{"pageNumber":"752","pageRowStart":"18775","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68924,"records":[{"id":70034327,"text":"70034327 - 2011 - High-precision measurement of variations in calcium isotope ratios in urine by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-14T01:01:39","indexId":"70034327","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-precision measurement of variations in calcium isotope ratios in urine by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"We describe a new chemical separation method to isolate Ca from other matrix elements in biological samples, developed with the long-term goal of making high-precision measurement of natural stable Ca isotope variations a clinically applicable tool to assess bone mineral balance. A new two-column procedure utilizing HBr achieves the purity required to accurately and precisely measure two Ca isotope ratios (<sup>44</sup>Ca/<sup>42</sup>Ca and <sup>44</sup>Ca/<sup>43</sup>Ca) on a Neptune multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICPMS) in urine. Purification requirements for Sr, Ti, and K (Ca/Sr &gt; 10000; Ca/Ti &gt; 10000000; and Ca/K &gt; 10) were determined by addition of these elements to Ca standards of known isotopic composition. Accuracy was determined by (1) comparing Ca isotope results for samples and standards to published data obtained using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), (2) adding a Ca standard of known isotopic composition to a urine sample purified of Ca, and (3) analyzing mixtures of urine samples and standards in varying proportions. The accuracy and precision of &delta;<sup>44/42</sup>Ca measurements of purified samples containing 25 &mu;g of Ca can be determined with typical errors less than &plusmn;0.2&permil; (2&sigma;).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C","doi":"10.1021/ac200361t","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J., Gordon, G., Arrua, R., Skulan, J., Anbar, A., and Bullen, T., 2011, High-precision measurement of variations in calcium isotope ratios in urine by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 83, no. 18, p. 6956-6962, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac200361t.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"6956","endPage":"6962","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":628,"text":"Water Resources Discipline","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216825,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac200361t"},{"id":244720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30f2e4b0c8380cd5dac3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J.L.L.","contributorId":75785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, G.W.","contributorId":76971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arrua, R.C.","contributorId":50011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arrua","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Skulan, J.L.","contributorId":13064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skulan","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anbar, A.D.","contributorId":36365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anbar","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70034079,"text":"70034079 - 2011 - Secondary chaotic terrain formation in the higher outflow channels of southern circum-Chryse, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:45","indexId":"70034079","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Secondary chaotic terrain formation in the higher outflow channels of southern circum-Chryse, Mars","docAbstract":"Higher outflow channel dissection in the martian region of southern circum-Chryse appears to have extended from the Late Hesperian to the Middle Amazonian Epoch. These outflow channels were excavated within the upper 1. km of the cryolithosphere, where no liquid water is expected to have existed during these geologic epochs. In accordance with previous work, our examination of outflow channel floor morphologies suggests the upper crust excavated by the studied outflow channels consisted of a thin (a few tens of meters) layer of dry geologic materials overlying an indurated zone that extends to the bases of the investigated outflow channels (1. km in depth). We find that the floors of these outflow channels contain widespread secondary chaotic terrains (i.e., chaotic terrains produced by the destruction of channel-floor materials). These chaotic terrains occur within the full range of outflow channel dissection and tend to form clusters. Our examination of the geology of these chaotic terrains suggests that their formation did not result in the generation of floods. Nevertheless, despite their much smaller dimensions, these chaotic terrains are comprised of the same basic morphologic elements (e.g., mesas, knobs, and smooth deposits within scarp-bound depressions) as those located in the initiation zones of the outflow channels, which suggests that their formation must have involved the release of ground volatiles. We propose that these chaotic terrains developed not catastrophically but gradually and during multiple episodes of nested surface collapse. In order to explain the formation of secondary chaotic terrains within zones of outflow channel dissection, we propose that the regional Martian cryolithosphere contained widespread lenses of volatiles in liquid form. In this model, channel floor collapse and secondary chaotic terrain formation would have taken place as a consequence of instabilities arising during their exhumation by outflow channel dissection. Within relatively warm upper crustal materials in volcanic settings, or within highly saline crustal materials where cryopegs developed, lenses of volatiles in liquid form within the cryolithosphere could have formed, and/or remained stable.In addition, our numerical simulations suggest that low thermal conductivity, dry fine-grained porous geologic materials just a few tens of meters in thickness (e.g., dunes, sand sheets, some types of regolith materials), could have produced high thermal anomalies resulting in subsurface melting. The existence of a global layer of dry geologic materials overlying the cryolithosphere would suggest that widespread lenses of fluids existed (and may still exist) at shallow depths wherever these materials are fine-grained and porous. The surface ages of the investigated outflow channels and chaotic terrains span a full 500 to 700. Myr. Chaotic terrains similar in dimensions and morphology to secondary chaotic terrains are not observed conspicuously throughout the surface of Mars, suggesting that intra-cryolithospheric fluid lenses may form relatively stable systems. The existence of widespread groundwater lenses at shallow depths of burial has tremendous implications for exobiological studies and future human exploration. We find that the clear geomorphologic anomaly that the chaotic terrains and outflow channels of southern Chryse form within the Martian landscape could have been a consequence of large-scale resurfacing resulting from anomalously extensive subsurface melt in this region of the planet produced by high concentrations of salts within the regional upper crust. Crater count statistics reveal that secondary chaotic terrains and the outflow channels within which they occur have overlapping ages, suggesting that the instabilities leading to their formation rapidly dissipated, perhaps as the thickness of the cryolithosphere was reset following the disruption of the upper crustal thermal structure produced during outflow channel ex","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2010.09.027","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J., Kargel, J., Tanaka, K.L., Crown, D., Berman, D., Fairen, A., Baker, V., Furfaro, R., Candelaria, P., and Sasaki, S., 2011, Secondary chaotic terrain formation in the higher outflow channels of southern circum-Chryse, Mars: Icarus, v. 213, no. 1, p. 150-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.09.027.","startPage":"150","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216543,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.09.027"}],"volume":"213","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8919e4b08c986b316d16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, J.A.P.","contributorId":55948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"J.A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crown, D.A.","contributorId":107918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crown","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berman, D.C.","contributorId":82557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fairen, A.G.","contributorId":25335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairen","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Baker, V.R.","contributorId":47079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Furfaro, R.","contributorId":92887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furfaro","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Candelaria, P.","contributorId":63647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Candelaria","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sasaki, S.","contributorId":78534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasaki","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70046369,"text":"70046369 - 2011 - Land cover classification for Fanno Creek, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-10T14:39:26","indexId":"70046369","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Land cover classification for Fanno Creek, Oregon","docAbstract":"Fanno Creek is a tributary to the Tualatin River and flows though parts of the southwest Portland metropolitan area. The stream is heavily influenced by urban runoff and shows characteristic flashy streamflow and poor water quality commonly associated with urban streams. This data set represents the floodplain land cover as derived from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and aerial photographic imagery. The land cover classifications represent current conditions (2009).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70046369","usgsCitation":"Sobieszczyk, S., 2011, Land cover classification for Fanno Creek, Oregon, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/70046369.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273559,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273558,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/fannoCk_lndcvr_09.xml"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -129.351779,39.745375 ], [ -129.351779,55.265926 ], [ -109.448056,55.265926 ], [ -109.448056,39.745375 ], [ -129.351779,39.745375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b6f569e4b0097a7158e5cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sobieszczyk, Steven 0000-0002-0834-8437 ssobie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0834-8437","contributorId":885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobieszczyk","given":"Steven","email":"ssobie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70034816,"text":"70034816 - 2011 - Biogeochemical factors affecting the presence of <sup>210</sup>Po in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-15T18:16:52","indexId":"70034816","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical factors affecting the presence of <sup>210</sup>Po in groundwater","docAbstract":"The discovery of natural <sup>210</sup>Po enrichment at levels exceeding 500 mBq/L in numerous domestic wells in northern Nevada, USA, led to a geochemical investigation of the processes responsible for its mobilization. <sup>210</sup>Po activities in 63 domestic and public-supply wells ranged from below 1 mBq/L to 6590 ± 590 mBq/L, among the highest reported levels in the USA. There is little spatial or depth variability in 210Pb activity in study-area sediments and mobilization of a few percent of the <sup>210</sup>Po in the sediments would account for all of the <sup>210</sup>Po in water. Stable-isotope measurements indicate SO<sub>4</sub> reduction has occurred in all <sup>210</sup>Po contaminated wells. Sulfide species are not accumulating in the groundwater in much of Lahontan Valley, probably because of S cycling involving microbial SO<sub>4</sub> reduction, abiotic oxidation of H<sub>2</sub>S to S<sup>0</sup> by Mn(IV), followed by microbial disproportionation of S<sup>0</sup> to H<sub>2</sub>S and SO<sub>4</sub>. The high pH, Ca depletion, MnCO3 saturation, and presence of S<sup>0</sup> in Lahontan Valley groundwater may be consequences of the anaerobic S cycling. Consistent with data from naturally-enriched wells in Florida, <sup>210</sup>Po activities begin to decrease when aqueous sulfide species begin to accumulate. This may be due to formation and precipitation of PoS, however, Eh–pH diagrams suggest PoS would not be stable in study-area groundwater. An alternative explanation for the study area is that H<sub>2</sub>S accumulation begins when anaerobic S cycling stops because Mn oxides are depleted and their reduction is no longer releasing <sup>210</sup>Po. Common features of <sup>210</sup>Po-enriched groundwater were identified by comparing the radiological and geochemical data from Nevada with data from naturally-enriched wells in Finland, and Florida and Maryland in the USA. Values of pH ranged from <5 in Florida wells to >9 in Nevada wells, indicating that pH is not critical in determining whether <sup>210</sup>Po is present. Where U is present in the sediments, the data suggest <sup>210</sup>Po levels may be elevated in aquifers with (1) SO<sub>4</sub>-reducing waters with low H<sub>2</sub>S concentrations, or (2) anoxic or oxic waters with extremely high Rn activities, particularly if the water is turbid.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.011","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Seiler, R.L., Stillings, L., Cutler, N., Salonen, L., and Outola, I., 2011, Biogeochemical factors affecting the presence of <sup>210</sup>Po in groundwater: Applied Geochemistry, v. 26, no. 4, p. 526-539, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.011.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"526","endPage":"539","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216022,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.011"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f152e4b0c8380cd4abba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stillings, L.L.","contributorId":52229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stillings","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cutler, N.","contributorId":86992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutler","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Salonen, L.","contributorId":76568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salonen","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Outola, I.","contributorId":21783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outola","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034734,"text":"70034734 - 2011 - The shakeout scenario: Meeting the needs for construction aggregates, asphalt, and concrete","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-30T12:18:55.523379","indexId":"70034734","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The shakeout scenario: Meeting the needs for construction aggregates, asphalt, and concrete","docAbstract":"<p><span>An M</span><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;7.8 earthquake as described in the ShakeOut Scenario would cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. Over 6 million tons of newly mined aggregate would be used for emergency repairs and for reconstruction in the five years following the event. This aggregate would be applied mostly in the form of concrete for buildings and bridges, asphalt or concrete for pavement, and unbound gravel for applications such as base course that goes under highway pavement and backfilling for foundations and pipelines. There are over 450 aggregate, concrete, and asphalt plants in the affected area, some of which would be heavily damaged. Meeting the increased demand for construction materials would require readily available permitted reserves, functioning production facilities, a supply of cement and asphalt, a source of water, gas, and electricity, and a trained workforce. Prudent advance preparations would facilitate a timely emergency response and reconstruction following such an earthquake.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Journals","doi":"10.1193/1.3570679","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Langer, W.H., 2011, The shakeout scenario: Meeting the needs for construction aggregates, asphalt, and concrete: Earthquake Spectra, v. 27, no. 2, p. 505-520, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3570679.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"520","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb025e4b08c986b324c67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langer, W. H.","contributorId":44932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70036732,"text":"70036732 - 2011 - Holocene record of precipitation seasonality from lake calcite δ<sup>18</sup>O in the central Rocky Mountains, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-22T20:03:48.879383","indexId":"70036732","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene record of precipitation seasonality from lake calcite δ<sup>18</sup>O in the central Rocky Mountains, United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>A context for recent hydroclimatic extremes and variability is provided by a ∼10 k.y. sediment carbonate oxygen isotope (δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O) record at 5–100 yr resolution from Bison Lake, 3255 m above sea level, in northwestern Colorado (United States). Winter precipitation is the primary water source for the alpine headwater lake in the Upper Colorado River Basin and lake water δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O measurements reflect seasonal variations in precipitation δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O. Holocene lake water δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O variations are inferred from endogenic sedimentary calcite δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O based on comparisons with historic watershed discharge records and tree-ring reconstructions. Drought periods (i.e., drier winters and/or a more rain-dominated seasonal precipitation balance) generally correspond with higher calcite δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values, and vice-versa. Early to middle Holocene δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values are higher, implying a rain-dominated seasonal precipitation balance. Lower, more variable δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values after ca. 3500 yr ago indicate a snow-dominated but more seasonally variable precipitation balance. The middle to late Holocene δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O record corresponds with records of El Niño Southern Oscillation intensification that supports a teleconnection between Rocky Mountain climate and North Pacific sea-surface temperatures at decade to century time scales.</span></p>","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G31575.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Anderson, L., 2011, Holocene record of precipitation seasonality from lake calcite δ<sup>18</sup>O in the central Rocky Mountains, United States: Geology, v. 39, no. 3, p. 211-214, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31575.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"214","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217534,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G31575.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Bison Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.35020160675047,\n              39.762548108057686\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.35020160675047,\n              39.767743695471715\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.34217643737793,\n              39.767743695471715\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.34217643737793,\n              39.762548108057686\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.35020160675047,\n              39.762548108057686\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31eee4b0c8380cd5e37b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Lesleigh 0000-0002-5264-089X land@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5264-089X","contributorId":436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Lesleigh","email":"land@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70035430,"text":"70035430 - 2011 - <i>Mysis diluviana</i> population and cohort dynamics in Lake Ontario before and after the establishment of <i>Dreissena</i> spp., <i>Cercopagis pengoi</i>, and <i>Bythotrephes longimanus</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-31T15:27:23","indexId":"70035430","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"<i>Mysis diluviana</i> population and cohort dynamics in Lake Ontario before and after the establishment of <i>Dreissena</i> spp., <i>Cercopagis pengoi</i>, and <i>Bythotrephes longimanus</i>","docAbstract":"We investigated population responses of <i>Mysis</i> to ecosystem changes induced by invasion of dreissenids and predatory cladocerans, <i>Cercopagis</i> and <i>Bythotrephes</i>. Lake productivity declined as dreissenids invaded the offshore region. Whole-lake mysid biomass was compared before (early 1990s) and after (2002–2007) the invasion period; it declined 40%–45%. Abundance of young mysids and presence of a summer cohort increased with summer, epilmnetic, nighttime zooplankton biomass (i.e., food biomass index). <i>Cercopagis</i> + <i>Bythotrephes</i> biomass was negatively correlated with this index, implicating them in the mysid decline. Eggs per gravid female increased with autumn, total-water-column zooplankton biomass, reflecting the greater use of hypolimnetic waters by adults. Reproductive success was below replacement during the period 2002–2005. First-year mysid growth rate was maintained while population abundance declined, suggesting selection for individuals that feed effectively at low food concentrations. Mortality rates in the first and second years were dependent on cohort density, indicating that competition for food limited abundance in the first 2 years. Fish predation indices (smelt and alewife combined) were correlated positively with mortality rates and negatively with abundance in the third year. Thus, mysids cannot support as many fish in invaded compared with non-invaded lakes. They may also not be a stable food resource; unusual cohort losses occurred in some years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ontario","doi":"10.1139/f2011-028","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Johannsson, O.E., Bowen, K.L., Holeck, K.T., and Walsh, M.G., 2011, <i>Mysis diluviana</i> population and cohort dynamics in Lake Ontario before and after the establishment of <i>Dreissena</i> spp., <i>Cercopagis pengoi</i>, and <i>Bythotrephes longimanus</i>: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 68, no. 5, p. 795-811, https://doi.org/10.1139/f2011-028.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"811","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":215408,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-028"},{"id":243211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada;United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.0,43.17 ], [ -80.0,44.36 ], [ -76.0,44.36 ], [ -76.0,43.17 ], [ -80.0,43.17 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"68","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60f1e4b0c8380cd71770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johannsson, Ora E.","contributorId":25527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johannsson","given":"Ora","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowen, Kelly L.","contributorId":38382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowen","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holeck, Kristen T.","contributorId":105549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holeck","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walsh, Maureen G.","contributorId":92506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Maureen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035752,"text":"70035752 - 2011 - Field observations onsSelectivet tidal-stream transport for postlarval and juvenile pink shrimp in florida bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-10T21:11:49.976243","indexId":"70035752","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2235,"text":"Journal of Crustacean Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field observations onsSelectivet tidal-stream transport for postlarval and juvenile pink shrimp in florida bay","docAbstract":"<p><span>Postlarvae and juveniles of pink shrimp were collected in the summers of 2005 and 2006 at three stations in northwestern Florida Bay, the main nursery ground of this species in South Florida. Collections were made at one- or two-hour intervals during three full moon nights and two new moon nights at depth intervals in the water column. Results of the five collections were consistent with the assumption that postlarvae use a flood-tide transport (FTT) to advance into the estuary by ascending in the water column during the dark-flood tide and resting near the bottom during the ebb tide. Evidence of a FTT were higher numbers of postlarvae per hour collected during the flood tide vs. ebb tide and the large number of postlarvae collected with highest velocity flood tide currents. ANOVA indicated significant differences in the number of postlarvae collected between tidal stages and moon phases, but not among depths. Postlarvae were more abundant during new moon than full moon. We also found different patterns of postlarval distribution between the new and full moon. During the new moon, a large peak of postlarvae occurred coincident with highest current speeds, whereas, with one exception, during the full moon postlarvae were more abundant in the second half of the flood period near the slack tide. In contrast, juveniles exhibited a behavior and migratory pattern opposite to that of postlarvae. ANOVA indicated significant differences between the number of juveniles captured between tidal stages and among depths, but not between moon phases. Juveniles were found almost exclusively near the surface on the ebb tide. Significantly larger juveniles were captured on the dark-ebb rather than on the dark-flood tide during both moon phases, suggesting that older juveniles were leaving the Bay on the ebb tide.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1651/10-3291.1","issn":"02780372","usgsCitation":"Criales, M.M., Robblee, M.B., Browder, J.A., Cardenas, H., and Jackson, T.L., 2011, Field observations onsSelectivet tidal-stream transport for postlarval and juvenile pink shrimp in florida bay: Journal of Crustacean Biology, v. 31, no. 1, p. 26-33, https://doi.org/10.1651/10-3291.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475162,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1651/10-3291.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216076,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1651/10-3291.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.068115234375,\n              24.98107885823501\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.57373046875,\n              24.98107885823501\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.57373046875,\n              25.120419105501256\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.068115234375,\n              25.120419105501256\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.068115234375,\n              24.98107885823501\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fcce4b0c8380cd53a10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Criales, Maria M.","contributorId":69330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Criales","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12565,"text":"Rosenstiel School of Atomospheric Science, University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":452193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robblee, Michael B. mike_robblee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"Michael","email":"mike_robblee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":452192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Browder, Joan A.","contributorId":7439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browder","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cardenas, H.","contributorId":11411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardenas","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jackson, Thomas L.","contributorId":93667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034271,"text":"70034271 - 2011 - Peat Formation Processes Through the Millennia in Tidal Marshes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:45","indexId":"70034271","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peat Formation Processes Through the Millennia in Tidal Marshes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine peat formation processes throughout the millennia in four tidal marshes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Peat cores collected at each site were analyzed for bulk density, loss on ignition, and percent organic carbon. Core data and spline fit age-depth models were used to estimate inorganic sedimentation, organic accumulation, and carbon sequestration rates in the marshes. Bulk density and percent organic matter content of peat fluctuated through time at all sites, suggesting that peat formation processes are dynamic and responsive to watershed conditions. The balance between inorganic sedimentation and organic accumulation at the sites also varied through time, indicating that marshes may rely more strongly on either inorganic or organic matter for peat formation at particular times in their existence. Mean carbon sequestration rates found in this study (0. 38-0. 79 Mg C ha-1 year-1) were similar to other long-term estimates for temperate peatlands. ?? 2011 Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation (outside the USA).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries and Coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s12237-011-9393-7","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Drexler, J., 2011, Peat Formation Processes Through the Millennia in Tidal Marshes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 34, no. 5, p. 900-911, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9393-7.","startPage":"900","endPage":"911","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216972,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9393-7"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a761ae4b0c8380cd77f0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drexler, J.Z. 0000-0002-0127-3866","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-3866","contributorId":54766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drexler","given":"J.Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70036287,"text":"70036287 - 2011 - Seasonal dripwater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca variations driven by cave ventilation: Implications for and modeling of speleothem paleoclimate records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-20T17:23:05.694442","indexId":"70036287","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal dripwater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca variations driven by cave ventilation: Implications for and modeling of speleothem paleoclimate records","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 4-year study in a central Texas cave quantifies multiple mechanisms that control dripwater composition and how these mechanisms vary at different drip sites. We monitored cave-air compositions, in situ calcite growth, dripwater composition and drip rate every 4–6</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>weeks. Three groups of drip sites are delineated (Groups 1–3) based on geochemical variations in dripwater composition. Quantitative modeling of mineral-solution reactions within the host carbonate rock and cave environments is used to identify mechanisms that can account for variations in dripwater compositions. The covariation of Mg/Ca (and Sr/Ca) and Sr isotopes is key in delineating whether Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca variations are dictated by water–rock interaction (i.e., calcite or dolomite recrystallization) or prior calcite precipitation (PCP). Group 1 dripwater compositions reflects a narrow range of the extent of water–rock interaction followed by varying amounts of prior calcite precipitation (PCP). Group 2 dripwater compositions are controlled by varying amounts of water–rock interaction with little to no PCP influence. Group 3 dripwater compositions are dictated by variable extents of both water–rock interaction and PCP. Group 1 drip sites show seasonal variations in dripwater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca, whereas the other drip sites do not. In contrast to the findings of most previous dripwater Mg/Ca–Sr/Ca studies, these seasonal variations (at Group 1 drip sites) are independent of changes in water flux (i.e., rainfall and/or drip rate), and instead significantly correlate with changes in cave-air CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;concentrations. These results are consistent with lower cave-air CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>, related to cool season ventilation of the cave atmosphere, enhancing calcite precipitation and leading to dripwater geochemical evolution via PCP. Group 1 dripwater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca seasonality and evidence for PCP as a mechanism that can account for that seasonality, have two implications for many other regions where seasonal ventilation of caves is likely: (1) speleothem trace-element records may provide seasonal signals, and (2) such records may be biased toward recording climate conditions during the season when calcite is depositing. Additionally, we use our results to construct a forward model that illustrates the types of speleothem Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca variations that would result from varying controls on dripwater compositions. The model provides a basis for interpreting paleo-dripwater controls from high frequency Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca variations for speleothems from caves at which long term monitoring studies are not feasible.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2011.03.025","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Wong, C., Banner, J., and Musgrove, M., 2011, Seasonal dripwater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca variations driven by cave ventilation: Implications for and modeling of speleothem paleoclimate records: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 75, no. 12, p. 3514-3529, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.03.025.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3514","endPage":"3529","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218310,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.03.025"}],"volume":"75","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b889ae4b08c986b316a60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, C.I.","contributorId":98574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banner, J.L.","contributorId":95683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banner","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musgrove, MaryLynn 0000-0003-1607-3864","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-3864","contributorId":223710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"MaryLynn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70173543,"text":"70173543 - 2011 - Characterization of winter foraging locations of Adélie penguins along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 2001–2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-14T15:14:11","indexId":"70173543","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of winter foraging locations of Adélie penguins along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 2001–2002","docAbstract":"<p><span>In accord with the hypotheses driving the Southern Ocean Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (SO GLOBEC) program, we tested the hypothesis that the winter foraging ecology of a major top predator in waters off the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), the Ad&eacute;lie penguin (</span><i>Pygoscelis adeliae</i><span>), is constrained by oceanographic features related to the physiography of the region. This hypothesis grew from the supposition that breeding colonies in the WAP during summer are located adjacent to areas of complex bathymetry where circulation and upwelling processes appear to ensure predictable food resources. Therefore, we tested the additional hypothesis that these areas continue to contribute to the foraging strategy of this species throughout the non-breeding winter season. We used satellite telemetry data collected as part of the SO GLOBEC program during the austral winters of 2001 and 2002 to characterize individual penguin foraging locations in relation to bathymetry, sea ice variability within the pack ice, and wind velocity and divergence (as a proxy for potential areas with cracks and leads). We also explored differences between males and females in core foraging area overlap. Ocean depth was the most influential variable in the determination of foraging location, with most birds focusing their effort on shallow (&lt;200&nbsp;m) waters near land and on mixed-layer (200&ndash;500&nbsp;m) waters near the edge of deep troughs. Within-ice variability and wind (as a proxy for potential areas with cracks and leads) were not found to be influential variables, which is likely because of the low resolution satellite imagery and model outputs that were available. Throughout the study period, all individuals maintained a core foraging area separated from other individuals with very little overlap. However, from a year with light sea ice to one with heavy ice cover (2001&ndash;2002), we observed an increase in the overlap of individual female foraging areas with those of other birds, likely due to restricted access to the water column, reduced prey abundance, or higher prey concentration. Male birds maintained separate core foraging areas with the same small amount of overlap, showing no difference in overlap between the years. While complex bathymetry was an important physical variable influencing the Ad&eacute;lie penguin's foraging, the analysis of sea ice data of a higher resolution than was available for this study may help elucidate the role of sea ice in affecting Ad&eacute;lie penguin winter foraging behavior within the pack ice.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.054","usgsCitation":"Erdmann, E.S., Ribic, C., Patterson-Fraser, D.L., and Fraser, W., 2011, Characterization of winter foraging locations of Adélie penguins along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 2001–2002: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 58, no. 13-16, p. 1710-1718, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.054.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1710","endPage":"1718","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-013811","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323602,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.73828125,\n              -74.86788912917916\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73828125,\n              -62.34960927573042\n            ],\n            [\n              -55.72265625,\n              -62.34960927573042\n            ],\n            [\n              -55.72265625,\n              -74.86788912917916\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73828125,\n              -74.86788912917916\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"13-16","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57612aaee4b04f417c2ce48a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erdmann, Eric S.","contributorId":97743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdmann","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ribic, Christine 0000-0003-2583-1778 caribic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":147952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"Christine","email":"caribic@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patterson-Fraser, Donna L.","contributorId":84726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson-Fraser","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fraser, William R.","contributorId":94277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraser","given":"William R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034268,"text":"70034268 - 2011 - Challenges of using electrical resistivity method to locate karst conduits-A field case in the Inner Bluegrass Region, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:45","indexId":"70034268","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Challenges of using electrical resistivity method to locate karst conduits-A field case in the Inner Bluegrass Region, Kentucky","docAbstract":"Conduits serve as major pathways for groundwater flow in karst aquifers. Locating them from the surface, however, is one of the most challenging tasks in karst research. Geophysical methods are often deployed to help locate voids by mapping variations of physical properties of the subsurface. Conduits can cause significant contrasts of some physical properties that can be detected; other subsurface features such as water-bearing fractures often yield similar contrasts, which are difficult to distinguish from the effects of the conduits. This study used electrical resistivity method to search for an unmapped karst conduit that recharges Royal Spring in the Inner Bluegrass karst region, Kentucky, USA. Three types of resistivity techniques (surface 2D survey, quasi-3D survey, and time-lapse survey) were used to map and characterize resistivity anomalies. Some of the major anomalies were selected as drilling targets to verify the existence of the conduits. Drilling near an anomaly identified by an electrical resistivity profile resulted in successful penetration of a major water-filled conduit. The drilling results also suggest that, in this study area, low resistivity anomalies in general are associated with water-bearing features. However, differences in the anomaly signals between the water-filled conduit and other water-bearing features such as water-filled fracture zones were undistinguishable. The electrical resistivity method is useful in conduit detection by providing potential drilling targets. Knowledge of geology and hydrogeology about the site and professional judgment also played important roles in locating the major conduit. ?? 2011 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.08.009","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Zhu, J., Currens, J., and Dinger, J., 2011, Challenges of using electrical resistivity method to locate karst conduits-A field case in the Inner Bluegrass Region, Kentucky: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 75, no. 3, p. 523-530, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.08.009.","startPage":"523","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216912,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.08.009"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3fce4b0c8380cd4ba82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhu, J.","contributorId":6289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Currens, J.C.","contributorId":72036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currens","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dinger, J.S.","contributorId":64416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinger","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036580,"text":"70036580 - 2011 - Pore fluid geochemistry from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-29T20:00:43.658435","indexId":"70036580","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pore fluid geochemistry from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope","docAbstract":"<p><span>The BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well was drilled and cored from 606.5 to 760.1</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m on the North Slope of Alaska, to evaluate the occurrence, distribution and formation of gas hydrate in sediments below the base of the ice-bearing permafrost. Both the dissolved chloride and the isotopic composition of the water co-vary in the gas hydrate-bearing zones, consistent with gas hydrate dissociation during core recovery, and they provide independent indicators to constrain the zone of gas hydrate occurrence. Analyses of chloride and water isotope data indicate that an observed increase in salinity towards the top of the cored section reflects the presence of residual fluids from ion exclusion during ice formation at the base of the permafrost layer. These salinity changes are the main factor controlling major and minor ion distributions in the Mount Elbert Well. The resulting background chloride can be simulated with a one-dimensional diffusion model, and the results suggest that the ion exclusion at the top of the cored section reflects deepening of the permafrost layer following the last glaciation (∼100</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>kyr), consistent with published thermal models. Gas hydrate saturation values estimated from dissolved chloride agree with estimates based on logging data when the gas hydrate occupies more than 20% of the pore space; the correlation is less robust at lower saturation values. The highest gas hydrate concentrations at the Mount Elbert Well are clearly associated with coarse-grained sedimentary sections, as expected from theoretical calculations and field observations in marine and other arctic sediment cores.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.10.001","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Torres, M., Collett, T.S., Rose, K., Sample, J., Agena, W.F., and Rosenbaum, E., 2011, Pore fluid geochemistry from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 28, no. 2, p. 332-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.10.001.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"332","endPage":"342","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217586,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.10.001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -167.6953125,\n              67.64267630796034\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.44921875,\n              67.64267630796034\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.44921875,\n              71.91088787611527\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.6953125,\n              71.91088787611527\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.6953125,\n              67.64267630796034\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7dc8e4b0c8380cd7a15d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torres, M.E.","contributorId":58443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, K.K.","contributorId":102306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sample, J.C.","contributorId":50006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sample","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Agena, Warren F. wagena@usgs.gov","contributorId":3181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agena","given":"Warren","email":"wagena@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosenbaum, E.J.","contributorId":37575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70036703,"text":"70036703 - 2011 - Beaver assisted river valley formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T18:28:29.668747","indexId":"70036703","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beaver assisted river valley formation","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examined how beaver dams affect key ecosystem processes, including pattern and process of sediment deposition, the composition and spatial pattern of vegetation, and nutrient loading and processing. We provide new evidence for the formation of heterogeneous beaver meadows on riverine system floodplains and terraces where dynamic flows are capable of breaching in‐channel beaver dams. Our data show a 1.7‐m high beaver dam triggered overbank flooding that drowned vegetation in areas deeply flooded, deposited nutrient‐rich sediment in a spatially heterogeneous pattern on the floodplain and terrace, and scoured soils in other areas. The site quickly de‐watered following the dam breach by high stream flows, protecting the deposited sediment from future re‐mobilization by overbank floods. Bare sediment either exposed by scouring or deposited by the beaver flood was quickly colonized by a spatially heterogeneous plant community, forming a beaver meadow. Many willow and some aspen seedlings established in the more heavily disturbed areas, suggesting the site may succeed to a willow carr plant community suitable for future beaver re‐occupation. We expand existing theory beyond the beaver pond to include terraces within valleys. This more fully explains how beavers can help drive the formation of alluvial valleys and their complex vegetation patterns as was first postulated by Ruedemann and Schoonmaker in 1938.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.1359","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Westbrook, C.J., Cooper, D., and Baker, B.W., 2011, Beaver assisted river valley formation: River Research and Applications, v. 27, no. 2, p. 247-256, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1359.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"256","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217593,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1359"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.3641357421875,\n              39.70296052957233\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.1885986328125,\n              39.70296052957233\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.1885986328125,\n              40.9840449469281\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3641357421875,\n              40.9840449469281\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3641357421875,\n              39.70296052957233\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f037e4b0c8380cd4a660","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westbrook, Cherie J.","contributorId":79705,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westbrook","given":"Cherie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, D.J.","contributorId":89489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Bruce W. bakerb@usgs.gov","contributorId":95401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Bruce","email":"bakerb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036362,"text":"70036362 - 2011 - In situ measurements of post-fire debris flows in southern California: Comparisons of the timing and magnitude of 24 debris-flow events with rainfall and soil moisture conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:07","indexId":"70036362","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ measurements of post-fire debris flows in southern California: Comparisons of the timing and magnitude of 24 debris-flow events with rainfall and soil moisture conditions","docAbstract":"Debris flows often occur in burned steeplands of southern California, sometimes causing property damage and loss of life. In an effort to better understand the hydrologic controls on post-fire debris-flow initiation, timing and magnitude, we measured the flow stage, rainfall, channel bed pore fluid pressure and hillslope soil-moisture accompanying 24 debris flows recorded in five different watersheds burned in the 2009 Station and Jesusita Fires (San Gabriel and Santa Ynez Mountains). The measurements show substantial differences in debris-flow dynamics between sites and between sequential events at the same site. Despite these differences, the timing and magnitude of all events were consistently associated with local peaks in short duration (< = 30 min) rainfall intensity. Overall, debris-flow stage was best cross-correlated with time series of 5-min rainfall intensity, and lagged the rainfall by an average of just 5 min. An index of debris-flow volume was also best correlated with short-duration rainfall intensity, but found to be poorly correlated with storm cumulative rainfall and hillslope soil water content. Post-event observations of erosion and slope stability modeling suggest that the debris flows initiated primarily by processes related to surface water runoff, rather than shallow landslides. By identifying the storm characteristics most closely associated with post-fire debris flows, these measurements provide valuable guidance for warning operations and important constraints for developing and testing models of post-fire debris flows. copyright. 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2011JF002005","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kean, J., Staley, D., and Cannon, S., 2011, In situ measurements of post-fire debris flows in southern California: Comparisons of the timing and magnitude of 24 debris-flow events with rainfall and soil moisture conditions: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 116, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002005.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218436,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002005"},{"id":246444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39a6e4b0c8380cd619c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kean, J. W. 0000-0003-3089-0369","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":71679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staley, D.M.","contributorId":17851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staley","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, S.H.","contributorId":38154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036698,"text":"70036698 - 2011 - Chromium(VI) generation in vadose zone soils and alluvial sediments of the southwestern Sacramento Valley, California: a potential source of geogenic Cr(VI) to groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-02T11:28:31","indexId":"70036698","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chromium(VI) generation in vadose zone soils and alluvial sediments of the southwestern Sacramento Valley, California: a potential source of geogenic Cr(VI) to groundwater","docAbstract":"Concentrations of geogenic Cr(VI) in groundwater that exceed the World Health Organization’s maximum contaminant level for drinking water (50 μg L<sup>−1</sup>) occur in several locations globally. The major mechanism for mobilization of this Cr(VI) at these sites is the weathering of Cr(III) from ultramafic rocks and its subsequent oxidation on Mn oxides. This process may be occurring in the southern Sacramento Valley of California where Cr(VI) concentrations in groundwater can approach or exceed 50 μg L<sup>−1</sup>. To characterize Cr geochemistry in the area, samples from several soil auger cores (approximately 4 m deep) and drill cores (approximately 25 m deep) were analyzed for total concentrations of 44 major, minor and trace elements, Cr associated with labile Mn and Fe oxides, and Cr(VI). Total concentrations of Cr in these samples ranged from 140 to 2220 mg per kg soil. Between 9 and 70 mg per kg soil was released by selective extractions that target Fe oxides, but essentially no Cr was associated with the abundant reactive Mn oxides (up to ~1000 mg hydroxylamine-reducible Mn per kg soil was present). Both borehole magnetic susceptibility surveys performed at some of the drill core sites and relative differences between Cr released in a 4-acid digestion versus total Cr (lithium metaborate fusion digestion) suggest that the majority of total Cr in the samples is present in refractory chromite minerals transported from ultramafic exposures in the Coast Range Mountains. Chromium(VI) in the samples studied ranged from 0 to 42 μg kg<sup>−1</sup>, representing a minute fraction of total Cr. Chromium(VI) content was typically below detection in surface soils (top 10 cm) where soil organic matter was high, and increased with increasing depth in the soil auger cores as organic matter decreased. Maximum concentrations of Cr(VI) were up to 3 times greater in the deeper drill core samples than the shallow auger cores. Although Cr(VI) in these vadose zone soils and sediments was only a very small fraction of the total solid phase Cr, they are a potentially important source for Cr(VI) to groundwater. Enhanced groundwater recharge through the vadose zone due to irrigation could carry Cr(VI) from the vadose zone to the groundwater and may be the mechanism responsible for the correlation observed between elevated Cr(VI) and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> source concentrations in previously published data for valley groundwaters. Incubation of a valley subsoil showed a Cr(VI) production rate of 24 μg kg<sup>−1</sup> a<sup>−1</sup> suggesting that field Cr(VI) concentrations could be regenerated annually. Increased Cr(VI) production rates in H<sup>+</sup>-amended soil incubations indicate that soil acidification processes such as nitrification of ammonium in fertilizers could potentially increase the occurrence of geogenic Cr(VI) in groundwater. Thus, despite the natural origin of the Cr, Cr(VI) generation in the Sacramento Valley soils and sediments has the potential to be influenced by human activities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.05.023","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Mills, C., Morrison, J.M., Goldhaber, M.B., and Ellefsen, K.J., 2011, Chromium(VI) generation in vadose zone soils and alluvial sediments of the southwestern Sacramento Valley, California: a potential source of geogenic Cr(VI) to groundwater: Applied Geochemistry, v. 26, no. 8, p. 1488-1501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.05.023.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1488","endPage":"1501","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217506,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.05.023"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.8,35.0 ], [ -122.8,40.7 ], [ -118.8,40.7 ], [ -118.8,35.0 ], [ -122.8,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"26","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5e7e4b0c8380cd4c4a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, Christopher T. 0000-0001-8414-1414","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8414-1414","contributorId":93308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Christopher T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morrison, Jean M. 0000-0002-6614-8783 jmorrison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6614-8783","contributorId":994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Jean","email":"jmorrison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldhaber, Martin B. 0000-0002-1785-4243 mgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":1339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"Martin","email":"mgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":457417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70036356,"text":"70036356 - 2011 - Impacts of past climate and sea level change on Everglades wetlands: placing a century of anthropogenic change into a late-Holocene context","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-05T23:38:31","indexId":"70036356","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of past climate and sea level change on Everglades wetlands: placing a century of anthropogenic change into a late-Holocene context","docAbstract":"We synthesize existing evidence on the ecological history of the Florida Everglades since its inception ~7 ka (calibrated kiloannum) and evaluate the relative impacts of sea level rise, climate variability, and human alteration of Everglades hydrology on wetland plant communities. Initial freshwater peat accumulation began between 6 and 7 ka on the platform underlying modern Florida Bay when sea level was ~6.2 m below its current position. By 5 ka, sawgrass and waterlily peats covered the area bounded by Lake Okeechobee to the north and the Florida Keys to the south. Slower rates of relative sea level rise ~3 ka stabilized the south Florida coastline and initiated transitions from freshwater to mangrove peats near the coast. Hydrologic changes in freshwater marshes also are indicated ~3 ka. During the last ~2 ka, the Everglades wetland was affected by a series of hydrologic fluctuations related to regional to global-scale fluctuations in climate and sea level. Pollen evidence indicates that regional-scale droughts lasting two to four centuries occurred ~1 ka and ~0.4 ka, altering wetland community composition and triggering development of characteristic Everglades habitats such as sawgrass ridges and tree islands. Intercalation of mangrove peats with estuarine muds ~1 ka indicates a temporary slowing or stillstand of sea level. Although sustained droughts and Holocene sea level rise played large roles in structuring the greater Everglades ecosystem, twentieth century reductions in freshwater flow, compartmentalization of the wetland, and accelerated rates of sea level rise had unprecedented impacts on oxidation and subsidence of organic soils, changes/loss of key Everglades habitats, and altered distribution of coastal vegetation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10584-011-0078-9","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Willard, D., and Bernhardt, C., 2011, Impacts of past climate and sea level change on Everglades wetlands: placing a century of anthropogenic change into a late-Holocene context: Climatic Change, v. 107, no. 1, p. 59-80, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0078-9.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"80","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218372,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0078-9"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.52,24.85 ], [ -81.52,25.89 ], [ -80.39,25.89 ], [ -80.39,24.85 ], [ -81.52,24.85 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"107","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38f2e4b0c8380cd6174b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willard, Debra  A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra  A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernhardt, C.E.","contributorId":65554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernhardt","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034355,"text":"70034355 - 2011 - Precision of two methods for estimating age from burbot otoliths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-04T14:25:25","indexId":"70034355","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precision of two methods for estimating age from burbot otoliths","docAbstract":"Lower reproductive success and older age structure are associated with many burbot (<i>Lota lota</i> L.) populations that are declining or of conservation concern. Therefore, reliable methods for estimating the age of burbot are critical for effective assessment and management. In Lake Erie, burbot populations have declined in recent years due to the combined effects of an aging population (<i>&xmacr;</i> = 10 years in 2007) and extremely low recruitment since 2002. We examined otoliths from burbot (N = 91) collected in Lake Erie in 2007 and compared the estimates of burbot age by two agers, each using two established methods (cracked-and-burned and thin-section) of estimating ages from burbot otoliths. One ager was experienced at estimating age from otoliths, the other was a novice. Agreement (precision) between the two agers was higher for the thin-section method, particularly at ages 6–11 years, based on linear regression analyses and 95% confidence intervals. As expected, precision between the two methods was higher for the more experienced ager. Both agers reported that the thin sections offered clearer views of the annuli, particularly near the margins on otoliths from burbot ages ≥8. Slides for the thin sections required some costly equipment and more than 2 days to prepare. In contrast, preparing the cracked-and-burned samples was comparatively inexpensive and quick. We suggest use of the thin-section method for estimating the age structure of older burbot populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01842.x","issn":"01758659","usgsCitation":"Edwards, W., Stapanian, M., and Stoneman, A., 2011, Precision of two methods for estimating age from burbot otoliths: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 27, no. S1, p. 43-48, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01842.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"48","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487933,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01842.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216798,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01842.x"},{"id":244690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8145e4b0c8380cd7b43b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, W.H.","contributorId":43718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"W.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stapanian, M.A.","contributorId":65437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapanian","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoneman, A.T.","contributorId":50010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoneman","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034418,"text":"70034418 - 2011 - Response of spectral vegetation indices to soil moisture in grasslands and shrublands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T13:56:16","indexId":"70034418","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of spectral vegetation indices to soil moisture in grasslands and shrublands","docAbstract":"<p><span>The relationships between satellite-derived vegetation indices (VIs) and soil moisture are complicated because of the time lag of the vegetation response to soil moisture. In this study, we used a distributed lag regression model to evaluate the lag responses of VIs to soil moisture for grasslands and shrublands at Soil Climate Analysis Network sites in the central and western United States. We examined the relationships between Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived VIs and soil moisture measurements. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) showed significant lag responses to soil moisture. The lag length varies from 8 to 56 days for NDVI and from 16 to 56 days for NDWI. However, the lag response of NDVI and NDWI to soil moisture varied among the sites. Our study suggests that the lag effect needs to be taken into consideration when the VIs are used to estimate soil moisture.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431161.2010.496471","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Zhang, L., Ji, L., and Wylie, B.K., 2011, Response of spectral vegetation indices to soil moisture in grasslands and shrublands: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 32, no. 18, p. 5267-5286, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.496471.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"5267","endPage":"5286","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216802,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.496471"}],"volume":"32","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa6ce4b0c8380cd86313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Li","contributorId":98139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Li","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":139587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":445678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":445676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036165,"text":"70036165 - 2011 - Long-term patterns and short-term dynamics of stream solutes and suspended sediment in a rapidly weathering tropical watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-26T20:14:42.384791","indexId":"70036165","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term patterns and short-term dynamics of stream solutes and suspended sediment in a rapidly weathering tropical watershed","docAbstract":"<p><span>The 326 ha Río Icacos watershed in the tropical wet forest of the Luquillo Mountains, northeastern Puerto Rico, is underlain by granodiorite bedrock with weathering rates among the highest in the world. We pooled stream chemistry and total suspended sediment (TSS) data sets from three discrete periods: 1983–1987, 1991–1997, and 2000–2008. During this period three major hurricanes crossed the site: Hugo in 1989, Hortense in 1996, and Georges in 1998. Stream chemistry reflects sea salt inputs (Na, Cl, and SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>), and high weathering rates of the granodiorite (Ca, Mg, Si, and alkalinity). During rainfall, stream composition shifts toward that of precipitation, diluting 90% or more in the largest storms, but maintains a biogeochemical watershed signal marked by elevated K and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. DOC exhibits an unusual “boomerang” pattern, initially increasing with flow but then decreasing at the highest flows as it becomes depleted and/or vigorous overland flow minimizes contact with watershed surfaces. TSS increased markedly with discharge (power function slope 1.54), reflecting the erosive power of large storms in a landslide‐prone landscape. The relations of TSS and most solute concentrations with stream discharge were stable through time, suggesting minimal long‐term effects from repeated hurricane disturbance. Nitrate concentration, however, increased about threefold in response to hurricanes then returned to baseline over several years following a pseudo first‐order decay pattern. The combined data sets provide insight about important hydrologic pathways, a long‐term perspective to assess response to hurricanes, and a framework to evaluate future climate change in tropical ecosystems.</span></p>","largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2010WR009788","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., McDowell, W.H., and Stallard, R.F., 2011, Long-term patterns and short-term dynamics of stream solutes and suspended sediment in a rapidly weathering tropical watershed: Water Resources Research, v. 47, no. 7, W07515, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009788.","productDescription":"W07515, 11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218303,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009788"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Río Icacos watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -65.88775634765625,\n              18.21761162872689\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.6982421875,\n              18.21761162872689\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.6982421875,\n              18.35582895074145\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.88775634765625,\n              18.35582895074145\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.88775634765625,\n              18.21761162872689\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a499fe4b0c8380cd68772","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, James B. 0000-0002-4234-3437 jshanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3437","contributorId":1953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"James","email":"jshanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":454524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDowell, W. H.","contributorId":88532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDowell","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":454523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036644,"text":"70036644 - 2011 - Evidence for foraging -site fidelity and individual foraging behavior of pelagic cormorants rearing chicks in the Gulf of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-03T14:49:35.829627","indexId":"70036644","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for foraging -site fidelity and individual foraging behavior of pelagic cormorants rearing chicks in the Gulf of Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Pelagic Cormorant (</span><i>Phalacrocorax pelagicus</i><span>) is the most widespread cormorant in the North Pacific, but little is known about its foraging and diving behavior. However, knowledge of seabirds' foraging behavior is important to understanding their function in the marine environment. In 2006, using GPS dataloggers, we studied the foraging behavior of 14 male Pelagic Cormorants rearing chicks on Middleton Island, Alaska. For foraging, the birds had high fidelity to a small area 8 km north of the colony. Within that area, the cormorants' diving activity was of two distinct kinds—near-surface dives (1–6 m) and benthic dives (28–33 m). Individuals were consistent in the depths of their dives, either mostly shallow or mostly deep. Few showed no depth preference. Dive duration, time at maximum depth, and pauses at the water surface between consecutive dives were shorter for shallow dives than for deep dives. The cormorants made dives of both types throughout the day, but the frequency of deep dives increased toward evening. Maximum foraging range was 9 km; maximum total distance traveled per trip was 43.4 km. Trip durations ranged from 0.3 to 7.7 hr. Maximum depth of a dive was 42.2 m, and duration of dives ranged from 4 to 120 sec. We found that Pelagic Cormorants at Middleton Island were faithful to one particular foraging area and individuals dived in distinct patterns. Distinct, specialized foraging behavior may be advantageous in reducing intra- and interspecific competition but may also render the species vulnerable to changing environmental conditions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1525/cond.2011.090158","usgsCitation":"Kotzerka, J., Hatch, S.A., and Garthe, S., 2011, Evidence for foraging -site fidelity and individual foraging behavior of pelagic cormorants rearing chicks in the Gulf of Alaska: Condor, v. 113, no. 1, p. 80-88, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.090158.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475366,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.090158","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -134.93408203125,\n              56.353077613860826\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.77978515625,\n              58.274843152138224\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.37255859375,\n              59.478568831926395\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.44921875,\n              59.7563950493563\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.37158203125,\n              60.07580342475969\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.25048828125,\n              60.02095215374802\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.27197265625,\n              60.673178565817715\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.45849609375,\n              61.03701223240187\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.16162109375,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.677734375,\n              59.977005492196\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.02880859375,\n              58.802361927759456\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.6767578125,\n              56.74067435475299\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.93408203125,\n              56.353077613860826\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d40e4b0c8380cd52ed8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotzerka, J.","contributorId":13070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotzerka","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garthe, S.","contributorId":98571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garthe","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035950,"text":"70035950 - 2011 - Relationships between breeding status, social -congregation attendance, and foraging distance of Xantus's Murrelets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T13:23:12.992012","indexId":"70035950","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between breeding status, social -congregation attendance, and foraging distance of Xantus's Murrelets","docAbstract":"<p><span>At night during the breeding season, Xantus's Murrelets (</span><i>Synthliboramphus hypoleucus</i><span>) congregate on the water adjacent to nesting colonies. We examined relationships of attendance at these nocturnal congregations, breeding status, and daytime foraging locations of radio-marked Xantus's Murrelets from Anacapa Island (33 in 2002, 44 in 2003) and Santa Barbara Island (35 in 2002) in the California Channel Islands. Murrelets that spent more nights attending congregations were located closer to the island during the day, so regular attendance at the congregations may have constrained daytime traveling distances to foraging locations. In mid-May 2003 home-range sizes increased while congregation attendance decreased, likely indicating the end of colony attendance and declining availability of prey near Anacapa Island. In both years, incubating murrelets foraged farther from the colony than did nonbreeding murrelets, suggesting that breeding and nonbreeding murrelets use different foraging strategies to meet their energetic requirements.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1525/cond.2011.100040","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, C., Golightly, R., and Takekawa, J.Y., 2011, Relationships between breeding status, social -congregation attendance, and foraging distance of Xantus's Murrelets: Condor, v. 113, no. 1, p. 140-149, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.100040.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"149","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475535,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.100040","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Channel Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.44287109374999,\n              31.70947636001935\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.69677734375,\n              31.70947636001935\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.69677734375,\n              34.65128519895413\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.44287109374999,\n              34.65128519895413\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.44287109374999,\n              31.70947636001935\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a79ae4b0e8fec6cdc504","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, C.D.","contributorId":21757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Golightly, R.T.","contributorId":10743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golightly","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":453276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036351,"text":"70036351 - 2011 - Feature-based and statistical methods for analyzing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with AVIRIS imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T10:15:47","indexId":"70036351","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5446,"text":"Proceedings of SPIE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feature-based and statistical methods for analyzing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with AVIRIS imagery","docAbstract":"<p>The Deepwater Horizon oil spill covered a very large geographical area in the Gulf of Mexico creating potentially serious environmental impacts on both marine life and the coastal shorelines. Knowing the oil's areal extent and thickness as well as denoting different categories of the oil's physical state is important for assessing these impacts. High spectral resolution data in hyperspectral imagery (HSI) sensors such as Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) provide a valuable source of information that can be used for analysis by semi-automatic methods for tracking an oil spill's areal extent, oil thickness, and oil categories. However, the spectral behavior of oil in water is inherently a highly non-linear and variable phenomenon that changes depending on oil thickness and oil/water ratios. For certain oil thicknesses there are well-defined absorption features, whereas for very thin films sometimes there are almost no observable features. Feature-based imaging spectroscopy methods are particularly effective at classifying materials that exhibit specific well-defined spectral absorption features. Statistical methods are effective at classifying materials with spectra that exhibit a considerable amount of variability and that do not necessarily exhibit well-defined spectral absorption features. This study investigates feature-based and statistical methods for analyzing oil spills using hyperspectral imagery. The appropriate use of each approach is investigated and a combined feature-based and statistical method is proposed.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Imaging Spectrometry XVI","conferenceDate":"August 22, 2011-August 23, 2011","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.894909","issn":"0277786X","isbn":"9780819487681","usgsCitation":"Rand, R., Clark, R.N., and Livo, K., 2011, Feature-based and statistical methods for analyzing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with AVIRIS imagery: Proceedings of SPIE, v. 8158, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894909.","ipdsId":"IP-032330","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n    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       -84.814453125,\n              22.715390019335942\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.85937499999999,\n              24.926294766395593\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8158","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f45e4b0c8380cd53844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rand, R.S.","contributorId":26175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rand","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Livo, K.E. 0000-0001-7331-8130","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":61471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035239,"text":"70035239 - 2011 - SPECTRAL data-based estimation of soil heat flux","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T14:16:32","indexId":"70035239","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3619,"text":"Transactions of the ASABE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SPECTRAL data-based estimation of soil heat flux","docAbstract":"<p><span>Numerous existing spectral-based soil heat flux (G) models have shown wide variation in performance for maize and soybean cropping systems in Nebraska, indicating the need for localized calibration and model development. The objectives of this article are to develop a semi-empirical model to estimate G from a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and net radiation (Rn) for maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) fields in the Great Plains, and present the suitability of the developed model to estimate G under similar and different soil and management conditions. Soil heat fluxes measured in both irrigated and rainfed fields in eastern and south-central Nebraska were used for model development and validation. An exponential model that uses NDVI and Rn was found to be the best to estimate G based on r2 values. The effect of geographic location, crop, and water management practices were used to develop semi-empirical models under four case studies. Each case study has the same exponential model structure but a different set of coefficients and exponents to represent the crop, soil, and management practices. Results showed that the semi-empirical models can be used effectively for G estimation for nearby fields with similar soil properties for independent years, regardless of differences in crop type, crop rotation, and irrigation practices, provided that the crop residue from the previous year is more than 4000 kg ha-1. The coefficients calibrated from particular fields can be used at nearby fields in order to capture temporal variation in G. However, there is a need for further investigation of the models to account for the interaction effects of crop rotation and irrigation. Validation at an independent site having different soil and crop management practices showed the limitation of the semi-empirical model in estimating G under different soil and environment conditions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","doi":"10.13031/2013.39837","issn":"00012351","usgsCitation":"Singh, R.K., Irmak, A., Walter-Shea, E., Verma, S., and Suyker, A., 2011, SPECTRAL data-based estimation of soil heat flux: Transactions of the ASABE, v. 54, no. 5, p. 1589-1597, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.39837.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1589","endPage":"1597","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers/525","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf7ce4b0c8380cd875f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singh, Ramesh K. 0000-0002-8164-3483","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-3483","contributorId":85424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"Ramesh","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irmak, A.","contributorId":101473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irmak","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walter-Shea, Elizabeth","contributorId":84579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter-Shea","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verma, S.B.","contributorId":103890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verma","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Suyker, A.E.","contributorId":42051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suyker","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034351,"text":"70034351 - 2011 - Simulation of branched serial first-order decay of atrazine and metabolites in adapted and nonadapted soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T14:37:52.160923","indexId":"70034351","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of branched serial first-order decay of atrazine and metabolites in adapted and nonadapted soils","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the present study a branched serial first‐order decay (BSFOD) model is presented and used to derive transformation rates describing the decay of a common herbicide, atrazine, and its metabolites observed in unsaturated soils adapted to previous atrazine applications and in soils with no history of atrazine applications. Calibration of BSFOD models for soils throughout the country can reduce the uncertainty, relative to that of traditional models, in predicting the fate and transport of pesticides and their metabolites and thus support improved agricultural management schemes for reducing threats to the environment. Results from application of the BSFOD model to better understand the degradation of atrazine supports two previously reported conclusions: atrazine (6‐chloro‐</span><i>N</i><span>‐ethyl‐</span><i>N</i><span>′‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine) and its primary metabolites are less persistent in adapted soils than in nonadapted soils; and hydroxyatrazine was the dominant primary metabolite in most of the soils tested. In addition, a method to simulate BSFOD in a one‐dimensional solute‐transport unsaturated zone model is also presented.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.597","usgsCitation":"Webb, R.M., Sandstrom, M.W., Krutz, L., and Shaner, D., 2011, Simulation of branched serial first-order decay of atrazine and metabolites in adapted and nonadapted soils: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 30, no. 9, p. 1973-1981, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.597.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1973","endPage":"1981","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9014e4b08c986b3192e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, R. M.","contributorId":97065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandstrom, Mark W. 0000-0003-0006-5675 sandstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-5675","contributorId":706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Mark","email":"sandstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":445366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krutz, L.J.","contributorId":22605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krutz","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaner, D. L.","contributorId":70215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaner","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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