Distribution patterns for biotitic alteration, sericitic alteration, and distinctive fluid-inclusion types in igneous host rocks of the porphyry copper ore body at Bingham, Utah, have been determined by petrographic examination of about 300 samples. These patterns are related to differences in original rock composition, variations in physical-chemical conditions during periods of intrusion and mineralization, and spatial position within the ore body.
The distribution of biotitic (potassium-silicate) alteration assemblages and high-salinity fluid inclusions generally follows the crudely triangular form of the disseminated copper ore zone. Variations in abundance of hydrothermal biotite are attributed to differences in original mafic mineral content of the igneous host rocks. Biotitic alteration and initial copper mineralization were accomplished by high-salinity fluids concentrated during final crystallization of the monzonitic parent magma; genetic continuity between magmatic and hydrothermal stages is indicated.
Pervasive sericitic alteration of plagioclase is confined to rocks in the northern one-third of the Bingham stock; a subzone of argillic alteration in the north-central part of the ore body occurs within the broader area of sericitic alteration. Fluids responsible for sericitic and argillic alteration were channeled by a broad zone of northeast-trending fractures.
Hydrothermal minerals and high-salinity fluid inclusions occur within a large volume of shattered rock. Boiling of fluids during crystallization of the aplitic porphyry may account for the shattering. Sericitic (and argillic) alteration were apparently super-imposed on the earlier biotitic assemblage as the hydrothermal system cooled. Cooling and hydrolytic alteration were promoted by progressive introduction of meteoric waters. The many generations of inclusions trapped from boiling fluids in the temperature range 400 degrees to 600 degrees C suggest that the system was recharged repeatedly during the period of mineralization. Estimated fluid pressures of about 800 bars in the early stages of mineralization correspond to a lithostatic load of about 3 km; pressures were even lower (less than 200 bars) in the later stages and were probably controlled by hydrostatic conditions.Distribution patterns for biotitic alteration, sericitic alteration, and distinctive fluid-inclusion types in igneous host rocks of the porphyry copper ore body at Bingham, Utah, have been determined by petrographic examination of about 300 samples. These patterns are related to differences in original rock composition, variations in physical-chemical conditions during periods of intrusion and mineralization, and spatial position within the ore body.The distribution of biotitic (potassium-silicate) alteration assemblages and high-salinity fluid inclusions generally follows the crudely triangular form of the disseminated copper ore zone. Variations in abundance of hydrothermal biotite are attributed to differences in original mafic mineral content of the igneous host rocks. Biotitic alteration and initial copper mineralization were accomplished by high-salinity fluids concentrated during final crystallization of the monzonitic parent magma; genetic continuity between magmatic and hydrothermal stages is indicated.Pervasive sericitic alteration of plagioclase is confined to rocks in the northern one-third of the Bingham stock; a subzone of argillic alteration in the north-central part of the ore body occurs within the broader area of sericitic alteration. Fluids responsible for sericitic and argillic alteration were channeled by a broad zone of northeast-trending fractures.Hydrothermal minerals and high-salinity fluid inclusions occur within a large volume of shattered rock. Boiling of fluids during crystallization of the aplitic porphyry may account for the shattering. Sericitic (and argillic) alteration were apparently super-imposed on the earlier biotitic assemblage as the hydrothermal system cooled. Cooling and hydrolytic alteration were promoted by progressive introduction of meteoric waters. The many generations of inclusions trapped from boiling fluids in the temperature range 400 degrees to 600 degrees C suggest that the system was recharged repeatedly during the period of mineralization. Estimated fluid pressures of about 800 bars in the early stages of mineralization correspond to a lithostatic load of about 3 km; pressures were even lower (less than 200 bars) in the later stages and were probably controlled by hydrostatic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.69.5.631","usgsCitation":"Moore, W.J., and Nash, J.T., 1974, Alteration and fluid inclusion studies of the porphyry copper ore body at Bingham, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 69, no. 5, p. 631-645, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.69.5.631.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"631","endPage":"645","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":372905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Bingham","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.23907470703124,\n 40.455307212131494\n ],\n [\n -112.02690124511719,\n 40.455307212131494\n ],\n [\n -112.02690124511719,\n 40.61551614707256\n ],\n [\n -112.23907470703124,\n 40.61551614707256\n ],\n [\n -112.23907470703124,\n 40.455307212131494\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1974-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, W. J.","contributorId":84334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232376,"text":"70232376 - 1974 - Distribution of copper in biotite and biotite alteration products in intrusive rocks near two Arizona porphyry copper deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T15:38:40.308572","indexId":"70232376","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-01T10:29:41","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of copper in biotite and biotite alteration products in intrusive rocks near two Arizona porphyry copper deposits","docAbstract":"Biotite and its alteration products (primarily chlorite) from igneous rocks around the Ray and Esperanza (Esperanza-Sierrita) porphyry copper deposits, Arizona, were analyzed for copper by electron microprobe. The copper occurs in amounts >90 p/m (limit of detection) in most of the chlorites analyzed, is concentrated at the optical and chemical boundary of chlorite and biotite, and is not associated with sulfur. Most unaltered igneous and hydrothermal biotites analyzed contain <90 p/m Cu, and except for one sample, all copper that was detected can be explained as contamination by copper from chlorite grains. The paucity of detectable copper in igneous and hydrothermal biotite and its presence in daughter chlorite suggest that the positive association noted by some workers between the proximity of an ore deposit and the copper content of biotite might be partly the result: of increased amounts of chloritization of biotite near a deposit coupled with difficulty in physically cleaning the biotite separates. Additionally, previous speculations that (1) part of the copper in a deposit may come from altered biotite, and (2) copper in biotite indicates how copper behaves in a differentiating magma, are of doubtful value if based on data derived from analyses of bulk mineral separates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Banks, N.G., 1974, Distribution of copper in biotite and biotite alteration products in intrusive rocks near two Arizona porphyry copper deposits: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 2, p. 195-211.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"211","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Ray and Esperanza (Esperanza-Sierrita) porphyry copper deposits","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.170654296875,\n 33.0178760185549\n ],\n [\n -110.6597900390625,\n 33.0178760185549\n ],\n [\n -110.6597900390625,\n 33.35347332342168\n ],\n [\n -111.170654296875,\n 33.35347332342168\n ],\n [\n -111.170654296875,\n 33.0178760185549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.9674072265625,\n 31.84956532831343\n ],\n [\n -110.8026123046875,\n 31.84956532831343\n ],\n [\n -110.8026123046875,\n 31.966143862120095\n ],\n [\n -110.9674072265625,\n 31.966143862120095\n ],\n [\n -110.9674072265625,\n 31.84956532831343\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Norman G.","contributorId":89524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232375,"text":"70232375 - 1974 - Preliminary study of rock alteration in the Catheart Mountain molybdenum-copper deposit, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T15:24:23.924947","indexId":"70232375","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-01T10:11:51","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary study of rock alteration in the Catheart Mountain molybdenum-copper deposit, Maine","docAbstract":"Studies of drill cores from the Catheart Mountain molybdenum-copper deposit indicate that the deposit is of the porphyry type. Hydrothermal alteration and sulfide mineralization are probably distributed in complex but systematic alteration zones. Most or all mineralization at Catheart Mountain is in a medium-fine-grained quartz monzonite enclosed within a larger mass of Attean Quartz Monzonite; no ore and little hydrothermal alteration have been seen in the Attean. Much of the ore and hydrothermal alteration seem to be and presumably are spatially related to irregular intrusive masses of porphyry. Only certain porphyry intrusives are mineral bearing, however, and many have no associated ore and alteration. Studies of hydrothermal alterations in surface exposures supplemented by rock analyses of bulk samples indicate that alteration features and sulfide zone characteristics of an area northwest of the mountain crest are, when measured against accepted porphyry models, very favorable for the occurrence of ore. Even though this favorable area has already been tested by some drilling, the presence together here of the strong center of potassic enrichment, the well-developed pyrite zone, and the strong and extensive phyllic alteration suggest that some further evaluation may be warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, R.G., 1974, Preliminary study of rock alteration in the Catheart Mountain molybdenum-copper deposit, Maine: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 2, p. 189-194.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402688,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue2/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Somerset County","otherGeospatial":"Catheart Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.25,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -70.1667,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -70.1667,\n 45.583333\n ],\n [\n -70.25,\n 45.583333\n ],\n [\n -70.25,\n 45.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, Robert G.","contributorId":19243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15522,"text":"ofr74133 - 1974 - Mineral resources of Du Noir Addition, Washakie Wilderness area, Fremont County, Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15522,"text":"ofr74133 - 1974 - Mineral resources of Du Noir Addition, Washakie Wilderness area, Fremont County, Wyoming","indexId":"ofr74133","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Du Noir Addition, Washakie Wilderness area, Fremont County, Wyoming"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35545,"text":"b1472 - 1979 - Mineral resources of the Du Noir Addition, Washakie Wilderness, Fremont County, Wyoming, with a section on aeromagnetic survey","indexId":"b1472","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of the Du Noir Addition, Washakie Wilderness, Fremont County, Wyoming, with a section on aeromagnetic survey"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35545,"text":"b1472 - 1979 - Mineral resources of the Du Noir Addition, Washakie Wilderness, Fremont County, Wyoming, with a section on aeromagnetic survey","indexId":"b1472","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of the Du Noir Addition, Washakie Wilderness, Fremont County, Wyoming, with a section on aeromagnetic survey"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T22:38:28.823097","indexId":"ofr74133","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-133","title":"Mineral resources of Du Noir Addition, Washakie Wilderness area, Fremont County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The Du Noir Addition to the Washakie Wilderness area consists of 34,200 acres (13,840 hectares) of scenic mountainous terrain that adjoins the Teton Wilderness and Washakie Wilderness areas. The area was studied in 1973 by the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Bureau of Mines to evaluate its mineral, fuel, and geothermal energy potential. This evaluation is based on a search of the geologic literature, claim and production records, and fieldwork including mapping, inspection of claims and prospects, interpretation of aeromagnetic maps, and analyses of bedrock and stream-sediment samples.
Flat-lying Eocene volcaniclastic rocks of the Absaroka volcanic field are exposed in about two-thirds of the Du Noir Addition. These volcanics unconformably overlie the deeply eroded, northwest-trending Du Noir anticline in which Paleozoic marine strata of Devonian through Permian age are exposed. Of lesser importance are small deposits of Eocene non-volcanic conglomerate, and basaltic intrusive and extrusive rocks of late Pliocene and possibly younger age.
The results of this study indicate that the mineral, fuel, and geothermal potential of the Du Noir Addition are minimal. Low-grade copper-molybdenum mineralization occurs outside the addition, associated with intrusive rocks, but no indications of alteration or mineralization were found within the study area. Anomalous, but not economically important, concentrations of molybdenum and uranium were found in Permian and Eocene carbonaceous shales. Phosphate rock in the Phosphoria Formation occurs in beds too thin to constitute a resource. Large amounts of very pure limestone are present in the Madison Limestone, but equally pure limestone, much closer to transportation facilities, is found throughout this part of Wyoming. That part of the Du Noir anticline in the addition is too deeply eroded to be a likely reservoir of oil and gas. Present data indicates a low potential for geothermal energy in or near the addition.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74133","usgsCitation":"Prostka, H.J., Antweiler, J., Bieniewski, C.L., and Kleinkopf, M.D., 1974, Mineral resources of Du Noir Addition, Washakie Wilderness area, Fremont County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-133, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74133.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425892,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0133/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0133/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Fremont County","otherGeospatial":"Washakie Wilderness area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.97801721114597,\n 43.90547231590443\n ],\n [\n -109.97801721114597,\n 43.57966336178319\n ],\n [\n -109.11468697657382,\n 43.57966336178319\n ],\n [\n -109.11468697657382,\n 43.90547231590443\n ],\n [\n -109.97801721114597,\n 43.90547231590443\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db60641d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prostka, Harold J.","contributorId":52185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prostka","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Antweiler, J.C.","contributorId":35722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bieniewski, Carl L.","contributorId":56236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bieniewski","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kleinkopf, M. D.","contributorId":10036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinkopf","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011076,"text":"70011076 - 1974 - Movement of elements into the atmosphere from coniferous trees in subalpine forests of Colorado and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:20:58.585897","indexId":"70011076","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of elements into the atmosphere from coniferous trees in subalpine forests of Colorado and Idaho","docAbstract":"Rates of accumulation of Fe and Mn, as well as Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Hg, U and Th have been determined for five ferromanganese deposits from four localities in the South Pacific Ocean.
Manganese is accumulating in nodules and crusts at a rate roughly equivalent to that found to be accumulating in sediments in the same area. Iron shows a deficiency in accumulation in nodules and crusts with respect to sediments, especially near the continents, but also in the central and south-central Pacific. Copper is accumulating in nodules and crusts at a rate one order of magnitude less than the surrounding sediments.
This is interpreted as meaning that most of the Mn is supplied as an authigenic phase to both sediments and nodules while Fe is supplied mostly by ferromanganese micro-nodules and by detrital and adsorbed components of sediments; and Cu is enriched in sediments relative to nodules and crusts most probably through biological activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(74)90019-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kraemer, T., and Schornick, J., 1974, Comparison of elemental accumulation rates between ferromanganese deposits and sediments in the South Pacific Ocean: Chemical Geology, v. 13, no. 3, p. 187-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(74)90019-9.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85ee4b0c8380cd4d066","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraemer, T.","contributorId":90040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schornick, J.C.","contributorId":49790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schornick","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010218,"text":"70010218 - 1974 - A solvent extraction study of molybdenum chloride and molybdenum thiocyanate complexes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-22T14:15:59.65817","indexId":"70010218","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A solvent extraction study of molybdenum chloride and molybdenum thiocyanate complexes","docAbstract":"The effect of reducing agents on molybdenum(VI) solutions in hydrochloric acid was studied by a solvent extraction technique to elucidate the composition of the colored molybdenum thiocyanate complex. Neither copper(I) chloride nor ascorbic acid have any effect on the extraction of MoO2Cl2; it is inferred that tin(II) chloride reduces Mo(VI) stepwise to a polynuclear Mo(V)·Mo(VI) complex and then to Mo(V). The colored thiocyanate complex produced by copper(I) and by ascorbic acid differs only slightly in extraction characteristics from the uncolored Mo(VI) complex. It is suggested that the color may be produced by an isomerization reaction of MoO2(SCN)2, and thus that the colored species may be a hexavalent rather than pentavalent molybdenum complex.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i844G","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, Map showing potential for copper deposits in the eastern three-quarters of the Nogales 2° quadrangle, Tucson area, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 844, 1 Plate: 39.61 × 28.47 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i844G.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.61 × 28.47 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391244,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9679.htm"},{"id":255514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0844g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":255513,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0844g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255512,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0844g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Nogales 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,31.25 ], [ -112,32 ], [ -110,32 ], [ -110,31.25 ], [ -112,31.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a95e4b07f02db65972a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59472,"text":"mf506 - 1973 - Geochemical, aeromagnetic, and generalized geologic maps showing distribution and abundance of lead, silver, gold, and copper, Goldrun Creek Quadrangle, Humboldt County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-06T13:00:40","indexId":"mf506","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"506","title":"Geochemical, aeromagnetic, and generalized geologic maps showing distribution and abundance of lead, silver, gold, and copper, Goldrun Creek Quadrangle, Humboldt County, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf506","usgsCitation":"Erickson, R.L., and Marsh, S., 1973, Geochemical, aeromagnetic, and generalized geologic maps showing distribution and abundance of lead, silver, gold, and copper, Goldrun Creek Quadrangle, Humboldt County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 506, 2 Plates: 36.12 x 21.94 inches and 36.42 x 21.70 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf506.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 36.12 x 21.94 inches and 36.42 x 21.70 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272454,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0506/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":359229,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0506/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Humboldt County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5,40.75 ], [ -117.5,40.8675 ], [ -117.36749999999999,40.8675 ], [ -117.36749999999999,40.75 ], [ -117.5,40.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab893","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erickson, R. L.","contributorId":26318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, S.P.","contributorId":32913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58874,"text":"mf474 - 1973 - Geochemical map showing distribution and abundance of copper in silicified rocks, Goldfield mining district, Esmeralda and Nye Counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-27T13:29:16.325362","indexId":"mf474","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"474","title":"Geochemical map showing distribution and abundance of copper in silicified rocks, Goldfield mining district, Esmeralda and Nye Counties, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf474","usgsCitation":"Ashley, R.P., and Keith, W.J., 1973, Geochemical map showing distribution and abundance of copper in silicified rocks, Goldfield mining district, Esmeralda and Nye Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 474, 1 Plate: 34.64 x 21.95 in, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf474.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 34.64 x 21.95 in","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0474/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":483903,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2913.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":360410,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0474/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Esmeralda County, Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Goldfield mining district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.25,\n 37.7608\n ],\n [\n -117.25,\n 37.6667\n ],\n [\n -117.083,\n 37.6667\n ],\n [\n -117.083,\n 37.7608\n ],\n [\n -117.25,\n 37.7608\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae188","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashley, R. P.","contributorId":50513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, W. J.","contributorId":41827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"W.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58840,"text":"mf498 - 1973 - Maps showing copper distribution in the Winston and Chise quadrangles and in the west part of the Priest Tank quadrangle, Sierra County, New Nexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-27T19:34:01.560254","indexId":"mf498","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"498","title":"Maps showing copper distribution in the Winston and Chise quadrangles and in the west part of the Priest Tank quadrangle, Sierra County, New Nexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf498","usgsCitation":"Alminas, H.V., Watts, K., and Siems, D.L., 1973, Maps showing copper distribution in the Winston and Chise quadrangles and in the west part of the Priest Tank quadrangle, Sierra County, New Nexico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 498, 3 Sheets: 21.73 x 33.49 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf498.","productDescription":"3 Sheets: 21.73 x 33.49 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":360419,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0498/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360421,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0498/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360420,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0498/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":184087,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0498/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":483968,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2942.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Sierra County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.75,33.25 ], [ -107.75,33.375 ], [ -107.45,33.375 ], [ -107.45,33.25 ], [ -107.75,33.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604b1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alminas, Henry V.","contributorId":59783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alminas","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, Kenneth C.","contributorId":101180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siems, David L.","contributorId":201595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":13959,"text":"ofr7397 - 1973 - Geology and mineral resources of central Antioquia Department (Zone IIA), Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:53","indexId":"ofr7397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-97","title":"Geology and mineral resources of central Antioquia Department (Zone IIA), Colombia","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the geology of an area of some 6000 square kilometers in the northern part of the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. The area, in north-central Department of Antioquia, was mapped between 1964 and 1968 as part of the Inventario Minero Nacional (IMN) project. Mineral resources are summarized within a larger area, designated as subzone ILK of IMN Zone If, which comprises almost 22,000 sq. kin, including the area mapped geologically by IMN and additional areas mapped by other agencies. \r\n\r\nThe oldest formation is a micaceous paragneiss of early Paleozoic or possibly late Precambrian age. A thick geosynclinal sedimentary series accumulated during the Paleozoic Era and became regionally metamorphosed to greenschist (locally amphibolite) facies during the Permian or early Triassic; these schists and gneisses are designated collectively as the Valdivia Group. The Permian(?) orogenic episode included intrusion of concordant syntectonic plutons, mostly of tonalitic composition. Rocks of unequivocal Triassic or Jurassic age are not recognized.\r\n\r\nThe Cretaceous is well represented by both igneous and sedimentary assemblages. Eugeosynclinal alpine ophiolites comprising submarine basalt flows and numerous intrusions of gabbro and serpentinite are prominent in the Lower Cretaceous, together with flysch composed of marine shale and lesser sandstone and conglomerate. The Upper Cretaceous is represented along the west border of the mapped area by submarine basalt flows and pyroclastic rocks, locally Interbedded with fine-grained clastic sedimentary beds, and lenses of dark laminated chert, at least part of which is radiolarian. The Late Cretaceous was marked by an orogenic event that profoundly folded and faulted all rocks and in the Central Cordillera caused low-grade metamorphism, the overprint of which is hardly observable in pre-Cretaceous rocks elsewhere. The Late Cretaceous orogeny culminated with discordant intrusion of the epizonal tonalitic Antioquian batholith. Displacement along the great Romeral wrench fault may have begun in the Cretaceous. \r\n\r\nPlutonism continued into the Cenozoic, exemplified by the hornblende-diorite Sabanalarga pluton. Intermontane basins were filled with molasse derived from the erosion of adjacent highlands; Tertiary sedimentation in marshy areas included organic carboniferous matter subsequently converted to lignite or subbituminous coal. The Sabanalarga fault system originated in the Late Tertiary; intermittent displacement continued on the older wrench faults such as the Romeral. Epeirogenic uplift, which probably began in the Pliocene and continued through the Pleistocene and Holocene, brought on renewed erosion which has sculptured the mountains into their present form.\r\n\r\nMineral resources in subzone IIA are varied but not of outstanding importance. Gold and silver mining, significant in past centuries, is minor today. Ferruginous laterite on serpentinite once considered as a potential source of iron ore is not economically exploitable. IMN has explored nickeliferous laterite at the extreme northwest corner of subzone IIA; this is a potential resource, exploitable only after exhaustion of the larger and richer nickel laterite deposit at Cerro Matoso, farther to the north and outside the boundaries of Zone If. Known deposits of mercury, chromium, manganese, and copper are small, with limited economic potential. Nonmetallic resources include raw materials for cement, including portland cement. Saprolite clay is widely used in making common red brick and tile, still a dominant construction material in all but the most modern multistory buildings. Aggregate materials are varied and abundant. Kaolin of good quality near La Union is important as a ceramic raw mineral filler. Tertiary subbituminous coal beds are an important energy resource in western subzone IIA, and have a good potential for greater development. Deposits of sodic feldspar, talc, decorative stone, and silica a","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey]","doi":"10.3133/ofr7397","usgsCitation":"Hall, R., Alvarez A., J., and Rico H., H., 1973, Geology and mineral resources of central Antioquia Department (Zone IIA), Colombia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-97, x, 174 p. :maps (3 folded, 1 col.) ;27 cm.; 1 map, scale 1:100,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7397.","productDescription":"x, 174 p. :maps (3 folded, 1 col.) ;27 cm.; 1 map, scale 1:100,000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95182,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0097/plate-1.pdf","size":"12413","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42615,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b46fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, R.B.","contributorId":17214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alvarez A., Jairo","contributorId":44411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarez A.","given":"Jairo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rico H., Hector","contributorId":42481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rico H.","given":"Hector","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3583,"text":"cir684 - 1973 - Mineral resource potential of the Stillwater Complex and adjacent rocks in the northern part of the Mount Wood and Mount Douglas quadrangles, southwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-18T21:59:50","indexId":"cir684","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"684","title":"Mineral resource potential of the Stillwater Complex and adjacent rocks in the northern part of the Mount Wood and Mount Douglas quadrangles, southwestern Montana","docAbstract":"The Stillwater Complex contains the largest potential chromite and platinum metal resources and second largest nickel resources in the United States. The Ultramafic zone has produced about 900,000 long tons of chromite concentrate and contains unmined reserves equivalent to 2,520,000 long tons of Cr2O3. Nickel and copper sulfide minerals that occur in the Basal zone and adjacent hornfelsed metasedimentary rocks represent one of the largest nickel potentials in the United States---a known reserve of 150 million tons of 0.25 percent nickel and 0.25 percent copper. The complex has been estimated to contain the largest potential source of platinum metals in the United States---possibly over 150 million troy ounces in the lower chromite zones and the Basal zone. In addition, the anorthosites in the Banded and Upper zones are reported to represent a potential alumina resource of almost 2 billion tons. An iron-formation also is present in the adjacent Precambrian metasedimentary rocks, and a coal bed is present in the Upper Cretaceous Eagle Sandstone nearby. The eventual utilization of these resources depends on the availability of large quantities of energy, and thus they may not be recovered unless new sources of energy or new recovery techniques are developed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir684","usgsCitation":"Page, N.J., and Dohrenwend, J.C., 1973, Mineral resource potential of the Stillwater Complex and adjacent rocks in the northern part of the Mount Wood and Mount Douglas quadrangles, southwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 684, iii, 9 p. :map. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir684.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p. :map. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1973/0684/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30614,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1973/0684/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b801","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, Norman J.","contributorId":46492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dohrenwend, John C.","contributorId":90283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohrenwend","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13184,"text":"ofr7351 - 1973 - Porphyry copper deposits in Puerto Rico and their relation to arc-trench tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr7351","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-51","title":"Porphyry copper deposits in Puerto Rico and their relation to arc-trench tectonics","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr7351","usgsCitation":"Cox, D.P., 1973, Porphyry copper deposits in Puerto Rico and their relation to arc-trench tectonics: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-51, 9 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7351.","productDescription":"9 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683cba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, Dennis P. dcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":2766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Dennis","email":"dcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":167372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38676,"text":"pp754B - 1973 - The Copper Harbor Conglomerate (middle Keweenawan) on Isle Royale, Michigan, and its regional implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:00","indexId":"pp754B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"754","chapter":"B","title":"The Copper Harbor Conglomerate (middle Keweenawan) on Isle Royale, Michigan, and its regional implications","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp754B","usgsCitation":"Wolff, R., and Huber, N., 1973, The Copper Harbor Conglomerate (middle Keweenawan) on Isle Royale, Michigan, and its regional implications: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 754, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp754B.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104734,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5032.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5032"},{"id":122187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0754b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65512,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0754b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65513,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0754b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolff, R.G.","contributorId":18777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huber, N.K.","contributorId":73610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huber","given":"N.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5746,"text":"pp820 - 1973 - United States mineral resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T15:30:49","indexId":"pp820","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"820","title":"United States mineral resources","docAbstract":"The work on this volume began in January 1972, but in a broader sense its production began many years ago. The chapters were written by geologists most of whom have had many years of experience studying the geology of mineral deposits, and more particularly the commodities about which they have written here. A total of nearly 2,300 man-years of professional experience in the geology of mineral resources is represented by the authors of the volume, and about 30 man-years went directly into its preparation. Each chapter contains not only a synthesis of the state of knowledge of the geology of the commodity, but also an appraisal of the known resources, and an examination of the geologic possibilities for finding additional deposits.
In January 1972, responsibility for the preparation of the volume was assigned to us as co-editors, and we were given a tentative list of commodities and authors. We provided each author with a suggested outline of general topics to be covered, and some guidelines as to scope and philosophy of approach, but beyond that we avoided any attempt to fit each chapter into a stereotype. Moreover, the types of commodities range from the major metals and industrial minerals such as copper, silver, and fluorspar, which have been the subject of geologic research for years, to other commodities that are of such varied geologic nature (such as pigments or gemstones) or of such minor present importance (such as scandium or thallium) that they cannot be treated from the same viewpoint as the major minerals. The chapters range, therefore, from comprehensive summary reports to general essays that reflect the individuality of the authors as well as the variation among commodities.
Throughout the book the emphasis is on geology, but each chapter contains some summary information on uses, technology, and economics. These summaries are not meant to be exhaustive, however, and additional details are in the 1970 edition of \"Mineral Facts and Problems\" (Bulletin 650 of the U.S. Bureau of Mines) ; indeed, we regard that book and the present volume as being complementary.
In the examination of the geologic possibilities for finding new deposits-in many respects the principal innovative contributions of this volume-we asked the authors to frankly apply the limits of their ingenuity and not only to summarize current theories but also to express their own intuitive ideas, however speculative and unconventional they may seem, that have come from years of study devoted to the origin of mineral deposits. Readers will see that some authors have speculated more courageously than others. In any case, we believe readers will find all the chapters interesting, and many stimulating; and a few we believe can be frankly characterized as intellectually exciting.
Most chapters include a section on prospecting techniques, and a summary of geologic or related problems on which the authors believe research might be most fruitful in the continuing efforts to find new resources.
An integral part of the book is the bibliographic material cited at the conclusion of each chapter, in lieu of repetition of detailed descriptions already in print. Index and \"spot\" maps are not included in most chapters because they are available elsewhere, and in many cases with more detail than could possibly be included here. Maps showing the distribution of known deposits of many commodities in the United States are available in the Mineral Resource (MR) map series of the U.S. Geological Survey and in the National Atlas of the United States.
The first three chapters deal not with resources of specific commodities but with general information that is pertinent to the study of mineral resources. In the introductory chapter we discuss the purposes of the book, the distinctions between reserves and various categories of resources, and some general conclusions drawn from our view of the book in its entirety. In the second chapter V. E. McKelvey discusses the problems of mineral-resource estimates and public policy. In the third chapter, R. L. Erickson discusses some new points of view on the relation of reserves and resources to the crustal abundance of elements.
We acknowledge with thanks the cooperation of our colleagues in all phases of the preparation of this volume. Whatever success the book may attain is due entirely to a total effort. A paragraph of acknowledgment originally submitted as a part of the chapter on \"Nuclear fuels\" is given here instead because we feel it applied to all chapters: \"The writers have drawn freely from published information, not all of which is cited, and from their colleagues, none of whom are given specific credit. The reader should be aware that the paper could not have been written without these sources.\" We extend specific thanks to Michael Fleischer for preparation of summaries of geochemical information that are included in many chapters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp820","usgsCitation":"1973, United States mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, viii, 722 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp820.","productDescription":"viii, 722 p.","numberOfPages":"736","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0820/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32324,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0820/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec70","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brobst, Donald A.","contributorId":18260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brobst","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725226,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pratt, Walden P.","contributorId":68296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Walden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725227,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241231,"text":"70241231 - 1973 - Annealing history limits for inhomogeneous, native gold grains as determined from Au-Ag diffusion rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T15:35:15.34565","indexId":"70241231","displayToPublicDate":"1973-12-01T10:13:23","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annealing history limits for inhomogeneous, native gold grains as determined from Au-Ag diffusion rates","docAbstract":"Quantitative study of intrinsic inhomogeneities in native gold grains from three deposits in the western United States has revealed concentration profiles that represent the integrated sum of natural diffusion plus original chemical heterogeneity. By assuming that measured natural concentration gradients result solely from diffusion, upper limits may be placed on the temperature-time annealing history of the gold nuggets. This assumption focuses on the end member case in which an initial step-discontinuity is assumed between measured extremes of concentration.Concentration changes of up to 30 weight percent Ag indicate probable deposition temperatures of less than 300 degrees C for electrum from Copper Basin, Arizona, and Alder Gulch, Montana. The gold in the Homestake, South Dakota, deposit probably was formed at temperatures well under 400 degrees C.In support of this study, new data for interdiffusion in the Au-Ag system were obtained from a series of annealing experiments followed by electron microprobe analysis. The interdiffusion coefficient, D, in the range 10 (super -10) to 10 (super -17) cm 2 sec (super -1) was determined from measured profiles across synthetic alloy pairs held at eight fixed temperatures from 297 degrees to 799 degrees C, for periods ranging from 32 hours to 730 days.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.68.8.1275","usgsCitation":"Czamanske, G., Desborough, G.A., and Goff, F.E., 1973, Annealing history limits for inhomogeneous, native gold grains as determined from Au-Ag diffusion rates: Economic Geology, v. 68, no. 8, p. 1275-1288, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.68.8.1275.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1275","endPage":"1288","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Montana, South Dakota","city":"Alder Gulch, Copper Basin","otherGeospatial":"Homestake Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.72586770554216,\n 33.206035977650416\n ],\n [\n -111.72586770554216,\n 33.045697592858005\n ],\n [\n -111.38402130894042,\n 33.045697592858005\n ],\n [\n -111.38402130894042,\n 33.206035977650416\n ],\n [\n -111.72586770554216,\n 33.206035977650416\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.11506665453493,\n 45.340242514030905\n ],\n [\n -112.11506665453493,\n 45.32027780464435\n ],\n [\n -112.06373845875919,\n 45.32027780464435\n ],\n [\n -112.06373845875919,\n 45.340242514030905\n ],\n [\n -112.11506665453493,\n 45.340242514030905\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.80998220821769,\n 44.380471467417095\n ],\n [\n -103.80998220821769,\n 44.337712239048955\n ],\n [\n -103.706963280987,\n 44.337712239048955\n ],\n [\n -103.706963280987,\n 44.380471467417095\n ],\n [\n -103.80998220821769,\n 44.380471467417095\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czamanske, Gerald K.","contributorId":104907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"Gerald K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Desborough, George A.","contributorId":101661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goff, Fraser E.","contributorId":291490,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goff","given":"Fraser","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12545,"text":"USGS retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":866604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70241230,"text":"70241230 - 1973 - Hydrothermal alteration in Puerto Rican porphyry copper deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T15:06:03.956833","indexId":"70241230","displayToPublicDate":"1973-12-01T09:57:55","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal alteration in Puerto Rican porphyry copper deposits","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.68.8.1329","usgsCitation":"Cox, D.P., Larson, R.R., and Tripp, R.B., 1973, Hydrothermal alteration in Puerto Rican porphyry copper deposits: Economic Geology, v. 68, no. 8, p. 1329-1334, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.68.8.1329.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1329","endPage":"1334","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.24003354016162,\n 18.285233072529437\n ],\n [\n -66.92446619869212,\n 18.25098589851285\n ],\n [\n -66.99960127999437,\n 17.965331248867955\n ],\n [\n -66.95151482796106,\n 17.913864105951532\n ],\n [\n -66.90042297267509,\n 17.93388088437321\n ],\n [\n -66.84332031088594,\n 17.93102148309886\n ],\n [\n -66.76217442307905,\n 17.973907650029645\n ],\n [\n -66.70206635803721,\n 17.951036321940364\n ],\n [\n -66.63895288974344,\n 17.956754431421487\n ],\n [\n -66.59086643771018,\n 17.94817719786373\n ],\n [\n -66.46764490437383,\n 17.971048895906776\n ],\n [\n -66.38649901656768,\n 17.925302542024525\n ],\n [\n -66.32639095152588,\n 17.968190095517443\n ],\n [\n -66.30234772550887,\n 17.93102148309886\n ],\n [\n -66.17311538566867,\n 17.90814461105562\n ],\n [\n -66.03787223932454,\n 17.965331248867955\n ],\n [\n -65.92967772224942,\n 17.953895399795115\n ],\n [\n -65.81847780192236,\n 17.99963435409265\n ],\n [\n -65.75536433362787,\n 18.13392384330153\n ],\n [\n -65.71629409135113,\n 18.17104958745891\n ],\n [\n -65.68624005883022,\n 18.165338447983686\n ],\n [\n -65.74033731736742,\n 18.393637789630063\n ],\n [\n -65.77039134988833,\n 18.422154032177204\n ],\n [\n -65.86355885070373,\n 18.444963623392013\n ],\n [\n -65.90262909298045,\n 18.473471353609227\n ],\n [\n -66.0348668360726,\n 18.467770186393068\n ],\n [\n -66.11901812713144,\n 18.49627412682868\n ],\n [\n -66.14907215965235,\n 18.467770186393068\n ],\n [\n -66.39852062957618,\n 18.501974345972684\n ],\n [\n -66.47065030762582,\n 18.487723442414378\n ],\n [\n -66.62693127673495,\n 18.501974345972684\n ],\n [\n -66.72610958405424,\n 18.48202274907767\n ],\n [\n -66.79222845559994,\n 18.504824384385685\n ],\n [\n -66.90643377917971,\n 18.499124260118492\n ],\n [\n -66.97555805397735,\n 18.501974345972684\n ],\n [\n -67.02364450601138,\n 18.524773324397927\n ],\n [\n -67.14386063609503,\n 18.51622406350117\n ],\n [\n -67.18593628162445,\n 18.48202274907767\n ],\n [\n -67.170909265364,\n 18.41645116159208\n ],\n [\n -67.28210918569104,\n 18.367969135318532\n ],\n [\n -67.24003354016162,\n 18.285233072529437\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, Dennis P. dcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":2766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Dennis","email":"dcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":866599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, Richard R.","contributorId":268802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tripp, Richard B.","contributorId":25997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70241233,"text":"70241233 - 1973 - Biotite as a source of some of the sulfur in porphyry copper deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T16:13:19.193262","indexId":"70241233","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T11:05:36","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biotite as a source of some of the sulfur in porphyry copper deposits","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.68.5.697","usgsCitation":"Banks, N.G., 1973, Biotite as a source of some of the sulfur in porphyry copper deposits: Economic Geology, v. 68, no. 5, p. 697-703, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.68.5.697.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"697","endPage":"703","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Esperanza deposit, Ray deposit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.3883626817563,\n 33.025290920836255\n ],\n [\n -111.3883626817563,\n 32.46722323102125\n ],\n [\n -110.63038042945178,\n 32.46722323102125\n ],\n [\n -110.63038042945178,\n 33.025290920836255\n ],\n [\n -111.3883626817563,\n 33.025290920836255\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.1072872969917,\n 31.985836281763582\n ],\n [\n -111.1072872969917,\n 31.649113562485056\n ],\n [\n -110.70640914531663,\n 31.649113562485056\n ],\n [\n -110.70640914531663,\n 31.985836281763582\n ],\n [\n -111.1072872969917,\n 31.985836281763582\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Norman G.","contributorId":89524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161869,"text":"70161869 - 1973 - Disseminated pyrite in a latite porphyry at Texan Mountain, Hudspeth County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-07T14:38:09","indexId":"70161869","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disseminated pyrite in a latite porphyry at Texan Mountain, Hudspeth County, Texas","docAbstract":"A pyrite-bearing latite porphyry that contains fragments of syenite and a quartz porphyry intruded into the Cretaceous Cox Sandstone are well exposed in a roadcut at Texan Mountain, Hudspeth County, Tex. The pyrite, which occurs along tiny fractures as well as disseminated, and the multiple episodes of intrusion, coupled with copper minerals in veins in the overlying Cox Sandstone, indicate a slight potential for porphyry-type copper or molybdenum deposits at depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Mullens, T.E., 1973, Disseminated pyrite in a latite porphyry at Texan Mountain, Hudspeth County, Texas: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 519-521.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"519","endPage":"521","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","state":"Texas","county":"Hudspeth","otherGeospatial":"Texan Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.37472248077393,\n 31.17164812823093\n ],\n [\n -105.37231922149658,\n 31.17205203909738\n ],\n [\n -105.37124633789061,\n 31.170987179461175\n ],\n [\n -105.37158966064452,\n 31.168269897172642\n ],\n [\n -105.36922931671143,\n 31.165625980127313\n ],\n [\n -105.36369323730467,\n 31.163312492181564\n ],\n [\n -105.35794258117676,\n 31.16232098005371\n ],\n [\n -105.35768508911133,\n 31.16426727183109\n ],\n [\n -105.36210536956787,\n 31.169224626859496\n ],\n [\n -105.36399364471434,\n 31.170362945832437\n ],\n [\n -105.36489486694336,\n 31.17476921288109\n ],\n [\n -105.37287712097167,\n 31.17664181429909\n ],\n [\n -105.38008689880371,\n 31.17686211791375\n ],\n [\n -105.37879943847655,\n 31.173887975871395\n ],\n [\n -105.37472248077393,\n 31.17164812823093\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568f9a4ee4b0e7a44bc63d84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullens, Thomas E.","contributorId":14817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullens","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241238,"text":"70241238 - 1973 - Solid solutions in the system Cu-Fe-S, part I: The Cu-S and CuFe-S joins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T16:59:27.609401","indexId":"70241238","displayToPublicDate":"1973-07-01T11:54:12","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solid solutions in the system Cu-Fe-S, part I: The Cu-S and CuFe-S joins","docAbstract":"The data of Rau (1967) on the H 2 S/H 2 ratios of gas in equilibrium with high digenite solid solutions permit the calculation of the activity of Cu 2 S as a function of temperature and composition. The activity of Cu 2 S falls to 0.5 when the mole fraction (in the system Cu 2 S-S) drops only to 0.87. These calculations also permit the estimation of the activity of S 2 -temperature curve for the hexagonal chalcocite-high digenite reaction and a revised standard free energy for covellite.New data on the variation of the activity of S 2 in equilibrium with various metal/sulfur ratios for Cu = Fe in the intermediate solid solution permit the calculation of the activity of CuFeS 2 and show that it may drop as low as 0.2 at a mole fraction of 0.90 (system CuFeS 2 -Cu 2 Fe 2 S 2 ). The behavior of the copper-bearing solid solutions closely parallels that of pyrrhotite (Toulmin and Barton, 1964) in which the activity of FeS falls to 0.4 at a mole fraction of 0.9. A phase diagram is given for the CuFe-S join between 400 degrees and 700 degrees C.
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