Rescuing amphibian diversity is an achievable conservation challenge. Disease mitigation is one essential component of population management. Here we assess existing disease mitigation strategies, some in early experimental stages, which focus on the globally emerging chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. We discuss the precedent for each strategy in systems ranging from agriculture to human medicine, and the outlook for each strategy in terms of research needs and long-term potential.
\nWe find that the effects of exposure to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis occur on a spectrum from transient commensal to lethal pathogen. Management priorities are divided between (1) halting pathogen spread and developing survival assurance colonies, and (2) prophylactic or remedial disease treatment. Epidemiological models of chytridiomycosis suggest that mitigation strategies can control disease without eliminating the pathogen. Ecological ethics guide wildlife disease research, but several ethical questions remain for managing disease in the field.
\nBecause sustainable conservation of amphibians in nature is dependent on long-term population persistence and co-evolution with potentially lethal pathogens, we suggest that disease mitigation not focus exclusively on the elimination or containment of the pathogen, or on the captive breeding of amphibian hosts. Rather, successful disease mitigation must be context specific with epidemiologically informed strategies to manage already infected populations by decreasing pathogenicity and host susceptibility. We propose population level treatments based on three steps: first, identify mechanisms of disease suppression; second, parameterize epizootiological models of disease and population dynamics for testing under semi-natural conditions; and third, begin a process of adaptive management in field trials with natural populations.
\nMysis relicta and planktivorous fish feed on zooplankton in Lake Ontario and form a trophic triangle that includes intraguild predation by fish on mysids. Thus, fish affect zooplankton both directly and indirectly. To evaluate the importance of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), and mysids as zooplanktivores in Lake Ontario, we measured abundances and distributions, assessed diets, and computed mysid and fish consumption rates based on bioenergetics models. We further estimated indirect effects by comparing clearance rates given observed and potential mysid distributions. Estimated consumption rates varied widely with season and water depth and ranged between 2.6 x 10-3 and 1.3 gm-2day-1 for mysids and between 1.4 x 10-3 and 0.5 gm-2day-1 for fish, representing a daily removal of zooplankton of up to 10.2%-day-1 and 2.0%-day-1 by mysids and fish, respectively. Mysid planktivory exceeded fish planktivory in May and August, but fish planktivory dominated in October. Estimated mysid planktivory rates were 2- to 90-fold lower than the potential rate if mysids moved to temperatures that maximized their predation rates, suggesting an indirect positive effect of fish on zooplankton.
","language":"English","publisher":"Department of Fisheries and Oceans","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Canada","doi":"10.1139/f06-156","usgsCitation":"Gal, G., Rudstam, L.G., Mills, E.L., Lantry, J.R., Johannsson, O.E., and Greene, C., 2011, Mysid and fish zooplanktivory in Lake Ontario: quantification of direct and indirect effects: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 63, no. 12, p. 2734-2747, https://doi.org/10.1139/f06-156.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2734","endPage":"2747","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056083","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237175897_Mysid_and_fish_zooplanktivory_in_Lake_Ontario_quantification_of_direct_and_indirect_effects"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 43.43696596521823\n ],\n [\n -79.25537109375,\n 43.94537239244209\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 44.63739123445585\n ],\n [\n -76.08032226562499,\n 43.52465500687188\n ],\n [\n -77.18994140625,\n 43.11702412135048\n ],\n [\n -79.22241210937499,\n 43.11702412135048\n ],\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 43.15710884095329\n ],\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 43.43696596521823\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c08e4b08de9379b35f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gal, Gideon","contributorId":138664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gal","given":"Gideon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rudstam, Lars G.","contributorId":56609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rudstam","given":"Lars","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills, Edward L.","contributorId":61387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lantry, Jana R.","contributorId":28495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lantry","given":"Jana","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johannsson, Ora E.","contributorId":25527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johannsson","given":"Ora","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greene, C.","contributorId":96498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70046816,"text":"70046816 - 2011 - Ontology patterns for complex topographic feature types","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-21T09:21:54","indexId":"70046816","displayToPublicDate":"2011-04-01T16:11:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ontology patterns for complex topographic feature types","docAbstract":"Complex feature types are defined as integrated relations between basic features for a shared meaning or concept. The shared semantic concept is difficult to define in commonly used geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies. The role of spatial relations between complex feature parts was recognized in early GIS literature, but had limited representation in the feature or coverage data models of GIS. Spatial relations are more explicitly specified in semantic technology. In this paper, semantics for topographic feature ontology design patterns (ODP) are developed as data models for the representation of complex features. In the context of topographic processes, component assemblages are supported by resource systems and are found on local landscapes. The topographic ontology is organized across six thematic modules that can account for basic feature types, resource systems, and landscape types. Types of complex feature attributes include location, generative processes and physical description. Node/edge networks model standard spatial relations and relations specific to topographic science to represent complex features. To demonstrate these concepts, data from The National Map of the U. S. Geological Survey was converted and assembled into ODP.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cartography and Geographic Information Society","doi":"10.1559/15230406382126","usgsCitation":"Varanka, D.E., 2011, Ontology patterns for complex topographic feature types: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 38, no. 2, p. 126-136, https://doi.org/10.1559/15230406382126.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"126","endPage":"136","ipdsId":"IP-026646","costCenters":[{"id":161,"text":"Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274722,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1559/15230406382126"}],"country":"United States","volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dbdf73e4b0f81004b77d95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varanka, Dalia E. 0000-0003-2857-9600 dvaranka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-9600","contributorId":1296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varanka","given":"Dalia","email":"dvaranka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70125778,"text":"70125778 - 2011 - Predicting community responses to perturbations in the face of imperfect knowledge and network complexity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T13:01:34","indexId":"70125778","displayToPublicDate":"2011-04-01T13:00:24","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting community responses to perturbations in the face of imperfect knowledge and network complexity","docAbstract":"How best to predict the effects of perturbations to ecological communities has been a long-standing goal for both applied and basic ecology. This quest has recently been revived by new empirical data, new analysis methods, and increased computing speed, with the promise that ecologically important insights may be obtainable from a limited knowledge of community interactions. We use empirically based and simulated networks of varying size and connectance to assess two limitations to predicting perturbation responses in multispecies communities: (1) the inaccuracy by which species interaction strengths are empirically quantified and (2) the indeterminacy of species responses due to indirect effects associated with network size and structure. We find that even modest levels of species richness and connectance (∼25 pairwise interactions) impose high requirements for interaction strength estimates because system indeterminacy rapidly overwhelms predictive insights. Nevertheless, even poorly estimated interaction strengths provide greater average predictive certainty than an approach that uses only the sign of each interaction. Our simulations provide guidance in dealing with the trade-offs involved in maximizing the utility of network approaches for predicting dynamics in multispecies communities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Brooklyn Botanical Garden","publisherLocation":"Brooklyn, NY","doi":"10.1890/10-1354.1","usgsCitation":"Novak, M., Wootton, J.T., Doak, D.F., Emmerson, M., Estes, J.A., and Tinker, M.T., 2011, Predicting community responses to perturbations in the face of imperfect knowledge and network complexity: Ecology, v. 92, no. 4, p. 836-846, https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1354.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"836","endPage":"846","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-030612","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294079,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-1354.1"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf44ae4b0e96537ddf806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Novak, Mark","contributorId":45229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Novak","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":501653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wootton, J. Timothy","contributorId":84283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wootton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Timothy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doak, Daniel F.","contributorId":46811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Emmerson, Mark","contributorId":93404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmerson","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tinker, M. Timothy","contributorId":82959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Timothy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70208563,"text":"70208563 - 2011 - Integrating estimates of ecosystem services from conservation programs and practices into models for decision makers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:01:17","indexId":"70208563","displayToPublicDate":"2011-04-01T09:47:40","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating estimates of ecosystem services from conservation programs and practices into models for decision makers","docAbstract":"Most government agencies involved in land management are seeking consistent approaches to evaluate the effects of specific management actions on ecological processes and concurrent changes on ecosystem services. This is especially true within the context of anthropogenic influences, such as land use and climate change. The Conservation Effects Assessment Project—Wetlands National Component (CEAP–Wetlands) was developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to evaluate effects of conservation practices on ecosystem services including carbon sequestration for climate stability, groundwater recharge, runoff and flood attenuation, water storage, nutrient and contaminant retention, and wildlife habitat. A primary purpose of CEAP–Wetlands is to provide science‐based information in an adaptive monitoring framework for use by the USDA to facilitate policy and management decisions, and to document effects of conservation programs and practices to the federal Office of Management and Budget. Herein, we propose a modeling framework to allow estimation of conservation practice and program effects on various ecosystem services at different temporal and spatial scales. This modeling approach provides the broad view needed by decision‐makers to avoid unintended negative environmental outcomes, and to communicate to society the positive effects of conservation actions on a broad suite of ecosystem services.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/09-0285.1","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N., Smith, L.M., Liu, S., Duffy, W.G., Faulkner, S., Gleason, R.A., and Eckles, S.D., 2011, Integrating estimates of ecosystem services from conservation programs and practices into models for decision makers: Ecological Applications, v. 21, no. sp1, p. 5128-5134, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0285.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"5128","endPage":"5134","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372381,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"sp1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, Ned ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":192021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Loren M.","contributorId":191878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Loren","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duffy, Walter G. wgd7001@usgs.gov","contributorId":2491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"Walter","email":"wgd7001@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Faulkner, Stephen 0000-0001-5295-1383 faulkners@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5295-1383","contributorId":146152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"Stephen","email":"faulkners@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gleason, Robert A. 0000-0001-5308-8657 rgleason@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-8657","contributorId":2402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"Robert","email":"rgleason@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Eckles, S. Diane","contributorId":222557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eckles","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Diane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70176658,"text":"70176658 - 2011 - ‘Cape capture’: Geologic data and modeling results suggest the Holocene loss of a Carolina Cape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-28T20:08:20.98403","indexId":"70176658","displayToPublicDate":"2011-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"‘Cape capture’: Geologic data and modeling results suggest the Holocene loss of a Carolina Cape","docAbstract":"For more than a century, the origin and evolution of the set of cuspate forelands known as the Carolina Capes—Hatteras, Lookout, Fear, and Romain—off the eastern coast of the United States have been discussed and debated. The consensus conceptual model is not only that these capes existed through much or all of the Holocene transgression, but also that their number has not changed. Here we describe bathymetric, lithologic, seismic, and chronologic data that suggest another cape may have existed between Capes Hatteras and Lookout during the early to middle Holocene. This cape likely formed at the distal end of the Neuse-Tar-Pamlico fluvial system during the early Holocene transgression, when this portion of the shelf was flooded ca. 9 cal (calibrated) kyr B.P., and was probably abandoned by ca. 4 cal kyr B.P., when the shoreline attained its present general configuration. Previously proposed mechanisms for cape formation suggest that the large-scale, rhythmic pattern of the Carolina Capes arose from a hydrodynamic template or the preexisting geologic framework. Numerical modeling, however, suggests that the number and spacing of capes can be dynamic, and that a coast can self-organize in response to a high-angle-wave instability in shoreline shape. In shoreline evolution model simulations, smaller cuspate forelands are subsumed by larger neighbors over millennial time scales through a process of ‘cape capture.’ The suggested former cape in Raleigh Bay represents the first interpreted geological evidence of dynamic abandonment suggested by the self-organization hypothesis. Cape capture may be a widespread process in coastal environments with large-scale rhythmic shoreline features; its preservation in the sedimentary record will vary according to geologic setting, physical processes, and sea-level history.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G31641.1","usgsCitation":"Thieler, E.R., and Ashton, A.D., 2011, ‘Cape capture’: Geologic data and modeling results suggest the Holocene loss of a Carolina Cape: Geology, v. 39, no. 4, p. 339-342, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31641.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"342","ipdsId":"IP-023766","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328937,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Carolina capes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.145751953125,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -78.145751953125,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -78.145751953125,\n 33.94335994657882\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f5aae4b0bc0bec0a17b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thieler, E. Robert 0000-0003-4311-9717 rthieler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":2488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.","email":"rthieler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ashton, Andrew D.","contributorId":96970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashton","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":99176,"text":"ofr20111074 - 2011 - Groundwater quality in the Eastern Lake Ontario Basin, New York, 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-03T18:18:39.31246","indexId":"ofr20111074","displayToPublicDate":"2011-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1074","title":"Groundwater quality in the Eastern Lake Ontario Basin, New York, 2008","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from nine production wells and nine private residential wells in the Eastern Lake Ontario Basin of New York from August through October 2008 and analyzed to characterize the chemical quality of groundwater. The wells were selected to provide adequate spatial coverage of the 3,225-square-mile study area; areas of greatest groundwater use were emphasized. Eight of the 18 wells sampled, were screened in sand and gravel aquifers, and 10 were finished in bedrock aquifers. The samples were collected and processed by standard U.S. Geological Survey procedures and were analyzed for 223 physical properties and constituents, including major ions, nutrients, trace elements, radon-222, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and indicator bacteria.\r\nWater quality in the study area is generally good, but concentrations of some constituents exceeded current or proposed Federal or New York State drinking-water standards; these were: color (2 samples), pH (1 sample), sodium (5 samples), chloride (1 sample), aluminum (2 samples), iron (5 unfiltered samples), manganese (3 samples), radon-222 (13 samples), and bacteria (4 samples). Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in samples from wells finished in sand and gravel [median 3.8 milligrams per liter (mg/L)] were greater than those from wells finished in bedrock (median less than 0.7 mg/L). The pH of all samples was typically neutral or slightly basic (median 7.4); the median water temperature was 11.3 degrees Celsius. The ions with the highest concentrations were bicarbonate (median 174 mg/L) and calcium (median 24.1 mg/L). Groundwater in the basin ranges from soft to moderately hard [less than or equal to 120 mg/L as CaCO3] and median hardness was 90 mg/L as CaCO3. Concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite in samples from sand and gravel wells (median concentration 0.42 mg/L as nitrogen) were generally higher than those in samples from bedrock wells (median <0.04 mg/L as nitrogen). The trace elements with the highest concentrations were strontium [median 138 micrograms per liter (mug/L)], barium (median 38.2 mug/L) and iron (median 44 mug/L). Radon-222 activities were generally high [median 500 picocuries per liter (pCi/L)]; 72 percent of all samples exceeded a proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking-water standard of 300 pCi/L. Five pesticides and pesticide degradates were detected among 6 samples at concentrations of 0.03 mug/L or less; most were herbicides or their degradates. Six VOCs were detected among 9 samples at concentrations of 1.2 mug/L or less; these included 3 trihalomethanes, benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Total coliform bacteria were detected in 3 samples, and the heterotrophic plate count exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 500 colony forming units in one sample. Fecal coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli, were not detected in any sample.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111074","usgsCitation":"Risen, A.J., and Reddy, J.E., 2011, Groundwater quality in the Eastern Lake Ontario Basin, New York, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1074, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111074.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-08-01","temporalEnd":"2008-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1074.gif"},{"id":391331,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95115.htm"},{"id":14589,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1074/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"eastern Lake Ontario basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.5,43.25 ], [ -76.5,44.5 ], [ -74.5,44.5 ], [ -74.5,43.25 ], [ -76.5,43.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a95e4b07f02db659982","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risen, Amy J.","contributorId":88070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risen","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, James E. 0000-0002-6998-7267 jreddy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-7267","contributorId":1080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"James","email":"jreddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":99175,"text":"sir20115020 - 2011 - Effects of natural and human factors on groundwater quality of basin-fill aquifers in the southwestern United States: Conceptual models for selected contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-16T20:34:07.837656","indexId":"sir20115020","displayToPublicDate":"2011-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5020","title":"Effects of natural and human factors on groundwater quality of basin-fill aquifers in the southwestern United States: Conceptual models for selected contaminants","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, the Southwest Principal Aquifers (SWPA) study is building a better understanding of the factors that affect water quality in basin-fill aquifers in the Southwestern United States. The SWPA study area includes four principal aquifers of the United States: the Basin and Range basin-fill aquifers in California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona; the Rio Grande aquifer system in New Mexico and Colorado; and the California Coastal Basin and Central Valley aquifer systems in California. Similarities in the hydrogeology, land- and water-use practices, and water-quality issues for alluvial basins within the study area allow for regional analysis through synthesis of the baseline knowledge of groundwater-quality conditions in basins previously studied by the NAWQA Program. Resulting improvements in the understanding of the sources, movement, and fate of contaminants are assisting in the development of tools used to assess aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability.
This report synthesizes previously published information about the groundwater systems and water quality of 15 information-rich basin-fill aquifers (SWPA case-study basins) into conceptual models of the primary natural and human factors commonly affecting groundwater quality with respect to selected contaminants, thereby helping to build a regional understanding of the susceptibility and vulnerability of basin-fill aquifers to those contaminants. Four relatively common contaminants (dissolved solids, nitrate, arsenic, and uranium) and two contaminant classes (volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pesticide compounds) were investigated for sources and controls affecting their occurrence and distribution above specified levels of concern in groundwater of the case-study basins. Conceptual models of factors that are important to aquifer vulnerability with respect to those contaminants and contaminant classes were subsequently formed. The conceptual models are intended in part to provide a foundation for subsequent development of regional-scale statistical models that relate specific constituent concentrations or occurrence in groundwater to natural and human factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115020","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Bexfield, L.M., Thiros, S.A., Anning, D.W., Huntington, J.M., and McKinney, T., 2011, Effects of natural and human factors on groundwater quality of basin-fill aquifers in the southwestern United States: Conceptual models for selected contaminants: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5020, viii, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115020.","productDescription":"viii, 90 p.","numberOfPages":"102","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424447,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95086.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":14586,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5020/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126183,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5020.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, 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dwanning@usgs.gov","contributorId":432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"David","email":"dwanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huntington, Jena M. 0000-0002-9291-1404 jmhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9291-1404","contributorId":2294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Jena","email":"jmhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKinney, Tim S.","contributorId":66792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinney","given":"Tim S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":9001434,"text":"sir20115019 - 2011 - Simulation of water-use conservation scenarios for the Mississippi Delta using an existing regional groundwater flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:40","indexId":"sir20115019","displayToPublicDate":"2011-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5019","title":"Simulation of water-use conservation scenarios for the Mississippi Delta using an existing regional groundwater flow model","docAbstract":"The Mississippi River alluvial plain in northwestern Mississippi (referred to as the Delta), once a floodplain to the Mississippi River covered with hardwoods and marshland, is now a highly productive agricultural region of large economic importance to Mississippi. Water for irrigation is supplied primarily by the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, and although the alluvial aquifer has a large reserve, there is evidence that the current rate of water use from the alluvial aquifer is not sustainable. Using an existing regional groundwater flow model, conservation scenarios were developed for the alluvial aquifer underlying the Delta region in northwestern Mississippi to assess where the implementation of water-use conservation efforts would have the greatest effect on future water availability-either uniformly throughout the Delta, or focused on a cone of depression in the alluvial aquifer underlying the central part of the Delta. Five scenarios were simulated with the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study groundwater flow model: (1) a base scenario in which water use remained constant at 2007 rates throughout the entire simulation; (2) a 5-percent 'Delta-wide' conservation scenario in which water use across the Delta was decreased by 5 percent; (3) a 5-percent 'cone-equivalent' conservation scenario in which water use within the area of the cone of depression was decreased by 11 percent (a volume equivalent to the 5-percent Delta-wide conservation scenario); (4) a 25-percent Delta-wide conservation scenario in which water use across the Delta was decreased by 25 percent; and (5) a 25-percent cone-equivalent conservation scenario in which water use within the area of the cone of depression was decreased by 55 percent (a volume equivalent to the 25-percent Delta-wide conservation scenario). The Delta-wide scenarios result in greater average water-level improvements (relative to the base scenario) for the entire Delta area than the cone-equivalent scenarios; however, the cone-equivalent scenarios result in greater average water-level improvements within the area of the cone of depression because of focused conservation efforts within that area. Regardless of where conservation is located, the greatest average improvements in water level occur within the area of the cone of depression because of the corresponding large area of unsaturated aquifer material within the area of the cone of depression and the hydraulic gradient, which slopes from the periphery of the Delta towards the area of the cone of depression. Of the four conservation scenarios, the 25-percent cone-equivalent scenario resulted in the greatest increase in storage relative to the base scenario with a 32-percent improvement over the base scenario across the entire Delta and a 60-percent improvement within the area of the cone of depression. Overall, the results indicate that focusing conservation efforts within the area of the cone of depression, rather than distributing conservation efforts uniformly across the Delta, results in greater improvements in the amount of storage within the alluvial aquifer. Additionally, as the total amount of conservation increases (that is, from 5 to 25 percent), the difference in storage improvement between the Delta-wide and cone-equivalent scenarios also increases, resulting in greater gains in storage in the cone-equivalent scenario than in the Delta-wide scenario for the same amount of conservation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Yazoo Mississippi Delta Joint Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Barlow, J.R., and Clark, B.R., 2011, Simulation of water-use conservation scenarios for the Mississippi Delta using an existing regional groundwater flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5019, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115019.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5019.jpg"},{"id":19241,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5019/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92,32 ], [ -92,35 ], [ -89,35 ], [ -89,32 ], [ -92,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6042d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, Jeannie R.B.","contributorId":33965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Jeannie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Brian R. 0000-0001-6611-3807 brclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-3807","contributorId":1502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Brian","email":"brclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70118611,"text":"70118611 - 2011 - Habitat suitability of patch types: a case study of the Yosemite toad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-29T15:26:33","indexId":"70118611","displayToPublicDate":"2011-03-30T15:25:17","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1706,"text":"Frontiers of Earth Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat suitability of patch types: a case study of the Yosemite toad","docAbstract":"Understanding patch variability is crucial in understanding the spatial population structure of wildlife species, especially for rare or threatened species. We used a well-tested maximum entropy species distribution model (Maxent) to map the Yosemite toad (Anaxyrus (= Bufo) canorus) in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. Twenty-six environmental variables were included in the model representing climate, topography, land cover type, and disturbance factors (e.g., distances to agricultural lands, fire perimeters, and timber harvest areas) throughout the historic range of the toad. We then took a novel approach to the study of spatially structured populations by applying the species-environmental matching model separately for 49 consistently occupied sites of the Yosemite toad compared to 27 intermittently occupied sites. We found that the distribution of the entire population was highly predictable (AUC = 0.95±0.03 SD), and associated with low slopes, specific vegetation types (wet meadow, alpine-dwarf shrub, montane chaparral, red fir, and subalpine conifer), and warm temperatures. The consistently occupied sites were also associated with these same factors, and they were also highly predictable (AUC = 0.95±0.05 SD). However, the intermittently occupied sites were associated with distance to fire perimeter, a slightly different response to vegetation types, distance to timber harvests, and a much broader set of aspect classes (AUC = 0.90±0.11 SD). We conclude that many studies of species distributions may benefit by modeling spatially structured populations separately. Modeling and monitoring consistently-occupied sites may provide a realistic snapshot of current species-environment relationships, important climatic and topographic patterns associated with species persistence patterns, and an understanding of the plasticity of the species to respond to varying climate regimes across its range. Meanwhile, modeling and monitoring of widely dispersing individuals and intermittently occupied sites may uncover environmental thresholds and human-related threats to population persistence.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Frontiers of Earth Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/s11707-011-0157-2","usgsCitation":"Liang, C.T., and Stohlgren, T.J., 2011, Habitat suitability of patch types: a case study of the Yosemite toad: Frontiers of Earth Science, v. 5, no. 2, p. 217-228, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-011-0157-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291352,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291351,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11707-011-0157-2"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe7f9be4b0824b2d147883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liang, Christina T.","contributorId":36870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liang","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9001426,"text":"sir20105228 - 2011 - Trends in nutrient concentrations, loads, and yields in streams in the Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Santa Ana Basins, California, 1975-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T21:44:56.698484","indexId":"sir20105228","displayToPublicDate":"2011-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5228","title":"Trends in nutrient concentrations, loads, and yields in streams in the Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Santa Ana Basins, California, 1975-2004","docAbstract":"A comprehensive database was assembled for the Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Santa Ana Basins in California on nutrient concentrations, flows, and point and nonpoint sources of nutrients for 1975-2004. Most of the data on nutrient concentrations (nitrate, ammonia, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus) were from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System database (35.2 percent), the California Department of Water Resources (21.9 percent), the University of California at Davis (21.6 percent), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's STOrage and RETrieval database (20.0 percent). Point-source discharges accounted for less than 1 percent of river flows in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, but accounted for close to 80 percent of the nonstorm flow in the Santa Ana River. Point sources accounted for 4 and 7 percent of the total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads, respectively, in the Sacramento River at Freeport for 1985-2004. Point sources accounted for 8 and 17 percent of the total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads, respectively, in the San Joaquin River near Vernalis for 1985-2004. The volume of wastewater discharged into the Santa Ana River increased almost three-fold over the study period. However, due to improvements in wastewater treatment, the total nitrogen load to the Santa Ana River from point sources in 2004 was approximately the same as in 1975 and the total phosphorus load in 2004 was less than in 1975. Nonpoint sources of nutrients estimated in this study included atmospheric deposition, fertilizer application, manure production, and tile drainage. The estimated dry deposition of nitrogen exceeded wet deposition in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and in the basin area of the Santa Ana Basin, with ratios of dry to wet deposition of 1.7, 2.8, and 9.8, respectively. Fertilizer application increased appreciably from 1987 to 2004 in all three California basins, although manure production increased in the San Joaquin Basin but decreased in the Sacramento and Santa Ana Basins from 1982 to 2002. Tile drainage accounted for 22 percent of the total nitrogen load in the San Joaquin River near Vernalis for 1985-2004. Nutrient loads and trends were calculated by using the log-linear multiple-regression model, LOADEST. Loads were calculated for water years 1975-2004 for 22 sites in the Sacramento Basin, 15 sites in the San Joaquin Basin, and 6 sites in the Santa Ana Basin. The average annual load of total nitrogen and total phosphorus for 1985-2004 in subbasins in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Basins were divided by their drainage areas to calculate average annual yield. Total nitrogen yields were greater than 2.45 tons per square mile per year [(tons/mi2)/yr] in about 61 percent of the valley floor in the San Joaquin Basin compared with only about 12 percent of the valley floor in the Sacramento Basin. Total phosphorus yields were greater than 0.34 (tons/mi2)/yr in about 43 percent of the valley floor in the San Joaquin Basin compared with only about 5 percent in the valley floor of the Sacramento Basin. In a stepwise multiple linear-regression analysis of 30 subbasins in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Basins, the most important explanatory variables (out of 11 variables) for the response variable (total nitrogen yield) were the percentage of land use in (1) orchards and vineyards, (2) row crops, and (3) urban categories. For total phosphorus yield, the most important explanatory variable was the amount of fertilizer application plus manure production. Trends were evaluated for three time periods: 1975-2004, 1985-2004, and 1993-2004. Most trends in flow-adjusted concentrations of nutrients in the Sacramento Basin were downward for all three time periods. The decreasing nutrient trends in the American River at Sacramento and the Sacramento River at Freeport for 1975-2004 were attributed to the consolidation of wastewater in the Sacramento metropolitan area in December 1982 to","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105228","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Kratzer, C.R., Kent, R., Seleh, D.K., Knifong, D.L., Dileanis, P.D., and Orlando, J., 2011, Trends in nutrient concentrations, loads, and yields in streams in the Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Santa Ana Basins, California, 1975-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5228, xii, 112p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105228.","productDescription":"xii, 112p.","numberOfPages":"112","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5228.jpg"},{"id":410239,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95083.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":19234,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5228/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Santa Ana Basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.0667,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -123.0667,\n 41.7333\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 41.7333\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -123.0667,\n 36.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, Robert 0000-0003-4174-9467 rhkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-9467","contributorId":1445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Robert","email":"rhkent@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seleh, Dina K.","contributorId":50275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seleh","given":"Dina","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knifong, Donna L. dknifong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knifong","given":"Donna","email":"dknifong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":344452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Orlando, James L. 0000-0002-0099-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-7221","contributorId":95954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"James L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":9001432,"text":"fs20113026 - 2011 - Seafloor erosional processes offshore of the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T13:26:56","indexId":"fs20113026","displayToPublicDate":"2011-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3026","title":"Seafloor erosional processes offshore of the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana","docAbstract":"The Chandeleur Islands are a chain of barrier islands that lies along the eastern side of the modern Mississippi River Delta plain. The island chain is located near the seaward edge of the relict St. Bernard Delta, the part of the Mississippi Delta that formed between approximately 4,000 and 2,000 years before present and was later abandoned as sedimentation shifted southward. After abandonment of the St. Bernard Delta, deposits were reworked, and the sandy component was shaped into the Chandeleur Islands. With continued subsidence, the islands became separated from their original delta headland sources and presently are isolated from the mainland by the shallow Chandeleur Sound. Newly acquired geophysical data and vibracores provide an opportunity to better understand the processes that are shaping seafloor morphology (i.e., shape, geometry, and structure of the seafloor) on the inner shelf adjacent to the Chandeleur Islands. The inner shelf offshore of the Chandeleur Islands was mapped in 2006 and 2007 using swath bathymetry, sidescan sonar, and high-resolution seismic-reflection techniques. The detailed results of this study were published in December 2009 (Twichell and others, 2009) as part of a special issue of Geo-Marine Letters that documents early results from the Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) Ecosystem Change and Hazard Susceptibility Project. This study addresses questions and concerns related to limited sand resources along the Louisiana shelf and their implications to long-term relative sea-level rise and storm impacts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113026","collaboration":"Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) Ecosystem Change and Hazard Susceptibility Project","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D.C., and Brock, J., 2011, Seafloor erosional processes offshore of the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3026, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113026.","productDescription":"2 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3026.jpg"},{"id":19240,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3026/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.5,29 ], [ -90.5,30.5 ], [ -88,30.5 ], [ -88,29 ], [ -90.5,29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673e31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, David C.","contributorId":37730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":99173,"text":"fs20113022 - 2011 - Buffelgrass-Integrated modeling of an invasive plant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:50","indexId":"fs20113022","displayToPublicDate":"2011-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3022","title":"Buffelgrass-Integrated modeling of an invasive plant","docAbstract":"Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) poses a problem in the deserts of the United States, growing in dense stands and introducing a wildfire risk in an ecosystem not adapted to fire. The Invasive Species Science Branch of the Fort Collins Science Center has worked with many partners to develop a decision support model and a data management system to address the problem. The decision support model evaluates potential strategies for resource use and allocation. The data management system is a portal where users can submit, view, and download buffelgrass data. These tools provide a case study showcasing how the FORT is working to address the urgent issue of invasive species in the United States.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20113022","usgsCitation":"Holcombe, T.R., 2011, Buffelgrass-Integrated modeling of an invasive plant: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3022, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113022.","productDescription":"2 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3022.png"},{"id":14584,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3022/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa6d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holcombe, Tracy R. holcombet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcombe","given":"Tracy","email":"holcombet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9001425,"text":"ofr20111072 - 2011 - Big Spring spinedace and associated fish populations and habitat conditions in Condor Canyon, Meadow Valley Wash, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:49","indexId":"ofr20111072","displayToPublicDate":"2011-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1072","title":"Big Spring spinedace and associated fish populations and habitat conditions in Condor Canyon, Meadow Valley Wash, Nevada","docAbstract":"Executive Summary: This project was designed to document habitat conditions and populations of native and non-native fish within the 8-kilometer Condor Canyon section of Meadow Valley Wash, Nevada, with an emphasis on Big Spring spinedace (Lepidomeda mollispinis pratensis). Other native fish present were speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) and desert sucker (Catostomus clarki). Big Spring spinedace were known to exist only within this drainage and were known to have been extirpated from a portion of their former habitat located downstream of Condor Canyon. Because of this extirpation and the limited distribution of Big Spring spinedace, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed this species as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1985. Prior to our effort, little was known about Big Spring spinedace populations or life histories and habitat associations. In 2008, personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey's Columbia River Research Laboratory began surveys of Meadow Valley Wash in Condor Canyon. Habitat surveys characterized numerous variables within 13 reaches, thermologgers were deployed at 9 locations to record water temperatures, and fish populations were surveyed at 22 individual sites. Additionally, fish were tagged with Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags, which allowed movement and growth information to be collected on individual fish. The movements of tagged fish were monitored with a combination of recapture events and stationary in-stream antennas, which detected tagged fish. Meadow Valley Wash within Condor Canyon was divided by a 12-meter (m) waterfall known as Delmue Falls. About 6,100 m of stream were surveyed downstream of the falls and about 2,200 m of stream were surveyed upstream of the falls. Although about three-quarters of the surveyed stream length was downstream of Delmue Falls, the highest densities and abundance of native fish were upstream of the falls. Big Spring spinedace and desert sucker populations were highest near the upper end of Condor Canyon, where a tributary known as Kill Wash, and several springs, contribute flow and moderate high and low water temperature. Kill Wash and the area around its confluence with Meadow Valley Wash appeared important for spawning of all three native species. Detections of PIT-tagged fish indicated that there were substantial movements to this area during the spring. Our surveys included about 700 m of Meadow Valley Wash upstream of Kill Wash. A small falls about 2 m high was about 560 m upstream of Kill Wash. This falls is likely a barrier to upstream fish movement at most flows. Populations of all three native species were found upstream of this small falls. Age-0 fish of all three species were present, indicating successful spawning. The maximum upstream extent of native fish within Meadow Valley Wash was not determined. Our surveys included about 700 m of Meadow Valley Wash upstream of Kill Wash. A small falls about 2 m high was about 560 m upstream of Kill Wash. This falls is likely a barrier to upstream fish movement at most flows. Populations of all three native species were found upstream of this small falls. Age-0 fish of all three species were present, indicating successful spawning. The maximum upstream extent of native fish within Meadow Valley Wash was not determined. A population of non-native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was found within the 2,000 m of stream immediately downstream of Delmue Falls. Non-native crayfish were very common both upstream and downstream of Delmue Falls. We were not able to quantify crayfish populations, but they compose a significant portion of the biomass of aquatic species in Condor Canyon. There were some distinctive habitat features that may have favored native fish upstream of Delmue Falls. Upstream of the falls, water temperatures were moderated by inputs from springs, turbidity was lower, pool habitat was more prevalent, substrate heterogeneity was higher, and there was less fine sediment than","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111072","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Jezorek, I.G., Connolly, P., Munz, C.S., and Dixon, C., 2011, Big Spring spinedace and associated fish populations and habitat conditions in Condor Canyon, Meadow Valley Wash, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1072, viii, 77 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111072.","productDescription":"viii, 77 p.; Appendices","numberOfPages":"116","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1072.png"},{"id":19233,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1072/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db6260c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jezorek, Ian G. 0000-0002-3842-3485 ijezorek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3842-3485","contributorId":3572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jezorek","given":"Ian","email":"ijezorek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connolly, Patrick J. 0000-0001-7365-7618 pconnolly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7365-7618","contributorId":2920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connolly","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pconnolly@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munz, Carrie S. cmunz@usgs.gov","contributorId":3582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munz","given":"Carrie","email":"cmunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, Chris","contributorId":37447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}