systems cannot fully support sharing and integrating interdisciplinary geospatial models from variant sources. To address this need, we developed an approach to openly share and access geospatial computational models using distributed Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and open geospatial standards. We included a means to share computational models compliant with Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Processing Services (WPS) standard to ensure modelers have an efficient and simplified means to publish new models. To demonstrate our approach, we developed five disciplinary models that can be integrated and shared to simulate a few of the ecosystem services (e.g., water storage, waterfowl breeding) that are provided by wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.10.008","issn":"13648152","usgsCitation":"Feng, M., Liu, S., Euliss, N., Young, C., and Mushet, D., 2011, Prototyping an online wetland ecosystem services model using open model sharing standards: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 26, no. 4, p. 458-468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.10.008.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"458","endPage":"468","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215479,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.10.008"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f98e4b0c8380cd7f860","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feng, M.","contributorId":18195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Euliss, N.H.","contributorId":27836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, Caitlin","contributorId":30181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Caitlin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mushet, D.M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":59377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034548,"text":"70034548 - 2011 - Sewers as a source and sink of chlorinated-solvent groundwater contamination, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T19:48:19.267284","indexId":"70034548","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sewers as a source and sink of chlorinated-solvent groundwater contamination, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina","docAbstract":"<p><span>Groundwater contamination by tetrachloroethene and its dechlorination products is present in two partially intermingled plumes in the surficial aquifer near a former dry‐cleaning facility at Site 45, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina. The northern plume originates from the vicinity of former above‐ground storage tanks. Free‐phase tetrachloroethene from activities in this area entered the groundwater. The southern plume originates at a nearby, new dry‐cleaning facility, but probably was the result of contamination released to the aquifer from a leaking sanitary sewer line from the former dry‐cleaning facility. Discharge of dissolved groundwater contamination is primarily to leaking storm sewers below the water table. The strong influence of sanitary sewers on source distribution and of storm sewers on plume orientation and discharge at this site indicates that groundwater‐contamination investigators should consider the potential influence of sewer systems at their sites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2011.01349.x","issn":"10693629","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., Petkewich, M., Lowery, M., and Landmeyer, J., 2011, Sewers as a source and sink of chlorinated-solvent groundwater contamination, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 31, no. 4, p. 63-69, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2011.01349.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215859,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2011.01349.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.76324462890625,\n              32.29322744284225\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.76324462890625,\n              32.371262806414045\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.65750122070312,\n              32.371262806414045\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.65750122070312,\n              32.29322744284225\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.76324462890625,\n              32.29322744284225\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d8be4b08c986b318490","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petkewich, M.D.","contributorId":89927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowery, M.A.","contributorId":56754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowery","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034561,"text":"70034561 - 2011 - Species replacement by a nonnative salmonid alters ecosystem function by reducing prey subsidies that support riparian spiders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T19:26:49.124184","indexId":"70034561","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Species replacement by a nonnative salmonid alters ecosystem function by reducing prey subsidies that support riparian spiders","docAbstract":"<p><span>Replacement of a native species by a nonnative can have strong effects on ecosystem function, such as altering nutrient cycling or disturbance frequency. Replacements may cause shifts in ecosystem function because nonnatives establish at different biomass, or because they differ from native species in traits like foraging behavior. However, no studies have compared effects of wholesale replacement of a native by a nonnative species on subsidies that support consumers in adjacent habitats, nor quantified the magnitude of these effects. We examined whether streams invaded by nonnative brook trout (</span><i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i><span>) in two regions of the Rocky Mountains, USA, produced fewer emerging adult aquatic insects compared to paired streams with native cutthroat trout (</span><i>Oncorhynchus clarkii</i><span>), and whether riparian spiders that depend on these prey were less abundant along streams with lower total insect emergence. As predicted, emergence density was 36% lower from streams with the nonnative fish. Biomass of brook trout was higher than the cutthroat trout they replaced, but even after accounting for this difference, emergence was 24% lower from brook trout streams. More riparian spiders were counted along streams with greater total emergence across the water surface. Based on these results, we predicted that brook trout replacement would result in 6–20% fewer spiders in the two regions. When brook trout replace cutthroat trout, they reduce cross-habitat resource subsidies and alter ecosystem function in stream-riparian food webs, not only owing to increased biomass but also because traits apparently differ from native cutthroat trout.</span></p>","largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s00442-011-2000-6","issn":"00298549","usgsCitation":"Benjamin, J., Fausch, K., and Baxter, C.V., 2011, Species replacement by a nonnative salmonid alters ecosystem function by reducing prey subsidies that support riparian spiders: Oecologia, v. 167, no. 2, p. 503-512, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2000-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"512","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215592,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2000-6"}],"volume":"167","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b950be4b08c986b31ad0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benjamin, J.R.","contributorId":58490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fausch, K.D. 0000-0001-5825-7560","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-7560","contributorId":84097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fausch","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baxter, C. V.","contributorId":62853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baxter","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":38154,"text":"Idaho State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":446410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034567,"text":"70034567 - 2011 - &delta;<sup>15</sup>N constraints on long-term nitrogen balances in temperate forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-20T09:45:16","indexId":"70034567","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"&delta;<sup>15</sup>N constraints on long-term nitrogen balances in temperate forests","docAbstract":"Biogeochemical theory emphasizes nitrogen (N) limitation and the many factors that can restrict N accumulation in temperate forests, yet lacks a working model of conditions that can promote naturally high N accumulation. We used a dynamic simulation model of ecosystem N and δ<sup>15</sup>N to evaluate which combination of N input and loss pathways could produce a range of high ecosystem N contents characteristic of forests in the Oregon Coast Range. Total ecosystem N at nine study sites ranged from 8,788 to 22,667 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> and carbon (C) ranged from 188 to 460 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>, with highest values near the coast. Ecosystem δ<sup>15</sup>N displayed a curvilinear relationship with ecosystem N content, and largely reflected mineral soil, which accounted for 96–98% of total ecosystem N. Model simulations of ecosystem N balances parameterized with field rates of N leaching required long-term average N inputs that exceed atmospheric deposition and asymbiotic and epiphytic N<sub>2</sub>-fixation, and that were consistent with cycles of post-fire N<sub>2</sub>-fixation by early-successional red alder. Soil water δ<sup>15</sup>NO<sub>3</sub> − patterns suggested a shift in relative N losses from denitrification to nitrate leaching as N accumulated, and simulations identified nitrate leaching as the primary N loss pathway that constrains maximum N accumulation. Whereas current theory emphasizes constraints on biological N<sub>2</sub>-fixation and disturbance-mediated N losses as factors that limit N accumulation in temperate forests, our results suggest that wildfire can foster substantial long-term N accumulation in ecosystems that are colonized by symbiotic N<sub>2</sub>-fixing vegetation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s00442-011-2016-y","usgsCitation":"Perakis, S., Sinkhorn, E., and Compton, J., 2011, &delta;<sup>15</sup>N constraints on long-term nitrogen balances in temperate forests: Oecologia, v. 167, no. 3, p. 793-807, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2016-y.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"793","endPage":"807","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215687,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2016-y"}],"volume":"167","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e275e4b0c8380cd45bdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perakis, S.S.","contributorId":82039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perakis","given":"S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinkhorn, E.R.","contributorId":15428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinkhorn","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Compton, J.E.","contributorId":57430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Compton","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034575,"text":"70034575 - 2011 - Nutrient sources and transport in the Missouri River Basin, with emphasis on the effects of irrigation and reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-26T12:52:31","indexId":"70034575","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient sources and transport in the Missouri River Basin, with emphasis on the effects of irrigation and reservoirs","docAbstract":"SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were used to relate instream nutrient loads to sources and factors influencing the transport of nutrients in the Missouri River Basin. Agricultural inputs from fertilizer and manure were the largest nutrient sources throughout a large part of the basin, although atmospheric and urban inputs were important sources in some areas. Sediment mobilized from stream channels was a source of phosphorus in medium and larger streams. Irrigation on agricultural land was estimated to decrease the nitrogen load reaching the Mississippi River by as much as 17%, likely as a result of increased anoxia and denitrification in the soil zone. Approximately 16% of the nitrogen load and 33% of the phosphorus load that would have otherwise reached the Mississippi River was retained in reservoirs and lakes throughout the basin. Nearly half of the total attenuation occurred in the eight largest water bodies. Unlike the other major tributary basins, nearly the entire instream nutrient load leaving the outlet of the Platte and Kansas River subbasins reached the Mississippi River. Most of the larger reservoirs and lakes in the Platte River subbasin are upstream of the major sources, whereas in the Kansas River subbasin, most of the source inputs are in the southeast part of the subbasin where characteristics of the area and proximity to the Missouri River facilitate delivery of nutrients to the Mississippi River.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00584.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Brown, J., Sprague, L., and Dupree, J., 2011, Nutrient sources and transport in the Missouri River Basin, with emphasis on the effects of irrigation and reservoirs: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 47, no. 5, p. 1034-1060, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00584.x.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1034","endPage":"1060","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475402,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3307633","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00584.x"},{"id":243600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States;Canada","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.05,36.0 ], [ -116.05,50.0 ], [ -89.1,50.0 ], [ -89.1,36.0 ], [ -116.05,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"47","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6941e4b0c8380cd73c27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J.B.","contributorId":91307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sprague, L.A.","contributorId":101712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprague","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dupree, J.A.","contributorId":29236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupree","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034588,"text":"70034588 - 2011 - Establishing spatial trends in water chemistry and stable isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>13</sup>C) in the Elwha River prior to dam removal and salmon recolonization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-12T21:31:19","indexId":"70034588","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishing spatial trends in water chemistry and stable isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>13</sup>C) in the Elwha River prior to dam removal and salmon recolonization","docAbstract":"Two high-head dams on the Elwha River in Washington State (USA) have changed the migratory patterns of resident and anadromous fish, limiting Pacific salmon to the lower 7.9 km of a river that historically supported large Pacific salmon runs. To document the effects of the dams prior to their removal, we measured carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of primary producers, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish, and water chemistry above, between and below the dams. We found that δ<sup>15</sup>N was significantly higher in fish, stoneflies, black flies, periphyton and macroalgae where salmon still have access. Fish and chloroperlid stoneflies were enriched in δ<sup>13</sup>C, but the values were more variable than in δ<sup>15</sup>N. For some taxa, there were also differences between the two river sections that lack salmon, suggesting that factors other than marine-derived nutrients are structuring longitudinal isotopic profiles. Consistent with trophic theory, macroalgae had the lowest δ<sup>15</sup>N, followed by periphyton, macroinvertebrates and fish, with a range of 6.9, 6.2 and 7.7‰ below, between, and above the dams, respectively. Water chemistry analyses confirmed earlier reports that the river is oligotrophic. Phosphorous levels in the Elwha were lower than those found in other regional rivers, with significant differences among regulated, unregulated and reference sections. The removal of these dams, among the largest of such projects ever attempted, is expected to facilitate the return of salmon and their marine-derived nutrients (MDN) throughout the watershed, possibly altering the food web structure, nutrient levels and stable isotope values that we documented.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.1413","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Duda, J., Coe, H., Morley, S., and Kloehn, K., 2011, Establishing spatial trends in water chemistry and stable isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>13</sup>C) in the Elwha River prior to dam removal and salmon recolonization: River Research and Applications, v. 27, no. 10, p. 1169-1181, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1413.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1169","endPage":"1181","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":215977,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1413"},{"id":243816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,45.5 ], [ -124.8,49.0 ], [ -117.0,49.0 ], [ -117.0,45.5 ], [ -124.8,45.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a64e4b0c8380cd52335","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duda, J.J. 0000-0001-7431-8634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":105073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coe, H.J.","contributorId":59644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morley, S.A.","contributorId":49619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morley","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kloehn, K.K.","contributorId":84995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kloehn","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70033902,"text":"70033902 - 2011 - Flow structures and sandbar dynamics in a canyon river during a controlled flood, Colorado River, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:02:17","indexId":"70033902","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow structures and sandbar dynamics in a canyon river during a controlled flood, Colorado River, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p><span>In canyon rivers, debris fan constrictions create rapids and downstream pools characterized by secondary flow structures that are closely linked to channel morphology. In this paper we describe detailed measurements of the three‐dimensional flow structure and sandbar dynamics of two pools along the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon during a controlled flood release from Glen Canyon Dam. Results indicate that the pools are characterized by large lateral recirculation zones (eddies) resulting from flow separation downstream from the channel constrictions, as well as helical flow structures in the main channel and eddy. The lateral recirculation zones are low‐velocity areas conducive to fine sediment deposition, particularly in the vicinity of the separation and reattachment points and are thus the dominant flow structures controlling sandbar dynamics. The helical flow structures also affect morphology but appear secondary in importance to the lateral eddies. During the controlled flood, sandbars in the separation and reattachment zones at both sites tended to build gradually during the rising limb and peak flow. Deposition in shallow water on the sandbars was accompanied by erosion in deeper water along the sandbar slope at the interface with the main channel. Erosion occurred via rapid mass failures as well as by gradual boundary shear stress driven processes. The flow structures and morphologic links at our study sites are similar to those identified in other river environments, in particular sharply curved meanders and channel confluences where the coexistence of lateral recirculation and helical flows has been documented.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009JF001442","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wright, S., and Kaplinski, M., 2011, Flow structures and sandbar dynamics in a canyon river during a controlled flood, Colorado River, Arizona: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 116, no. F1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001442.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214383,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001442"}],"volume":"116","issue":"F1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1253e4b0c8380cd54277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Scott 0000-0002-0387-5713 sawright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5713","contributorId":1536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"sawright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":443105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaplinski, M.","contributorId":31576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplinski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70033900,"text":"70033900 - 2011 - Effects of human-induced alteration of groundwater flow on concentrations of naturally-occurring trace elements at water-supply wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-11T12:11:46","indexId":"70033900","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of human-induced alteration of groundwater flow on concentrations of naturally-occurring trace elements at water-supply wells","docAbstract":"The effects of human-induced alteration of groundwater flow patterns on concentrations of naturally-occurring trace elements were examined in five hydrologically distinct aquifer systems in the USA. Although naturally occurring, these trace elements can exceed concentrations that are considered harmful to human health. The results show that pumping-induced hydraulic gradient changes and artificial connection of aquifers by well screens can mix chemically distinct groundwater. Chemical reactions between these mixed groundwaters and solid aquifer materials can result in the mobilization of trace elements such as U, As and Ra, with subsequent transport to water-supply wells. For example, in the High Plains aquifer near York, Nebraska, mixing of shallow, oxygenated, lower-pH water from an unconfined aquifer with deeper, confined, anoxic, higher-pH water is facilitated by wells screened across both aquifers. The resulting higher-O2, lower-pH mixed groundwater facilitated the mobilization of U from solid aquifer materials, and dissolved U concentrations were observed to increase significantly in nearby supply wells. Similar instances of trace element mobilization due to human-induced mixing of groundwaters were documented in: (1) the Floridan aquifer system near Tampa, Florida (As and U), (2) Paleozoic sedimentary aquifers in eastern Wisconsin (As), (3) the basin-fill aquifer underlying the California Central Valley near Modesto (U), and (4) Coastal Plain aquifers of New Jersey (Ra). Adverse water-quality impacts attributed to human activities are commonly assumed to be related solely to the release of the various anthropogenic contaminants to the environment. The results show that human activities including various land uses, well drilling, and pumping rates and volumes can adversely impact the quality of water in supply wells, when associated with naturally-occurring trace elements in aquifer materials. This occurs by causing subtle but significant changes in geochemistry and associated trace element mobilization as well as enhancing advective transport processes.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.033","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., Szabo, Z., Focazio, M., and Eberts, S.M., 2011, Effects of human-induced alteration of groundwater flow on concentrations of naturally-occurring trace elements at water-supply wells: Applied Geochemistry, v. 26, no. 5, p. 747-762, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.033.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"747","endPage":"762","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475382,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.033","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -126.21093749999999,\n              49.49667452747045\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.98046874999999,\n              46.07323062540835\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.68359374999999,\n              42.032974332441405\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.33203125,\n              39.232253141714885\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.87109375,\n              36.1733569352216\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.53125,\n              33.43144133557529\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3671875,\n              32.69486597787505\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.4453125,\n              31.50362930577303\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.875,\n              31.653381399664\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.97656249999999,\n              25.005972656239187\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.625,\n              27.68352808378776\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.98828125,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.59374999999999,\n              28.613459424004414\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.24218749999999,\n              29.84064389983441\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              28.613459424004414\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              24.046463999666567\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              25.48295117535531\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.92578124999999,\n              30.751277776257812\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.46484375,\n              34.59704151614417\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.70703125,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.30078125,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.48828125,\n              40.84706035607122\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.5,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.5,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.78515625,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.76171875,\n              45.82879925192134\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73828125,\n              42.16340342422401\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.85937499999999,\n              45.089035564831036\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.19921875,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.8671875,\n              49.38237278700955\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.21093749999999,\n              49.49667452747045\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a071ae4b0c8380cd51569","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, J. D.","contributorId":96667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Z. 0000-0002-0760-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":44302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Focazio, M. J.","contributorId":62997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034595,"text":"70034595 - 2011 - Water- and sediment-quality effects on Pimephales promelas spawning vary along an agriculture-to-urban land-use gradient","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T16:13:02.697382","indexId":"70034595","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water- and sediment-quality effects on Pimephales promelas spawning vary along an agriculture-to-urban land-use gradient","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many streams in the U.S. are “impaired” due to anthropogenic influence. For watershed managers to achieve practical understanding of these impairments, a multitude of factors must be considered, including point and nonpoint-source influence on water quality. A spawning assay was developed in this study to evaluate water- and sediment-quality effects that influenced&nbsp;</span><i>Pimephales promelas</i><span>&nbsp;(fathead minnow) egg production over a gradient of urban and agricultural land use in 27 small watersheds in Eastern Wisconsin. Six pairs of reproducing fathead minnows were contained in separate mesh cartridges within one larger flow-through chamber. Water- and sediment quality were sampled for an array of parameters. Egg production was monitored for each pair providing an assessment of spawning success throughout the 21-day test periods. Incidences of low dissolved oxygen (DO) in many of these streams negatively impacted spawning success. Nine of 27 streams experienced DO less than 3.1</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>mg/L and 15 streams experienced DO less than 4.8</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>mg/L. Low DO was observed in urban and agricultural watersheds, but the upper threshold of minimum DO decreased with increasing urban development. An increase in specific conductance was related to a decrease in spawning success. In previous studies for streams in this region, specific conductance had a linear relation with chloride, suggesting the possibility that chloride could be a factor in egg production. Egg production was lower at sites with substantial urban development, but sites with low egg production were not limited to urban sites. Degradation of water- and sediment-quality parameters with increasing urban development is indicated for multiple parameters while patterns were not detected for others. Results from this study indicate that DO must be a high priority watershed management consideration for this region, specific conductance should be investigated further to determine the mechanism of the relation with egg production, and water- and sediment-quality degrade in relation to urban influence.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.014","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Corsi, S., Klaper, R., Weber, D., and Bannerman, R., 2011, Water- and sediment-quality effects on Pimephales promelas spawning vary along an agriculture-to-urban land-use gradient: Science of the Total Environment, v. 409, no. 22, p. 4847-4857, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.014.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"4847","endPage":"4857","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215626,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.014"}],"volume":"409","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcce7e4b08c986b32ddaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corsi, S.R.","contributorId":76346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corsi","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaper, R.D.","contributorId":72114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaper","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weber, D.N.","contributorId":15032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"D.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bannerman, R.T.","contributorId":92304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bannerman","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":446561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034605,"text":"70034605 - 2011 - Recent changes in burbot growth in Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-28T13:29:25","indexId":"70034605","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent changes in burbot growth in Lake Erie","docAbstract":"Recruitment of burbot <i>Lota lota</i> in eastern Lake Erie, estimated by catches of age-4 burbot, was high during 1997–2001 and then abruptly declined to low levels during 2002–2007. The invasive round goby <i>Neogobius melanostomus</i>, a benthic species, was first collected in trawl assessments in eastern Lake Erie in 1999, and was first found in stomachs of burbot in 2001. By 2003, round goby became an important prey in the diet of burbot. We hypothesized that the combined effects of low recruitment and consumption of round goby would result in increased size-at-age in burbot. We reasoned that: (i) decreased competition for resources among juveniles should result in larger adults, and (ii) consumption of a benthic prey by a bottom-dwelling predator such as burbot should require less foraging in the water column, and thus less energetic expenditure. We divided our data into two temporal periods: one in which burbot belonged to strong year classes and ate few, if any round goby (i.e., year classes 1989–1997 collected during 1997–2001) and one in which burbot belonged to weak year classes and probably ate round gobies by age 4 (year classes 1998–2003 collected during 2002–2007). Mass and total lengths at ages 4–7 were generally higher during the second period. However, the rates of growth between ages 4 and 7 were not different for the two periods. The results indicate that greater growth at ages 0–4 resulted in larger size at ages 4–7 in the latter period. More information on juvenile diet and growth in burbot is needed for effective conservation of burbot stocks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01845.x","issn":"01758659","usgsCitation":"Stapanian, M., Edwards, W., and Witzel, L., 2011, Recent changes in burbot growth in Lake Erie: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 27, no. S1, p. 57-64, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01845.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"64","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487228,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01845.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215777,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01845.x"},{"id":243602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95ece4b0c8380cd81cfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stapanian, M.A.","contributorId":65437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapanian","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, W.H.","contributorId":43718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"W.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witzel, L.D.","contributorId":70324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzel","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70033870,"text":"70033870 - 2011 - Building destruction from waves and surge on the bolivar peninsula during hurricane ike","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:30","indexId":"70033870","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Building destruction from waves and surge on the bolivar peninsula during hurricane ike","docAbstract":"The Bolivar Peninsula in Texas was severely impacted by Hurricane Ike with strong winds, large waves, widespread inundation, and severe damage. This paper examines the wave and surge climate on Bolivar during the storm and the consequent survival and destruction of buildings. Emphasis is placed on differences between buildings that survived (with varying degrees of damage) and buildings that were completely destroyed. Building elevations are found to be the primary indicator of survival for areas with large waves. Here, buildings that were sufficiently elevated above waves and surge suffered relatively little structural damage, while houses at lower elevations were impacted by large waves and generally completely destroyed. In many areas, the transition from destruction to survival was over a very small elevation range of around 0.5 m. In areas where waves were smaller, survival was possible at much lower elevations. Higher houses that were not inundated still survived, but well-built houses at lower elevations could also survive as the waves were not large enough to cause structural damage. However, the transition height where waves became damaging could not be determined from this study. ?? 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000061","issn":"0733950X","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, A., Rogers, S., Sallenger, A., Gravois, U., Zachry, B., Dosa, M., and Zarama, F., 2011, Building destruction from waves and surge on the bolivar peninsula during hurricane ike: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 137, no. 3, p. 132-141, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000061.","startPage":"132","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214414,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000061"},{"id":242138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2a8e4b0c8380cd4b298","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, A.","contributorId":68975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, S.","contributorId":6563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, A.","contributorId":49198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gravois, U.","contributorId":63230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gravois","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zachry, B.","contributorId":50742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zachry","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dosa, M.","contributorId":81320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dosa","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zarama, F.","contributorId":26531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarama","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70036759,"text":"70036759 - 2011 - Finite volume model for two-dimensional shallow environmental flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-28T09:15:30","indexId":"70036759","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Finite volume model for two-dimensional shallow environmental flow","docAbstract":"<p>This paper presents the development of a two-dimensional, depth integrated, unsteady, free-surface model based on the shallow water equations. The development was motivated by the desire of balancing computational efficiency and accuracy by selective and conjunctive use of different numerical techniques. The base framework of the discrete model uses Godunov methods on unstructured triangular grids, but the solution technique emphasizes the use of a high-resolution Riemann solver where needed, switching to a simpler and computationally more efficient upwind finite volume technique in the smooth regions of the flow. Explicit time marching is accomplished with strong stability preserving Runge-Kutta methods, with additional acceleration techniques for steady-state computations. A simplified mass-preserving algorithm is used to deal with wet/dry fronts. Application of the model is made to several benchmark cases that show the interplay of the diverse solution techniques.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000292","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Simoes, F., 2011, Finite volume model for two-dimensional shallow environmental flow: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 137, no. 2, p. 173-182, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000292.","startPage":"173","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217453,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000292"}],"volume":"137","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a102be4b0c8380cd53b67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simoes, F.J.M.","contributorId":100181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoes","given":"F.J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70034758,"text":"70034758 - 2011 - Response of algal metrics to nutrients and physical factors and identification of nutrient thresholds in agricultural streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-15T20:11:28.551389","indexId":"70034758","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of algal metrics to nutrients and physical factors and identification of nutrient thresholds in agricultural streams","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many streams within the United States are impaired due to nutrient enrichment, particularly in agricultural settings. The present study examines the response of benthic algal communities in agricultural and minimally disturbed sites from across the western United States to a suite of environmental factors, including nutrients, collected at multiple scales. The first objective was to identify the relative importance of nutrients, habitat and watershed features, and macroinvertebrate trophic structure to explain algal metrics derived from deposition and erosion habitats. The second objective was to determine if thresholds in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) related to algal metrics could be identified and how these thresholds varied across metrics and habitats. Nutrient concentrations within the agricultural areas were elevated and greater than published threshold values. All algal metrics examined responded to nutrients as hypothesized. Although nutrients typically were the most important variables in explaining the variation in each of the algal metrics, environmental factors operating at multiple scales also were important. Calculated thresholds for TN or TP based on the algal metrics generated from samples collected from erosion and deposition habitats were not significantly different. Little variability in threshold values for each metric for TN and TP was observed. The consistency of the threshold values measured across multiple metrics and habitats suggest that the thresholds identified in this study are ecologically relevant. Additional work to characterize the relationship between algal metrics, physical and chemical features, and nuisance algal growth would be of benefit to the development of nutrient thresholds and criteria.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1007/s10661-010-1539-8","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Black, R.W., Moran, P.W., and Frankforter, J.D., 2011, Response of algal metrics to nutrients and physical factors and identification of nutrient thresholds in agricultural streams: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 175, no. 1-4, p. 397-417, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1539-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"417","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475070,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1539-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215636,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1539-8"}],"volume":"175","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa2ce4b0c8380cd861ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Black, Robert W. 0000-0002-4748-8213 rwblack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-8213","contributorId":1820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"Robert","email":"rwblack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, Patrick W. 0000-0002-2002-3539 pwmoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2002-3539","contributorId":489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Patrick","email":"pwmoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frankforter, Jill D. 0000-0003-0371-2313 jdfrankf@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0371-2313","contributorId":1739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankforter","given":"Jill","email":"jdfrankf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034335,"text":"70034335 - 2011 - A comparison of methods to assess long-term changes in Sonoran Desert vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-27T15:34:39.498196","indexId":"70034335","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of methods to assess long-term changes in Sonoran Desert vegetation","docAbstract":"Knowledge about the condition of vegetation cover and composition is critical for assessing the structure and function of ecosystems. To effectively quantify the impacts of a rapidly changing environment, methods to track long-term trends of vegetation must be precise, repeatable, and time- and cost-efficient. Measuring vegetation cover and composition in arid and semiarid regions is especially challenging because vegetation is typically sparse, discontinuous, and individual plants are widely spaced. To meet the goal of long-term vegetation monitoring in the Sonoran Desert and other arid and semiarid regions, we determined how estimates of plant species, total vegetation, and soil cover obtained using a widely-implemented monitoring protocol compared to a more time- and resource-intensive plant census. We also assessed how well this protocol tracked changes in cover through 82 years compared to the plant census. Results from the monitoring protocol were comparable to those from the plant census, despite low and variable plant species cover. Importantly, this monitoring protocol could be used as a rapid, \"off-the shelf\" tool for assessing land degradation (or desertification) in arid and semiarid ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.032","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Munson, S., Webb, R.H., and Hubbard, J., 2011, A comparison of methods to assess long-term changes in Sonoran Desert vegetation: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 75, no. 11, p. 1228-1231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.032.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1228","endPage":"1231","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Sonoran Desert, Tumamoc Hill, Tucson Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              35.06597313798418\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.70825195312501,\n              34.77771580360469\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.466552734375,\n              34.45221847282654\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.224853515625,\n              34.27083595165\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.576416015625,\n              34.098159345215535\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.620361328125,\n              33.86129311351553\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.620361328125,\n              33.62376800118811\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.82910156249999,\n              33.4039312002347\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              33.0178760185549\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.620361328125,\n              32.9257074887604\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.8334428466495\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.9169921875,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.1376953125,\n              31.3348710339506\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.039306640625,\n              31.344254455668054\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.05029296875,\n              35.24561909420681\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              35.06597313798418\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e36de4b0c8380cd45fed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munson, S.M.","contributorId":33554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, R. H.","contributorId":13648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubbard, J.A.","contributorId":17853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034388,"text":"70034388 - 2011 - Phytoscreening for chlorinated solvents using rapid in vitro SPME sampling: Application to urban plume in Verl, Germany","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-21T18:19:49.386373","indexId":"70034388","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoscreening for chlorinated solvents using rapid in vitro SPME sampling: Application to urban plume in Verl, Germany","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rapid detection and delineation of contaminants in urban settings is critically important in protecting human health. Cores from trees growing above a plume of contaminated groundwater in Verl, Germany, were collected in 1 day, with subsequent analysis and plume mapping completed over several days. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) analysis was applied to detect tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) to below nanogram/liter levels in the transpiration stream of the trees. The tree core concentrations showed a clear areal correlation to the distribution of PCE and TCE in the groundwater. Concentrations in tree cores were lower than the underlying groundwater, as anticipated; however, the tree core water retained the PCE:TCE signature of the underlying groundwater in the urban, populated area. The PCE:TCE ratio can indicate areas of differing degradation activity. Therefore, the phytoscreening analysis was capable not only of mapping the spatial distribution of groundwater contamination but also of delineating zones of potentially differing contaminant sources and degradation. The simplicity of tree coring and the ability to collect a large number of samples in a day with minimal disruption or property damage in the urban setting demonstrates that phytoscreening can be a powerful tool for gaining reconnaissance-level information on groundwater contaminated by chlorinated solvents. The use of SPME decreases the detection level considerably and increases the sensitivity of phytoscreening as an assessment, monitoring, and phytoforensic tool. With rapid, inexpensive, and noninvasive methods of detecting and delineating contaminants underlying homes, as in this case, human health can be better protected through screening of broader areas and with far faster response times.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es201704v","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Limmer, M., Balouet, J., Karg, F., Vroblesky, D., and Burken, J., 2011, Phytoscreening for chlorinated solvents using rapid in vitro SPME sampling: Application to urban plume in Verl, Germany: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 45, no. 19, p. 8276-8282, https://doi.org/10.1021/es201704v.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"8276","endPage":"8282","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216828,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es201704v"}],"country":"Germany","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[9.92191,54.9831],[9.93958,54.59664],[10.95011,54.36361],[10.93947,54.00869],[11.95625,54.19649],[12.51844,54.47037],[13.64747,54.07551],[14.11969,53.75703],[14.35332,53.24817],[14.07452,52.98126],[14.4376,52.62485],[14.68503,52.08995],[14.6071,51.74519],[15.017,51.10667],[14.57072,51.00234],[14.30701,51.11727],[14.05623,50.92692],[13.33813,50.73323],[12.96684,50.48408],[12.24011,50.26634],[12.41519,49.96912],[12.52102,49.54742],[13.03133,49.30707],[13.59595,48.87717],[13.24336,48.41611],[12.8841,48.28915],[13.02585,47.63758],[12.93263,47.46765],[12.62076,47.67239],[12.14136,47.70308],[11.42641,47.52377],[10.5445,47.5664],[10.40208,47.30249],[9.89607,47.5802],[9.59423,47.52506],[8.52261,47.83083],[8.3173,47.61358],[7.46676,47.62058],[7.59368,48.33302],[8.09928,49.01778],[6.65823,49.20196],[6.18632,49.4638],[6.24275,49.90223],[6.04307,50.12805],[6.15666,50.80372],[5.98866,51.85162],[6.5894,51.85203],[6.84287,52.22844],[7.09205,53.14404],[6.90514,53.48216],[7.10042,53.69393],[7.93624,53.7483],[8.12171,53.52779],[8.80073,54.02079],[8.57212,54.39565],[8.52623,54.96274],[9.28205,54.83087],[9.92191,54.9831]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Germany\"}}]}","volume":"45","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b3ee4b0c8380cd79332","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Limmer, M.A.","contributorId":71032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limmer","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balouet, J.-C.","contributorId":84597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balouet","given":"J.-C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karg, F.","contributorId":16678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karg","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burken, J.G.","contributorId":30810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burken","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032415,"text":"70032415 - 2011 - A heuristic simulation model of Lake Ontario circulation and mass balance transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:20","indexId":"70032415","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A heuristic simulation model of Lake Ontario circulation and mass balance transport","docAbstract":"The redistribution of suspended organisms and materials by large-scale currents is part of natural ecological processes in large aquatic systems but can contribute to ecosystem disruption when exotic elements are introduced into the system. Toxic compounds and planktonic organisms spend various lengths of time in suspension before settling to the bottom or otherwise being removed. We constructed a simple physical simulation model, including the influence of major tributaries, to qualitatively examine circulation patterns in Lake Ontario. We used a simple mass balance approach to estimate the relative water input to and export from each of 10 depth regime-specific compartments (nearshore vs. offshore) comprising Lake Ontario. Despite its simplicity, our model produced circulation patterns similar to those reported by more complex studies in the literature. A three-gyre pattern, with the classic large counterclockwise central lake circulation, and a simpler two-gyre system were both observed. These qualitative simulations indicate little offshore transport along the south shore, except near the mouths of the Niagara River and Oswego River. Complex flow structure was evident, particularly near the Niagara River mouth and in offshore waters of the eastern basin. Average Lake Ontario residence time is 8 years, but the fastest model pathway indicated potential transport of plankton through the lake in as little as 60 days. This simulation illustrates potential invasion pathways and provides rough estimates of planktonic larval dispersal or chemical transport among nearshore and offshore areas of Lake Ontario. ?? 2011 Taylor & Francis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2011.553928","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"McKenna, J., and Chalupnicki, M., 2011, A heuristic simulation model of Lake Ontario circulation and mass balance transport: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 26, no. 1, p. 123-132, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2011.553928.","startPage":"123","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475084,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2011.553928","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213717,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2011.553928"},{"id":241372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e41be4b0c8380cd463f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":106065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chalupnicki, M.A.","contributorId":37966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalupnicki","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032414,"text":"70032414 - 2011 - Seasonal timing of first rain storms affects rare plant population dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-07T09:55:03","indexId":"70032414","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal timing of first rain storms affects rare plant population dynamics","docAbstract":"A major challenge in forecasting the ecological consequences of climate change is understanding the relative importance of changes to mean conditions vs. changes to discrete climatic events, such as storms, frosts, or droughts. Here we show that the first major storm of the growing season strongly influences the population dynamics of three rare and endangered annual plant species in a coastal California (USA) ecosystem. In a field experiment we used moisture barriers and water addition to manipulate the timing and temperature associated with first major rains of the season. The three focal species showed two- to fivefold variation in per capita population growth rates between the different storm treatments, comparable to variation found in a prior experiment imposing eightfold differences in season-long precipitation. Variation in germination was a major demographic driver of how two of three species responded to the first rains. For one of these species, the timing of the storm was the most critical determinant of its germination, while the other showed enhanced germination with colder storm temperatures. The role of temperature was further supported by laboratory trials showing enhanced germination in cooler treatments. Our work suggests that, because of species-specific cues for demographic transitions such as germination, changes to discrete climate events may be as, if not more, important than changes to season-long variables.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/11-0471.1","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Levine, J., McEachern, A.K., and Cowan, C., 2011, Seasonal timing of first rain storms affects rare plant population dynamics: Ecology, v. 92, no. 12, p. 2236-2247, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0471.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2236","endPage":"2247","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213688,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-0471.1"},{"id":241339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88dde4b08c986b316bee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levine, J.M.","contributorId":77748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levine","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEachern, A. K.","contributorId":29777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEachern","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cowan, C.","contributorId":46777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034791,"text":"70034791 - 2011 - Diel cycles in dissolved barium, lead, iron, vanadium, and nitrite in a stream draining a former zinc smelter site near Hegeler, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-16T11:59:35.839031","indexId":"70034791","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel cycles in dissolved barium, lead, iron, vanadium, and nitrite in a stream draining a former zinc smelter site near Hegeler, Illinois","docAbstract":"<p id=\"sp0050\">Diel variations in the concentrations of a number of constituents have the potential to substantially affect the appropriate sampling regimen in acidic streams. Samples taken once during the course of the day cannot adequately reflect diel variations in water quality and may result in an inaccurate understanding of biogeochemical processes, ecological conditions, and of the threat posed by the water to human health and the associated wildlife. Surface water and groundwater affected by acid drainage were sampled every 60 to 90&nbsp;min over a 48-hour period at a former zinc smelter known as the Hegeler Zinc Superfund Site, near Hegeler, Illinois. Diel variations related to water quality in the aquifer were not observed in groundwater.</p><p id=\"sp0055\">Diel variations were observed in the temperature, pH, and concentration of dissolved oxygen, nitrite, barium, iron, lead, vanadium, and possibly uranium in surface water. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrite, barium, lead, and uranium generally attained maximum values during the afternoon and minimum values during the night. Iron, vanadium, and pH generally attained minimum values during the afternoon and maximum values during the night. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were affected by the intensity of photosynthetic activity and respiration, which are dependent upon insolation. Nitrite, an intermediary in many nitrogen reactions, may have been formed by the oxidation of ammonium by dissolved oxygen and converted to other nitrogen species as part of the decomposition of organic matter. The timing of the pH cycles was distinctly different from the cycles found in Midwestern alkaline streams and likely was the result of the photoreduction of Fe<sup>3+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to Fe<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and variations in the intensity of precipitation of hydrous ferric oxide minerals. Diel cycles of iron and vanadium also were primarily the result of variations in the intensity of precipitation of hydrous ferric oxide minerals. The diel variation in the concentrations of lead, uranium, and barium may have been affected by competition with Fe<sup>+&nbsp;2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for sorption sites on hydrous ferric oxide minerals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.10.009","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Groschen, G., Cygan, G., and Dupre, D.H., 2011, Diel cycles in dissolved barium, lead, iron, vanadium, and nitrite in a stream draining a former zinc smelter site near Hegeler, Illinois: Chemical Geology, v. 283, no. 1-2, p. 99-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.10.009.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Hegeler","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.68051147460938,\n              40.04575171819509\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.59708404541016,\n              40.04575171819509\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.59708404541016,\n              40.094094213737755\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.68051147460938,\n              40.094094213737755\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.68051147460938,\n              40.04575171819509\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"283","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00bfe4b0c8380cd4f8c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groschen, G.E.","contributorId":17260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cygan, G.","contributorId":96500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cygan","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dupre, David H. dhdupre@usgs.gov","contributorId":2782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupre","given":"David","email":"dhdupre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034331,"text":"70034331 - 2011 - Evaluation of influence of sediment on the sensitivity of a unionid mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea) to ammonia in 28-day water exposures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-02T14:47:54","indexId":"70034331","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of influence of sediment on the sensitivity of a unionid mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea) to ammonia in 28-day water exposures","docAbstract":"A draft update of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for ammonia substantially lowers the ammonia AWQC, primarily due to the inclusion of toxicity data for freshwater mussels. However, most of the mussel data used in the updated AWQC were generated from water-only exposures and limited information is available on the potential influence of the presence of a substrate on the response of mussels in laboratory toxicity tests. Our recent study demonstrated that the acute sensitivity of mussels to ammonia was not influenced by the presence of substrate in 4-d laboratory toxicity tests. The objective of the current study was to determine the sensitivity of mussels to ammonia in chronic 28-d water exposures with the sediment present (sediment treatment) or absent (water-only treatment). The chronic toxicity test was conducted starting with two-month-old juvenile mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) in a flow-through diluter system, which maintained consistent pH (???8.3) and six concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (N) in overlying water and in sediment pore water. The chronic value (ChV, geometric mean of the no-observed-effect concentration and the lowest-observed-effect concentration) was 0.36mgN/L for survival or biomass in the water-only treatment, and was 0.66mgN/L for survival and 0.20mgN/L for biomass in the sediment treatment. The 20% effect concentration (EC20) for survival was 0.63mgN/L in the water-only treatment and was 0.86mgN/L in the sediment treatment (with overlapping 95% confidence intervals; no EC20 for biomass was estimated because the data did not meet the conditions for any logistic regression analysis). The similar ChVs or EC20s between the water-only treatment and the sediment treatment indicate that the presence of sediment did not substantially influence the sensitivity of juvenile mussels to ammonia in the 28-d chronic laboratory water exposures. ?? 2011 SETAC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/etc.616","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Wang, N., Consbrock, R., Ingersoll, C., and Barnhart, M., 2011, Evaluation of influence of sediment on the sensitivity of a unionid mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea) to ammonia in 28-day water exposures: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 30, no. 10, p. 2270-2276, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.616.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2270","endPage":"2276","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216916,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.616"}],"volume":"30","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c8ae4b0c8380cd52bb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, N.","contributorId":81615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Consbrock, R.A.","contributorId":81721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Consbrock","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnhart, M.C.","contributorId":107410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhart","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032611,"text":"70032611 - 2011 - Developing an operational rangeland water requirement satisfaction index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T13:36:08","indexId":"70032611","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing an operational rangeland water requirement satisfaction index","docAbstract":"<p><span>Developing an operational water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) for rangeland monitoring is an important goal of the famine early warning systems network. An operational WRSI has been developed for crop monitoring, but until recently a comparable WRSI for rangeland was not successful because of the extremely poor performance of the index when based on published crop coefficients (</span><i>K</i> <sub>c</sub><span>) for rangelands. To improve the rangeland WRSI, we developed a simple calibration technique that adjusts the </span><i>K</i> <sub>c</sub><span> values for rangeland monitoring using long-term rainfall distribution and reference evapotranspiration data. The premise for adjusting the </span><i>K</i> <sub>c</sub><span> values is based on the assumption that a viable rangeland should exhibit above-average WRSI (values &gt;80%) during a normal year. The normal year was represented by a median dekadal rainfall distribution (satellite rainfall estimate from 1996 to 2006). Similarly, a long-term average for potential evapotranspiration was used as input to the famine early warning systems network WRSI model in combination with soil-water-holding capacity data. A dekadal rangeland WRSI has been operational for east and west Africa since 2005. User feedback has been encouraging, especially with regard to the end-of-season WRSI anomaly products that compare the index's performance to ‘normal’ years. Currently, rangeland WRSI products are generated on a dekadal basis and posted for free distribution on the US Geological Survey early warning website at </span><a href=\"http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/\">http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/</a></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431161.2010.516028","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Senay, G.B., Verdin, J.P., and Rowland, J., 2011, Developing an operational rangeland water requirement satisfaction index: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 32, no. 21, p. 6047-6053, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.516028.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"6047","endPage":"6053","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213610,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.516028"}],"volume":"32","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a000ee4b0c8380cd4f56c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verdin, James P. 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":437049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowland, James 0000-0003-4837-3511 rowland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4837-3511","contributorId":145846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"James","email":"rowland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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