A Decree of the Supreme Court of the United States, entered in 1954, established the position of Delaware River Master within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). In addition, the Decree authorizes diversions of water from the Delaware River Basin and requires compensating releases from certain reservoirs, owned by New York City, to be made under the supervision and direction of the River Master. The Decree stipulates that the River Master will furnish reports to the Court, not less frequently than annually. This report is the 50th Annual Report of the River Master of the Delaware River. It covers the 2003 River Master report year; that is, the period from December 1, 2002 to November 30, 2003.
During the report year, precipitation in the upper Delaware River Basin was 13.40 inches (131 percent) greater than the long-term average. Combined storage in Pepacton, Cannonsville, and Neversink Reservoirs was above the long-term median on December 1, 2002. Reservoir storage increased rapidly in mid-March 2003 and all the reservoirs filled and spilled. The reservoirs remained nearly full for the remainder of the report year. Delaware River operations throughout the report year were conducted as stipulated by the Decree.
Diversions from the Delaware River Basin by New York City and New Jersey were in compliance with the Decree. Reservoir releases were made as directed by the River Master at rates designed to meet the flow objective for the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey, on 10 days during the report year. Releases were made at experimental conservation rates—or rates designed to relieve thermal stress and protect the fishery and aquatic habitat in the tailwaters of the reservoirs—on all other days.
During the report year, New York City and New Jersey complied fully with the terms of the Decree, and directives and requests of the River Master.
As part of a long-term program, the quality of water in the Delaware Estuary between Trenton, New Jersey, and Reedy Island Jetty, Delaware, was monitored at various locations. Data on water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH were collected continuously by electronic instruments at four sites. In addition, selected water-quality data were collected at 3 sites on a monthly basis and at 19 sites on a semi-monthly basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081372","usgsCitation":"Krejmas, B.E., Paulachok, G.N., and Blanchard, S.F., 2009, Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2002-November 30, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1372, vi, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081372.","productDescription":"vi, 67 p.","temporalStart":"2002-12-01","temporalEnd":"2003-11-30","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407866,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86831.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12820,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1372/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2008_1372.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.0833,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -74.6833,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -74.6833,\n 42.4\n ],\n [\n -76.0833,\n 42.4\n ],\n [\n -76.0833,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633c14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krejmas, Bruce E.","contributorId":102501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krejmas","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paulachok, Gary N. gnpaulac@usgs.gov","contributorId":3500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulachok","given":"Gary","email":"gnpaulac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanchard, Stephen F.","contributorId":54966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97669,"text":"ofr20091065 - 2009 - Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2003-November 30, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:34:55.276107","indexId":"ofr20091065","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1065","title":"Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2003-November 30, 2004","docAbstract":"A Decree of the Supreme Court of the United States, entered in 1954, established the position of Delaware River Master within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). In addition, the Decree authorizes diversions of water from the Delaware River Basin and requires compensating releases from certain reservoirs, owned by New York City, to be made under the supervision and direction of the River Master. The Decree stipulates that the River Master will furnish reports to the Court, not less frequently than annually. This report is the 51st Annual Report of the River Master of the Delaware River. It covers the 2004 River Master report year; that is, the period from December 1, 2003, to November 30, 2004.
During the report year, precipitation in the upper Delaware River Basin was 9.03 in. (121 percent) greater than the long-term average. Combined storage in Pepacton, Cannonsville, and Neversink Reservoirs was at a record high level on December 1, 2003. Reservoir storage remained high throughout the year with at least one reservoir spilling every month of the year. Delaware River operations throughout the year were conducted as stipulated by the Decree.
Diversions from the Delaware River Basin by New York City and New Jersey were in compliance with the Decree. Reservoir releases were made as directed by the River Master at rates designed to meet the flow objective for the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey, on 30 days during the report year. Releases were made at conservation rates—or rates designed to relieve thermal stress and protect the fishery and aquatic habitat in the tailwaters of the reservoirs—on all other days.
During the report year, New York City and New Jersey complied fully with the terms of the Decree, and directives and requests of the River Master.
As part of a long-term program, the quality of water in the Delaware Estuary between Trenton, New Jersey, and Reedy Island Jetty, Delaware, was monitored at various locations. Data on water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH were collected continuously by electronic instruments at four sites. In addition, selected water-quality data were collected at 3 sites on a monthly basis and at 19 sites on a semi-monthly basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091065","usgsCitation":"Krejmas, B.E., Paulachok, G.N., and Blanchard, S.F., 2009, Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2003-November 30, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1065, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091065.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","temporalStart":"2003-12-01","temporalEnd":"2004-11-30","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1065.jpg"},{"id":407867,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86832.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1065/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.0833,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -74.6833,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -74.6833,\n 42.4\n ],\n [\n -76.0833,\n 42.4\n ],\n [\n -76.0833,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633ba4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krejmas, Bruce E.","contributorId":102501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krejmas","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paulachok, Gary N. gnpaulac@usgs.gov","contributorId":3500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulachok","given":"Gary","email":"gnpaulac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanchard, Stephen F.","contributorId":54966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97677,"text":"sir20095097 - 2009 - Performance of Traditional and Molecular Methods for Detecting Biological Agents in Drinking Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"sir20095097","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5097","title":"Performance of Traditional and Molecular Methods for Detecting Biological Agents in Drinking Water","docAbstract":"To reduce the impact from a possible bioterrorist attack on drinking-water supplies, analytical methods are needed to rapidly detect the presence of biological agents in water. To this end, 13 drinking-water samples were collected at 9 water-treatment plants in Ohio to assess the performance of a molecular method in comparison to traditional analytical methods that take longer to perform. Two 100-liter samples were collected at each site during each sampling event; one was seeded in the laboratory with six biological agents - Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), Burkholderia cepacia (as a surrogate for Bu. pseudomallei), Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis), Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), and Cryptospordium parvum (C. parvum). The seeded and unseeded samples were processed by ultrafiltration and analyzed by use of quantiative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a molecular method, and culture methods for bacterial agents or the immunomagnetic separation/fluorescent antibody (IMS/FA) method for C. parvum as traditional methods. Six replicate seeded samples were also processed and analyzed.\r\n\r\n\r\nFor traditional methods, recoveries were highly variable between samples and even between some replicate samples, ranging from below detection to greater than 100 percent. Recoveries were significantly related to water pH, specific conductance, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for all bacteria combined by culture methods, but none of the water-quality characteristics tested were related to recoveries of C. parvum by IMS/FA. Recoveries were not determined by qPCR because of problems in quantifying organisms by qPCR in the composite seed. Instead, qPCR results were reported as detected, not detected (no qPCR signal), or +/- detected (Cycle Threshold or 'Ct' values were greater than 40). Several sample results by qPCR were omitted from the dataset because of possible problems with qPCR reagents, primers, and probes. For the remaining 14 qPCR results (including some replicate samples), F. tularensis and V. cholerae were detected in all samples after ultrafiltration, B. anthracis was detected in 13 and +/- detected in 1 sample, and C. parvum was detected in 9 and +/- detected in 4 samples. Bu. cepacia was detected in nine samples, +/- detected in two samples, and not detected in three samples (for two out of three samples not detected, a different strain was used). The qPCR assay for V. cholerae provided two false positive - but late - signals in one unseeded sample. Numbers found by qPCR after ultrafiltration were significantly or nearly significantly related to those found by traditional methods for B. anthracis, F. tularensis, and V. cholerae but not for Bu. cepacia and C. parvum. A qPCR assay for S. Typhi was not available.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe qPCR method can be used to rapidly detect B. anthracis, F. tularensis, and V. cholerae with some certainty in drinking-water samples, but additional work would be needed to optimize and test qPCR for Bu. cepacia and C. parvum and establish relations to traditional methods. The specificity for the V. cholerae assay needs to be further investigated. Evidence is provided that ultrafiltration and qPCR are promising methods to rapidly detect biological agents in the Nation's drinking-water supplies and thus reduce the impact and consequences from intentional bioterrorist events. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the use of traditional and qPCR methods to detect biological agents in large-volume drinking-water samples.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095097","isbn":"9781411324732","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., Bushon, R.N., Brady, A., Bertke, E.E., Kephart, C.M., Likirdopulos, C.A., Mailot, B.E., Schaefer, F.W., and Lindquist, H.A., 2009, Performance of Traditional and Molecular Methods for Detecting Biological Agents in Drinking Water: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5097, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095097.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5097.jpg"},{"id":12829,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5097/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bushon, Rebecca N. rnbushon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bushon","given":"Rebecca","email":"rnbushon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brady, Amie M. G.","contributorId":29774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Amie M. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bertke, Erin E. eebertke@usgs.gov","contributorId":1934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bertke","given":"Erin","email":"eebertke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kephart, Christopher M. 0000-0002-3369-5596 ckephart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3369-5596","contributorId":1932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kephart","given":"Christopher","email":"ckephart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Likirdopulos, Christina A.","contributorId":84039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likirdopulos","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mailot, Brian E. bemailot@usgs.gov","contributorId":2569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mailot","given":"Brian","email":"bemailot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schaefer, Frank W. III","contributorId":108219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Frank","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lindquist, H.D. Alan","contributorId":48666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindquist","given":"H.D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70003592,"text":"70003592 - 2009 - High diversity and abundance of scleractinian corals growing on and near mangrove prop roots, St. John, US Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-19T13:26:07.656994","indexId":"70003592","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High diversity and abundance of scleractinian corals growing on and near mangrove prop roots, St. John, US Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"A narrow zone of red mangroves fringes the shorelines of four small bays in Hurricane Hole, within Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument (VICRNM) on St. John. In two of these bays, Otter Creek and Water Creek, a particularly high abundance and diversity of corals are growing directly on or near the prop roots (Fig. 1a,b,c). To date, 28 coral species have been found: Stephanocoenia intersepta, Agaricia sp., Agaricia agaricites, Siderastrea siderea, S. radians, Porites porites, P. astreoides, P. furcata, P. divaricata, Favia fragum, Diploria strigosa, D. labyrinthiformis, D. clivosa, Manicina areolata, Colpophyllia natans, C. amaranthus, Montastraea annularis, M. faveolata, M. franksi, M. cavernosa, Oculina diffusa, Meandrina meandrites, Dendrogyra cylindrus, Scolymia cubensis, Mycetophyllia sp., Eusmilia fastigiata, Cladocora arbuscula, and Tubastrea coccinea. The size of many of the colonies, including some M. faveolata and C. natans colonies over 1 m across (Fig. 1b), indicate that they survived the 2005/2006 bleaching and disease event that caused losses of over 60% of the coral cover on St. John reefs (Rogers et al. 2008). Shading by the mangroves possibly reduced the thermal and photic stress on these corals. The coral diversity in these mangroves may be higher than for other Caribbean mangrove systems. Few published papers include data on corals in these habitats. Two comprehensive reviews of the biology of mangroves make no reference to corals on or near prop roots (Kathiresan and Bingham 2001; Nagelkerken et al. 2008). The number of corals in Hurricane Hole, particularly the new recruits on the prop roots (Fig. 1c), may have increased since the establishment of the VICRNM in 2001, as boaters are not permitted to overnight in these bays or to tie their boats to the mangrove trees as was done in the past.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00338-009-0526-4","usgsCitation":"Rogers, C., 2009, High diversity and abundance of scleractinian corals growing on and near mangrove prop roots, St. John, US Virgin Islands: Coral Reefs, v. 28, no. 4, p. 909-909, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0526-4.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"909","endPage":"909","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0526-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":417239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"U.S. Virgin Islands","city":"St. John","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.918212890625,\n 17.612610761099077\n ],\n [\n -64.54879760742188,\n 17.612610761099077\n ],\n [\n -64.54879760742188,\n 17.834988937023418\n ],\n [\n -64.918212890625,\n 17.834988937023418\n ],\n [\n -64.918212890625,\n 17.612610761099077\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635b38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, C.S. 0000-0001-9056-6961","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-6961","contributorId":37274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97667,"text":"sim3067 - 2009 - Geologic Cross Section D-D' Through the Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Sandusky County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Hardy County, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:45","indexId":"sim3067","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3067","title":"Geologic Cross Section D-D' Through the Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Sandusky County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Hardy County, West Virginia","docAbstract":"Geologic cross section D-D' is the second in a series of cross sections constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey to document and improve understanding of the geologic framework and petroleum systems of the Appalachian basin. Cross section D-D' provides a regional view of the structural and stratigraphic framework of the Appalachian basin from the Findlay arch in northwestern Ohio to the Valley and Ridge province in eastern West Virginia, a distance of approximately 290 miles. The information shown on the cross section is based on geological and geophysical data from 13 deep drill holes, several of which penetrate the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the basin and bottom in Mesoproterozoic (Grenville-age) crystalline basement rocks. This cross section is a companion to cross section E-E' (Ryder and others, 2008) that is located about 25 to 50 mi to the southwest.\r\n\r\nAlthough specific petroleum systems in the Appalachian basin are not identified on the cross section, many of their key elements (such as source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, and traps) can be inferred from lithologic units, unconformities, and geologic structures shown on the cross section. Other aspects of petroleum systems (such as the timing of petroleum generation and preferred migration pathways) may be evaluated by burial history, thermal history, and fluid flow models based on information shown on the cross section. Cross section D-D' lacks the detail to illustrate key elements of coal systems (such as paleoclimate, coal quality, and coal rank), but it does provide a general geologic framework (stratigraphic units and general rock types) for the coal-bearing section. Also, cross section D-D' may be used as a reconnaissance tool to identify plausible geologic structures and strata for the subsurface storage of liquid waste or for the sequestration of carbon dioxide.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3067","isbn":"9781411323575","usgsCitation":"Ryder, R., Crangle, R., Trippi, M.H., Swezey, C., Lentz, E., Rowan, E.L., and Hope, R.S., 2009, Geologic Cross Section D-D' Through the Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Sandusky County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Hardy County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3067, Report: iv, 52 p.; 2 Sheets - Sheet 1: 54 x 44 inches, Sheet 2: 56 x 44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3067.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 52 p.; 2 Sheets - Sheet 1: 54 x 44 inches, Sheet 2: 56 x 44 inches","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3067.jpg"},{"id":12818,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3067/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86,35 ], [ -86,42 ], [ -74.5,42 ], [ -74.5,35 ], [ -86,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crangle, Robert D. Jr.","contributorId":102948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crangle","given":"Robert D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trippi, Michael H. 0000-0002-1398-3427 mtrippi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-3427","contributorId":941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippi","given":"Michael","email":"mtrippi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swezey, Christopher S.","contributorId":52640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swezey","given":"Christopher S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lentz, Erika E.","contributorId":105375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lentz","given":"Erika E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rowan, Elisabeth L. 0000-0001-5753-6189 erowan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":2075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Elisabeth","email":"erowan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hope, Rebecca S.","contributorId":43460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hope","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":97666,"text":"ofr20091113 - 2009 - Ecology of Greater Sage-Grouse in the Bi-State Planning Area Final Report, September 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:25","indexId":"ofr20091113","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1113","title":"Ecology of Greater Sage-Grouse in the Bi-State Planning Area Final Report, September 2007","docAbstract":"Conservation efforts for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), hereafter sage-grouse, are underway across the range of this species. Over 70 local working groups have been established and are implementing on-the-ground sage-grouse oriented conservation projects. Early on in this process, the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) recognized the need to join in these efforts and received funding from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) under the Candidate Species Conservation Program to help develop a species conservation plan for sage-grouse in the Mono County area. This conservation plan covers portions of Alpine, Mono, and Inyo counties in California and Douglas, Esmeralda, Lyon, and Mineral counties in Nevada. A concurrent effort underway through the Nevada Governor's Sage-grouse Conservation Team established Local Area Working Groups across Nevada and eastern California. The Mono County populations of sage-grouse were encompassed by the Bi-State Local Planning Area, which was comprised of six population management units (PMUs). The state agencies from California (CDFG) and Nevada (Nevada Department of Wildlife; NDOW) responsible for the management of sage-grouse agreed to utilize the process that had begun with the Nevada Governor's Team in order to develop local plans for conservation planning and implementation.\r\n\r\nResources from the USFWS were applied to several objectives in support of the development of the Bi-State Local Area Sage-grouse Conservation Plan through a grant to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Objectives included: (1) participate in the development of the Bi-State Conservation Plan, (2) compile and synthesize existing sage-grouse data, (3) document seasonal movements of sage-grouse, (4) identify habitats critical to sage-grouse, (5) determine survival rates and identify causal factors of mortality, (6) determine nest success and brood success of sage-grouse, and (7) identify sage-grouse lek sites. Progress reports completed in 2004 and 2005 addressed each of the specific objectives and this final report focuses on the biological information gathered in support of local conservation efforts.\r\n\r\nParticipation in the development of the Bi-State Local Area Conservation Plan was accomplished on multiple scales. Beginning in the fall of 2002, USGS personnel began participating in meetings of local stakeholders involved in the development of a sage-grouse conservation plan for the Bi-State planning area. This included attendance at numerous local PMU group meetings and field trips as well as participating on the technical advisory committee (TAC) for the Bi-State group. Whenever appropriate, ongoing results and findings regarding sage-grouse ecology in the local area were incorporated into these working group meetings. In addition, the USGS partnered with CDFG to help reorganize one of the local PMU groups (South Mono) and edited that portion of the Bi-State plan. The USGS also worked closely with CDFG to draft a description of the state of knowledge for sage-grouse genetic information for inclusion in the Bi-State Conservation Plan. The first edition of the Bi-State Conservation Plan for Greater Sage-Grouse was completed in June 2004 (Bi-State Sage-grouse Conservation Team 2004).\r\n\r\nThis report is organized primarily by PMU to facilitate the incorporation of these research findings into the individual PMU plans that compose the Bi-State plan. Information presented in this report was derived from over 7,000 radio-telemetry locations obtained on 145 individual sage-grouse during a three year period (2003-2005). In addition, we collected detailed vegetation measurements at over 590 habitat sampling plots within the study area including canopy cover, shrubs, forbs, and grasses diversity. Vegetation data collection focused on sage-grouse nests, and brood-use areas. Additionally we collected data at random sites to examine sage-grouse habitat relationships within the study area. The majori","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091113","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Western Geographic Science Center, Menlo Park, California and University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada","usgsCitation":"Casazza, M.L., Overton, C.T., Farinha, M.A., Torregrosa, A.A., Fleskes, J.P., Miller, M.R., Sedinger, J.S., and Kolada, E.J., 2009, Ecology of Greater Sage-Grouse in the Bi-State Planning Area Final Report, September 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1113, vi, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091113.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","temporalStart":"2007-09-01","temporalEnd":"2007-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1113.jpg"},{"id":12817,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627af5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Overton, Cory T. 0000-0002-5060-7447 coverton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-7447","contributorId":3262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"Cory","email":"coverton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farinha, Melissa A.","contributorId":7791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farinha","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Torregrosa, Alicia A. 0000-0001-7361-2241 atorregrosa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-2241","contributorId":3471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torregrosa","given":"Alicia","email":"atorregrosa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fleskes, Joseph P. 0000-0001-5388-6675 joe_fleskes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-6675","contributorId":1889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleskes","given":"Joseph","email":"joe_fleskes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Michael R.","contributorId":45796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12709,"text":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":302818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":302820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kolada, Eric J.","contributorId":76840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolada","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":97664,"text":"sir20095121 - 2009 - Assessment of Lower Missouri River physical aquatic habitat and its use by adult sturgeon (Genus Scaphirhynchus), 2005-07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:57:49","indexId":"sir20095121","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5121","title":"Assessment of Lower Missouri River physical aquatic habitat and its use by adult sturgeon (Genus Scaphirhynchus), 2005-07","docAbstract":"This report presents an exploratory analysis of habitat availability and use by adult Scaphirhynchus sturgeon on the Lower Missouri River from Gavins Point Dam, South Dakota, to the junction with the Mississippi River. The analysis is based on two main data sources collected from 2005 to 2007: (1) a compilation of 153 reach-scale habitat maps (mean reach length, 2.4 kilometers) derived from boat-collected hydroacoustic data and (2) a sturgeon location dataset from which 378 sturgeon telemetry locations are associated with the maps (within 7 days of the mapping and within 10 percent of the discharge). The report focuses on: (1) longitudinal patterns of geomorphic and hydraulic characteristics revealed by the collection of reach maps; (2) assessment of environmental characteristics at sturgeon locations in the context of the mapped reaches; and (3) consideration of spatial distribution of habitat conditions that sturgeon appear to select.
Longitudinal patterns of geomorphology, hydraulics, and associated habitats relate strongly to the engineered state of the river. Reaches within each of the following river sections tended to share similar geomorphic, hydrologic, and hydraulic characteristics: the Minimally Engineered section (Gavins Point Dam to Sioux City, Iowa), the Upstream Channelized section (Sioux City, Iowa, to the junction with the Kansas River), and the Downstream Channelized section (Kansas River to the junction with the Mississippi River).
Adult sturgeon occupy nearly the full range of available values for each continuous variable assessed: depth, depth slope, depth-averaged velocity, velocity gradient, and Froude number (a dimensionless number relating velocity to depth). However, in the context of habitat available in a reach, sturgeon tend to select some areas over others. Reproductive female shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus), in particular, were often found in parts of the reach with one or more of the following characteristics: high velocity gradient, high depth slope, low Froude number, and low (though not necessarily the lowest) depth-averaged velocity. Depths used by sturgeon varied considerably.
We explored spatial patterns representing the variable ranges that reproductive female shovelnose sturgeon most strongly and consistently selected by mapping areas within reaches meeting the following criteria: greater than the 80th percentile of depth slope, greater than the 80th percentile of velocity gradient, and less than the 20th percentile of Froude number. Our data exploration indicates that areas meeting these criteria have some predictive value regarding sturgeon habitat selection. Of all sturgeon locations that fall on maps from the same year (sample size = 2,013), about 63 percent fall within about 35 percent of the area where at least one variable meets the above criteria and 18 percent of locations fall within 4 percent of the area where all three variables meet the above criteria. The spatial patterns of these mapped areas show distinct differences among the sections of the Lower Missouri River. For example, the areas of predicted selection exhibit a relatively complex mosaic with multiple interconnected pathways in reaches of the Minimally Engineered section. In contrast, areas of predicted selection are concentrated along the channel margins in reaches of the Upstream Channelized section. Because the patterns described in this report represent habitat use in the context of the available habitat in a highly altered river system, selection may not necessarily indicate preferred habitats or habitats sufficient for reproduction and survival of sturgeon species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095121","isbn":"9781411325111","collaboration":"Prepared for the Missouri River Recovery-Integrated Science Program U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Yankton, South Dakota","usgsCitation":"Reuter, J.M., Jacobson, R.B., Elliott, C.M., and DeLonay, A.J., 2009, Assessment of Lower Missouri River physical aquatic habitat and its use by adult sturgeon (Genus Scaphirhynchus), 2005-07: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5121, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095121.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","numberOfPages":"92","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5121.jpg"},{"id":329531,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5121/pdf/SIR2009-5121.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":12815,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5121/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100,38 ], [ -100,44 ], [ -88,44 ], [ -88,38 ], [ -100,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67297d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reuter, Joanna M.","contributorId":50179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reuter","given":"Joanna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, Caroline M. 0000-0002-9190-7462 celliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9190-7462","contributorId":2380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Caroline","email":"celliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeLonay, Aaron J.","contributorId":53360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97660,"text":"sir20095098 - 2009 - Literature review and database of relations between salinity and aquatic biota: Applications to Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-14T21:42:04.486238","indexId":"sir20095098","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5098","title":"Literature review and database of relations between salinity and aquatic biota: Applications to Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge, Montana","docAbstract":"Long-term accumulation of salts in wetlands at Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Mont., has raised concern among wetland managers that increasing salinity may threaten plant and invertebrate communities that provide important habitat and food resources for migratory waterfowl. Currently, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) is evaluating various water management strategies to help maintain suitable ranges of salinity to sustain plant and invertebrate resources of importance to wildlife. To support this evaluation, the USFWS requested that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provide information on salinity ranges of water and soil for common plants and invertebrates on Bowdoin NWR lands. To address this need, we conducted a search of the literature on occurrences of plants and invertebrates in relation to salinity and pH of the water and soil. The compiled literature was used to (1) provide a general overview of salinity concepts, (2) document published tolerances and adaptations of biota to salinity, (3) develop databases that the USFWS can use to summarize the range of reported salinity values associated with plant and invertebrate taxa, and (4) perform database summaries that describe reported salinity ranges associated with plants and invertebrates at Bowdoin NWR. The purpose of this report is to synthesize information to facilitate a better understanding of the ecological relations between salinity and flora and fauna when developing wetland management strategies. A primary focus of this report is to provide information to help evaluate and address salinity issues at Bowdoin NWR; however, the accompanying databases, as well as concepts and information discussed, are applicable to other areas or refuges. The accompanying databases include salinity values reported for 411 plant taxa and 330 invertebrate taxa. The databases are available in Microsoft Excel version 2007 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5098/downloads/databases_21april2009.xls) and contain 27 data fields that include variables such as taxonomic identification, values for salinity and pH, wetland classification, location of study, and source of data. The databases are not exhaustive of the literature and are biased toward wetland habitats located in the glaciated North-Central United States; however, the databases do encompass a diversity of biota commonly found in brackish and freshwater inland wetland habitats.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Gleason, R.A., Tangen, B., Laubhan, M.K., Finocchiaro, R., and Stamm, J., 2009, Literature review and database of relations between salinity and aquatic biota: Applications to Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5098, Report; vi, 76 p.; Database Download, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095098.","productDescription":"Report; vi, 76 p.; Database Download","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415806,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86810.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12811,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118636,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5098.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.73846879543807,\n 48.4505608747406\n ],\n [\n -107.73846879543807,\n 48.351846022613245\n ],\n [\n -107.57045242763118,\n 48.351846022613245\n ],\n [\n -107.57045242763118,\n 48.4505608747406\n ],\n [\n -107.73846879543807,\n 48.4505608747406\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a36bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gleason, Robert A. 0000-0001-5308-8657 rgleason@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-8657","contributorId":2402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"Robert","email":"rgleason@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tangen, Brian A.","contributorId":78419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tangen","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laubhan, Murray K.","contributorId":100324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laubhan","given":"Murray","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finocchiaro, Raymond G.","contributorId":24873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finocchiaro","given":"Raymond G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stamm, John F. 0000-0002-3404-2933 jstamm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3404-2933","contributorId":2859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamm","given":"John F.","email":"jstamm@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97659,"text":"sir20095020 - 2009 - Physical and Vegetative Characteristics of a Newly Constructed Wetland and Modified Stream Reach, Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 2000-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"sir20095020","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5020","title":"Physical and Vegetative Characteristics of a Newly Constructed Wetland and Modified Stream Reach, Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 2000-2006","docAbstract":"To compensate for authorized disturbance of naturally occurring wetlands and streams during roadway improvements to U.S. Highway 202 in Chester and Montgomery Counties, Pa., the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) constructed 0.42 acre of emergent wetland and 0.94 acre of scrub-shrub/forested wetland and modified sections of a 1,600-foot reach of Valley Creek with woody riparian plantings and streambank-stabilization structures (including rock deflectors). In accordance with project permits and additional guidance issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with PennDOT, collected data from 2000 through 2006 to quantify changes in 1) the vegetation, soils, and extent of emergent and scrub-shrub/forested parts of the constructed wetland, 2) the profile, dimension, and substrate in the vicinity of rock deflectors placed at two locations within the modified stream reach, and 3) the woody vegetation within the planted riparian buffer. The data for this investigation were collected using an approach adapted from previous investigations so that technology and findings may be more easily transferred among projects with similar objectives.\r\n\r\nAreal cover by planted and non-planted vegetation growing within the emergent and scrub-shrub/forested parts of the constructed wetland exceeded 85 percent at the end of each growing season, a criterion in special condition 25c in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project permit. Areal cover of vegetation in emergent and scrub-shrub/forested parts of the constructed wetland exceeded 100 percent in all but one growing season. Frequent and long-lasting soil saturation favored obligate-wetland species like Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) and Scirpus validus (great bulrush), both of which maintained dominance in the emergent wetland throughout the study (percent cover was 20 and 78 percent, respectively, in 2006). Echinocloa crusgalli (barnyard grass), an annual invasive from Eurasia, initially established in the newly disturbed soils of the scrub-shrub/forested wetland (areal cover was 56 percent in 2000), but by 2002, E. crusgalli was not growing in any sample plots and other species including Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass), Festuca rubra (red fescue), Cornus spp. (dogwood species), and Salix nigra (black willow) were becoming more common. Sal. nigra contributed 30-percent cover in the scrub-shrub/forested wetland part by fall 2003. Rapid colonization of this species in subsequent years increased annual cover through 2006, when 15- to 25-foot tall Sal. nigra trees dominated the tree/shrub stratum (48 percent of the areal cover in 2006). The understory of the scrub-shrub/forested wetland was mostly shaded because of the canopy of Sal. nigra trees. Herbaceous species growing under and near the margins of the canopy included Ag. stolonifera and Ty. latifolia (29- and 23-percent areal cover, respectively).\r\n\r\nFlows in Valley Creek are responsible for transporting sediment and shaping the channel. Annual mean streamflow during the period the modified stream reach was monitored ranged from 15.2 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) in the 2002 water year to 53.0 ft3/s in the 2004 water year. This is a range of about 55 percent lower to 58 percent higher than the annual mean streamflow for the period of record. Despite the variability in streamflow, longitudinal profiles surveyed near rock deflectors in two short (100-foot) reaches within the modified stream reach maintained a constant slope throughout the monitoring period, most likely because of the presence of bedrock control. Cross-section geometry in the upstream reach was virtually unchanged during the monitoring period but 10 feet of bank migration was measured downstream, leaving the rock deflectors in mid-stream. As indicated by the change in channel morphology at the downstream reach, it is apparent that the rock deflectors were ineffective at adequately protecting the bank","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Engineering District 6-0","usgsCitation":"Chaplin, J.J., White, K., and Olson, L.E., 2009, Physical and Vegetative Characteristics of a Newly Constructed Wetland and Modified Stream Reach, Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 2000-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5020, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095020.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5020.jpg"},{"id":12810,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5020/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.4675,40.05083333333333 ], [ -79.4675,40.1 ], [ -74.43333333333334,40.1 ], [ -74.43333333333334,40.05083333333333 ], [ -79.4675,40.05083333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaplin, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-0617-5050 jchaplin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-5050","contributorId":147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaplin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jchaplin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Kirk E. kewhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":2107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Kirk E.","email":"kewhite@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Leif E. leolson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Leif","email":"leolson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97662,"text":"sir20085213 - 2009 - Trends in Streamflow and Nutrient and Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads in the Upper Mississippi, Ohio, Red, and Great Lakes River Basins, 1975-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:29:24","indexId":"sir20085213","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5213","title":"Trends in Streamflow and Nutrient and Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads in the Upper Mississippi, Ohio, Red, and Great Lakes River Basins, 1975-2004","docAbstract":"Many actions have been taken to reduce nutrient and suspended-sediment concentrations and the amount of nutrients and sediment transported in streams as a result of the Clean Water Act and subsequent regulations. This report assesses how nutrient and suspended-sediment concentrations and loads in selected streams have changed during recent years to determine if these actions have been successful.\r\n\r\nFlow-adjusted and overall trends in concentrations and trends in loads from 1993 to 2004 were computed for total nitrogen, dissolved ammonia, total organic nitrogen plus ammonia, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, total suspended material (total suspended solids or suspended sediment), and total suspended sediment for 49 sites in the Upper Mississippi, Ohio, Red, and Great Lakes Basins. Changes in total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended-material loads were examined from 1975 to 2003 at six sites to provide a longer term context for the data examined from 1993 to 2004.\r\n\r\nFlow-adjusted trends in total nitrogen concentrations at 19 of 24 sites showed tendency toward increasing concentrations, and overall trends in total nitrogen concentrations at 16 of the 24 sites showed a general tendency toward increasing concentrations. The trends in these flow-adjusted total nitrogen concentrations are related to the changes in fertilizer nitrogen applications. Flow-adjusted trends in dissolved ammonia concentrations from 1993 to 2004 showed a widespread tendency toward decreasing concentrations. The widespread, downward trends in dissolved ammonia concentrations indicate that some of the ammonia reduction goals of the Clean Water Act are being met. Flow-adjusted and overall trends in total organic plus ammonia nitrogen concentrations from 1993 to 2004 did not show a distinct spatial pattern. Flow-adjusted and overall trends in dissolved nitrite plus nitrate concentrations from 1993 to 2004 also did not show a distinct spatial pattern. Flow-adjusted trends in total phosphorus concentrations were upward at 24 of 40 sites. Overall trends in total phosphorus concentrations were mixed and showed no spatial pattern. Flow-adjusted and overall trends in dissolved phosphorus concentrations were consistently downward at all of the sites in the eastern part of the basins studied. The reduction in phosphorus fertilizer use and manure production east of the Mississippi River could explain most of the observed trends in dissolved phosphorus.\r\n\r\nFlow-adjusted trends in total suspended-material concentrations showed distinct spatial patterns of increasing tendencies throughout the western part of the basins studied and in Illinois and decreasing concentrations throughout most of Wisconsin, Iowa, and in the eastern part of the basins studied. Flow-adjusted trends in total phosphorus were strongly related to the flow-adjusted trends in suspended materials. The trends in the flow-adjusted suspended-sediment concentrations from 1993 to 2004 resembled those for suspended materials.\r\n\r\nThe long-term, nonmonotonic trends in total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and suspended-material loads for 1975 to 2003 were described by local regression, LOESS, smoothing for six sites. The statistical significance of those trends cannot be determined; however, the long-term changes found for annual streamflow and load data indicate that the monotonic trends from 1993 to 2004 should not be extrapolated backward in time.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085213","usgsCitation":"Lorenz, D.L., Robertson, D.M., Hall, D.W., and Saad, D.A., 2009, Trends in Streamflow and Nutrient and Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads in the Upper Mississippi, Ohio, Red, and Great Lakes River Basins, 1975-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5213, x, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085213.","productDescription":"x, 82 p.","temporalStart":"1975-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12813,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5213/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5213.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,35 ], [ -104,50 ], [ -71.83333333333333,50 ], [ -71.83333333333333,35 ], [ -104,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e649a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenz, David L. 0000-0003-3392-4034 lorenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-4034","contributorId":1384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"David","email":"lorenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, David W.","contributorId":39362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70173570,"text":"70173570 - 2009 - Carbon isotope turnover as a measure of arrival time in migratory birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-09T14:47:42","indexId":"70173570","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2409,"text":"Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon isotope turnover as a measure of arrival time in migratory birds","docAbstract":"Arrival time on breeding or non-breeding areas is of interest in many ecological studies exploring fitness consequences of migratory schedules. However, in most field studies, it is difficult to precisely assess arrival time of individuals. Here, we use carbon isotope turnover in avian blood as a technique to estimate arrival time for birds switching from one habitat or environment to another. Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in blood assimilate to a new equilibrium following a diet switch according to an exponential decay function. This relationship can be used to determine the time a diet switch occurred if δ13C of both the old and new diet are known. We used published data of captive birds to validate that this approach provides reliable estimates of the time since a diet switch within 1–3 weeks after the diet switch. We then explored the utility of this technique for King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) arriving on terrestrial breeding grounds after wintering and migration at sea. We estimated arrival time on breeding grounds in northern Alaska (95% CI) from red blood cell δ13C turnover to be 4–9 June. This estimate overlapped with arrival time of birds from the same study site tracked with satellite transmitters (5–12 June). Therefore, we conclude that this method provides a simple yet reliable way to assess arrival time of birds moving between isotopically distinct environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s10336-009-0434-y","usgsCitation":"Oppel, S., and Powell, A.N., 2009, Carbon isotope turnover as a measure of arrival time in migratory birds: Journal of Ornithology, v. 151, no. 1, p. 123-131, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-009-0434-y.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"131","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-012121","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575a932fe4b04f417c275127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oppel, Steffen","contributorId":44432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppel","given":"Steffen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Abby N. 0000-0002-9783-134X abby_powell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9783-134X","contributorId":171426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Abby","email":"abby_powell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97657,"text":"sir20085222 - 2009 - Assessment of Ground-Water Resources in the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:27","indexId":"sir20085222","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5222","title":"Assessment of Ground-Water Resources in the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Numerical ground-water-flow models were developed for a 160-square-mile area of coastal New Hampshire to provide insight into the recharge, discharge, and availability of ground water. Population growth and increasing water use prompted concern for the sustainability of the region's ground-water resources. Previously, the regional hydraulic characteristics of the fractured bedrock aquifer in the Seacoast region of New Hampshire were not well known. In the current study, the ground-water-flow system was assessed by using two different models developed and calibrated under steady-state seasonal low-flow and transient monthly conditions to ground-water heads and base-flow discharges. The models were, (1) a steady-state model representing current (2003-04) seasonal low-flow conditions used to simulate current and future projected water use during low-flow conditions; and (2) a transient model representing current average and estimated future monthly conditions over a 2-year period used to simulate current and future projected climate-change conditions. \r\nThe analysis by the ground-water-flow models indicates that the Seacoast aquifer system is a transient flow system with seasonal variations in ground-water flow. A pseudosteady- state condition exists in the fall when the steady-state model was calibrated. The average annual recharge during the period analyzed, 2000-04, was approximately 51 percent of the annual precipitation. The average net monthly recharge rate between 2003 and 2004 varied from 5.5 inches per month in March, to zero in July, and to about 0.3 inches per month in August and September. Recharge normally increases to about 2 inches per month in late fall and early winter (November through December) and declines to about 1.5 inches per month in late winter (January and February). About 50 percent of the annual recharge coincides with snowmelt in the spring (March and April), and 20 percent occurs in the late fall and early winter (November through February). Net recharge, calculated as infiltration of precipitation minus evapotranspiration, can be negative during summer months (particularly July).\r\n\r\nRegional bulk hydraulic conductivities of the bedrock aquifer were estimated to be about 0.1 to 1.0 feet per day. Estimated hydraulic conductivities in model areas representing the Rye Complex and the Kittery Formation were higher (0.5 to 1 foot per day) than in areas representing the Eliot Formation, the Exeter Diorite, and the Newburyport Complex, which have estimated hydraulic conductivities of 0.1 to 0.2 foot per day. A northeast-southwest regional anisotropy of about 5:1 was estimated in some areas of the model; this pattern is parallel to the regional structural trend and predominant fracture orientation. In areas of the model with more observation data, the upper and lower 95-percent confidence intervals for the estimated bedrock hydraulic conductivity were about half an order of magnitude above and below the parameter, respectively, and the estimated confidence intervals for estimated specific storage were within an order of magnitude of the parameter. In areas of the model with few data points, or few stresses, confidence intervals were several orders of magnitude. Estimated model parameters and their confidence intervals are a function of the conceptual model design, observation data, and the weights placed on the data. \r\n\r\nThe amount of recharge that enters the bedrock aquifer at a specific point depends on (1) the location of the point in the flow field; (2) the hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock (or the connectivity of fractures); and (3) the stresses within the bedrock aquifer. In addition, ground water stored in unconsolidated overburden sediments, including till and other fine-grained sediments, may constitute a large percentage of the water available from storage to the bedrock aquifer. Recharge into the bedrock aquifer at a point can range from zero to nearly all the recharge at the surface dependin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085222","isbn":"9781411323667","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Coastal Program, and Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., 2009, Assessment of Ground-Water Resources in the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5222, Total: 192 p.; Report: x, 52 p., 10 Appendixes: 126 p. (pgs 53-178), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085222.","productDescription":"Total: 192 p.; Report: x, 52 p., 10 Appendixes: 126 p. (pgs 53-178)","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438848,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P909PUIP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-NWT Upgrade and Preliminary-Assessment of a Groundwater-Flow Model of the Seacoast Bedrock Aquifer, New Hampshire"},{"id":125583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5222.jpg"},{"id":12808,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5222/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.08333333333333,42.78333333333333 ], [ -71.08333333333333,43.166666666666664 ], [ -70.63333333333334,43.166666666666664 ], [ -70.63333333333334,42.78333333333333 ], [ -71.08333333333333,42.78333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67295d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97654,"text":"fs20093046 - 2009 - Fifty-year record of glacier change reveals shifting climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-06T18:53:03.387847","indexId":"fs20093046","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3046","title":"Fifty-year record of glacier change reveals shifting climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"Fifty years of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research on glacier change shows recent dramatic shrinkage of glaciers in three climatic regions of the United States. These long periods of record provide clues to the climate shifts that may be driving glacier change. \r\n\r\nThe USGS Benchmark Glacier Program began in 1957 as a result of research efforts during the International Geophysical Year (Meier and others, 1971). Annual data collection occurs at three glaciers that represent three climatic regions in the United States: South Cascade Glacier in the Cascade Mountains of Washington State; Wolverine Glacier on the Kenai Peninsula near Anchorage, Alaska; and Gulkana Glacier in the interior of Alaska (fig. 1).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093046","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2009, Fifty-year record of glacier change reveals shifting climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3046, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093046.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3046.jpg"},{"id":12803,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3046/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403088,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86815.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, British Columbia, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 47.754097979680026\n ],\n [\n -125.94726562499999,\n 53.330872983017066\n ],\n [\n -134.12109375,\n 59.355596110016315\n ],\n [\n -142.55859375,\n 61.438767493682825\n ],\n [\n -153.193359375,\n 62.186013857194226\n ],\n [\n -151.962890625,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -139.658203125,\n 57.89149735271034\n ],\n [\n -132.451171875,\n 51.23440735163459\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 47.635783590864854\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97655,"text":"sir20095131 - 2009 - Status Assessment of Laysan and Black-Footed Albatrosses, North Pacific Ocean, 1923-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:50","indexId":"sir20095131","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5131","title":"Status Assessment of Laysan and Black-Footed Albatrosses, North Pacific Ocean, 1923-2005","docAbstract":"Over the past century, Laysan (Phoebastria immutabilis) and black-footed (Phoebastria nigripes) albatrosses have been subjected to high rates of mortality and disturbance at the breeding colonies and at sea. Populations were greatly reduced and many colonies were extirpated around the turn of the 20th century as a result of feather hunting. Populations were recovering when military occupation of several breeding islands during World War II led to new population declines at these islands and additional colony extirpations. At sea, thousands of Laysan and black-footed albatrosses were killed each year in high-seas driftnet fisheries, especially from 1978 until the fisheries were banned in 1992. Through the 1990s, there was a growing awareness of the large numbers of albatrosses that were being killed in longline fisheries. During the 1990s, other anthropogenic factors, such as predation by non-native mammals and exposure to contaminants, also were documented to reduce productivity or increase mortality.\r\n\r\nIn response to the growing concerns over the impacts of these threats on albatross populations, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service contracted with the U.S. Geological Survey to conduct an assessment of Laysan and black-footed albatross populations. This assessment includes a review of the taxonomy, legal status, geographic distribution, natural history, habitat requirements, threats, and monitoring and management activities for these two species. The second part of the assessment is an analysis of population status and trends from 1923 to 2005.\r\n\r\nLaysan and black-footed albatrosses forage throughout the North Pacific Ocean and nest on tropical and sub-tropical oceanic islands from Mexico to Japan. As of 2005, 21 islands support breeding colonies of one or both species. The core breeding range is the Hawaiian Islands, where greater than 99 percent of the World's Laysan albatrosses and greater than 95 percent of the black-footed albatrosses nest on the small islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. These islands are all protected as part of the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument.\r\n\r\nAlbatrosses are long-lived seabirds with deferred maturity, low fecundity, and high rates of adult survival. Their life history characteristics make populations especially vulnerable, to small increases in adult mortality. The primary threats to Laysan and black-footed albatrosses include interactions with commercial fisheries, predation by introduced mammals, reduced reproductive output due to contaminants, nesting habitat loss and degradation due to human development and invasive plant species, and potential loss and degradation of habitat due to climate change and sea-level rise. Incidental mortality (bycatch) in commercial fisheries is the greatest anthropogenic source of mortality (post-fledging) for both species. We found that longline fishing effort prior to the 1980s was greater than previously estimated and a very significant source of mortality.\r\n\r\nRegulations to minimize and monitor albatross mortality have been enacted in most U.S. and Canadian longline fisheries, but monitoring of bycatch rates and regulations to minimize seabird mortality are extremely limited in the much larger multinational longline fleets. Management to address threats at the breeding colonies is ongoing and includes eradication or control of non-native species, habitat management, and abatement programs to reduce impacts of contaminants. Effective long-term conservation and management of the Laysan and black-footed albatrosses require management and monitoring at the breeding colonies and at sea and continued assessment of population status and trends.\r\n\r\nWe evaluated the status and trends of Laysan and black-footed albatross populations using linear regression, population viability analysis (PVA), and age-structured matrix models. Analyses were predominantly based on nest-count data gathered at French Frigate Shoals, Laysan Island, and Midw","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095131","usgsCitation":"Arata, J., Sievert, P., and Naughton, M.B., 2009, Status Assessment of Laysan and Black-Footed Albatrosses, North Pacific Ocean, 1923-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5131, x, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095131.","productDescription":"x, 81 p.","temporalStart":"1923-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5131.jpg"},{"id":12804,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5131/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 100,-30 ], [ 100,60 ], [ -100,60 ], [ -100,-30 ], [ 100,-30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6983ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arata, Javier A.","contributorId":12946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arata","given":"Javier A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sievert, Paul R.","contributorId":83218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sievert","given":"Paul R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naughton, Maura B.","contributorId":71653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naughton","given":"Maura","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97649,"text":"ofr20091127 - 2009 - Geophysical delineation of Mg-rich ultramafic rocks for mineral carbon sequestration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-03T16:25:09","indexId":"ofr20091127","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1127","title":"Geophysical delineation of Mg-rich ultramafic rocks for mineral carbon sequestration","docAbstract":"This presentation covers three general topics: (1) description of a new geologic compilation of the United States that shows the location of magnesium-rich ultramafic rocks in the conterminous United States; (2) conceptual illustration of the potential ways that ultramafic rocks could be used to sequester carbon dioxide; and (3) description of ways to use geophysical data to refine and extend the geologic mapping of ultramafic rocks and to better characterize their mineralogy.
The geophysical focus of this research is twofold. First, we illustrate how airborne magnetic data can be used to map the shallow subsurface geometry of ultramafic rocks for the purpose of estimating the volume of rock material available for mineral CO2 sequestration. Secondly, we explore, on a regional to outcrop scale, how magnetic mineralogy, as expressed in magnetic anomalies, may vary with magnesium minerals, which are the primary minerals of interest for CO2 sequestration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091127","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Earth Institute of Columbia University, New York City","usgsCitation":"McCafferty, A.E., Van Gosen, B.S., Krevor, S.C., and Graves, C.R., 2009, Geophysical delineation of Mg-rich ultramafic rocks for mineral carbon sequestration: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1127, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091127.","productDescription":"24 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-02-01","temporalEnd":"2009-02-28","costCenters":[{"id":212,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1127.jpg"},{"id":12798,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1127/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":353950,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1127/pdf/OF09-1127.pdf","text":"Report","size":"39.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCafferty, Anne E. 0000-0001-5574-9201 anne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5574-9201","contributorId":1120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCafferty","given":"Anne","email":"anne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krevor, Sam C.","contributorId":62705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krevor","given":"Sam","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graves, Chris R.","contributorId":19653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97645,"text":"ofr20091117 - 2009 - Gravity and Magnetic Investigations of the Mojave National Preserve and Adjacent Areas, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:45","indexId":"ofr20091117","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1117","title":"Gravity and Magnetic Investigations of the Mojave National Preserve and Adjacent Areas, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"Gravity and aeromagnetic data provide the underpinnings of a hydrogeologic framework for the Mojave National Preserve by estimating the thickness of Cenozoic deposits and locating inferred structural features that influence groundwater flow. An inversion of gravity data indicates that thin (<1 km) basin deposits cover much of the Preserve, except for Ivanpah Valley and the Woods Mountains volcanic center. Localized areas of Cenozoic deposits thicker than 500 m are predicted beneath parts of Lanfair Valley, Fenner Valley, near Kelso, Soda Lake, and southeast of Baker. Along the southern margin of the Mojave National Preserve, basins greater than 1 km deep are located between the Clipper and Marble Mountains, between the Marble and Bristol Mountains, and south of the Bristol Mountains near Amboy. Both density and magnetization boundaries defined by horizontal-gradient analyses coincide locally with Cenozoic faults and can be used to extend these faults beneath cover. Magnetization boundaries also highlight the structural grain within the crystalline rocks and may serve as a proxy for fracturing, an important source of permeability within the generally impermeable basement rocks, thus mapping potential groundwater pathways through and along the mountain ranges in the study area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091117","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Biehler, S., Negrini, R., Mickus, K., Miller, D., and Miller, R.J., 2009, Gravity and Magnetic Investigations of the Mojave National Preserve and Adjacent Areas, California and Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1117, Report: iii, 25 p.; ReadMe; Metadata; Data; Rock Properties, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091117.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 25 p.; ReadMe; Metadata; Data; Rock Properties","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":314,"text":"Geophysics Unit of Menlo Park, CA (GUMP)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1117.jpg"},{"id":12794,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1117/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.5,34.5 ], [ -116.5,35.75 ], [ -114.75,35.75 ], [ -114.75,34.5 ], [ -116.5,34.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db6722d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biehler, S.","contributorId":57560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biehler","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Negrini, R.","contributorId":26390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Negrini","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mickus, K.","contributorId":24457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mickus","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, D. M. 0000-0003-3711-0441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":104422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, R. J.","contributorId":9225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":97647,"text":"sir20085225 - 2009 - Gas, Oil, and Water Production in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sir20085225","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5225","title":"Gas, Oil, and Water Production in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Gas, oil, and water production data were collected from the Fuller Reservoir, Cooper Reservoir, Frenchie Draw, Cave Gulch, and Madden fields in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming. These fields produce from the Mississippian Madison Limestone, the Upper Cretaceous Cody Shale and Mesaverde Formation, and the Paleocene lower unnamed member and Shotgun Member of the Fort Union Formation.\r\n\r\nDiagrams of water and gas production from tight gas accumulations in three formations in the Madden field show that (1) water production either increased or decreased with time in all three formations, (2) increases and decreases in water production were greater in the Cody Shale than in either the Mesaverde Formation or the lower unnamed member of the Fort Union Formation, (3) the gas production rate declined more slowly in the lower part of the Fort Union Formation than in the Cody Shale or the Mesaverde Formation, (4) changes in gas and water production were not related to their initial production rates, and (5) there appears to be no relation between well location and the magnitudes or trends of gas and water production. \r\n\r\nTo explain the apparent independence of gas and water production in the Cody Shale and Mesaverde Formation, a two-step scenario is proposed: gas was generated and emplaced under the compressive stress regime resulting from Laramide tectonism; then, fractures formed during a subsequent period of stress relaxation and extension. Gas is produced from the pore and fracture system near the wellbore, whereas water is produced from a larger scale system of extension fractures. The distribution of gas and water in the lower Fort Union resulted from a similar scenario, but continued generation of gas during post-Laramide extension may have allowed its more widespread distribution.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085225","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.H., Trainor, P.K., and Finn, T.M., 2009, Gas, Oil, and Water Production in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5225, Report: vi, 24 p.; 8 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085225.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 24 p.; 8 Plates","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5225.jpg"},{"id":12796,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,42 ], [ -110.5,44 ], [ -106,44 ], [ -106,42 ], [ -110.5,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1319","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Philip H. pnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Philip","email":"pnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trainor, Patrick K.","contributorId":34220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainor","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, Thomas M. 0000-0001-6396-9351 finn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9351","contributorId":778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Thomas","email":"finn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036741,"text":"70036741 - 2009 - Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus genogroup-specific virulence mechanisms in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), from Redfish Lake, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T13:59:45","indexId":"70036741","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2286,"text":"Journal of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus genogroup-specific virulence mechanisms in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), from Redfish Lake, Idaho","docAbstract":"Characterization of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) field isolates from North America has established three main genogroups (U, M and L) that differ in host-specific virulence. In sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, the U genogroup is highly virulent, whereas the M genogroup is nearly non-pathogenic. In this study, we sought to characterize the virus-host dynamics that contribute to genogroup-specific virulence in a captive stock of sockeye salmon from Redfish Lake in Idaho. Juvenile sockeye salmon were challenged by immersion and injection with either a representative U or M viral strain and sampled periodically until 14 days post-infection (p.i.). Fish challenged with each strain had positive viral titre by day 3, regardless of challenge route, but the fish exposed to the M genogroup virus had significantly lower virus titres than fish exposed to the U genogroup virus. Gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR was used to simultaneously assess viral load and host interferon (IFN) response in the anterior kidney. Viral load was significantly higher in the U-challenged fish relative to M-challenged fish. Both viruses induced expression of the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), but expression was usually significantly lower in the M-challenged group, particularly at later time points (7 and 14 days p.i.). However, ISG expression was comparable with 3 days post-immersion challenge despite a significant difference in viral load. Our data indicated that the M genogroup virus entered the host, replicated and spread in the sockeye salmon tissues, but to a lesser extent than the U genogroup. Both virus types induced a host IFN response, but the high virulence strain (U) continued to replicate in the presence of this response, whereas the low virulence strain (M) was cleared below detectable levels. We hypothesize that high virulence is associated with early in vivo replication allowing the virus to achieve a threshold level, which the host innate immune system cannot control. ?? 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01045.x","issn":"01407775","usgsCitation":"Purcell, M.K., Garver, K., Conway, C., Elliott, D., and Kurath, G., 2009, Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus genogroup-specific virulence mechanisms in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), from Redfish Lake, Idaho: Journal of Fish Diseases, v. 32, no. 7, p. 619-631, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01045.x.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"619","endPage":"631","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ad2e4b0c8380cd61fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purcell, M. K.","contributorId":78464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garver, K.A.","contributorId":42766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garver","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conway, C.","contributorId":82163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":100522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70221496,"text":"70221496 - 2009 - Biostratigraphy of selected K/T boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota, USA: Toward a refinement of palynological identification criteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-21T11:43:24.754854","indexId":"70221496","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-30T13:42:44","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biostratigraphy of selected K/T boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota, USA: Toward a refinement of palynological identification criteria","docAbstract":"The Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary corresponds to one of the very few unique events in the geological record discovered to date, representing a single traceable timeline across the world. This timeline, coincident with the geochemical and mineralogical singularities caused by the impact of a large extraterrestrial body, is also coincident with the end-Cretaceous extinction event in North America. This precise timeline gives an ideal context for comparing the trends recorded by the different groups of the terrestrial fossil record during the K/T extinction event. However, in southwestern North Dakota, numerous studies conducted on excellent exposures of the K/T boundary showed that the geochemical and mineralogical criteria associated with the impact are rarely preserved. For that reason, palynology is preferred as a simple and efficient way for identifying the K/T boundary. In this context, a previously undescribed outcrop section from southwestern North Dakota was found to preserve an extensive record of the continental K/T boundary with miospores and plant megafossils, as well as microvertebrates and large vertebrate elements. Preliminary studies on the fossil associations recovered from this site showed an inconsistency between the Paleocene age given by the vertebrate and megafloral component and the Cretaceous age given by the palynological record. This issue is investigated in this paper, with a major emphasis on the description and analysis of the palynological record associated with sedimentological and paleoenvironmental data. Results shows that palynologically, the K/T boundary is placed more accurately using relative abundance variations of selected taxa.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2008.12.007","usgsCitation":"Bercovici, A., Pearson, D., Nichols, D.J., and Wood, J., 2009, Biostratigraphy of selected K/T boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota, USA: Toward a refinement of palynological identification criteria: Cretaceous Research, v. 30, no. 3, p. 632-658, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2008.12.007.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"632","endPage":"658","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -100.1513671875,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -100.1513671875,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 45.85941212790755\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bercovici, Antoine","contributorId":260401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bercovici","given":"Antoine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearson, Dean","contributorId":260402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pearson","given":"Dean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, Douglas J.","contributorId":87184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wood, Jacqueline","contributorId":260403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Jacqueline","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97643,"text":"fs20093050 - 2009 - Availability of Groundwater Data for California, Water Year 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"fs20093050","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3050","title":"Availability of Groundwater Data for California, Water Year 2008","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources, in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the groundwater resources of California each water year (October 1-September 30). These data constitute a valuable database for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. \r\n\r\nThis Fact Sheet serves as an index to groundwater data for water year 2008. The 2-page report contains a map of California showing the number of wells (by county) with available water-level and water-quality data for water year 2008 (fig. 1) and instructions for obtaining this and other groundwater information contained in the databases of the U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center.\r\n\r\nFrom 1985 to 1993, data were published in the annual report 'Water Resources Data for California, Volume 5. Ground-Water Data'; prior to 1985, the data were published in U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093050","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2009, Availability of Groundwater Data for California, Water Year 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3050, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093050.","productDescription":"2 p.","temporalStart":"2007-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3050.jpg"},{"id":12792,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3050/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97642,"text":"pp1766 - 2009 - Groundwater availability of the Central Valley Aquifer, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-19T14:10:36","indexId":"pp1766","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1766","title":"Groundwater availability of the Central Valley Aquifer, California","docAbstract":"California's Central Valley covers about 20,000 square miles and is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. More than 250 different crops are grown in the Central Valley with an estimated value of $17 billion per year. This irrigated agriculture relies heavily on surface-water diversions and groundwater pumpage. Approximately one-sixth of the Nation's irrigated land is in the Central Valley, and about one-fifth of the Nation's groundwater demand is supplied from its aquifers. \r\n\r\nThe Central Valley also is rapidly becoming an important area for California's expanding urban population. Since 1980, the population of the Central Valley has nearly doubled from 2 million to 3.8 million people. The Census Bureau projects that the Central Valley's population will increase to 6 million people by 2020. This surge in population has increased the competition for water resources within the Central Valley and statewide, which likely will be exacerbated by anticipated reductions in deliveries of Colorado River water to southern California. In response to this competition for water, a number of water-related issues have gained prominence: conservation of agricultural land, conjunctive use, artificial recharge, hydrologic implications of land-use change, and effects of climate variability.\r\n\r\nTo provide information to stakeholders addressing these issues, the USGS Groundwater Resources Program made a detailed assessment of groundwater availability of the Central Valley aquifer system, that includes: (1) the present status of groundwater resources; (2) how these resources have changed over time; and (3) tools to assess system responses to stresses from future human uses and climate variability and change. This effort builds on previous investigations, such as the USGS Central Valley Regional Aquifer System and Analysis (CV-RASA) project and several other groundwater studies in the Valley completed by Federal, State and local agencies at differing scales. The principal product of this new assessment is a tool referred to as the Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM) that accounts for integrated, variable water supply and demand, and simulates surface-water and groundwater-flow across the entire Central Valley system. \r\n\r\nThe development of the CVHM comprised four major elements: (1) a comprehensive Geographic Information System (GIS) to compile, analyze and visualize data; (2) a texture model to characterize the aquifer system;(3) estimates of water-budget components by numerically modeling the hydrologic system with the Farm Process (FMP); and (4) simulations to assess and quantify hydrologic conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1766","usgsCitation":"2009, Groundwater availability of the Central Valley Aquifer, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1766, xvi, 227 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1766.","productDescription":"xvi, 227 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486674,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KEZJQS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Relative distance of California's Central Valley from trough to valley edge and supporting data"},{"id":124767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1766.jpg"},{"id":12791,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1766/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":346946,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F79S1PX3","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW2000_FMP1_1 model used to simulate the groundwater flow of the Central Valley Aquifer, California"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124,34 ], [ -124,41 ], [ -118,41 ], [ -118,34 ], [ -124,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63bd59","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":505742,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97641,"text":"pp1768 - 2009 - A New Map of Standardized Terrestrial Ecosystems of the Conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:03","indexId":"pp1768","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1768","title":"A New Map of Standardized Terrestrial Ecosystems of the Conterminous United States","docAbstract":"A new map of standardized, mesoscale (tens to thousands of hectares) terrestrial ecosystems for the conterminous United States was developed by using a biophysical stratification approach. The ecosystems delineated in this top-down, deductive modeling effort are described in NatureServe's classification of terrestrial ecological systems of the United States. The ecosystems were mapped as physically distinct areas and were associated with known distributions of vegetation assemblages by using a standardized methodology first developed for South America. This approach follows the geoecosystems concept of R.J. Huggett and the ecosystem geography approach of R.G. Bailey. \r\n\r\nUnique physical environments were delineated through a geospatial combination of national data layers for biogeography, bioclimate, surficial materials lithology, land surface forms, and topographic moisture potential. Combining these layers resulted in a comprehensive biophysical stratification of the conterminous United States, which produced 13,482 unique biophysical areas. These were considered as fundamental units of ecosystem structure and were aggregated into 419 potential terrestrial ecosystems. \r\n\r\nThe ecosystems classification effort preceded the mapping effort and involved the independent development of diagnostic criteria, descriptions, and nomenclature for describing expert-derived ecological systems. The aggregation and labeling of the mapped ecosystem structure units into the ecological systems classification was accomplished in an iterative, expert-knowledge-based process using automated rulesets for identifying ecosystems on the basis of their biophysical and biogeographic attributes. The mapped ecosystems, at a 30-meter base resolution, represent an improvement in spatial and thematic (class) resolution over existing ecoregionalizations and are useful for a variety of applications, including ecosystem services assessments, climate change impact studies, biodiversity conservation, and resource management.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1768","isbn":"9781411324329","usgsCitation":"Sayre, R.G., Comer, P., Warner, H., and Cress, J., 2009, A New Map of Standardized Terrestrial Ecosystems of the Conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1768, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1768.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1768.jpg"},{"id":12790,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1768/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd495ee4b0b290850ef1b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sayre, Roger G. rsayre@usgs.gov","contributorId":2882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayre","given":"Roger","email":"rsayre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Comer, Patrick","contributorId":85683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comer","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warner, Harumi hwarner@usgs.gov","contributorId":2881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Harumi","email":"hwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cress, Jill","contributorId":55539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cress","given":"Jill","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97635,"text":"fs20093041 - 2009 - Redox Conditions in Selected Principal Aquifers of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"fs20093041","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3041","title":"Redox Conditions in Selected Principal Aquifers of the United States","docAbstract":"Reduction/oxidation (redox) processes affect the quality of groundwater in all aquifer systems. Redox processes can alternately mobilize or immobilize potentially toxic metals associated with naturally occurring aquifer materials, contribute to the degradation or preservation of anthropogenic contami-nants, and generate undesirable byproducts, such as dissolved manganese (Mn2+), ferrous iron (Fe2+), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and methane (CH4). Determining the kinds of redox processes that occur in an aquifer system, documenting their spatial distribution, and understanding how they affect concentrations of natural or anthropogenic contaminants are central to assessing and predicting the chemical quality of groundwater. \r\n\r\nThis Fact Sheet extends the analysis of U.S. Geological Survey authors to additional principal aquifer systems by applying a framework developed by the USGS to a larger set of water-quality data from the USGS national water databases. For a detailed explanation, see the 'Introduction' in the Fact Sheet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093041","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., Cowdery, T., Chapelle, F.H., and Jurgens, B., 2009, Redox Conditions in Selected Principal Aquifers of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3041, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093041.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3041.jpg"},{"id":12781,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3041/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63526a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, T.K.","contributorId":92658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"T.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jurgens, B.C. 0000-0002-1572-113X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":90410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"B.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}