{"pageNumber":"751","pageRowStart":"18750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68924,"records":[{"id":70032546,"text":"70032546 - 2011 - Nest success of snowy plovers (Charadrius nivosus) in the Southern high plains of Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:21","indexId":"70032546","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest success of snowy plovers (Charadrius nivosus) in the Southern high plains of Texas","docAbstract":"Snowy Plovers (Charadrius nivosus) nesting on edges of saline lakes within the Southern High Plains (SHP) of Texas are threatened by habitat degradation due to reduced artesian spring flow, making many saline lakes unsuitable for nesting and migrating shorebirds. Factors influencing nest success were evaluated, current nest success estimates in the SHP of Texas were compared to estimates obtained ten years prior, and causes and timing of nest failures determined. Overall, 215 nests were monitored from three saline lakes in 20082009, with nest success estimates from Program MARK ranging from 7-33% ( x??= 22%). The leading causes of nest failures were attributed to predation (40%) and weather (36%). Nest success was negatively influenced by number of plants within 707-cm  2 plot, positively influenced by percent surface water availability, and at one saline lake, negatively influenced by day during the nesting season (i.e., nest success declined later in the nesting season). When compared to estimates ten years prior (19981999), mean nest success has declined by 31%. If nesting Snowy Plovers continue to experience increased predation rates, decreased hydrological integrity, and habitat alterations, populations will continue to decline throughout this region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1675/063.034.0401","issn":"15244695","usgsCitation":"Saalfeld, S., Conway, W.C., Haukos, D., and Johnson, W., 2011, Nest success of snowy plovers (Charadrius nivosus) in the Southern high plains of Texas: Waterbirds, v. 34, no. 4, p. 389-399, https://doi.org/10.1675/063.034.0401.","startPage":"389","endPage":"399","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213666,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.034.0401"},{"id":241315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6489e4b0c8380cd729fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saalfeld, S.T.","contributorId":107108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saalfeld","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conway, Warren C.","contributorId":51550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haukos, D.A.","contributorId":17188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haukos","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, W.P.","contributorId":43315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034021,"text":"70034021 - 2011 - A model for seasonal changes in GPS positions and seismic wave speeds due to thermoelastic and hydrologic variations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:44","indexId":"70034021","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for seasonal changes in GPS positions and seismic wave speeds due to thermoelastic and hydrologic variations","docAbstract":"It is known that GPS time series contain a seasonal variation that is not due to tectonic motions, and it has recently been shown that crustal seismic velocities may also vary seasonally. In order to explain these changes, a number of hypotheses have been given, among which thermoelastic and hydrology-induced stresses and strains are leading candidates. Unfortunately, though, since a general framework does not exist for understanding such seasonal variations, it is currently not possible to quickly evaluate the plausibility of these hypotheses. To fill this gap in the literature, I generalize a two-dimensional thermoelastic strain model to provide an analytic solution for the displacements and wave speed changes due to either thermoelastic stresses or hydrologic loading, which consists of poroelastic stresses and purely elastic stresses. The thermoelastic model assumes a periodic surface temperature, and the hydrologic models similarly assume a periodic near-surface water load. Since all three models are two-dimensional and periodic, they are expected to only approximate any realistic scenario; but the models nonetheless provide a quantitative framework for estimating the effects of thermoelastic and hydrologic variations. Quantitative comparison between the models and observations is further complicated by the large uncertainty in some of the relevant parameters. Despite this uncertainty, though, I find that maximum realistic thermoelastic effects are unlikely to explain a large fraction of the observed annual variation in a typical GPS displacement time series or of the observed annual variations in seismic wave speeds in southern California. Hydrologic loading, on the other hand, may be able to explain a larger fraction of both the annual variations in displacements and seismic wave speeds. Neither model is likely to explain all of the seismic wave speed variations inferred from observations. However, more definitive conclusions cannot be made until the model parameters are better constrained. Copyright ?? 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2010JB008156","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Tsai, V., 2011, A model for seasonal changes in GPS positions and seismic wave speeds due to thermoelastic and hydrologic variations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 116, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB008156.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475434,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jb008156","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216684,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JB008156"},{"id":244569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e46be4b0c8380cd4665b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tsai, V.C.","contributorId":41661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsai","given":"V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70035270,"text":"70035270 - 2011 - Field verification of stable perched groundwater in layered bedrock uplands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-26T12:59:51.456144","indexId":"70035270","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field verification of stable perched groundwater in layered bedrock uplands","docAbstract":"<p><span>Data substantiating perched conditions in layered bedrock uplands are rare and have not been widely reported. Field observations in layered sedimentary bedrock in southwestern Wisconsin, USA, provide evidence of a stable, laterally extensive perched aquifer. Data from a densely instrumented field site show a perched aquifer in shallow dolomite, underlain by a shale‐and‐dolomite aquitard approximately 25 m thick, which is in turn underlain by sandstone containing a 30‐m‐thick unsaturated zone above a regional aquifer. Heads in water supply wells indicate that perched conditions extend at least several kilometers into hillsides, which is consistent with published modeling studies. Observations of unsaturated conditions in the sandstone over a 4‐year period, historical development of the perched aquifer, and perennial flow from upland springs emanating from the shallow dolomite suggest that perched groundwater is a stable hydrogeologic feature under current climate conditions. Water‐table hydrographs exhibit apparent differences in the amount and timing of recharge to the perched and regional flow systems; steep hydraulic gradients and tritium and chloride concentrations suggest there is limited hydraulic connection between the two. Recognition and characterization of perched flow systems have practical importance because their groundwater flow and transport pathways may differ significantly from those in underlying flow systems. Construction of multi‐aquifer wells and groundwater withdrawal in perched systems can further alter such pathways.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00736.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., Gotkowitz, M., and Anderson, M.P., 2011, Field verification of stable perched groundwater in layered bedrock uplands: Ground Water, v. 49, no. 3, p. 383-392, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00736.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"392","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Southwestern Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.68115234375,\n              42.53689200787315\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.76953125,\n              42.50450285299051\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.87939453125,\n              43.197167282501276\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.033203125,\n              43.50075243569041\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.7470703125,\n              43.50075243569041\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.20849609375,\n              43.46886761482925\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.12060546875,\n              43.24520272203356\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.14257812499999,\n              43.11702412135048\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.12060546875,\n              42.74701217318067\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.68115234375,\n              42.53689200787315\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fa0e4b0c8380cd53966","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, J.T.","contributorId":24587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gotkowitz, M.B.","contributorId":37537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotkowitz","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Marilyn P.","contributorId":102970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034099,"text":"70034099 - 2011 - Climate change, uncertainty, and natural resource management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:44","indexId":"70034099","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate change, uncertainty, and natural resource management","docAbstract":"Climate change and its associated uncertainties are of concern to natural resource managers. Although aspects of climate change may be novel (e.g., system change and nonstationarity), natural resource managers have long dealt with uncertainties and have developed corresponding approaches to decision-making. Adaptive resource management is an application of structured decision-making for recurrent decision problems with uncertainty, focusing on management objectives, and the reduction of uncertainty over time. We identified 4 types of uncertainty that characterize problems in natural resource management. We examined ways in which climate change is expected to exacerbate these uncertainties, as well as potential approaches to dealing with them. As a case study, we examined North American waterfowl harvest management and considered problems anticipated to result from climate change and potential solutions. Despite challenges expected to accompany the use of adaptive resource management to address problems associated with climate change, we conclude that adaptive resource management approaches will be the methods of choice for managers trying to deal with the uncertainties of climate change. ?? 2010 The Wildlife Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.33","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Koneff, M., Heglund, P., Knutson, M.G., Seamans, M., Lyons, J.E., Morton, J., Jones, M., Boomer, G., and Williams, B.K., 2011, Climate change, uncertainty, and natural resource management: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 75, no. 1, p. 6-18, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.33.","startPage":"6","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216841,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.33"},{"id":244737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f64fe4b0c8380cd4c6a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koneff, M.D.","contributorId":37031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koneff","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heglund, P.J.","contributorId":44505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seamans, M.E.","contributorId":48662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seamans","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lyons, J. E.","contributorId":15145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyons","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Morton, J.M.","contributorId":97707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jones, M.T.","contributorId":71712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Boomer, G.S.","contributorId":48682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boomer","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70034111,"text":"70034111 - 2011 - Lagrangian mass-flow investigations of inorganic contaminants in wastewater-impacted streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T10:10:14","indexId":"70034111","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lagrangian mass-flow investigations of inorganic contaminants in wastewater-impacted streams","docAbstract":"<p>Understanding the potential effects of increased reliance on wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents to meet municipal, agricultural, and environmental flow requires an understanding of the complex chemical loading characteristics of the WWTPs and the assimilative capacity of receiving waters. Stream ecosystem effects are linked to proportions of WWTP effluent under low-flow conditions as well as the nature of the effluent chemical mixtures. This study quantifies the loading of 58 inorganic constituents (nutrients to rare earth elements) from WWTP discharges relative to upstream landscape-based sources. Stream assimilation capacity was evaluated by Lagrangian sampling, using flow velocities determined from tracer experiments to track the same parcel of water as it moved downstream. Boulder Creek, Colorado and Fourmile Creek, Iowa, representing two different geologic and hydrologic landscapes, were sampled under low-flow conditions in the summer and spring. One-half of the constituents had greater loads from the WWTP effluents than the upstream drainages, and once introduced into the streams, dilution was the predominant assimilation mechanism. Only ammonium and bismuth had significant decreases in mass load downstream from the WWTPs during all samplings. The link between hydrology and water chemistry inherent in Lagrangian sampling allows quantitative assessment of chemical fate across different landscapes.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es104138y","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Barber, L.B., Antweiler, R.C., Flynn, J., Keefe, S., Kolpin, D., Roth, D., Schnoebelen, D., Taylor, H.E., and Verplanck, P., 2011, Lagrangian mass-flow investigations of inorganic contaminants in wastewater-impacted streams: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 45, no. 7, p. 2575-2583, https://doi.org/10.1021/es104138y.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2575","endPage":"2583","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-014941","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4134e4b0c8380cd653a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":444146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flynn, J.L.","contributorId":39889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keefe, S.H.","contributorId":18965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefe","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roth, D.A.","contributorId":100864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schnoebelen, D.J.","contributorId":98352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":444144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70032481,"text":"70032481 - 2011 - Beach monitoring criteria: reading the fine print","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T15:49:14","indexId":"70032481","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beach monitoring criteria: reading the fine print","docAbstract":"Beach monitoring programs aim to decrease swimming-related illnesses resulting from exposure to harmful microbes in recreational waters, while providing maximum beach access. Managers are advised by the U.S. EPA to estimate microbiological water quality based on a 5-day geometric mean of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations or on a jurisdiction-specific single-sample maximum; however, most opt instead to apply a default single-sample maximum to ease application. We examined whether re-evaluation of the U.S. EPA ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) and the epidemiological studies on which they are based could increase public beach access without affecting presumed health risk. Single-sample maxima were calculated using historic monitoring data for 50 beaches along coastal Lake Michigan on various temporal and spatial groupings to assess flexibility in the application of the AWQC. No calculation on either scale was as low as the default maximum (235 CFU/100 mL) that managers typically use, indicating that current applications may be more conservative than the outlined AWQC. It was notable that beaches subject to point source FIB contamination had lower variation, highlighting the bias in the standards for these beaches. Until new water quality standards are promulgated, more site-specific application of the AWQC may benefit beach managers by allowing swimmers greater access to beaches. This issue will be an important consideration in addressing the forthcoming beach monitoring standards.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications (American Chemical Society)","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/es202568f","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Nevers, M.B., and Whitman, R.L., 2011, Beach monitoring criteria: reading the fine print: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 45, no. 24, p. 10315-10321, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202568f.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"10315","endPage":"10321","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":213752,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202568f"},{"id":241409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"45","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f02fe4b0c8380cd4a62f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nevers, Meredith B.","contributorId":91803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevers","given":"Meredith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitman, Richard L. rwhitman@usgs.gov","contributorId":542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Richard","email":"rwhitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70036505,"text":"70036505 - 2011 - Combined effects of tectonic and landslide-generated Tsunami Runup at Seward, Alaska during the Mw 9.2 1964 earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T15:36:25.275285","indexId":"70036505","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combined effects of tectonic and landslide-generated Tsunami Runup at Seward, Alaska during the Mw 9.2 1964 earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>We apply a recently developed and validated numerical model of tsunami propagation and runup to study the inundation of Resurrection Bay and the town of Seward by the 1964 Alaska tsunami. Seward was hit by both tectonic and landslide-generated tsunami waves during the&nbsp;</span><span class=\"mathjax-tex\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msub><mi>M</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;>W</mi></mrow></msub></math>\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-1\" class=\"math\"><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-2\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-3\" class=\"msubsup\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-4\" class=\"mi\">M</span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-5\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-7\" class=\"mi\">W</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">MW</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;9.2 1964 megathrust earthquake. The earthquake triggered a series of submarine mass failures around the fjord, which resulted in landsliding of part of the coastline into the water, along with the loss of the port facilities. These submarine mass failures generated local waves in the bay within 5&nbsp;min of the beginning of strong ground motion. Recent studies estimate the total volume of underwater slide material that moved in Resurrection Bay to be about 211&nbsp;million m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;(Haeussler et&nbsp;al. in Submarine mass movements and their consequences, pp 269–278,&nbsp;</span>2007<span>). The first tectonic tsunami wave arrived in Resurrection Bay about 30&nbsp;min after the main shock and was about the same height as the local landslide-generated waves. Our previous numerical study, which focused only on the local landslide-generated waves in Resurrection Bay, demonstrated that they were produced by a number of different slope failures, and estimated relative contributions of different submarine slide complexes into tsunami amplitudes (Suleimani et&nbsp;al. in Pure Appl Geophys 166:131–152,&nbsp;</span>2009<span>). This work extends the previous study by calculating tsunami inundation in Resurrection Bay caused by the combined impact of landslide-generated waves and the tectonic tsunami, and comparing the composite inundation area with observations. To simulate landslide tsunami runup in Seward, we use a viscous slide model of Jiang and LeBlond (J Phys Oceanogr 24(3):559–572,&nbsp;</span>1994<span>) coupled with nonlinear shallow water equations. The input data set includes a high resolution multibeam bathymetry and LIDAR topography grid of Resurrection Bay, and an initial thickness of slide material based on pre- and post-earthquake bathymetry difference maps. For simulation of tectonic tsunami runup, we derive the 1964 coseismic deformations from detailed slip distribution in the rupture area, and use them as an initial condition for propagation of the tectonic tsunami. The numerical model employs nonlinear shallow water equations formulated for depth-averaged water fluxes, and calculates a temporal position of the shoreline using a free-surface moving boundary algorithm. We find that the calculated tsunami runup in Seward caused first by local submarine landslide-generated waves, and later by a tectonic tsunami, is in good agreement with observations of the inundation zone. The analysis of inundation caused by two different tsunami sources improves our understanding of their relative contributions, and supports tsunami risk mitigation in south-central Alaska. The record of the 1964 earthquake, tsunami, and submarine landslides, combined with the high-resolution topography and bathymetry of Resurrection Bay make it an ideal location for studying tectonic tsunamis in coastal regions susceptible to underwater landslides.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s00024-010-0228-4","usgsCitation":"Suleimani, E., Nicolsky, D., Haeussler, P.J., and Hansen, R., 2011, Combined effects of tectonic and landslide-generated Tsunami Runup at Seward, Alaska during the Mw 9.2 1964 earthquake: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 168, no. 6-7, p. 1053-1074, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-010-0228-4.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1053","endPage":"1074","costCenters":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246135,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Seward","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.60219260804425,\n              60.16730432792468\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.60219260804422,\n              59.75923973592475\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.1708119914336,\n              59.75923973592475\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.1708119914336,\n              60.17094138954462\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.60219260804425,\n              60.16730432792468\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"168","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7d8e4b0c8380cd4cd1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suleimani, E.","contributorId":91713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suleimani","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicolsky, D.J.","contributorId":51584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicolsky","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansen, R.","contributorId":56370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035063,"text":"70035063 - 2011 - Electronic tagging of green sturgeon reveals population structure and movement among estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-11T15:40:07.369657","indexId":"70035063","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electronic tagging of green sturgeon reveals population structure and movement among estuaries","docAbstract":"<p><span>Green sturgeon&nbsp;</span><i>Acipenser medirostris</i><span>&nbsp;spend much of their lives outside of their natal rivers, but the details of their migrations and habitat use are poorly known, which limits our understanding of how this species might be affected by human activities and habitat degradation. We tagged 355 green sturgeon with acoustic transmitters on their spawning grounds and in known nonspawning aggregation sites and examined their movement among these sites and other potentially important locations using automated data‐logging hydrophones. We found that green sturgeon inhabit a number of estuarine and coastal sites over the summer, including the Columbia River estuary, Willapa Bay, Grays Harbor, and the estuaries of certain smaller rivers in Oregon, especially the Umpqua River estuary. Green sturgeon from different natal rivers exhibited different patterns of habitat use; most notably, San Francisco Bay was used only by Sacramento River fish, while the Umpqua River estuary was used mostly by fish from the Klamath and Rogue rivers. Earlier work, based on analysis of microsatellite markers, suggested that the Columbia River mixed stock was mainly composed of fish from the Sacramento River, but our results indicate that fish from the Rogue and Klamath River populations frequently use the Columbia River as well. We also found evidence for the existence of migratory contingents within spawning populations. Our findings have significant implications for the management of the threatened Sacramento River population of green sturgeon, which migrates to inland waters outside of California where anthropogenic impacts, including fisheries bycatch and water pollution, may be a concern. Our results also illustrate the utility of acoustic tracking to elucidate the migratory behavior of animals that are otherwise difficult to observe.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2011.557017","usgsCitation":"Lindley, S., Erickson, D., Moser, M., Williams, G., Langness, O., McCovey, B., Belchik, M., Vogel, D., Pinnix, W., Kelly, J., Heublein, J., and Klimley, A., 2011, Electronic tagging of green sturgeon reveals population structure and movement among estuaries: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 140, no. 1, p. 108-122, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2011.557017.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":378342,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/00028487.2011.557017"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.43115234375,\n              46.09609080214316\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.167724609375,\n              46.09609080214316\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.167724609375,\n              47.29413372501023\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.43115234375,\n              47.29413372501023\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.43115234375,\n              46.09609080214316\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      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]\n}","volume":"140","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08ace4b0c8380cd51c0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindley, S.T.","contributorId":58458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindley","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erickson, D.L.","contributorId":82496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moser, M.L.","contributorId":92006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moser","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, G.","contributorId":73428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langness, O.P.","contributorId":24585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langness","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McCovey, B.W. Jr.","contributorId":66931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCovey","given":"B.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Belchik, M.","contributorId":20998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belchik","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vogel, D.","contributorId":57677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Pinnix, W.","contributorId":9482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinnix","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kelly, J.T.","contributorId":60034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Heublein, J.C.","contributorId":38797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heublein","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Klimley, A.P.","contributorId":26897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klimley","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70036387,"text":"70036387 - 2011 - Didymosphenia geminata: Algal blooms in oligotrophic streams and rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:03","indexId":"70036387","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Didymosphenia geminata: Algal blooms in oligotrophic streams and rivers","docAbstract":"In recent decades, the diatom Didymosphenia geminata has emerged as nuisance species in river systems around the world. This periphytic alga forms large \"blooms\" in temperate streams, presenting a counterintuitive result: the blooms occur primarily in oligotrophic streams and rivers, where phosphorus (P) availability typically limits primary production. The goal of this study is to examine how high algal biomass is formed under low P conditions. We reveal a biogeochemical process by which D. geminata mats concentrate P from flowing waters. First, the mucopolysaccaride stalks of D. geminata adsorb both iron (Fe) and P. Second, enzymatic and bacterial processes interact with Fe to increase the biological availability of P. We propose that a positive feedback between total stalk biomass and high growth rate is created, which results in abundant P for cell division. The affinity of stalks for Fe in association with iron-phosphorus biogeochemistry suggest a resolution to the paradox of algal blooms in oliogotrophic streams and rivers. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2011WR010620","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Sundareshwar, P., Upadhayay, S., Abessa, M., Honomichl, S., Berdanier, B., Spaulding, S., Sandvik, C., and Trennepohl, A., 2011, Didymosphenia geminata: Algal blooms in oligotrophic streams and rivers: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, no. 10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010620.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475308,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr010620","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":218348,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010620"},{"id":246348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00bae4b0c8380cd4f8a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sundareshwar, P.V.","contributorId":48348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundareshwar","given":"P.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Upadhayay, S.","contributorId":75794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Upadhayay","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abessa, M.","contributorId":72636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abessa","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Honomichl, S.","contributorId":85445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honomichl","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berdanier, B.","contributorId":9509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berdanier","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spaulding, S. A. 0000-0002-9787-7743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9787-7743","contributorId":74390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spaulding","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sandvik, C.","contributorId":20198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandvik","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Trennepohl, A.","contributorId":56489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trennepohl","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70032419,"text":"70032419 - 2011 - Simulating the potential effects of climate change in two Colorado basins and at two Colorado ski areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-28T15:31:02","indexId":"70032419","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1421,"text":"Earth Interactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating the potential effects of climate change in two Colorado basins and at two Colorado ski areas","docAbstract":"<p>The mountainous areas of Colorado are used for tourism and recreation, and they provide water storage and supply for municipalities, industries, and agriculture. Recent studies suggest that water supply and tourist industries such as skiing are at risk from climate change. In this study, a distributed-parameter watershed model, the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), is used to identify the potential effects of future climate on hydrologic conditions for two Colorado basins, the East River at Almont and the Yampa River at Steamboat Springs, and at the subbasin scale for two ski areas within those basins.</p><p>Climate-change input files for PRMS were generated by modifying daily PRMS precipitation and temperature inputs with mean monthly climate-change fields of precipitation and temperature derived from five general circulation model (GCM) simulations using one current and three future carbon emission scenarios. All GCM simulations of mean daily minimum and maximum air temperature for the East and Yampa River basins indicate a relatively steady increase of up to several degrees Celsius from baseline conditions by 2094. GCM simulations of precipitation in the two basins indicate little change or trend in precipitation, but there is a large range associated with these projections. PRMS projections of basin mean daily streamflow vary by scenario but indicate a central tendency toward slight decreases, with a large range associated with these projections.</p><p>Decreases in water content or changes in the spatial extent of snowpack in the East and Yampa River basins are important because of potential adverse effects on water supply and recreational activities. PRMS projections of each future scenario indicate a central tendency for decreases in basin mean snow-covered area and snowpack water equivalent, with the range in the projected decreases increasing with time. However, when examined on a monthly basis, the projected decreases are most dramatic during fall and spring. Presumably, ski area locations are picked because of a tendency to receive snow and keep snowpack relative to the surrounding area. This effect of ski area location within the basin was examined by comparing projections of March snow-covered area and snowpack water equivalent for the entire basin with more local projections for the portion of the basin that represents the ski area in the PRMS models. These projections indicate a steady decrease in March snow-covered area for the basins but only small changes in March snow-covered area at both ski areas for the three future scenarios until around 2050. After 2050, larger decreases are possible, but there is a large range in the projections of future scenarios. The rates of decrease for snowpack water equivalent and precipitation that falls as snow are similar at the basin and subbasin scale in both basins. Results from this modeling effort show that there is a wide range of possible outcomes for future snowpack conditions in Colorado. The results also highlight the differences between projections for entire basins and projections for local areas or subbasins within those basins.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/2011EI373.1","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., Hay, L.E., and Markstrom, S., 2011, Simulating the potential effects of climate change in two Colorado basins and at two Colorado ski areas: Earth Interactions, v. 15, no. 22, p. 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011EI373.1.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"23","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2011ei373.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241440,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"East River, Yampa 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 \"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fdbe4b08c986b3191a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, William","contributorId":112783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":513952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markstrom, Steve","contributorId":23682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034282,"text":"70034282 - 2011 - Tracking nonpoint source nitrogen pollution in human-impacted watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-28T10:16:45","indexId":"70034282","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tracking nonpoint source nitrogen pollution in human-impacted watersheds","docAbstract":"<p><span>Nonpoint source nitrogen (N) pollution is a leading contributor to U.S. water quality impairments. We combined watershed N mass balances and stable isotopes to investigate fate and transport of nonpoint N in forest, agricultural, and urbanized watersheds at the Baltimore Long-Term Ecological Research site. Annual N retention was 55%, 68%, and 82% for agricultural, suburban, and forest watersheds, respectively. Analysis of &delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N-NO</span><sub><span>3</span></sub><sup><span>&ndash;</span></sup><span>, and &delta;</span><sup><span>18</span></sup><span>O-NO</span><sub><span>3</span></sub><sup><span>&ndash;</span></sup><span>&nbsp;indicated wastewater was an important nitrate source in urbanized streams during baseflow. Negative correlations between &delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N-NO</span><sub><span>3</span></sub><sup><span>&ndash;</span></sup><span>&nbsp;and &delta;</span><sup><span>18</span></sup><span>O-NO</span><sub><span>3</span></sub><sup><span>&ndash;</span></sup><span>&nbsp;in urban watersheds indicated mixing between atmospheric deposition and wastewater, and N source contributions changed with storm magnitude (atmospheric sources contributed &sim;50% at peak storm N loads). Positive correlations between &delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N-NO</span><sub><span>3</span></sub><sup><span>&ndash;</span></sup><span><sup>&nbsp;</sup>and &delta;</span><sup><span>18</span></sup><span>O-NO</span><sub><span>3</span></sub><sup><span>&ndash;</span></sup><span>&nbsp;in watersheds suggested denitrification was removing septic system and agriculturally derived N, but N from belowground leaking sewers was less susceptible to denitrification. N transformations were also observed in a storm drain (no natural drainage network) potentially due to organic carbon inputs. Overall, nonpoint sources such as atmospheric deposition, wastewater, and fertilizer showed different susceptibility to watershed N export. There were large changes in nitrate sources as a function of runoff, and anticipating source changes in response to climate and storms will be critical for managing nonpoint N pollution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es200779e","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kaushal, S.S., Groffman, P., Band, L., Elliott, E.M., Shields, C.A., and Kendall, C., 2011, Tracking nonpoint source nitrogen pollution in human-impacted watersheds: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 45, no. 19, p. 8225-8232, https://doi.org/10.1021/es200779e.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"8225","endPage":"8232","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6a2e4b08c986b326dbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaushal, Sujay S.","contributorId":174385,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaushal","given":"Sujay","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groffman, Peter M","contributorId":168873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Groffman","given":"Peter M","affiliations":[{"id":25372,"text":"Senior Research Scientist, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":445063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Band, Lawrence","contributorId":174085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Band","given":"Lawrence","affiliations":[{"id":7043,"text":"University of North Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":445067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elliott, Emily M.","contributorId":174386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elliott","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shields, Catherine A.","contributorId":174387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shields","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":445064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70034297,"text":"70034297 - 2011 - Beach characteristics mitigate effects of onshore wind on horseshoe crab spawning: Implications for matching with shorebird migration in Delaware Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-23T12:40:28.752911","indexId":"70034297","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":774,"text":"Animal Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beach characteristics mitigate effects of onshore wind on horseshoe crab spawning: Implications for matching with shorebird migration in Delaware Bay","docAbstract":"<p><span>Disruption of food availability by unfavorable physical processes at energetically demanding times can limit recruitment of migratory species as predicted by the match–mismatch hypothesis. Identification and protection of disruption‐resistant habitat could contribute to system resilience. For example, horseshoe crab&nbsp;</span><i>Limulus polyphemus</i><span>&nbsp;spawning and shorebird stopover must match temporally in Delaware Bay for eggs to be available to shorebirds. Onshore winds that generate waves can create a mismatch by delaying horseshoe crab spawning. We examined effects of beach characteristics and onshore winds on spawning activity at five beaches when water temperatures were otherwise consistent with early spawning activity. Onshore winds resulted in reduced spawning activity during the shorebird stopover, when spawning typically peaks in late May. During the period with high onshore wind, egg density was highest on the foreshore exposed to the lowest wave heights. Onshore wind was low in early June, and spawning and egg densities were high at all sites, but shorebirds had departed. Beaches that can serve as a refuge from wind and waves can be identified by physical characteristics and orientation to prevailing winds and should receive special conservation status, especially in light of predicted increases in climate change‐induced storm frequency. These results point to a potential conservation strategy that includes coastal management for adapting to climate change‐induced mismatch of migrations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Zoological Society of London","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00481.x","issn":"13679430","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Jackson, N., Nordstrom, K., and Weber, R., 2011, Beach characteristics mitigate effects of onshore wind on horseshoe crab spawning: Implications for matching with shorebird migration in Delaware Bay: Animal Conservation, v. 14, no. 5, p. 575-584, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00481.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"584","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.60379028320312,\n              38.8504034216919\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.74960327148438,\n              38.8504034216919\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.74960327148438,\n              39.44785903194701\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.60379028320312,\n              39.44785903194701\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.60379028320312,\n              38.8504034216919\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f02fe4b0c8380cd4a626","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":445136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, N.L.","contributorId":104189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, K.F.","contributorId":17733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weber, R.G.","contributorId":38686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034300,"text":"70034300 - 2011 - Multilevel empirical bayes modeling for improved estimation of toxicant formulations to suppress parasitic sea lamprey in the upper Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-23T12:39:46.581965","indexId":"70034300","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multilevel empirical bayes modeling for improved estimation of toxicant formulations to suppress parasitic sea lamprey in the upper Great Lakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Estimation of extreme quantal‐response statistics, such as the concentration required to kill 99.9% of test subjects (LC99.9), remains a challenge in the presence of multiple covariates and complex study designs. Accurate and precise estimates of the LC99.9 for mixtures of toxicants are critical to ongoing control of a parasitic invasive species, the sea lamprey, in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. The toxicity of those chemicals is affected by local and temporal variations in water chemistry, which must be incorporated into the modeling. We develop multilevel empirical Bayes models for data from multiple laboratory studies. Our approach yields more accurate and precise estimation of the LC99.9 compared to alternative models considered. This study demonstrates that properly incorporating hierarchical structure in laboratory data yields better estimates of LC99.9 stream treatment values that are critical to larvae control in the field. In addition, out‐of‐sample prediction of the results of in situ tests reveals the presence of a latent seasonal effect not manifest in the laboratory studies, suggesting avenues for future study and illustrating the importance of dual consideration of both experimental and observational data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01566.x","issn":"0006341X","usgsCitation":"Hatfield, L., Gutreuter, S., Boogaard, M., and Carlin, B., 2011, Multilevel empirical bayes modeling for improved estimation of toxicant formulations to suppress parasitic sea lamprey in the upper Great Lakes: Biometrics, v. 67, no. 3, p. 1153-1162, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01566.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1153","endPage":"1162","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475356,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3111860","text":"External Repository"},{"id":244814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6028e4b0c8380cd7131c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatfield, L.A.","contributorId":51579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutreuter, S.","contributorId":79829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boogaard, M.A.","contributorId":92994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boogaard","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlin, B.P.","contributorId":74227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlin","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034361,"text":"70034361 - 2011 - Loss of volatile hydrocarbons from an LNAPL oil source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T15:31:19","indexId":"70034361","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loss of volatile hydrocarbons from an LNAPL oil source","docAbstract":"The light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) oil pool in an aquifer that resulted from a pipeline spill near Bemidji, Minnesota, was analyzed for volatile hydrocarbons (VHCs) to determine if the composition of the oil remains constant over time. Oil samples were obtained from wells at five locations in the oil pool in an anaerobic part of the glacial outwash aquifer. Samples covering a 21-year period were analyzed for 25 VHCs. Compared to the composition of oil from the pipeline source, VHCs identified in oil from wells sampled in 2008 were 13 to 64% depleted. The magnitude of loss for the VHCs analyzed was toluene ≫ o-xylene, benzene, C<sub>6</sub> and C<sub>10–12</sub>n-alkanes > C<sub>7</sub>–C<sub>9</sub>n-alkanes > m-xylene, cyclohexane, and 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene > 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and ethylbenzene. Other VHCs including p-xylene, 1,3,5- and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzenes, the tetramethylbenzenes, methyl- and ethyl-cyclohexane, and naphthalene were not depleted during the time of the study. Water–oil and air–water batch equilibration simulations indicate that volatilization and biodegradation is most important for the C<sub>6</sub>–C<sub>9</sub>n-alkanes and cyclohexanes; dissolution and biodegradation is important for most of the other hydrocarbons. Depletion of the hydrocarbons in the oil pool is controlled by: the lack of oxygen and nutrients, differing rates of recharge, and the spatial distribution of oil in the aquifer. The mass loss of these VHCs in the 5 wells is between 1.6 and 7.4% in 29 years or an average annual loss of 0.06–0.26%/year. The present study shows that the composition of LNAPL changes over time and that these changes are spatially variable. This highlights the importance of characterizing the temporal and spatial variabilities of the source term in solute-transport models.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.06.006","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Baedecker, M.J., Eganhouse, R., Bekins, B.A., and Delin, G.N., 2011, Loss of volatile hydrocarbons from an LNAPL oil source: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 126, no. 3-4, p. 140-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.06.006.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.0373,47.3762 ], [ -95.0373,47.6177 ], [ -94.6844,47.6177 ], [ -94.6844,47.3762 ], [ -95.0373,47.3762 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"126","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49dee4b0c8380cd68956","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baedecker, Mary Jo 0000-0002-4865-1043 mjbaedec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-1043","contributorId":197793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"Mary","email":"mjbaedec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jo","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eganhouse, Robert P. eganhous@usgs.gov","contributorId":2031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"Robert P.","email":"eganhous@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delin, Geoffrey N. 0000-0001-7991-6158 delin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-6158","contributorId":2610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"Geoffrey","email":"delin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":5063,"text":"Central Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034814,"text":"70034814 - 2011 - Economic resilience lessons from the ShakeOut earthquake scenario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T22:23:05","indexId":"70034814","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economic resilience lessons from the ShakeOut earthquake scenario","docAbstract":"Following a damaging earthquake, “business interruption” (BI)—reduced production of goods and services—begins and continues long after the ground shaking stops. Economic resilience reduces BI losses by making the best use of the resources available at a given point in time (static resilience) or by speeding recovery through repair and reconstruction (dynamic resilience), in contrast to mitigation that prevents damage in the first place. Economic resilience is an important concept to incorporate into economic loss modeling and in recovery and contingency planning. Economic resilience framework includes the applicability of resilience strategies to production inputs and output, demand- and supply-side effects, inherent and adaptive abilities, and levels of the economy. We use our resilience framework to organize and share strategies that enhance economic resilience, identify overlooked resilience strategies, and present evidence and structure of resilience strategies for economic loss modelers. Numerous resilience strategies are compiled from stakeholder discussions about the ShakeOut Scenario (Jones et. al. 2008). Modeled results of ShakeOut BI sector losses reveal variable effectiveness of resilience strategies for lengthy disruptions caused by fire-damaged buildings and water service outages. Resilience is a complement to mitigation and may, in fact, have cost and all-hazards advantages.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"EERI","doi":"10.1193/1.3582849","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Wein, A., and Rose, A., 2011, Economic resilience lessons from the ShakeOut earthquake scenario: Earthquake Spectra, v. 27, no. 2, p. 559-573, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3582849.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"573","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":215991,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3582849"},{"id":243830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a058ce4b0c8380cd50e3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wein, A.","contributorId":53177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wein","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, A.","contributorId":6689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034812,"text":"70034812 - 2011 - Coherence of river and ocean conditions along the US West Coast during storms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-15T18:27:35.003239","indexId":"70034812","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coherence of river and ocean conditions along the US West Coast during storms","docAbstract":"<p><span>The majority of water and sediment discharge from the small, mountainous watersheds of the US West Coast occurs during and immediately following winter storms. The physical conditions (waves, currents, and winds) within and acting upon the proximal coastal ocean during these winter storms strongly influence dispersal patterns. We examined this river–ocean temporal coherence for four coastal river–shelf systems of the US West Coast (Umpqua, Eel, Salinas, and Santa Clara) to evaluate whether specific ocean conditions occur during floods that may influence coastal dispersal of sediment. Eleven years of corresponding river discharge, wind, and wave data were obtained for each river–shelf system from USGS and NOAA historical records, and each record was evaluated for seasonal and event-based patterns. Because near-bed shear stresses due to waves influence sediment resuspension and transport, we used spectral wave data to compute and evaluate wave-generated bottom-orbital velocities. The highest values of wave energy and discharge for all four systems were consistently observed between October 15 and March 15, and there were strong latitudinal patterns observed in these data with lower discharge and wave energies in the southernmost systems. During floods we observed patterns of river–ocean coherence that differed from the overall seasonal patterns. For example, downwelling winds generally prevailed during floods in the northern two systems (Umpqua and Eel), whereas winds in the southern systems (Salinas and Santa Clara) were generally downwelling before peak discharge and upwelling after peak discharge. Winds not associated with floods were generally upwelling on all four river–shelf systems. Although there are seasonal variations in river–ocean coherence, waves generally led floods in the three northern systems, while they lagged floods in the Santa Clara. Combined, these observations suggest that there are consistent river–ocean coherence patterns along the US West Coast during winter storms and that these patterns vary substantially with latitude. These results should assist with future evaluations of flood plume formation and sediment fate along this coast.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2011.01.012","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Kniskern, T.A., Warrick, J.A., Farnsworth, K., Wheatcroft, R.A., and Goni, M., 2011, Coherence of river and ocean conditions along the US West Coast during storms: Continental Shelf Research, v. 31, no. 7-8, p. 789-805, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.01.012.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"789","endPage":"805","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215962,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.01.012"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"The Umpqua, Eel, Salinas, and Santa Clara","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.970703125,\n              41.77131167976407\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3671875,\n              42.032974332441405\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.806640625,\n              46.01222384063236\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.92578125,\n              46.01222384063236\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.892578125,\n              41.77131167976407\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.27734374999999,\n              39.70718665682654\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.728515625,\n              36.24427318493909\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.41015624999999,\n              33.94335994657882\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.861328125,\n              33.50475906922609\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.333984375,\n              32.47269502206151\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2578125,\n              32.76880048488168\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2578125,\n              34.813803317113155\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.05859375,\n              39.095962936305476\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.970703125,\n              41.77131167976407\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7a3e4b0c8380cd4cc11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kniskern, T. A.","contributorId":42807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kniskern","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814 jwarrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":167736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan","email":"jwarrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farnsworth, K.L.","contributorId":36746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farnsworth","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wheatcroft, R. A.","contributorId":76503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wheatcroft","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goni, M.A.","contributorId":32347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goni","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034373,"text":"70034373 - 2011 - Implementation and modification of a three-dimensional radiation stress formulation for surf zone and rip-current applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-21T19:47:50.843561","indexId":"70034373","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1262,"text":"Coastal Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implementation and modification of a three-dimensional radiation stress formulation for surf zone and rip-current applications","docAbstract":"<p><span>Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS v 3.0), a three-dimensional numerical ocean model, was previously enhanced for shallow water applications by including wave-induced radiation stress forcing provided through coupling to wave propagation models (SWAN, REF/DIF). This enhancement made it suitable for surf zone applications as demonstrated using examples of obliquely incident waves on a planar beach and rip current formation in longshore bar trough morphology (Haas and Warner, 2009). In this contribution, we present an update to the coupled model which implements a wave roller model and also a modified method of the radiation stress term based on Mellor (2008, 2011a,b,in press) that includes a vertical distribution which better simulates non-conservative (i.e., wave breaking) processes and appears to be more appropriate for sigma coordinates in very shallow waters where wave breaking conditions dominate. The improvements of the modified model are shown through simulations of several cases that include: (a) obliquely incident spectral waves on a planar beach; (b) obliquely incident spectral waves on a natural barred beach (DUCK'94 experiment); (c) alongshore variable offshore wave forcing on a planar beach; (d) alongshore varying bathymetry with constant offshore wave forcing; and (e) nearshore barred morphology with rip-channels. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons to previous analytical, numerical, laboratory studies and field measurements show that the modified model replicates surf zone recirculation patterns (onshore drift at the surface and undertow at the bottom) more accurately than previous formulations based on radiation stress (Haas and Warner, 2009). The results of the model and test cases are further explored for identifying the forces operating in rip current development and the potential implication for sediment transport and rip channel development. Also, model analysis showed that rip current strength is higher when waves approach at angles of 5° to 10° in comparison to normally incident waves.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.06.009","issn":"03783839","usgsCitation":"Kumar, N., Voulgaris, G., and Warner, J., 2011, Implementation and modification of a three-dimensional radiation stress formulation for surf zone and rip-current applications: Coastal Engineering, v. 58, no. 12, p. 1097-1117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.06.009.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1097","endPage":"1117","numberOfPages":"21","ipdsId":"IP-022281","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216589,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.06.009"}],"volume":"58","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a390be4b0c8380cd617a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kumar, N.","contributorId":55227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voulgaris, G.","contributorId":73701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voulgaris","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warner, John C. 0000-0002-3734-8903 jcwarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-8903","contributorId":2681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"John C.","email":"jcwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":445476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034381,"text":"70034381 - 2011 - Gas hydrate saturation from acoustic impedance and resistivity logs in the Shenhu area, south China Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-22T12:01:04.212188","indexId":"70034381","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas hydrate saturation from acoustic impedance and resistivity logs in the Shenhu area, south China Sea","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the China’s first gas hydrate drilling expedition -1 (GMGS-1), gas hydrate was discovered in layers ranging from 10 to 25&nbsp;m above the base of gas hydrate stability zone in the Shenhu area, South China Sea. Water chemistry, electrical resistivity logs, and acoustic impedance were used to estimate gas hydrate saturations. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from the chloride concentrations range from 0 to 43% of the pore space. The higher gas hydrate saturations were present in the depth from 152 to 177&nbsp;m at site SH7 and from 190 to 225&nbsp;m at site SH2, respectively. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from the resistivity using Archie equation have similar trends to those from chloride concentrations. To examine the variability of gas hydrate saturations away from the wells, acoustic impedances calculated from the 3 D seismic data using constrained sparse inversion method were used. Well logs acquired at site SH7 were incorporated into the inversion by establishing a relation between the water-filled porosity, calculated using gas hydrate saturations estimated from the resistivity logs, and the acoustic impedance, calculated from density and velocity logs. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from acoustic impedance of seismic data are ∼10–23% of the pore space and are comparable to those estimated from the well logs. The uncertainties in estimated gas hydrate saturations from seismic acoustic impedances were mainly from uncertainties associated with inverted acoustic impedance, the empirical relation between the water-filled porosities and acoustic impedances, and assumed background resistivity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.07.002","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Wang, X., Wu, S., Lee, M., Guo, Y., Yang, S., and Liang, J., 2011, Gas hydrate saturation from acoustic impedance and resistivity logs in the Shenhu area, south China Sea: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 28, no. 9, p. 1625-1633, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.07.002.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1625","endPage":"1633","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"South China Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              111.62109375,\n              15.728813770533966\n            ],\n            [\n              119.46533203125,\n              15.728813770533966\n            ],\n            [\n              119.46533203125,\n              20.981956742832327\n            ],\n            [\n              111.62109375,\n              20.981956742832327\n            ],\n            [\n              111.62109375,\n              15.728813770533966\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14d0e4b0c8380cd54b9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, X.","contributorId":22076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wu, S.","contributorId":84128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, M.","contributorId":32484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guo, Y.","contributorId":11852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yang, S.","contributorId":13588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liang, J.","contributorId":80069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liang","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70034679,"text":"70034679 - 2011 - Semi-quantitative evaluation of fecal contamination potential by human and ruminant sources using multiple lines of evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-13T20:23:18.698557","indexId":"70034679","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Semi-quantitative evaluation of fecal contamination potential by human and ruminant sources using multiple lines of evidence","docAbstract":"<p><span>Protocols for microbial source tracking of fecal contamination generally are able to identify when a source of contamination is present, but thus far have been unable to evaluate what portion of fecal-indicator bacteria (FIB) came from various sources. A mathematical approach to estimate relative amounts of FIB, such as&nbsp;</span><i>Escherichia coli</i><span>, from various sources based on the concentration and distribution of microbial source tracking markers in feces was developed. The approach was tested using dilute fecal suspensions, then applied as part of an analytical suite to a contaminated headwater stream in the Rocky Mountains (Upper Fountain Creek, Colorado). In one single-source fecal suspension, a source that was not present could not be excluded because of incomplete marker specificity; however, human and ruminant sources were detected whenever they were present. In the mixed-feces suspension (pet and human), the minority contributor (human) was detected at a concentration low enough to preclude human contamination as the dominant source of&nbsp;</span><i>E. coli</i><span>&nbsp;to the sample. Without the semi-quantitative approach described, simple detects of human-associated marker in stream samples would have provided inaccurate evidence that human contamination was a major source of&nbsp;</span><i>E. coli</i><span>&nbsp;to the stream. In samples from Upper Fountain Creek the pattern of&nbsp;</span><i>E. coli</i><span>, general and host-associated microbial source tracking markers, nutrients, and wastewater-associated chemical detections—augmented with local observations and land-use patterns—indicated that, contrary to expectations, birds rather than humans or ruminants were the predominant source of fecal contamination to Upper Fountain Creek. This new approach to&nbsp;</span><i>E. coli</i><span>&nbsp;allocation, validated by a controlled study and tested by application in a relatively simple setting, represents a widely applicable step forward in the field of microbial source tracking of fecal contamination.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.037","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Stoeckel, D.M., Stelzer, E.A., Stogner, and Mau, D.P., 2011, Semi-quantitative evaluation of fecal contamination potential by human and ruminant sources using multiple lines of evidence: Water Research, v. 45, no. 10, p. 3225-3244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.037.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3225","endPage":"3244","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215896,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.037"}],"volume":"45","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d07e4b08c986b318231","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoeckel, D. M.","contributorId":84855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeckel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stelzer, Erin A. 0000-0001-7645-7603 eastelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-7603","contributorId":1933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelzer","given":"Erin","email":"eastelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stogner 0000-0002-3185-1452 rstogner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1452","contributorId":938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","email":"rstogner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":447013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mau, David P. dpmau@usgs.gov","contributorId":457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mau","given":"David","email":"dpmau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":447010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034678,"text":"70034678 - 2011 - Potential effects of alpha-recoil on uranium-series dating of calcrete","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-26T12:53:12","indexId":"70034678","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of alpha-recoil on uranium-series dating of calcrete","docAbstract":"Evaluation of paleosol ages in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, at the time the site of a proposed high-level nuclear waste repository, is important for fault-displacement hazard assessment. Uranium-series isotope data were obtained for surface and subsurface calcrete samples from trenches and boreholes in Midway Valley, Nevada, adjacent to Yucca Mountain. <sup>230</sup>Th/U ages of 33 surface samples range from 1.3 to 423 thousand years (ka) and the back-calculated <sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U initial activity ratios (AR) are relatively constant with a mean value of 1.54 ± 0.15 (1σ), which is consistent with the closed-system behavior. Subsurface calcrete samples are too old to be dated by the <sup>230</sup>Th/U method. U-Pb data for post-pedogenic botryoidal opal from a subsurface calcrete sample show that these subsurface calcrete samples are older than ~ 1.65 million years (Ma), old enough to have attained secular equilibrium had their U-Th systems remained closed. However, subsurface calcrete samples show U-series disequilibrium indicating open-system behavior of <sup>238</sup>U daughter isotopes, in contrast with the surface calcrete, where open-system behavior is not evident. Data for 21 subsurface calcrete samples yielded calculable <sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U model ages ranging from 130 to 1875 ka (assuming an initial AR of 1.54 ± 0.15, the mean value calculated for the surface calcrete samples). A simple model describing continuous α-recoil loss predicts that the <sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U and <sup>230</sup>Th/<sup>238</sup>U ARs reach steady-state values ~ 2 Ma after calcrete formation. Potential effects of open-system behavior on <sup>230</sup>Th/U ages and initial <sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U ARs for younger surface calcrete were estimated using data for old subsurface calcrete samples with the <sup>234</sup>U loss and assuming that the total time of water-rock interaction is the only difference between these soils. The difference between the conventional closed-system and open-system ages may exceed errors of the calculated conventional ages for samples older than ~ 250 ka, but is negligible for younger soils.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.013","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Neymark, L., 2011, Potential effects of alpha-recoil on uranium-series dating of calcrete: Chemical Geology, v. 282, no. 3-4, p. 98-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.013.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"112","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":215895,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.013"},{"id":243730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"282","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ec9e4b0c8380cd7a74d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neymark, L.A. 0000-0003-4190-0278","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":56673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70034674,"text":"70034674 - 2011 - Organic sedimentary deposits in Titan's dry lakebeds: Probable evaporite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-14T11:45:50.24159","indexId":"70034674","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic sedimentary deposits in Titan's dry lakebeds: Probable evaporite","docAbstract":"<p><span>We report the discovery of organic sedimentary deposits at the bottom of dry lakebeds near Titan’s north pole in observations from the&nbsp;</span><i>Cassini</i><span>&nbsp;Visual and Infrared Mapping&nbsp;<a title=\"Learn more about Spectrometer from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/spectrometer\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/spectrometer\">Spectrometer</a>&nbsp;(VIMS). We show evidence that the deposits are evaporitic, making Titan just the third known planetary body with evaporitic processes after Earth and Mars, and is the first that uses a solvent other than water.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2011.08.022","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Barnes, J.W., Bow, J., Schwartz, J., Brown, R.H., Soderblom, J., Hayes, A., Vixie, G., Le Mouelic, S., Rodriguez, S., Sotin, C., Jaumann, R., Stephan, K., Soderblom, L., Clark, R.N., Buratti, B.J., Baines, K.H., and Nicholson, P.D., 2011, Organic sedimentary deposits in Titan's dry lakebeds: Probable evaporite: Icarus, v. 216, no. 1, p. 136-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.08.022.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"216","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6fdae4b0c8380cd75ce2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, J. W.","contributorId":14554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bow, J.","contributorId":94882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bow","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, J.","contributorId":37530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soderblom, J.M.","contributorId":31097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hayes, A. G.","contributorId":31098,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayes","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vixie, G.","contributorId":91325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vixie","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Le Mouélic, Stéphane","contributorId":92786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Le Mouélic","given":"Stéphane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rodriguez, S.","contributorId":54329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Stephan, K.","contributorId":8976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephan","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":446977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}}
,{"id":70036438,"text":"70036438 - 2011 - Age and tectonic setting of the Mesozoic McCoy Mountains Formation in western Arizona, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-11T17:57:40.152919","indexId":"70036438","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and tectonic setting of the Mesozoic McCoy Mountains Formation in western Arizona, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>The McCoy Mountains Formation consists of Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate exposed in an east-west–trending belt in southwestern Arizona and southeastern California. At least three different tectonic settings have been proposed for McCoy deposition, and multiple tectonic settings are likely over the ∼80 m.y. age range of deposition. U-Pb isotopic analysis of 396 zircon sand grains from at or near the top of McCoy sections in the southern Little Harquahala, Granite Wash, New Water, and southern Plomosa Mountains, all in western Arizona, identified only Jurassic or older zircons. A basaltic lava flow near the top of the section in the New Water Mountains yielded a U-Pb zircon date of 154.4 ± 2.1 Ma. Geochemically similar lava flows and sills in the Granite Wash and southern Plomosa Mountains are inferred to be approximately the same age. We interpret these new analyses to indicate that Mesozoic clastic strata in these areas are Upper Jurassic and are broadly correlative with the lowermost McCoy Mountains Formation in the Dome Rock, McCoy, and Palen Mountains farther west. Six samples of numerous Upper Jurassic basaltic sills and lava flows in the McCoy Mountains Formation in the Granite Wash, New Water, and southern Plomosa Mountains yielded initial ε</span><sub>Nd</sub><span>&nbsp;values (at t = 150 Ma) of between +4 and +6. The geochemistry and geochronology of this igneous suite, and detrital-zircon geochronology of the sandstones, support the interpretation that the lower McCoy Mountains Formation was deposited during rifting within the western extension of the Sabinas-Chihuahua-Bisbee rift belt. Abundant 190–240 Ma zircon sand grains were derived from nearby, unidentified Triassic magmatic-arc rocks in areas that were unaffected by younger Jurassic magmatism. A sandstone from the upper McCoy Mountains Formation in the Dome Rock Mountains (Arizona) yielded numerous 80–108 Ma zircon grains and almost no 190–240 Ma grains, revealing a major reorganization in sediment-dispersal pathways and/or modification of source rocks that had occurred by ca. 80 Ma.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B30206.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Spencer, J., Richard, S., Gehrels, G.E., Gleason, J., and Dickinson, W., 2011, Age and tectonic setting of the Mesozoic McCoy Mountains Formation in western Arizona, USA: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, no. 7-8, p. 1258-1274, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30206.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1258","endPage":"1274","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218146,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B30224.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"McCoy Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.13671875,\n              33.17434155100208\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.0712890625,\n              33.17434155100208\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.0712890625,\n              34.05265942137599\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.13671875,\n              34.05265942137599\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.13671875,\n              33.17434155100208\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e3e4b0c8380cd47f4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, J.E.","contributorId":91542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richard, S.M.","contributorId":20376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richard","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gehrels, G. E.","contributorId":9660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehrels","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gleason, J.D.","contributorId":27072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dickinson, W.R.","contributorId":64801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034584,"text":"70034584 - 2011 - Projected evolution of California's San Francisco bay-delta-river system in a century of climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-11T12:15:17","indexId":"70034584","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Projected evolution of California's San Francisco bay-delta-river system in a century of climate change","docAbstract":"Background: Accumulating evidence shows that the planet is warming as a response to human emissions of greenhouse gases. Strategies of adaptation to climate change will require quantitative projections of how altered regional patterns of temperature, precipitation and sea level could cascade to provoke local impacts such as modified water supplies, increasing risks of coastal flooding, and growing challenges to sustainability of native species. Methodology/Principal Findings: We linked a series of models to investigate responses of California's San Francisco Estuary-Watershed (SFEW) system to two contrasting scenarios of climate change. Model outputs for scenarios of fast and moderate warming are presented as 2010-2099 projections of nine indicators of changing climate, hydrology and habitat quality. Trends of these indicators measure rates of: increasing air and water temperatures, salinity and sea level; decreasing precipitation, runoff, snowmelt contribution to runoff, and suspended sediment concentrations; and increasing frequency of extreme environmental conditions such as water temperatures and sea level beyond the ranges of historical observations. Conclusions/Significance: Most of these environmental indicators change substantially over the 21st century, and many would present challenges to natural and managed systems. Adaptations to these changes will require flexible planning to cope with growing risks to humans and the challenges of meeting demands for fresh water and sustaining native biota. Programs of ecosystem rehabilitation and biodiversity conservation in coastal landscapes will be most likely to meet their objectives if they are designed from considerations that include: (1) an integrated perspective that river-estuary systems are influenced by effects of climate change operating on both watersheds and oceans; (2) varying sensitivity among environmental indicators to the uncertainty of future climates; (3) inevitability of biological community changes as responses to cumulative effects of climate change and other drivers of habitat transformations; and (4) anticipation and adaptation to the growing probability of ecosystem regime shifts.","language":"English","publisher":"PLoS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0024465","issn":"19326203","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., Knowles, N., Brown, L.R., Cayan, D.R., Dettinger, M., Morgan, T., Schoellhamer, D., Stacey, M., Van der Wegen, M., Wagner, R., and Jassby, A.D., 2011, Projected evolution of California's San Francisco bay-delta-river system in a century of climate change: PLoS ONE, v. 6, no. 9, e24465, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024465.","productDescription":"e24465, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487226,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024465","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.09631347656249,\n              37.391981943533544\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.87683105468749,\n              37.391981943533544\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.87683105468749,\n              38.302869955150044\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.09631347656249,\n              38.302869955150044\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.09631347656249,\n              37.391981943533544\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ef7e4b0c8380cd7f4c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":446508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":446509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":446510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":146383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morgan, Tara L. 0000-0001-5632-5232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-5232","contributorId":29124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Tara L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":446512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stacey, Mark T.","contributorId":13367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"Mark T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Van der Wegen, Mick","contributorId":191095,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van der Wegen","given":"Mick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wagner, R.W.","contributorId":48784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70036473,"text":"70036473 - 2011 - Effects of dynamically variable saturation and matrix-conduit coupling of flow in karst aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:05","indexId":"70036473","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dynamically variable saturation and matrix-conduit coupling of flow in karst aquifers","docAbstract":"Well-developed karst aquifers consist of highly conductive conduits and a relatively low permeability fractured and/or porous rock matrix and therefore behave as a dual-hydraulic system. Groundwater flow within highly permeable strata is rapid and transient and depends on local flow conditions, i.e., pressurized or nonpressurized flow. The characterization of karst aquifers is a necessary and challenging task because information about hydraulic and spatial conduit properties is poorly defined or unknown. To investigate karst aquifers, hydraulic stresses such as large recharge events can be simulated with hybrid (coupled discrete continuum) models. Since existing hybrid models are simplifications of the system dynamics, a new karst model (ModBraC) is presented that accounts for unsteady and nonuniform discrete flow in variably saturated conduits employing the Saint-Venant equations. Model performance tests indicate that ModBraC is able to simulate (1) unsteady and nonuniform flow in variably filled conduits, (2) draining and refilling of conduits with stable transition between free-surface and pressurized flow and correct storage representation, (3) water exchange between matrix and variably filled conduits, and (4) discharge routing through branched and intermeshed conduit networks. Subsequently, ModBraC is applied to an idealized catchment to investigate the significance of free-surface flow representation. A parameter study is conducted with two different initial conditions: (1) pressurized flow and (2) free-surface flow. If free-surface flow prevails, the systems is characterized by (1) a time lag for signal transmission, (2) a typical spring discharge pattern representing the transition from pressurized to free-surface flow, and (3) a reduced conduit-matrix interaction during free-surface flow. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2011WR010446","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Reimann, T., Geyer, T., Shoemaker, W., Liedl, R., and Sauter, M., 2011, Effects of dynamically variable saturation and matrix-conduit coupling of flow in karst aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 47, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010446.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475272,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr010446","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":218178,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010446"},{"id":246163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06d8e4b0c8380cd5143c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimann, Thomas","contributorId":45536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimann","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geyer, T.","contributorId":87791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geyer","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shoemaker, W.B. 0000-0002-7680-377X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7680-377X","contributorId":51889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liedl, R.","contributorId":52825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedl","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sauter, M.","contributorId":32384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauter","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034573,"text":"70034573 - 2011 - Mercury export from the Yukon River Basin and potential response to a changing climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-15T10:02:09","indexId":"70034573","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury export from the Yukon River Basin and potential response to a changing climate","docAbstract":"<p><span>We measured mercury (Hg) concentrations and calculated export and yield from the Yukon River Basin (YRB) to quantify Hg flux from a large, permafrost-dominated, high-latitude watershed. Exports of Hg averaged 4400 kg Hg yr</span><sup>–1</sup><span>. The average annual yield for the YRB during the study period was 5.17 μg m</span><sup>–2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>yr</span><sup>–1</sup><span>, which is 3–32 times more than Hg yields reported for 8 other major northern hemisphere river basins. The vast majority (90%) of Hg export is associated with particulates. Half of the annual export of Hg occurred during the spring with about 80% of 34 samples exceeding the U.S. EPA Hg standard for adverse chronic effects to biota. Dissolved and particulate organic carbon exports explained 81% and 50%, respectively, of the variance in Hg exports, and both were significantly (</span><i>p</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.001) correlated with water discharge. Recent measurements indicate that permafrost contains a substantial reservoir of Hg. Consequently, climate warming will likely accelerate the mobilization of Hg from thawing permafrost increasing the export of organic carbon associated Hg and thus potentially exacerbating the production of bioavailable methylmercury from permafrost-dominated northern river basins.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es202068b","usgsCitation":"Schuster, P.F., Striegl, R.G., Aiken, G.R., Krabbenhoft, D., Dewild, J.F., Butler, K., Kamark, B., and Dornblaser, M., 2011, Mercury export from the Yukon River Basin and potential response to a changing climate: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 45, no. 21, p. 9262-9267, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202068b.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"9262","endPage":"9267","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":381,"text":"Mercury Research Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5404e4b0c8380cd6ce66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuster, P. F.","contributorId":117616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":513990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, G. R.","contributorId":118978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":118001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David P.","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":513988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dewild, J. F.","contributorId":119858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewild","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Butler, K.","contributorId":73842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kamark, B.","contributorId":83758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamark","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dornblaser, M.","contributorId":39605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dornblaser","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
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