The San Jacinto right-lateral strike-slip fault zone is crucial for understanding plate-boundary dynamics, regional slip partitioning, and seismic hazards within the San Andreas fault system of southern California, yet its age of initiation and long-term average slip rate are controversial. This synthesis of prior and new detailed studies in the western Salton Trough documents initiation of structural segments of the San Jacinto fault zone at or slightly before the 1.07-Ma base of the Jaramillo subchron. The dextral faults changed again after ca. 0.5–0.6 Ma with creation of new fault segments and folds. There were major and widespread basinal changes in the early Pleistocene when these new faults cut across the older West Salton detachment fault. We mapped and analyzed the complex fault mesh, identified structural segment boundaries along the Clark, Coyote Creek, and San Felipe fault zones, documented linkages between the major dextral faults, identified previously unknown active strands of the Coyote Creek fault 5 and 8 km NE and SW of its central strands, and showed that prior analyses of these fault zones oversimplify their complexity. The Clark fault is a zone of widely distributed faulting and folding SE of the Santa Rosa Mountains and unequivocally continues 20–25 km SE of its previously inferred termination point to the San Felipe Hills. There the Clark fault zone has been deforming basinal deposits at an average dextral slip rate of ≥10.2 +6.9/−3.3 mm/yr for ~0.5–0.6 m.y.
Five new estimates of displacement are developed here using offset successions of crystalline rocks, distinctive marker beds in the late Cenozoic basin fill, analysis of strike-slip–related fault-bend folds, quantification of strain in folds at the tips of dextral faults, and gravity, magnetic, and geomorphic data sets. Together these show far greater right slip across the Clark fault than across either the San Felipe or Coyote Creek faults, despite the Clark fault becoming “hidden” in basinal deposits at its SE end as strain disperses onto a myriad of smaller faults, strike-slip ramps and flats, transrotational systems of cross faults with strongly domain patterns, and a variety of fault-fold sets. Together the Clark and Buck Ridge–Santa Rosa faults accumulated ~16.8 +3.7/−6.0 km of right separation in their lifetime near Clark Lake. The Coyote Ridge segment of the Coyote Creek fault accumulated ~3.5 ± 1.3 km since roughly 0.8–0.9 Ma. The San Felipe fault accumulated between 4 and 12.4 km (~6.5 km preferred) of right slip on its central strands in the past 1.1–1.3 Ma at Yaqui and Pinyon ridges.
Combining the estimates of displacement with ages of fault initiation indicates a lifetime geologic slip rate of 20.1 +6.4/−9.8 mm/yr across the San Jacinto fault zone (sum of Clark, Buck Ridge, and Coyote Creek faults) and about ~5.4 +5.9/−1.4 mm/yr across the San Felipe fault zone at Yaqui and Pinyon ridges. The NW Coyote Creek fault has a lifetime slip rate of ~4.1 +1.9/−2.1 mm/yr, which is a quarter of that across the Clark fault (16.0 +4.5/−9.8 mm/yr) nearby. The San Felipe fault zone is not generally regarded as an active fault in the region, yet its lifetime slip rate exceeds those of the central and southern Elsinore and the Coyote Creek fault zones. The apparent lower slip rates across the San Felipe fault in the Holocene may reflect the transfer of strain to adjacent faults in order to bypass a contractional bend and step at Yaqui Ridge.
The San Felipe, Coyote Creek, and Clark faults all show evidence of major structural adjustments after ca. 0.6–0.5 Ma, and redistribution of strain onto new right- and left-lateral faults and folds far removed from the older central fault strands. Active faults shifted their locus and main central strands by as much as 13 km in the middle Pleistocene. These changes modify the entire upper crust and were not localized in the thin sedimentary basin fill, which is only a few kilometers thick in most of the western Salton Trough. Steep microseismic alignments are well developed beneath most of the larger active faults and penetrate basement to the base of the seismogenic crust at 10–14 km.
We hypothesize that the major structural and kinematic adjustments at ca. 0.5–0.6 Ma resulted in major changes in slip rate within the San Jacinto and San Felipe fault zones that are likely to explain the inconsistent slip rates determined from geologic (1–0.5 m.y.; this study), paleoseismic, and geodetic studies over different time intervals. The natural evolution of complex fault zones, cross faults, block rotation, and interactions within their broad damage zones might explain all the documented and implied temporal and spatial variation in slip rates. Co-variation of slip rates among the San Jacinto, San Felipe, and San Andreas faults, while possible, is not required by the available data.
Together the San Jacinto and San Felipe fault zones have accommodated ~25.5 mm/yr since their inception in early Pleistocene time, and were therefore slightly faster than the southern San Andreas fault during the same time interval. If the westward transfer of plate motion continues in southern California, the southern San Andreas fault in the Salton Trough may change from being the main plate boundary fault to defining the eastern margin of the growing Sierra Nevada microplate, as implied by other workers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2010.2475","usgsCitation":"Janecke, S.U., Dorsey, R.J., Forand, D., Steely, A.N., Kirby, S., Lutz, A., Housen, B., Belgarde, B., Langenheim, V., and Rittenour, T.M., 2011, High geologic slip rates since early Pleistocene Initiation of the San Jacinto and San Felipe fault zones in the San Andreas fault system: southern California, USA: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 479, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/2010.2475.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":405919,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Jacinto and San Felipe fault zones","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.90551757812499,\n 33.15594830078649\n ],\n [\n -115.521240234375,\n 33.15594830078649\n ],\n [\n -115.521240234375,\n 34.298068350990825\n ],\n [\n -116.90551757812499,\n 34.298068350990825\n ],\n [\n -116.90551757812499,\n 33.15594830078649\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"479","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janecke, Susanne U.","contributorId":194327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Janecke","given":"Susanne","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorsey, Rebecca J.","contributorId":167712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorsey","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":24813,"text":"University of Oregan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forand, David","contributorId":295964,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forand","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steely, Alexander N.","contributorId":295965,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steely","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirby, Stefan","contributorId":14563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stefan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lutz, Andrew","contributorId":198146,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lutz","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Housen, Bernard","contributorId":30544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Housen","given":"Bernard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Belgarde, Benjamin","contributorId":295966,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belgarde","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":151042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rittenour, Tammy M.","contributorId":140755,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rittenour","given":"Tammy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70156454,"text":"70156454 - 2011 - Impacts of deer herbivory on vegetation in Rock Creek Park, 2001-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:41:31","indexId":"70156454","displayToPublicDate":"2011-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":53,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NCR/NCRO/NRTR - 2011/001","title":"Impacts of deer herbivory on vegetation in Rock Creek Park, 2001-2009","docAbstract":"Starting in 2001, vegetation data have been collected annually in 16 study modules consisting of paired (1x4 m) fenced plots and unfenced control plots located in the upland forests of Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C. Vegetation data collected from 2001-2009 have been analyzed to determine impacts of deer herbivory on vegetation in the park. Differences between fenced plots and unfenced control plots were analyzed for the following variables: cover provided by various groups of species (woody, herbaceous, native, non-native, trees, shrubs, and woody vines), as well as by individual dominant species, vegetation thickness (a measure of percent cover projected horizontally that provides information on the vertical distribution of vegetation), and species richness overall and for groups of species (woody, herbaceous, native, non-native, trees, shrubs, and woody vines). The analyses were performed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and associated tests. Vegetation in plots protected from deer herbivory for 9 years showed significantly greater vegetative cover compared to plots not protected from deer herbivory. This effect was most pronounced for woody and shrub cover. Cover by the dominant species was not significantly greater in the fenced plots compared to the unfenced control plots, indicating that the significant differences observed for groups were not driven by single species within those groups. With respect to vegetation thickness, results indicate that protection from deer herbivory produced significantly higher levels of vegetation in the fenced plots compared to the unfenced control plots for both the Low (0-30 cm) and Middle (30-110 cm) height classes. Protection from deer herbivory has led to higher overall species richness and higher species richness for woody species, natives, and shrubs compared to plots not receiving protection. There is also evidence that plots protected from deer herbivory and those not receiving this protection are diverging over time with respect to a number of variables such as cover by woody and shrub species, cover in the lowest height class, and species richness of woody and native species. Recommendations were made regarding future sampling.
","language":"English","publisher":"United States Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Kraft, C.C., and Hatfield, J.S., 2011, Impacts of deer herbivory on vegetation in Rock Creek Park, 2001-2009: Natural Resource Report NPS/NCR/NCRO/NRTR - 2011/001, vi, 31.","productDescription":"vi, 31","startPage":"1","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington D.C.","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.12041854858398,\n 38.93337493490118\n ],\n [\n -77.04111099243164,\n 38.99610695603964\n ],\n [\n -77.02051162719727,\n 38.97956177494315\n ],\n [\n -77.03887939453125,\n 38.90038499190383\n ],\n [\n -77.05896377563475,\n 38.90078577147122\n ],\n [\n -77.07595825195312,\n 38.904927027872844\n ],\n [\n -77.08660125732422,\n 38.90733151751686\n ],\n [\n -77.09535598754883,\n 38.911472392106276\n ],\n [\n -77.12041854858398,\n 38.93337493490118\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84bb6e4b0518e3546f00d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraft, Cairn C.","contributorId":146868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraft","given":"Cairn","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":95187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169307,"text":"70169307 - 2011 - Postfledging survival of Grasshopper Sparrows in grasslands managed with fire and grazing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-29T18:51:54.989805","indexId":"70169307","displayToPublicDate":"2011-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postfledging survival of Grasshopper Sparrows in grasslands managed with fire and grazing","docAbstract":"More accurate estimates of survival after nestlings fledge are needed for population models to be parameterized and population dynamics to be understood during this vulnerable life stage. The period after fledging is the time when chicks learn to fly, forage, and hide from predators. We monitored postfledging survival, causespecific mortality, and movements of Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) in grassland managed with fire and grazing. In 2009, we attached radio transmitters to 50 nestlings from 50 different broods and modeled their survival in response to climatic, biological, and ecological variables. There was no effect of treatment on survival. The factor most influencing postfledging survival was age; no other variable was significant. The majority of chicks (74%) died within 3 days of radio-transmitter attachment. We attributed most mortality to mesopredators (48%) and exposure (28%). Fledglings' movements increased rapidly for the first 4 days after they left the nest and were relatively stable for the remaining 10 days we tracked them. On average, fledglings took flight for the first time 4 days after fledging and flew ≥10 m 9 days after fledging. Our data show that the Grasshopper Sparrow's survival rates may be less than most models relying on nest-success estimates predict, and we emphasize the importance of incorporating estimates of survival during the postfledging period in demographic models.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/cond.2011.100135","usgsCitation":"Hovick, T.J., Miller, J.R., Koford, R.R., Engle, D.M., and Debinski, D.M., 2011, Postfledging survival of Grasshopper Sparrows in grasslands managed with fire and grazing: Condor, v. 113, no. 2, p. 429-437, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.100135.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"437","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-023847","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.100135","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Ringgold County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-94.0151,40.8961],[-94.0163,40.8099],[-94.0163,40.7228],[-94.0169,40.6376],[-94.0182,40.5735],[-94.2285,40.5706],[-94.234,40.5706],[-94.4727,40.5703],[-94.4724,40.6385],[-94.4723,40.7247],[-94.4723,40.8118],[-94.4723,40.8989],[-94.3592,40.8979],[-94.3185,40.8991],[-94.2449,40.8977],[-94.1312,40.8969],[-94.0151,40.8961]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Ringgold\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","volume":"113","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f50fcde4b0f59b85e1eb79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hovick, Torre J.","contributorId":94127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hovick","given":"Torre","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, James R.","contributorId":6706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koford, Rolf R.","contributorId":16347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koford","given":"Rolf","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engle, David M.","contributorId":97225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Debinski, Diane M.","contributorId":25361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Debinski","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70193253,"text":"70193253 - 2011 - Assessing the effects of catch and release regulations on a quality adfluvial brook trout population using a computer based age-structure model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T11:21:30","indexId":"70193253","displayToPublicDate":"2011-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the effects of catch and release regulations on a quality adfluvial brook trout population using a computer based age-structure model","docAbstract":"Assessing the Effects of Catch-and-Release Regulations on a Brook Trout Population Using an Age-Structured Model: North American Journal of Fisheries Management: Vol 30, No 6
Elevated mercury concentration has been documented in a variety of fish and is a growing concern for human consumption. Here, we explore the influence of physiochemical and watershed attributes on mercury concentration in walleye (Sander vitreus, M.) from natural, glacial lakes in South Dakota. Regression analysis showed that water quality attributes were poor predictors of walleye mercury concentration (R2 = 0.57, p = 0.13). In contrast, models based on watershed features (e.g., lake level changes, watershed slope, agricultural land, wetlands) and local habitat features (i.e., substrate composition, maximum lake depth) explained 81% (p = 0.001) and 80% (p = 0.002) of the variation in walleye mercury concentration. Using an information theoretic approach we evaluated hypotheses related to water quality, physical habitat and watershed features. The best model explaining variation in walleye mercury concentration included local habitat features (Wi = 0.991). These results show that physical habitat and watershed features were better predictors of walleye mercury concentration than water chemistry in glacial lakes of the Northern Great Plains.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00128-010-0166-y","usgsCitation":"Hayer, C., Chipps, S.R., and Stone, J., 2011, Influence of Physiochemical and watershed characteristics on mercury concentration in walleye, Sander vitreus, M.: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 86, no. 2, p. 163-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-010-0166-y.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"167","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025946","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57627c33e4b07657d19a69f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayer, Cari-Ann chayer@usgs.gov","contributorId":150040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayer","given":"Cari-Ann","email":"chayer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":639076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chipps, Steven R. 0000-0001-6511-7582 steve_chipps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-7582","contributorId":2243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipps","given":"Steven","email":"steve_chipps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":638882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, James J.","contributorId":171913,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stone","given":"James J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036905,"text":"70036905 - 2011 - Nest success of northern bobwhite on managed and unmanaged landscapes in southeast Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-04T17:36:58.072854","indexId":"70036905","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-31T11:30:47","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest success of northern bobwhite on managed and unmanaged landscapes in southeast Iowa","docAbstract":"Range‐wide declines in northern bobwhite populations (Colinus virginianus) have been attributed to concomitant loss of breeding habitat. Bobwhite management efforts to restore this habitat resource can be informed by empirical studies of associations between breeding success and multi‐scale habitat attributes. We compared bobwhite nest success in 2 southern Iowa landscapes as a function of microhabitat and landscape composition. Lake Sugema Fish and Wildlife Area (LSWA) was managed to promote bobwhite recruitment, and Harrisburg Township (HT) was an adjacent landscape dominated by private agricultural production. Survival rate modeling based on telemetry data provided evidence for age‐specific daily nest survival rate. Daily survival rates decreased as nest age increased, but the decline was more severe at HT. Nest survival at LSWA (S = 0.495, SE = 0.103) was nearly twice that on HT (S = 0.277, SE = 0.072). We found no evidence that habitat composition or spatial attributes within 210 m of a nest site significantly influenced nest success. Forb canopy at the nest site had a positive influence on nest success at HT but not at LSWA. We suggest nesting habitat with greater forb canopy cover will increase the opportunity for nesting success in landscapes with limited nesting habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.18","usgsCitation":"Potter, L.M., Otis, D.L., and Bogenschutz, T.R., 2011, Nest success of northern bobwhite on managed and unmanaged landscapes in southeast Iowa: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 75, no. 1, p. 46-51, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.18.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"51","ipdsId":"IP-011513","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Van Buren County","otherGeospatial":"Harrisburg Township, Lake Sugema Fish and Wildlife Area","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.7183,40.8992],[-91.7192,40.8135],[-91.7196,40.725],[-91.72,40.637],[-91.7206,40.6135],[-91.7169,40.6134],[-91.7179,40.6012],[-91.7186,40.6018],[-91.7258,40.6091],[-91.7284,40.614],[-91.7428,40.6136],[-91.7906,40.6118],[-91.9,40.6077],[-91.9432,40.6065],[-92.0611,40.6033],[-92.1792,40.6007],[-92.1797,40.61],[-92.1792,40.6377],[-92.1793,40.7257],[-92.1795,40.8128],[-92.1798,40.8994],[-92.0654,40.8995],[-91.9511,40.9],[-91.8344,40.8999],[-91.7183,40.8992]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Van Buren\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","volume":"75","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6488e4b0c8380cd729fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, Lisa M.","contributorId":44011,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Potter","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otis, David L.","contributorId":78455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":350,"text":"Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":809839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogenschutz, Todd R.","contributorId":7114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bogenschutz","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156391,"text":"70156391 - 2011 - An approach to modeling coupled thermal-hydraulic-chemical processes in geothermal systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T14:04:06.057967","indexId":"70156391","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An approach to modeling coupled thermal-hydraulic-chemical processes in geothermal systems","docAbstract":"Interactions between hydrothermal fluids and rock alter mineralogy, leading to the formation of secondary minerals and potentially significant physical and chemical property changes. Reactive transport simulations are essential for evaluating the coupled processes controlling the geochemical, thermal and hydrological evolution of geothermal systems. The objective of this preliminary investigation is to successfully replicate observations from a series of hydrothermal laboratory experiments [Morrow et al., 2001] using the code TOUGHREACT. The laboratory experiments carried out by Morrow et al. [2001] measure permeability reduction in fractured and intact Westerly granite due to high-temperature fluid flow through core samples. Initial permeability and temperature values used in our simulations reflect these experimental conditions and range from 6.13 × 10−20 to 1.5 × 10−17 m2 and 150 to 300 °C, respectively. The primary mineralogy of the model rock is plagioclase (40 vol.%), K-feldspar (20 vol.%), quartz (30 vol.%), and biotite (10 vol.%). The simulations are constrained by the requirement that permeability, relative mineral abundances, and fluid chemistry agree with experimental observations. In the models, the granite core samples are represented as one-dimensional reaction domains. We find that the mineral abundances, solute concentrations, and permeability evolutions predicted by the models are consistent with those observed in the experiments carried out by Morrow et al. [2001] only if the mineral reactive surface areas decrease with increasing clay mineral abundance. This modeling approach suggests the importance of explicitly incorporating changing mineral surface areas into reactive transport models.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, thirty-sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"conferenceTitle":"Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering","conferenceDate":"January 31-February 2, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Stanford, California","language":"English","publisher":"Stanford Geothermal Program","publisherLocation":"Stanford, California","usgsCitation":"Palguta, J., Williams, C.F., Ingebritsen, S.E., Hickman, S.H., and Sonnenthal, E., 2011, An approach to modeling coupled thermal-hydraulic-chemical processes in geothermal systems, in Proceedings, thirty-sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, California, January 31-February 2, 2011, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-027365","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307050,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/IGAstandard/search_results.php?showmax=99&CONFERENCE=Stanford%20Geothermal%20Workshop&SortField=Last1&SortOrder=Ascend&Find=Start%20Search&Year=2011"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d6fa2fe4b0518e3546bc14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palguta, Jennifer","contributorId":146806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palguta","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Colin F. 0000-0003-2196-5496 colin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Colin","email":"colin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingebritsen, Steven E. 0000-0001-6917-9369 seingebr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-9369","contributorId":818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"Steven","email":"seingebr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sonnenthal, Eric","contributorId":146807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sonnenthal","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":99018,"text":"sir20115005 - 2011 - Connection equation and shaly-sand correction for electrical resistivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:33","indexId":"sir20115005","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5005","title":"Connection equation and shaly-sand correction for electrical resistivity","docAbstract":"Estimating the amount of conductive and nonconductive constituents in the pore space of sediments by using electrical resistivity logs generally loses accuracy where clays are present in the reservoir. Many different methods and clay models have been proposed to account for the conductivity of clay (termed the shaly-sand correction). In this study, the connectivity equation (CE), which is a new approach to model non-Archie rocks, is used to correct for the clay effect and is compared with results using the Waxman and Smits method. The CE presented here requires no parameters other than an adjustable constant, which can be derived from the resistivity of water-saturated sediments. The new approach was applied to estimate water saturation of laboratory data and to estimate gas hydrate saturations at the Mount Elbert well on the Alaska North Slope. Although not as accurate as the Waxman and Smits method to estimate water saturations for the laboratory measurements, gas hydrate saturations estimated at the Mount Elbert well using the proposed CE are comparable to estimates from the Waxman and Smits method. Considering its simplicity, it has high potential to be used to account for the clay effect on electrical resistivity measurement in other systems.\r\n\r\n \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20115005","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., 2011, Connection equation and shaly-sand correction for electrical resistivity: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5005, iii, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115005.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5005.png"},{"id":14454,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5005/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69776c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W. mlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","email":"mlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":99015,"text":"sir20105229 - 2011 - Estimates of tracer-based piston-flow ages of groundwater from selected sites: National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 1992–2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-18T22:35:17.447446","indexId":"sir20105229","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5229","title":"Estimates of tracer-based piston-flow ages of groundwater from selected sites: National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 1992–2005","docAbstract":"This report documents selected age data interpreted from measured concentrations of environmental tracers in groundwater from 1,399 National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program groundwater sites across the United States. The tracers of interest were chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He).
Tracer data compiled for this analysis primarily were from wells representing two types of NAWQA groundwater studies—Land-Use Studies (shallow wells, usually monitoring wells, in recharge areas under dominant land-use settings) and Major-Aquifer Studies (wells, usually domestic supply wells, in principal aquifers and representing the shallow, used resource). Reference wells (wells representing groundwater minimally impacted by anthropogenic activities) associated with Land-Use Studies also were included. Tracer samples were collected between 1992 and 2005, although two networks sampled from 2006 to 2007 were included because of network-specific needs. Tracer data from other NAWQA Program components (Flow System Studies, which are assessments of processes and trends along groundwater flow paths, and various topical studies) were not compiled herein.
Tracer data from NAWQA Land-Use Studies and Major-Aquifer Studies that previously had been interpreted and published are compiled herein (as piston-flow ages), but have not been reinterpreted. Tracer data that previously had not been interpreted and published are evaluated using documented methods and compiled with aqueous concentrations, equivalent atmospheric concentrations (for CFCs and SF6), estimates of tracer-based piston-flow ages, and selected ancillary data, such as redox indicators, well construction, and major dissolved gases (N2, O2, Ar, CH4, and CO2).
Tracer-based piston-flow ages documented in this report are simplistic representations of the tracer data. Tracer-based piston-flow ages are a convenient means of conceptualizing groundwater age. However, the piston-flow model is based on the potentially limiting assumptions that tracer transport is advective and that no mixing occurs. Additional uncertainties can arise from tracer degradation, sorption, contamination, or fractionation; terrigenic (natural) sources of tracers; spatially variable atmospheric tracer concentrations; and incomplete understanding of mechanisms of recharge or of the conditions under which atmospheric tracers were partitioned to recharge. The effects of some of these uncertainties are considered herein. For example, degradation, contamination, or fractionation often can be identified or inferred. However, detailed analysis of the effects of such uncertainties on the tracer-based piston-flow ages is constrained by sparse data and an absence of complementary lines of evidence, such as detailed solute transport simulations. Thus, the tracer-based piston-flow ages compiled in this report represent only an initial interpretation of the tracer data.
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Arkansas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":99012,"text":"sir20105239 - 2011 - Effects of Simulated Land-Use Changes on Water Quality of Lake Maumelle, Arkansas","indexId":"sir20105239","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of Simulated Land-Use Changes on Water Quality of Lake Maumelle, Arkansas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70041359,"text":"sir20125246 - 2012 - Simulated effects of hydrologic, water quality, and land-use changes of the Lake Maumelle watershed, Arkansas, 2004–10","indexId":"sir20125246","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Simulated effects of hydrologic, water quality, and land-use changes of the Lake Maumelle watershed, Arkansas, 2004–10"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70041359,"text":"sir20125246 - 2012 - Simulated effects of hydrologic, water quality, and land-use changes of the Lake Maumelle watershed, Arkansas, 2004–10","indexId":"sir20125246","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Simulated effects of hydrologic, water quality, and land-use changes of the Lake Maumelle watershed, Arkansas, 2004–10"},"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-23T15:31:26","indexId":"sir20105239","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5239","title":"Effects of Simulated Land-Use Changes on Water Quality of Lake Maumelle, Arkansas","docAbstract":"Lake Maumelle is one of two principal drinking-water supplies for the Little Rock and North Little Rock metropolitan areas. Lake Maumelle and the Maumelle River (its primary tributary) are more pristine than most other reservoirs and streams in the region. However, as the Lake Maumelle watershed becomes increasingly more urbanized and timber harvesting becomes more frequent, concerns about the sustainability of the quality of the water supply also have increased. Two models were developed to partially address these concerns. A Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN model was developed using input data collected from October 2004 through 2008. A CE-QUAL-W2 model was developed to simulate reservoir hydrodynamics and selected water quality using the simulated output from the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN model from January 2005 through 2008.\n\nThe Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN watershed model was calibrated to five streamflow-gaging stations, and in general, these stations characterize a range of subwatershed areas with varying land-use types. Continuous streamflow data, discrete sediment concentration data, and other discrete water-quality data were used to calibrate the Lake Maumelle Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN model. The CE-QUAL-W2 reservoir model was calibrated to water-quality data and reservoir pool altitude collected during January 2005 through December 2008 at three lake stations.\n\nIn general, the overall simulation for the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN and CE-UAL-W2 models matched reasonably well to the measured data. In general, simulated and measured suspended-sediment concentrations during periods of base flow (streamflows not substantially influenced by runoff) agree reasonably well for Williams Junction (with differences-simulated minus measured value-generally ranging from -14 to 19 mg/L, and percent difference-relative to the measured value-ranging from -87 to 642 percent) and Wye (differences generally ranging from -2 to 14 mg/L, -62 to 251 percent); however, the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN model generally does not match the suspended-sediment concentrations for all stations during periods of stormflow (streamflow substantially influenced by runoff). Generally, this is also the case for fecal coliform bacteria numbers and total organic carbon and nutrient concentrations. In general, water temperature and dissolved-oxygen concentration simulations followed measured seasonal trends for all stations with the largest differences occurring during periods of lowest water temperatures (for temperature) or during the periods of lowest measured dissolved-oxygen concentrations (for dissolved oxygen).\n\nFor the CE-QUAL-W2 model, simulated vertical distributions of temperatures and dissolved-oxygen concentrations agreed with measured distributions even for complex temperature profiles. Considering the oligotrophic-mesotrophic (low to intermediate primary productivity and associated low nutrient concentrations) condition of Lake Maumelle, simulated algae, phosphorus, and ammonia concentrations compared well with generally low measured values.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105239","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Central Arkansas Water","usgsCitation":"Hart, R.M., Westerman, D.A., Petersen, J., Green, W.R., and De Lanois, J.L., 2011, Effects of Simulated Land-Use Changes on Water Quality of Lake Maumelle, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5239, ix, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105239.","productDescription":"ix, 103 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5239.bmp"},{"id":14449,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5239/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93,34.666666666666664 ], [ -93,35.11666666666667 ], [ -92.16666666666667,35.11666666666667 ], [ -92.16666666666667,34.666666666666664 ], [ -93,34.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db62479a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Rheannon M. 0000-0003-4657-5945 rmhart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4657-5945","contributorId":5516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Rheannon","email":"rmhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westerman, Drew A. 0000-0002-8522-776X dawester@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-776X","contributorId":4526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westerman","given":"Drew","email":"dawester@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petersen, James C. petersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"James C.","email":"petersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Lanois, Jeanne L. jdelanoi@usgs.gov","contributorId":4672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Lanois","given":"Jeanne","email":"jdelanoi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":307257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70236679,"text":"70236679 - 2011 - An analytical model to predict dune and cliff notching due to wave impact","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-15T16:23:52.401242","indexId":"70236679","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-25T11:10:39","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An analytical model to predict dune and cliff notching due to wave impact","docAbstract":"A model was developed to calculate the evolution of a notch in a dune or cliff due to wave impact. Analytical solutions were derived to the model for schematized conditions regarding forcing and dune/cliff properties. Comparisons were made with laboratory experiments where the time evolution of the notch was measured. Values of the transport coefficients in the analytical solutions were determined by least-square fitting the solutions to the laboratory data. Some of these coefficients could be related to the ratio between parameters describing the forcing and the dune/cliff strength. The evolution of the dune notch displayed a linear behavior at short times, whereas the cliff notch showed a more complex response for cases where a feedback between the notch and a beach formed seaward of the cliff occurred.
This review summarises and evaluates the present knowledge on the behaviour, the biological effects and the routes of uptake of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to organisms, with considerations on the nanoparticle physicochemistry in the ecotoxicity testing systems used. Different types of Ag NP syntheses, characterisation techniques and predicted current and future concentrations in the environment are also outlined.
Rapid progress in this area has been made over the last few years, but there is still a critical lack of understanding of the need for characterisation and synthesis in environmental and ecotoxicological studies. Concentration and form of nanomaterials in the environment are difficult to quantify and methodological progress is needed, although sophisticated exposure models show that predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) for Ag NPs in different environmental compartments are at the range of ng L− 1 to mg kg− 1. The ecotoxicological literature shows that concentrations of Ag NPs below the current and future PECs, as low as just a few ng L− 1, can affect prokaryotes, invertebrates and fish indicating a significant potential, though poorly characterised, risk to the environment. Mechanisms of toxicity are still poorly understood although it seems clear that in some cases nanoscale specific properties may cause biouptake and toxicity over and above that caused by the dissolved Ag ion.
This review concludes with a set of recommendations for the advancement of understanding of the role of nanoscale silver in environmental and ecotoxicological research.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.012","usgsCitation":"Fabrega, J., Luoma, S.N., Tyler, C.R., Galloway, T., and Lead, J.R., 2011, Silver nanoparticles: Behaviour and effects in the aquatic environment: Environment International, v. 37, no. 2, p. 517-531, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.012.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"531","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/08ab172fdda74272bc0d63b279b9f05b","text":"External Repository"},{"id":371410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fabrega, Julia","contributorId":221693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fabrega","given":"Julia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tyler, Charles R.","contributorId":170025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tyler","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galloway, Tamara","contributorId":221694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Galloway","given":"Tamara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lead, Jamie R.","contributorId":41331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lead","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207955,"text":"70207955 - 2011 - Crude oil at the Bemidji Site: 25 years of monitoring, modeling, and understanding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T09:09:03","indexId":"70207955","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-21T09:07:18","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Crude oil at the Bemidji Site: 25 years of monitoring, modeling, and understanding","title":"Crude oil at the Bemidji Site: 25 years of monitoring, modeling, and understanding","docAbstract":"The fate of hydrocarbons in the subsurface near Bemidji, Minnesota, has been investigated by a multidisciplinary group of scientists for over a quarter century. Research at Bemidji has involved extensive investigations of multiphase flow and transport, volatilization, dissolution, geochemical interactions, microbial populations, and biodegradation with the goal of providing an improved understanding of the natural processes limiting the extent of hydrocarbon contamination. A considerable volume of oil remains in the subsurface today despite 30 years of natural attenuation and 5 years of pump‐and‐skim remediation. Studies at Bemidji were among the first to document the importance of anaerobic biodegradation processes for hydrocarbon removal and remediation by natural attenuation. Spatial variability of hydraulic properties was observed to influence subsurface oil and water flow, vapor diffusion, and the progression of biodegradation. Pore‐scale capillary pressure‐saturation hysteresis and the presence of fine‐grained sediments impeded oil flow, causing entrapment and relatively large residual oil saturations. Hydrocarbon attenuation and plume extent was a function of groundwater flow, compound‐specific volatilization, dissolution and biodegradation rates, and availability of electron acceptors. Simulation of hydrocarbon fate and transport affirmed concepts developed from field observations, and provided estimates of field‐scale reaction rates and hydrocarbon mass balance. Long‐term field studies at Bemidji have illustrated that the fate of hydrocarbons evolves with time, and a snap‐shot study of a hydrocarbon plume may not provide information that is of relevance to the long‐term behavior of the plume during natural attenuation.
Accurate estimates of population size are often crucial to determining status and planning recovery of endangered species. The ability to detect trends in survival and population size over time enables conservation managers to make effective decisions for species and refuge management. During 2004–2007, the translocated population of endangered Laysan Teal (Anas laysanensis; also Laysan Duck) was fitted with radio transmitters providing known (―gold standard‖) measures of survival and reproduction. However, as the population grew, statistically rigorous monitoring protocols were needed that were less labor intensive than radio telemetry. A population die-off and alarmingly high number of carcasses (181) were recorded during a botulism epizootic in August–October 2008, which further reinforced the need for effective monitoring protocols since this endangered species is vulnerable to catastrophic population declines. In fall 2008, we initiated a pilot study using standardized surveys with uniquely marked birds to monitor abundance and estimate the population growth rate of the reintroduced Laysan Teal. Since few birds carried marks (leg bands) after the 2008 botulism die-off (only about 15% of the population), and standardized surveys were not yet implemented, the magnitude of the die-off on the population size was unknown.
\nTo learn more about this endangered species' status and develop monitoring protocols useful to refuge managers and recovery planners in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), we marked (banded) 252 new Laysan Teal for this pilot project. With skilled refuge staff and trained volunteers, we conducted counts of marked, unmarked, and unknown birds during bimonthly surveys from Oct 2008 to Jan 2010. We recorded the identities of marked birds observed, recovered carcasses, and then used the last date a bird was detected alive and the median resight frequency to conclude if a bird was likely to be alive on a given survey date. Using mark-resight data and individual resight frequencies, we produced a series of abundance estimates from surveys that met accuracy criteria and approached ―closed population‖ assumptions. Since only one year of standardized, atoll-wide surveys were conducted, we analyzed data selected from multiple surveys using Lincoln-Petersen (LP) estimates instead of multi-year likelihood estimators. We adjusted surveys to account for unknown birds (e.g., swimming birds), temporary band loss, and described the frequency of double counting. Double counting is an important consideration in the population estimate because we found a maximum of 13% of marked birds were counted multiple times during a survey.
\nThese survey protocols allowed us to estimate the species' post-fledging population (combined adults and juveniles), and the methods are comparable to those used on Laysan Island. The Laysan Teal population increased 91% from 247 (95% CI, 233–260) in 2007 to 439–508 in early 2010. There was no change from 2009 to 2010 indicating that there was no population growth, however, our 2010 estimate should be considered preliminary since only one month of 2010 resight data was used. We compared a series of direct counts to their corresponding population estimates during 2008–2009 to evaluate if counts could serve as an unbiased ―index‖ of population abundance. There was a moderate correlation between abundance estimates and total birds counted (r2 = 0.51) during resight surveys but a low correlation with all-wetland counts (r2 = 0.02). This indicated that using direct all-wetland counts to predict abundance would result in confidence intervals on the order of ± 200 birds, which is equal to 50% of the estimate. With such large confidence intervals, it would be unlikely to detect annual changes in abundance or determine the magnitude of a catastrophic decline.
\nTo improve the Laysan Teal population estimates, we recommend changes to the monitoring protocol. Additional years of data are needed to quantify inter-annual seasonal detection probabilities, which may allow the use of standardized direct counts as an unbiased index of population size. Survey protocols should be enhanced through frequent resights, regular survey intervals, and determining reliable standards to detect catastrophic declines and annual changes in adult abundance. In late 2009 to early 2010, 68% of the population was marked with unique color band combinations. This allowed for potentially accurate adult population estimates and survival estimates without the need to mark new birds in 2010, 2011, and possibly 2012. However, efforts should be made to replace worn or illegible bands so birds can be identified in future surveys. It would be valuable to develop more sophisticated population size and survival models using Program MARK, a state-of-the-art software package which uses likelihood models to analyze mark-recapture data. This would allow for more reliable adult population and survival estimates to compare with the ―source‖ Laysan Teal population on Laysan Island. These models will require additional years of resight data (> 1 year) and, in some cases, an intensive annual effort of marking and recapture. Because data indicate standardized all-wetland counts are a poor index of abundance, monitoring efforts could be improved by expanding resight surveys to include all wetlands, discontinuing the all-wetland counts, and reallocating some of the wetland count effort to collect additional opportunistic resights. Approximately two years of additional bimonthly surveys are needed to validate the direct count as an appropriate index of population abundance. Additional years of individual resight data will allow estimates of adult population size, as specified in recovery criteria, and to track species population dynamics at Midway Atoll.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.H., Brinck, K., and Laniawe, L., 2011, Population estimates and monitoring guidelines for endangered Laysan Teal, Anas Laysanensis, at Midway Atoll: Pilot study results 2008-2010.: Technical Report HCSU-021, ii, 67 p.","productDescription":"ii, 67 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021360","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326617,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58b55e4b03bcb0104bc37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brinck, Kevin W. 0000-0001-7581-2482 kbrinck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7581-2482","contributorId":3847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinck","given":"Kevin W.","email":"kbrinck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laniawe, Leona","contributorId":140109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laniawe","given":"Leona","affiliations":[{"id":13385,"text":"University of Hawaii at Hilo Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70003967,"text":"70003967 - 2011 - Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-27T10:30:28","indexId":"70003967","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-18T15:24:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps","docAbstract":"In addition to the Greenland Ice Sheet, the Arctic contains \na diverse array of smaller glaciers ranging from small cirque \nglaciers to large ice caps with areas up to 20 000 km\n2\n. Together, \nthese glaciers cover an area of more than 400 000 km\n2\n, over \nhalf the global area of mountain glaciers and ice caps. Their \ntotal volume is sufficient to raise global sea level by an average \nof about 0.41 m if they were to melt completely.\nThese glaciers exist in a range of different climatic regimes, \nfrom the maritime environments of southern Alaska, Iceland, \nwestern Scandinavia, and Svalbard, to the polar desert of the \nCanadian Arctic. Glaciers in all regions of the Arctic have \ndecreased in area and mass as a result of the warming that has \noccurred since the 1920s (in two pulses – from the 1920s to the \n1940s and since the mid-1980s). A new phase of accelerated \nmass loss began in the mid-1990s, and has been most marked in \nAlaska, the Canadian Arctic, and probably Greenland. Current \nrates of mass loss are estimated to be in the range 150 to 300 \nGt/y; comparable to current mass loss rates from the Greenland \nIce Sheet. This implies that the Arctic is now the largest regional \nsource of glacier contributions to global sea-level rise.\nMost of the current mass loss is probably attributable to a \nchange in surface mass balance (the balance between annual \nmass addition, primarily by snowfall, and annual mass loss by \nsurface melting and meltwater runoff). Iceberg calving is also \na significant source of mass loss in areas such as coastal Alaska, \nArctic Canada, Svalbard, and the Russian Arctic. However, \nneither the current rate of calving loss nor its temporal \nvariability have been well quantified in many regions, so this is a \nsignificant source of uncertainty in estimates of the total rate of \nmass loss. It is, however, clear that the larger Arctic ice caps have \nsimilar variability in ice dynamics to that of the Greenland Ice \nSheet. That is to say, areas of relatively slow glacier flow (which \nterminate mainly on land) are separated by faster-flowing outlet \nglaciers (which terminate mainly in the ocean). Several of these \noutlet glaciers exhibit surge-type behavior, while others have \nexhibited substantial velocity changes on seasonal and longer \ntimescales. It is very likely that these changes in ice dynamics \naffect the rate of mass loss by calving both from individual \nglaciers and the total ice cover.\nProjections of future rates of mass loss from mountain \nglaciers and ice caps in the Arctic focus primarily on projections \nof changes in the surface mass balance. Current models are not \nyet capable of making realistic forecasts of changes in losses by \ncalving. Surface mass balance models are forced with downscaled \noutput from climate models driven by forcing scenarios that \nmake assumptions about the future rate of growth of atmospheric \ngreenhouse gas concentrations. Thus, mass loss projections vary \nconsiderably, depending on the forcing scenario used and the \nclimate model from which climate projections are derived. A \nnew study in which a surface mass balance model is driven by \noutput from ten general circulation models (GCMs) forced by \nthe IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) A1B \nemissions scenario yields estimates of total mass loss of between \n51 and 136 mm sea-level equivalent (SLE) (or 13% to 36% of \ncurrent glacier volume) by 2100. This implies that there will still \nbe substantial glacier mass in the Arctic in 2100 and that Arctic \nmountain glaciers and ice caps will continue to influence global \nsea-level change well into the 22nd century.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2011","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme","usgsCitation":"Ananichheva, M., Arendt, A., Hagen, J., Hock, R., Josberger, E.G., Moore, R.D., Pfeffer, W.T., and Wolken, G.J., 2011, Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps, chap. of Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2011, p. 7-1-7-62.","productDescription":"63 p.","startPage":"7-1","endPage":"7-62","numberOfPages":"63","ipdsId":"IP-023487","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279856,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279855,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/snow-water-ice-and-permafrost-in-the-arctic-swipa-climate-change-and-the-cryosphere/743"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52972274e4b08e44bf670c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ananichheva, Maria","contributorId":48083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ananichheva","given":"Maria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arendt, Anthony","contributorId":74661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arendt","given":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hagen, Jon-Ove","contributorId":62512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagen","given":"Jon-Ove","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hock, Regine","contributorId":55727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hock","given":"Regine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Josberger, Edward G. ejosberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":1710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"Edward","email":"ejosberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":349772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moore, R. Dan","contributorId":99033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pfeffer, William Tad","contributorId":76217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfeffer","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Tad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wolken, Gabriel J.","contributorId":9948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolken","given":"Gabriel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":98998,"text":"ofr20101312 - 2011 - Overview of the ARkStorm scenario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T22:54:31.860969","indexId":"ofr20101312","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-14T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1312","title":"Overview of the ARkStorm scenario","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Multi Hazards Demonstration Project (MHDP) uses hazards science to improve resiliency of communities to natural disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, wildfires, landslides, floods and coastal erosion. The project engages emergency planners, businesses, universities, government agencies, and others in preparing for major natural disasters. The project also helps to set research goals and provides decision-making information for loss reduction and improved resiliency. The first public product of the MHDP was the ShakeOut Earthquake Scenario published in May 2008. This detailed depiction of a hypothetical magnitude 7.8 earthquake on the San Andreas Fault in southern California served as the centerpiece of the largest earthquake drill in United States history, involving over 5,000 emergency responders and the participation of over 5.5 million citizens.
This document summarizes the next major public project for MHDP, a winter storm scenario called ARkStorm (for Atmospheric River 1,000). Experts have designed a large, scientifically realistic meteorological event followed by an examination of the secondary hazards (for example, landslides and flooding), physical damages to the built environment, and social and economic consequences. The hypothetical storm depicted here would strike the U.S. West Coast and be similar to the intense California winter storms of 1861 and 1862 that left the central valley of California impassible. The storm is estimated to produce precipitation that in many places exceeds levels only experienced on average once every 500 to 1,000 years.
Extensive flooding results. In many cases flooding overwhelms the state’s flood-protection system, which is typically designed to resist 100- to 200-year runoffs. The Central Valley experiences hypothetical flooding 300 miles long and 20 or more miles wide. Serious flooding also occurs in Orange County, Los Angeles County, San Diego, the San Francisco Bay area, and other coastal communities. Windspeeds in some places reach 125 miles per hour, hurricane-force winds. Across wider areas of the state, winds reach 60 miles per hour. Hundreds of landslides damage roads, highways, and homes. Property damage exceeds $300 billion, most from flooding. Demand surge (an increase in labor rates and other repair costs after major natural disasters) could increase property losses by 20 percent. Agricultural losses and other costs to repair lifelines, dewater (drain) flooded islands, and repair damage from landslides, brings the total direct property loss to nearly $400 billion, of which $20 to $30 billion would be recoverable through public and commercial insurance. Power, water, sewer, and other lifelines experience damage that takes weeks or months to restore. Flooding evacuation could involve 1.5 million residents in the inland region and delta counties. Business interruption costs reach $325 billion in addition to the $400 billion property repair costs, meaning that an ARkStorm could cost on the order of $725 billion, which is nearly 3 times the loss deemed to be realistic by the ShakeOut authors for a severe southern California earthquake, an event with roughly the same annual occurrence probability.
The ARkStorm has several public policy implications: (1) An ARkStorm raises serious questions about the ability of existing federal, state, and local disaster planning to handle a disaster of this magnitude. (2) A core policy issue raised is whether to pay now to mitigate, or pay a lot more later for recovery. (3) Innovative financing solutions are likely to be needed to avoid fiscal crisis and adequately fund response and recovery costs from a similar, real, disaster. (4) Responders and government managers at all levels could be encouraged to conduct risk assessments, and devise the full spectrum of exercises, to exercise ability of their plans to address a similar event. (5) ARkStorm can be a reference point for application of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and California Emergency Management Agency guidance connecting federal, state and local natural hazards mapping and mitigation planning under the National Flood Insurance Plan and Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. (6) Common messages to educate the public about the risk of such an extreme disaster as the ARkStorm scenario could be developed and consistently communicated to facilitate policy formulation and transformation.
These impacts were estimated by a team of 117 scientists, engineers, public-policy experts, insurance experts, and employees of the affected lifelines. In many aspects the ARkStorm produced new science, such as the model of coastal inundation. The products of the ARkStorm are intended for use by emergency planners, utility operators, policymakers, and others to inform preparedness plans and to enhance resiliency.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101312","collaboration":"Multihazards Demonstration Project","usgsCitation":"Porter, K., Wein, A., Alpers, C.N., Baez, A., Barnard, P.L., Carter, J., Corsi, A., Costner, J., Cox, D., Das, T., Dettinger, M., Done, J., Eadie, C., Eymann, M., Ferris, J., Gunturi, P., Hughes, M., Jarrett, R., Johnson, L., Le-Griffin, H.D., Mitchell, D., Morman, S., Neiman, P., Olsen, A., Perry, S., Plumlee, G., Ralph, M., Reynolds, D., Rose, A., Schaefer, K., Serakos, J., Siembieda, W., Stock, J.D., Strong, D., Wing, I.S., Tang, A., Thomas, P., Topping, K., Wills, C., and Jones, L., 2011, Overview of the ARkStorm scenario: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1312, Report: xvi, 183 p.; 2 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101312.","productDescription":"Report: xvi, 183 p.; 2 Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1312.gif"},{"id":14435,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395510,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94815.htm"},{"id":383728,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/of2010-1312_appendix_b.pdf","text":"Appendix B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383727,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/of2010-1312_appendix_a.pdf","text":"Appendix 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directions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"sir20105168","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5168","title":"Approaches to highly parameterized inversion: Pilot-point theory, guidelines, and research directions","docAbstract":"Pilot points have been used in geophysics and hydrogeology for at least 30 years as a means to bridge the gap between estimating a parameter value in every cell of a model and subdividing models into a small number of homogeneous zones. Pilot points serve as surrogate parameters at which values are estimated in the inverse-modeling process, and their values are interpolated onto the modeling domain in such a way that heterogeneity can be represented at a much lower computational cost than trying to estimate parameters in every cell of a model. Although the use of pilot points is increasingly common, there are few works documenting the mathematical implications of their use and even fewer sources of guidelines for their implementation in hydrogeologic modeling studies. This report describes the mathematics of pilot-point use, provides guidelines for their use in the parameter-estimation software suite (PEST), and outlines several research directions. Two key attributes for pilot-point definitions are highlighted. First, the difference between the information contained in the every-cell parameter field and the surrogate parameter field created using pilot points should be in the realm of parameters which are not informed by the observed data (the null space). Second, the interpolation scheme for projecting pilot-point values onto model cells ideally should be orthogonal. These attributes are informed by the mathematics and have important ramifications for both the guidelines and suggestions for future research.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105168","usgsCitation":"Doherty, J.E., Fienen, M., and Hunt, R.J., 2011, Approaches to highly parameterized inversion: Pilot-point theory, guidelines, and research directions: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5168, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105168.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"36","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19189,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a854a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doherty, John E.","contributorId":8817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doherty","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7046,"text":"Watermark Numerical Computing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":344228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9000560,"text":"sir20105218 - 2011 - Characterization of hydrology and salinity in the Dolores project area, McElmo Creek region, southwest Colorado, water years 1978-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T21:40:43.180913","indexId":"sir20105218","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5218","title":"Characterization of hydrology and salinity in the Dolores project area, McElmo Creek region, southwest Colorado, water years 1978-2006","docAbstract":"Increasing salinity loading in the Colorado River has become a major concern for agricultural and municipal water supplies. The Colorado Salinity Control Act was implemented in 1974 to protect and enhance the quality of water in the Colorado River Basin. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Colorado River Salinity Control Forum, summarized salinity reductions in the McElmo Creek basin in southwest Colorado as a result of salinity-control modifications and flow-regime changes that result from the Dolores Project, which consists of the construction of McPhee reservoir on the Dolores River and salinity control modifications along the irrigation water delivery system.
Flow-adjusted salinity trends using S-LOADEST estimations for a streamgage on McElmo Creek (site 1), that represents outflow from the basin, indicates a decrease in salinity load by 39,800 tons from water year 1978 through water year 2006, which is an average decrease of 1,370 tons per year for the 29-year period. Annual-load calculations for a streamgage on Mud Creek (site 6), that represents outflow from a tributary basin, indicate a decrease of 7,300 tons from water year 1982 through water year 2006, which is an average decrease of 292 tons per year for the 25-year period. The streamgage Dolores River at Dolores, CO (site 17) was chosen to represent a background site that is not affected by the Dolores Project. Annual load calculations for site 17 estimated a decrease of about 8,600 tons from water year 1978 through water year 2006, which is an average decrease of 297 tons per year for the 29-year period. The trend in salinity load at site 17 was considered to be representative of a natural trend in the region.
Typically, salinity concentrations at outflow sites decreased from the pre-Dolores Project period (water years 1978—1984) to the post-Dolores Project period (water years 2000—2006). The median salinity concentration for site 1 (main basin outflow) decreased from 2,210 milligrams per liter per day in the preperiod to 2,110 milligrams per liter per day in the postperiod. The median salinity concentration for site 6 (tributary outflow) increased from 3,370 milligrams per liter per day in the preperiod to 3,710 milligrams per liter per day in the postperiod. Salinity concentrations typically increased at inflow sites from the preperiod to the postperiod. Salinity concentrations increased from 178 milligrams per liter per day during the preperiod at Main Canal #1 (site 16) to 227 milligrams per liter per day during the postperiod at the Dolores Tunnel Outlet near Dolores, CO (site 15).
Calculation of the historical flow regime in McElmo Creek was done using a water-budget analysis of the basin. During water years 2000—2006, an estimated 845,000 acre-feet of water was consumed by crops and did not return to the creek as streamflow. The remaining 76,000 acre-feet, or 10,900 acre-feet per year for the 7-year postperiod, was assumed to represent a historical flow condition. The historical flow of 10,900 acre-feet per year is equivalent to 15.1 cubic feet per second.
Average total dissolved solids concentrations for water in each type of sedimentary rock were used to estimate natural salinity loads. Most surface-water sites used to fit the criteria needed to achieve a natural TDS concentration were springs. An average spring TDS value for sandstones geology in the basin was 350 milligrams per liter, and the average value for Mancos Shale geology was 4,000 milligrams per liter. The natural salinity loads in McElmo Creek were estimated to be 29,100 tons per year, which is 43 percent of the salinity load that was calculated for the postperiod.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105218","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Colorado River Salinity Control Forum","usgsCitation":"Richards, R.J., and Leib, K.J., 2011, Characterization of hydrology and salinity in the Dolores project area, McElmo Creek region, southwest Colorado, water years 1978-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5218, vi, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105218.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"38","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423544,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_98412.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5218.bmp"},{"id":19187,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5218/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"McElmo Creek region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.25,\n 37.6667\n ],\n [\n -109.25,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -108.3333,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -108.3333,\n 37.6667\n ],\n [\n -109.25,\n 37.6667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a4e4b07f02db5c0696","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richards, Rodney J. 0000-0003-3953-984X rjrichar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-984X","contributorId":2204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Rodney","email":"rjrichar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":344221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148170,"text":"70148170 - 2011 - Distribution and habitat associations of breeding secretive marsh birds in Louisiana's Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-16T15:33:31","indexId":"70148170","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and habitat associations of breeding secretive marsh birds in Louisiana's Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"Populations of many North American secretive marsh birds (SMBs) have declined in recent decades, partially as a function of wetland loss. Protecting and restoring appropriate habitat for these species is contingent upon understanding the habitat features they utilize. We investigated breeding distributions of SMBs in northeast Louisiana at 118 wetlands in 2007 and 2008 and modeled species occupancy (psi) as a function of habitat variables measured at local (<= 100 m) and landscape (<= 1 km) scales. Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus), Least Bitterns (Ixobrychus exilis), and Purple Gallinules (Porphyrula martinica) were the most commonly detected species, whereas breeding King Rails (Rallus elegans) and American Coots (Fulica americana) were rare. Local habitat features consistently played a greater role in predicting psi than landscape features for the three most common species. The proportion of local wetland area dominated by robust emergent vegetation (i.e., Typha spp. and Zizaniopsis miliacea) positively influenced psi for all species, while other wetland vegetation types tended to have a minimal or negative effect. Our results suggest the habitat characteristics preferred by breeding SMBs differ from those used by migrating shorebirds and wintering waterfowl and management and restoration objectives for those species may be inadequate for enhancing SMB habitat.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s13157-010-0138-3","collaboration":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service State Wildlife; Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.","usgsCitation":"Valente, J.J., King, S.L., and Wilson, R.R., 2011, Distribution and habitat associations of breeding secretive marsh birds in Louisiana's Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Wetlands, v. 31, no. 1, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-010-0138-3.","productDescription":"11 p. 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We suspected that previous estimates of annual survival (S; range = 0.20-0.44) for Lake Superior ciscoes Coregonus artedi developed from scale ages were biased low. To test this hypothesis, we estimated the total instantaneous mortality rate of adult ciscoes from the Thunder Bay, Ontario, stock by use of cohort-based catch curves developed from commercial gill-net catches and otolith-aged fish. Mean S based on otolith ages was greater for adult females (0.80) than for adult males (0.75), but these differences were not significant. Applying the results of a study of agreement between scale and otolith ages, we modeled a scale age for each otolith-aged fish to reconstruct catch curves. Using modeled scale ages, estimates of S (0.42 for females, 0.36 for males) were comparable with those reported in past studies. We conducted a November 2005 acoustic and midwater trawl survey to estimate the abundance of ciscoes when the fish were being harvested for roe. Estimated exploitation rates were 0.085 for females and 0.025 for males, and the instantaneous rates of fishing mortality were 0.089 for females and 0.025 for males. The instantaneous rates of natural mortality were 0.131 and 0.265 for females and males, respectively. Using otolith ages, we found that strong year-classes at large during November 2005 were caught in high numbers as age-1 fish in previous annual bottom trawl surveys, whereas weak or absent year-classes were not. For decades, large-scale fisheries on the Great Lakes were allowed to operate because ciscoes were assumed to be short lived and to have regular recruitment. We postulate that the collapse of these fisheries was linked in part to a misunderstanding of cisco biology driven by scale-ageing error.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/T07-068.1","usgsCitation":"Yule, D.L., Stockwell, J.D., Black, J., Cullis, K.I., Cholwek, G.A., and Myers, J., 2011, How systematic age underestimation can impede understanding of fish population dynamics: Lessons learned from a Lake Superior cisco stock: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 137, no. 2, p. 481-495, https://doi.org/10.1577/T07-068.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"495","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":214227,"rank":2,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T07-068.1"},{"id":241926,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Thunder Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.35261650227129,\n 48.55694394503374\n ],\n [\n -89.35261650227129,\n 48.10409585258898\n ],\n [\n -88.80330009602122,\n 48.10409585258898\n ],\n [\n -88.80330009602122,\n 48.55694394503374\n ],\n [\n -89.35261650227129,\n 48.55694394503374\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"137","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3259e4b0c8380cd5e741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yule, Daniel L. dyule@usgs.gov","contributorId":139525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yule","given":"Daniel","email":"dyule@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":441763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stockwell, Jason D. 0000-0003-3393-6799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-6799","contributorId":61004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stockwell","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Black, J.A.","contributorId":49499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cullis, Ken I.","contributorId":150786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cullis","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":13173,"text":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Upper Great Lakes Management Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":441764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cholwek, Gary A. gcholwek@usgs.gov","contributorId":2719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cholwek","given":"Gary","email":"gcholwek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":441760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Myers, Jared T. 0009-0004-9362-8792","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9362-8792","contributorId":44055,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Jared T.","affiliations":[{"id":6596,"text":"Quantitative Fisheries Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":441762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70004271,"text":"70004271 - 2011 - Structural and functional effects of herbicides on non-target organisms in aquatic ecosystems with an emphasis on atrazine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-29T08:02:16","indexId":"70004271","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-08T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"18","title":"Structural and functional effects of herbicides on non-target organisms in aquatic ecosystems with an emphasis on atrazine","docAbstract":"Herbicide use has increased dramatically around the world over the past 6 decades (Gianessi and Reigner, 2007). Few herbicides were in use in the 1950s. However, by 2001 approximately 1.14 billion kilograms of herbicides were applied globally for the control of undesireable vegetation in agricultural, silvicultural, lawncare, aquacultural, and irrigation/recreational water management activities (Kiely et al., 2004). Twenty-eight percent of the total mass of herbicides is applied in the United States, with the remaining 72 percent being applied elsewhere around the globe (Kiely et al., 2004). Herbicides represent 36% of global pesticide use, followed by insecticides (25%), fungicides (10%) and other chemical classes (Kiely et al., 2004).
\nAgricultural production accounts for approximately 90% of herbicide use in the U.S. (Kiely et al., 2004). Gianessi and Reigner (2007) indicated that herbicides are routinely used on more than 90% of the area designated for large commercial crops including corn, soybeans, cotton, sugar beets, peanuts, and rice. Increased farm mechanization, technological advancements in production of inexpensive sources of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (e.g., anhydrous ammonia), and conversion of forest, grassland, and wetland habitats to cropland has led to a tremendous increase in global food production over the past half-century. Herbicides have augmented advances in large-scale agricultural systems and have largely replaced mechanical and hand-weeding control mechanisms (Gianessi and Reigner, 2007). The wide-spread use of herbicides in agriculture has resulted in frequent chemical detections in surface and groundwaters (Gilliom, 2007). The majority of herbicides used are highly water soluble and are therefore prone to runoff from terrestrial environments. In additon, spray drift and atmospheric deposition can contribute to herbicide contamination of aquatic environments. Lastly, selected herbicides are deliberately applied to aquatic environments for controlling nuisance aquatic vegetation. Although aquatic herbicide exposure has been widely documented, these exposures are not necessarily related to adverse non-target ecological effects on natural communities in aquatic environments. This chapter evaluates the potential for effects of herbicides on the structure and function of aquatic envrionments at the population, community, and ecosystem levels of biological organization. In this manuscript I examine several critical aspects of the subject matter area: primary herbicides in use and chemical modes of action; the regulatory process used for registration and risk assessment of herbicides; data regarding non-target risks and the relative sensitivity of aquatic plants, inveretebrates, and fish to herbicides; and emerging areas of science regarding the potential for endocrine-disrupting effects of herbicides on aquatic vertebrates. Much of the focus of this paper is on atrazine due to the extensive database which exists regarding its fate and effects.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herbicides and environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"InTech","doi":"10.5772/13451","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, J., 2011, Structural and functional effects of herbicides on non-target organisms in aquatic ecosystems with an emphasis on atrazine, chap. 18 of Herbicides and environment, p. 383-404, https://doi.org/10.5772/13451.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"404","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-023906","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5772/13451","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311041,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311042,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-25T15:54:06.985312","indexId":"1003425","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat associations of small fishes around islands in the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"In large rivers, islands provide a variety of habitat types and increase habitat heterogeneity. Creating or modifying islands with dredged sediments from channel maintenance operations provides an opportunity to enhance habitat features that might promote certain fish communities or general fish abundance. To determine associations between fish species and habitat features of islands, we sampled fish by seining at 62 sites around 20 islands in the upper Mississippi River from Winona, Minnesota, to Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin (180 km). Habitat characteristics were divided into macrohabitat features associated with islands, such as island shape, location, or maximum depth around the island, and mesohabitat features of sites, such as depth, sediment type, and vegetation abundance. Cluster analysis of islands based on macrohabitat features identified four clusters distinguished primarily by water depth and distance from the main channel. Mean fish density did not differ among island clusters. Cluster analysis of sites based on mesohabitat features produced four clusters distinguished primarily by vegetation abundance. Mean densities of most fish taxa were highest in clusters with moderate or dense vegetation and lowest in the cluster with no vegetation. For the eight most abundant fish species, multiple-regression analysis of density on mesohabitat features across all sites indicated that all species were positively correlated with vegetation abundance, which explained 7-49% of variation in density. Our results suggest that mesohabitat features of sites were more important than macrohabitat features of islands in determining density of small fishes and that modifications that increase the abundance of vegetation around islands are most likely to increase fish density.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0327:HAOSFA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B.L., and Jennings, C.A., 2011, Habitat associations of small fishes around islands in the upper Mississippi River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 18, no. 2, p. 327-336, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0327:HAOSFA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.7259217454691,\n 44.109900177614634\n ],\n [\n -91.7259217454691,\n 43.03654263357964\n ],\n [\n -90.99042076365409,\n 43.03654263357964\n ],\n [\n -90.99042076365409,\n 44.109900177614634\n ],\n [\n -91.7259217454691,\n 44.109900177614634\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64971b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Barry L. bljohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Barry","email":"bljohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":313261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A. 0000-0002-6159-6026 jennings@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6026","contributorId":874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil","email":"jennings@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}