Carbonate aquifers are an important source of water in the United States; however, these aquifers can be particularly susceptible to contamination from the land surface. The U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program collected samples from wells and springs in 12 carbonate aquifers across the country during 1993–2005; water-quality results for 1,042 samples were available to assess the factors affecting ground-water quality. These aquifers represent a wide range of climate, land-use types, degrees of confinement, and other characteristics that were compared and evaluated to assess the effect of those factors on water quality. Differences and similarities among the aquifers were also identified. Samples were analyzed for major ions, radon, nutrients, 47 pesticides, and 54 volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Geochemical analysis helped to identify dominant processes that may contribute to the differences in aquifer susceptibility to anthropogenic contamination. Differences in concentrations of dissolved oxygen and dissolved organic carbon and in ground-water age were directly related to the occurrence of anthropogenic contaminants. Other geochemical indicators, such as mineral saturation indexes and calcium-magnesium molar ratio, were used to infer residence time, an indirect indicator of potential for anthropogenic contamination. Radon exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 300 picocuries per liter in 423 of 735 wells sampled, of which 309 were drinking-water wells.
In general, land use, oxidation-reduction (redox) status, and degree of aquifer confinement were the most important factors affecting the occurrence of anthropogenic contaminants. Although none of these factors individually accounts for all the variation in water quality among the aquifers, a combination of these characteristics accounts for the majority of the variation. Unconfined carbonate aquifers that had high percentages of urban or agricultural land, or a combination of both, had higher concentrations and higher frequency of detections for most of the anthropogenic contaminants than areas with other combinations of land use and degree of aquifer confinement. Redox status is an indicator of more recently recharged water and affects the fate of some contaminants.
Median concentrations of nitrate were highest in the Valley and Ridge and Piedmont aquifers and lowest in the Biscayne and Silurian-Devonian/Upper carbonate aquifers. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in unconfined aquifers than in confined aquifers and semiconfined/mixed confined aquifers (wells in aquifers with breached confining layers or wells open to both a confined and an unconfined aquifer). Water recharged after 1953 had significantly higher concentrations of nitrate than water recharged prior to 1953. Redox status was also a key factor affecting nitrate concentrations; in recently recharged waters, samples in oxic waters had significantly higher concentrations of nitrate than anoxic waters, regardless of land use in the area around the well. Samples from 54 wells (5 percent) exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MCL of 10 mg/L for nitrate in drinking water. Most of the samples exceeding the drinking-water standard (52 samples, or 5 percent) were in domestic supply wells in agricultural areas. The Piedmont and Valley and Ridge aquifers had the largest number of samples (45) exceeding the MCL; in the remaining aquifers only 9 samples had concentrations of nitrate that exceeded the MCL (about 1 percent). None of the water recharged prior to 1953 and only a single sample from a confined aquifer had nitrate concentrations that exceeded 10 mg/L as N.
Wells were sampled for a minimum of 47 pesticides. Detection frequencies and comparisons varied depending on the assessment level used. At least 1 of the 47 pesticides was detected at 510 (50 percent) of the 1,027 sites where pesticide data were available using the ‘all detections’ assessment level—that is, including any quantified detection as well as any estimated values where the compound was definitively detected. Multiple pesticides were frequently detected in a sample of water from a site; 34 percent of the samples had two to five pesticides detected in the same sample, and 4 percent of the samples had six or more pesticides detected. Dieldrin was detected at 20 sites, 9 of which were from either domestic or public supply wells, at a concentration above the Health-Based Screening Level (HBSL) of 0.002 µg/L. Diazinon was detected at a concentration greater than the HBSL of 1 µg/L at a single site, which was also a domestic supply well. These are the only samples where a pesticide exceeded a human-health benchmark.
The most frequently occurring pesticide compounds were four herbicides—atrazine, simazine, metolachlor, and prometon—and deethylatrazine, a degradate of atrazine. These pesticides typically were detected at concentrations that were less than 10 percent of a human-health benchmark. Of the four frequently occurring pesticides, only samples for atrazine (3 percent) and simazine (0.1 percent) had concentrations that exceeded 10 percent of the human-health benchmark; most of these cases were in agricultural areas. It is important to note, however, that the most frequently occurring pesticide degradate compound—deethylatrazine—has no human-health benchmark. Using a common assessment level of 0.01 µg/L, four of the aquifers—Biscayne, Mississippian, Piedmont, and Valley and Ridge—had at least one of these five compounds detected in more than 30 percent of the wells sampled. These four aquifers, along with the Ordovician, Ozark Plateaus, and Prairie du Chien aquifers were the aquifers or aquifer systems that had concentrations of pesticides that exceeded 10 percent of a human-health benchmark. Water recharged after 1953 had a significantly higher percentage of detections of pesticides than water recharged before 1953, and water from unconfined aquifers had a significantly higher percentage of detections of pesticides than water from confined or semiconfined/mixed confined aquifers. Water from sites in unconfined aquifers, where land use was agricultural or urban, accounted for the vast majority of detections of pesticides. Dissolved oxygen concentration was positively related to pesticide occurrence, which likely reflects the positive association between dissolved oxygen concentration and recently recharged water.
Water samples were collected for analysis of VOCs at 793 sites—154 samples were analyzed for 54 VOCs from 1993 through 1995 and 639 samples were analyzed for 86 VOCs from 1996 through 2005. Twenty percent of samples contained one or more VOCs at concentrations greater than or equal to 0.2 µg/L (159 of 793 samples). The aquifers with the highest percentage of samples containing one or more VOCs were the Castle Hayne (about 41 percent of samples) and Biscayne aquifers (34 percent). The most frequently detected VOCs were chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, tetrachloroethene (PCE), toluene, acetone, ethylmethylketone, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and trichloroethene (TCE). Low-level concentrations of VOCs occurred in a much larger percentage of a subset of the data (the 639 samples analyzed using a low-level analytical method). In these samples, 69 percent of the 639 samples contained 1 or more VOCs, indicating the vulnerability of the carbonate aquifers to low-level VOC contamination. Four VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding their respective MCLs in five samples, all of which were from drinking-water wells. Vinyl chloride concentrations exceeded the MCL of 2 µg/L in two samples from urban areas in the unconfined Biscayne aquifer. PCE, TCE, and 1,2-dichloropropane each had one sample with a concentration greater than their MCLs of 5 µg/L; these samples were from agricultural and urban areas in the unconfined Mississippian aquifer.
Water quality in the 12 carbonate aquifers was highly variable. Most of the samples met drinking-water standards. The occurrence of anthropogenic contaminants was related to contaminant sources but also was affected by degree of aquifer confinement, ground-water age, and redox status. Areas with higher amounts of agricultural or urban land in unconfined aquifers were the most likely to have elevated concentrations of anthropogenic contaminants.
Annual peak-streamflow frequency estimates are needed for flood-plain management; for objective assessment of flood risk; for cost-effective design of dams, levees, and other flood-control structures; and for design of roads, bridges, and culverts. Annual peak-streamflow frequency represents the peak streamflow for nine recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, and 500 years. Common methods for estimation of peak-streamflow frequency for ungaged or unmonitored watersheds are regression equations for each recurrence interval developed for one or more regions; such regional equations are the subject of this report. The method is based on analysis of annual peak-streamflow data from U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations (stations). Beginning in 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and in partnership with Texas Tech University, began a 3-year investigation concerning the development of regional equations to estimate annual peak-streamflow frequency for undeveloped watersheds in Texas. The investigation focuses primarily on 638 stations with 8 or more years of data from undeveloped watersheds and other criteria. The general approach is explicitly limited to the use of L-moment statistics, which are used in conjunction with a technique of multi-linear regression referred to as PRESS minimization. The approach used to develop the regional equations, which was refined during the investigation, is referred to as the 'L-moment-based, PRESS-minimized, residual-adjusted approach'. For the approach, seven unique distributions are fit to the sample L-moments of the data for each of 638 stations and trimmed means of the seven results of the distributions for each recurrence interval are used to define the station specific, peak-streamflow frequency. As a first iteration of regression, nine weighted-least-squares, PRESS-minimized, multi-linear regression equations are computed using the watershed characteristics of drainage area, dimensionless main-channel slope, and mean annual precipitation. The residuals of the nine equations are spatially mapped, and residuals for the 10-year recurrence interval are selected for generalization to 1-degree latitude and longitude quadrangles. The generalized residual is referred to as the OmegaEM parameter and represents a generalized terrain and climate index that expresses peak-streamflow potential not otherwise represented in the three watershed characteristics. The OmegaEM parameter was assigned to each station, and using OmegaEM, nine additional regression equations are computed. Because of favorable diagnostics, the OmegaEM equations are expected to be generally reliable estimators of peak-streamflow frequency for undeveloped and ungaged stream locations in Texas. The mean residual standard error, adjusted R-squared, and percentage reduction of PRESS by use of OmegaEM are 0.30log10, 0.86, and -21 percent, respectively. Inclusion of the OmegaEM parameter provides a substantial reduction in the PRESS statistic of the regression equations and removes considerable spatial dependency in regression residuals. Although the OmegaEM parameter requires interpretation on the part of analysts and the potential exists that different analysts could estimate different values for a given watershed, the authors suggest that typical uncertainty in the OmegaEM estimate might be about +or-0.1010. Finally, given the two ensembles of equations reported herein and those in previous reports, hydrologic design engineers and other analysts have several different methods, which represent different analytical tracks, to make comparisons of peak-streamflow frequency estimates for ungaged watersheds in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Roussel, M.C., 2009, Regression equations for estimation of annual peak-streamflow frequency for undeveloped watersheds in Texas using an L-moment-based, PRESS-minimized, residual-adjusted approach: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5087, vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095087.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12777,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roussel, Meghan C. mroussel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roussel","given":"Meghan","email":"mroussel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97629,"text":"sir20095110 - 2009 - Bathymetry and Sediment-Storage Capacity Change in Three Reservoirs on the Lower Susquehanna River, 1996-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T09:31:24","indexId":"sir20095110","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5110","title":"Bathymetry and Sediment-Storage Capacity Change in Three Reservoirs on the Lower Susquehanna River, 1996-2008","docAbstract":"The Susquehanna River transports a substantial amount of the sediment and nutrient load to the Chesapeake Bay. Upstream of the bay, three large dams and their associated reservoirs trap a large amount of the transported sediment and associated nutrients. During the fall of 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection completed bathymetric surveys of three reservoirs on the lower Susquehanna River to provide an estimate of the remaining sediment-storage capacity. Previous studies indicated the upper two reservoirs were in equilibrium with long-term sediment storage; only the most downstream reservoir retained capacity to trap sediments. A differential global positioning system (DGPS) instrument was used to provide the corresponding coordinate position. Bathymetry data were collected using a single beam 210 kHz (kilohertz) echo sounder at pre-defined transects that matched previous surveys. Final horizontal (X and Y) and vertical (Z) coordinates of the geographic positions and depth to bottom were used to create bathymetric maps of the reservoirs.\r\n\r\nResults indicated that from 1996 to 2008 about 14,700,000 tons of sediment were deposited in the three reservoirs with the majority (12,000,000 tons) being deposited in Conowingo Reservoir. Approximately 20,000 acre-feet or 30,000,000 tons of remaining storage capacity is available in Conowingo Reservoir. At current transport (3,000,000 tons per year) and deposition (2,000,000 tons per year) rates and with no occurrence of major scour events due to floods, the remaining capacity may be filled in 15 to 20 years. Once the remaining sediment-storage capacity in the reservoirs is filled, sediment and associated phosphorus loads entering the Chesapeake Bay are expected to increase.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Langland, M.J., 2009, Bathymetry and Sediment-Storage Capacity Change in Three Reservoirs on the Lower Susquehanna River, 1996-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5110, vi, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095110.","productDescription":"vi, 21 p.","temporalStart":"1996-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5110.jpg"},{"id":12775,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.75,39.416666666666664 ], [ -76.75,40.333333333333336 ], [ -76,40.333333333333336 ], [ -76,39.416666666666664 ], [ -76.75,39.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f6ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langland, Michael J. 0000-0002-8350-8779 langland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-8779","contributorId":2347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langland","given":"Michael","email":"langland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97626,"text":"ds453 - 2009 - Hydrographs Showing Groundwater Level Changes for Selected Wells in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"ds453","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"453","title":"Hydrographs Showing Groundwater Level Changes for Selected Wells in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce County, Washington","docAbstract":"Selected groundwater level hydrographs for the Chambers-Clover Creek watershed (CCCW) and vicinity, Washington, are presented in an interactive web-based map to illustrate changes in groundwater levels in and near the CCCW on a monthly and seasonal basis. Hydrographs are linked to points corresponding to the well location on an interactive map of the study area. Groundwater level data and well information from Federal, State, and local agencies were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System (NWIS), Groundwater Site Inventory (GWSI) System.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds453","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pierce Conservation District, Area Public Water Suppliers, Washington State Department of Ecology, and Pierce County Surface Water Management Division","usgsCitation":"Justin, G., Julich, R., and Payne, K.L., 2009, Hydrographs Showing Groundwater Level Changes for Selected Wells in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 453, Available online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds453.","productDescription":"Available online only","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12772,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/453/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6147ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Justin, G.B.","contributorId":99658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Justin","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Julich, R.","contributorId":16945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julich","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Payne, K. L.","contributorId":31771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97624,"text":"ofr20081023 - 2009 - Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:55","indexId":"ofr20081023","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1023","title":"Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the results of the first comprehensive inventory of vascular plants and vertebrates at Chiricahua National Monument (NM) in Arizona. This project was part of a larger effort to inventory vascular plants and vertebrates in eight National Park Service units in the Sonoran Desert Network of parks in Arizona and New Mexico. In 2002, 2003, and 2004 we surveyed for plants and vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) at Chiricahua NM to document the presence of species within the boundaries of the monument. Because we used repeatable study designs and standardized field methods, these inventories can serve as the first step in a biological monitoring program for the monument. This report is also the first summary of previous research from the monument and therefore it provides an important overview of survey efforts to date. We used data from our inventory and previous research to compile complete species lists for the monument and to assess inventory completeness. \r\n\r\nWe recorded a total of 424 species, including 37 not previously found at the monument (Table 1). We found 10 species of non-native plants and one non-native mammal. Most non-native plants were found along the western boundary of the monument. Based on a review of our inventory and past research at the monument, there have been a total of 1,137 species of plants and vertebrates found at the monument. We believe the inventories of vascular plants and vertebrates are nearly complete and that the monument has one of the most complete inventories of any unit in the Sonoran Desert Network. \r\n\r\nThe mammal community at the monument had the highest species richness (69 species) and the amphibian and reptile community was among the lowest species richness (33 species) of any park in the Sonoran Desert Network. Species richness of the plant and bird communities was intermediate. Among the important determinants of species richness for all groups is the geographic location of the monument at the intergrades between the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts with influences from the Great Plains and Madrean ecological provinces. The diversity of plants results from a wide variety of soil types and aspects (from cool, moist canyons to semi-desert grasslands to pine forests). In turn, the vertebrate communities respond to this diversity of vegetation, topography, and microsites. For example, for each taxonomic group we found that some species were only associated with a single community type, most often the riparian areas or semi-desert grasslands. The area of highest species richness for most groups was the western-most portion of Bonita Canyon. The low species richness observed in the amphibian and reptile community was likely because the monument is at the elevational edge of the more species-rich semi-desert grasslands. \r\n\r\nThis report includes management implications from our work and suggestions for how the monument staff might better maintain or enhance the unique biological resources of the monument. We suggest additional inventory, monitoring, and research studies and we identify components of our effort that could be improved upon, either through the application of new techniques (e.g., establishment of vegetation monitoring plots) or by extending the temporal and/or spatial scope of our work.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081023","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Arizona School of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Powell, B., Schmidt, C., Halvorson, W., and Anning, P., 2009, Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1023, xiv, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081023.","productDescription":"xiv, 104 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12770,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1023/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.4,31.9 ], [ -109.4,21.1 ], [ -109.2,21.1 ], [ -109.2,31.9 ], [ -109.4,31.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699908","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, Brian F.","contributorId":25644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Brian F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, Cecilia A.","contributorId":25645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Cecilia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halvorson, William L.","contributorId":97194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"William L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anning, Pamela","contributorId":45789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"Pamela","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97623,"text":"sir20095116 - 2009 - Topographic Change Detection at Select Archeological Sites in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, 2006-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:56","indexId":"sir20095116","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5116","title":"Topographic Change Detection at Select Archeological Sites in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, 2006-2007","docAbstract":"Topographic change of archeological sites within the Colorado River corridor of Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP) is a subject of interest to National Park Service managers and other stakeholders in the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program. Although long-term topographic change resulting from a variety of natural processes is typical in the Grand Canyon region, a continuing debate exists on whether and how controlled releases from Glen Canyon Dam, located immediately upstream of GCNP, are impacting rates of site erosion, artifact transport, and the preservation of archeological resources. Continued erosion of archeological sites threatens both the archeological resources and our future ability to study evidence of past cultural habitation. Understanding the causes and effects of archaeological site erosion requires a knowledge of several factors including the location and magnitude of the changes occurring in relation to archeological resources, the rate of the changes, and the relative contribution of several potential causes, including sediment depletion associated with managed flows from Glen Canyon Dam, site-specific weather patterns, visitor impacts, and long-term climate change. To obtain this information, highly accurate, spatially specific data are needed from sites undergoing change. Using terrestrial lidar data collection techniques and novel TIN- and GRID-based change-detection post-processing methods, we analyzed topographic data for nine archeological sites. The data were collected using three separate data collection efforts spanning 16 months (May 2006 to September 2007). Our results documented positive evidence of erosion, deposition, or both at six of the nine sites investigated during this time interval. In addition, we observed possible signs of change at two of the other sites. Erosion was concentrated in established gully drainages and averaged 12 cm to 17 cm in depth with maximum depths of 50 cm. Deposition was concentrated at specific locations outside of drainages but generally was spread over larger areas (tens to hundreds of square meters). Maximum depths of deposition averaged 12 cm to 15 cm and reached as much as 35 cm. Overall, we found that the spatial distribution and magnitudes of surface change are specific to each site and that a thorough understanding of the geomorphology, weather, and sand supply is requisite for a complete understanding of the data. Additional work in combining these results with site-specific weather, hydrology, and geomorphology data will assist in the development of working models for determining the causes of the documented topographic changes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095116","usgsCitation":"Collins, B., Minasian, D.L., and Kayen, R., 2009, Topographic Change Detection at Select Archeological Sites in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, 2006-2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5116, vi, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095116.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-05-01","temporalEnd":"2007-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":644,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5116.jpg"},{"id":12769,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5116/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115,35 ], [ -115,37 ], [ -111.5,37 ], [ -111.5,35 ], [ -115,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b2bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Brian D.","contributorId":71641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minasian, Diane L. dminasian@usgs.gov","contributorId":3232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minasian","given":"Diane","email":"dminasian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kayen, Robert","contributorId":12030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97622,"text":"sir20095042 - 2009 - Methods for Estimating Water Withdrawals for Aquaculture in the United States, 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"sir20095042","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5042","title":"Methods for Estimating Water Withdrawals for Aquaculture in the United States, 2005","docAbstract":"Aquaculture water use is associated with raising organisms that live in water - such as finfish and shellfish - for food, restoration, conservation, or sport. Aquaculture production occurs under controlled feeding, sanitation, and harvesting procedures primarily in ponds, flow-through raceways, and, to a lesser extent, cages, net pens, and tanks. Aquaculture ponds, raceways, and tanks usually require the withdrawal or diversion of water from a ground or surface source. Most water withdrawn or diverted for aquaculture production is used to maintain pond levels and/or water quality. Water typically is added for maintenance of levels, oxygenation, temperature control, and flushing of wastes. \r\n\r\nThis report documents methods used to estimate withdrawals of fresh ground water and surface water for aqua-culture in 2005 for each county and county-equivalent in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands by using aquaculture statistics and estimated water-use coefficients and water-replacement rates. County-level data for commercial and noncommercial operations compiled for the 2005 Census of Aquaculture were obtained from the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Withdrawals of water used at commercial and noncommercial operations for aquaculture ponds, raceways, tanks, egg incubators, and pens and cages for alligators were estimated and totaled by ground-water or surface-water source for each county and county equivalent.\r\n\r\nUse of the methods described in this report, when measured or reported data are unavailable, could result in more consistent water-withdrawal estimates for aquaculture that can be used by water managers and planners to determine water needs and trends across the United States. The results of this study were distributed to U.S. Geological Survey water-use personnel in each State during 2007. Water-use personnel are required to submit estimated withdrawals for all categories of use in their State to the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Use Information Program for inclusion in a national report describing water use in the United States during 2005. Water-use personnel had the option of submitting the estimates determined by using the methods described in this report, a modified version of these estimates, their own set of estimates, or reported data for the aquaculture category. Estimated withdrawals resulting from the method described in this report are not presented herein to avoid potential inconsistencies with estimated withdrawals for aquaculture that will be presented in the national report, as different methods used by water-use personnel may result in different withdrawal estimates. Estimated withdrawals also are not presented to avoid potential disclosure of confidential information for individual aquaculture operations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095042","usgsCitation":"Lovelace, J.K., 2009, Methods for Estimating Water Withdrawals for Aquaculture in the United States, 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5042, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095042.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12768,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5042/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a102","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovelace, John K. 0000-0002-8532-2599 jlovelac@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-2599","contributorId":999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovelace","given":"John","email":"jlovelac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97619,"text":"sir20095111 - 2009 - Effects of the upper Taum Sauk Reservoir embankment breach on the surface-water quality and sediments of the East Fork Black River and the Black River, southeastern Missouri–2006–07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T22:34:02.614695","indexId":"sir20095111","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5111","title":"Effects of the upper Taum Sauk Reservoir embankment breach on the surface-water quality and sediments of the East Fork Black River and the Black River, southeastern Missouri–2006–07","docAbstract":"On December 14, 2005, a 680-foot wide section of the upper reservoir embankment of the Taum Sauk pump-storage hydroelectric powerplant located in Reynolds County, Missouri, suddenly failed. This catastrophic event sent approximately 1.5 billion gallons of water into the Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park and into the East Fork Black River, and deposited enormous quantities of rock, soil, and vegetation in the flooded areas. Water-quality data were collected within and below the impacted area to study and document the changes to the riverene system. Data collection included routine, event-based, and continuous surface-water quality monitoring as well as suspended- and streambed-sediment sampling. Surface water-quality samples were collected and analyzed for a suite of physical and chemical constituents including: turbidity; nutrients; major ions such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium; total suspended solids; total dissolved solids; trace metals such as aluminum, iron, and lead; and suspended-sediment concentrations. Suspended-sediment concentrations were used to calculate daily sediment discharge. A peculiar blue-green coloration on the water surface of the East Fork Black River and Black River was evident downstream from the lower reservoir during the first year of the study. It is possible that this phenomenon was the result of 'rock flour' occurring when the upper reservoir embankment was breached, scouring the mountainside and producing extremely fine sediment particles, or from the alum-based flocculent used to reduce turbidity in the lower reservoir. It also was determined that no long-term effects of the reservoir embankment breach are expected as the turbidity and concentrations of trace metals such as total recoverable aluminum, dissolved aluminum, dissolved iron, and suspended-sediment concentration graphically decreased over time. Larger concentrations of these constituents during the beginning of the study also could be a direct result of the alum-based flocculent used in the lower reservoir. Suspended-sediment concentrations and turbidity measurements were largest at the site downstream from the lower reservoir. This is because of the large amounts of debris deposited in the lower reservoir from the breach, which in turn were redeposited into the East Fork Black River during releases. When these constituents were plotted over time, the concentrations decreased and were similar to the other two sites in the study. Trend analyses were studied at one site with historical data. No major trends were discovered for streamflow, turbidity, suspended-sediment concentrations, or suspended-sediment discharges before or after the event. Although long-term effects of the elevated turbidity, major trace metals, and suspended sediments in the study area as a result of the reservoir embankment breach are not expected, there could possibly be other effects not measured during this study that could potentially affect the surface-water quality, such as loss of riparian habitat, changes in biological ecosystems, and large-scale reworking of sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095111","isbn":"9781411324725","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with Ameren United Electric Company","usgsCitation":"Barr, M.N., 2009, Effects of the upper Taum Sauk Reservoir embankment breach on the surface-water quality and sediments of the East Fork Black River and the Black River, southeastern Missouri–2006–07: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5111, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095111.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5111.jpg"},{"id":394735,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86809.htm"},{"id":12763,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"East Fork Black River and the Black River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.8697,\n 37.3153\n ],\n [\n -90.75,\n 37.3153\n ],\n [\n -90.75,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -90.8697,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -90.8697,\n 37.3153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c87a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barr, Miya N. 0000-0002-9961-9190 mnbarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9961-9190","contributorId":3686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"Miya","email":"mnbarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97613,"text":"ofr20091111 - 2009 - Analytical Results for Agricultural Soils Samples from a Monitoring Program Near Deer Trail, Colorado (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"ofr20091111","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1111","title":"Analytical Results for Agricultural Soils Samples from a Monitoring Program Near Deer Trail, Colorado (USA)","docAbstract":"Since late 1993, Metro Wastewater Reclamation District of Denver (Metro District, MWRD), a large wastewater treatment plant in Denver, Colorado, has applied Grade I, Class B biosolids to about 52,000 acres of nonirrigated farmland and rangeland near Deer Trail, Colorado, USA. In cooperation with the Metro District in 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began monitoring groundwater at part of this site. In 1999, the USGS began a more comprehensive monitoring study of the entire site to address stakeholder concerns about the potential chemical effects of biosolids applications to water, soil, and vegetation. This more comprehensive monitoring program has recently been extended through 2010. Monitoring components of the more comprehensive study include biosolids collected at the wastewater treatment plant, soil, crops, dust, alluvial and bedrock groundwater, and stream bed sediment. Soils for this study were defined as the plow zone of the dry land agricultural fields - the top twelve inches of the soil column. This report presents analytical results for the soil samples collected at the Metro District farm land near Deer Trail, Colorado, during three separate sampling events during 1999, 2000, and 2002. Soil samples taken in 1999 were to be a representation of the original baseline of the agricultural soils prior to any biosolids application. The soil samples taken in 2000 represent the soils after one application of biosolids to the middle field at each site and those taken in 2002 represent the soils after two applications. There have been no biosolids applied to any of the four control fields. The next soil sampling is scheduled for the spring of 2010.\r\n\r\nPriority parameters for biosolids identified by the stakeholders and also regulated by Colorado when used as an agricultural soil amendment include the total concentrations of nine trace elements (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc), plutonium isotopes, and gross alpha and beta activity (Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division, 1997; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment,1998; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993). Since these were the identified priority parameters for the biosolids, the soils have the same set of priority parameters. Although the composite soils' priority analytes have been reported earlier to Metro District, the remaining elemental datasets for both the composite soils samples and selected fields' individual subsamples' data are presented here for the first time. More information about the other monitoring components is presented elsewhere in the literature (http://co.water.usgs.gov/projects/CO406/CO406.html).\r\n\r\nIn general, the objective of each component of the study was to determine whether concentrations of priority parameters (1) were higher than regulatory limits, (2) were increasing with time, and(or) (3) were significantly higher in biosolids-applied areas than in a similar farmed area where biosolids were not applied.\r\n\r\nThe method chosen for sampling the soils proved to be an efficient and reliable representation of the average composition of each field. This was shown by analyzing individual subsamples, averaging the resulting values, and then comparing the values to the composited samples' values. The soil chemistry shows distinct differences between the two sites, most likely due to the different underlying parent material.\r\n\r\nBiosolids data were used to compile an inorganic-chemical biosolids signature that can be contrasted with the geochemical signature of the agricultural soils for this site. The biosolids signature and an understanding of the geology and hydrology of the site can be used to separate biosolids effects from natural geochemical effects. Elements of particular interest for a biosolids signature after application in the soils include bismuth, copper, silver, mercury, and phosphorus. This signat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091111","usgsCitation":"Crock, J., Smith, D.B., and Yager, T.J., 2009, Analytical Results for Agricultural Soils Samples from a Monitoring Program Near Deer Trail, Colorado (USA): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1111, iv, 147 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091111.","productDescription":"iv, 147 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":212,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12757,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,39.416666666666664 ], [ -104,39.73444444444444 ], [ -103.7,39.73444444444444 ], [ -103.7,39.416666666666664 ], [ -104,39.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yager, T. J. B.","contributorId":77256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97612,"text":"ofr20091066 - 2009 - Testing and refining the Ohio Nowcast at two Lake Erie beaches— 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T20:41:42.323684","indexId":"ofr20091066","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1066","title":"Testing and refining the Ohio Nowcast at two Lake Erie beaches— 2008","docAbstract":"The Ohio Nowcast has been providing real-time beach advisories to the public on the basis of predictive models since 2006. In support of the nowcast, data were collected during the recreational season of 2008 to validate and refine predictive models at two Lake Erie beaches. Predictive models yield data on the probability that the single-sample bathing-water standard for E. coli will be exceeded. Field personnel collected or compiled data on Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentrations as well as variables expected to affect these concentrations, including manual and automated measurements of turbidity, wave height, and water temperature; lake level; and radar and airport rainfall amounts. Two new variables were measured during 2008 - photosynthetically-active radiation at Huntington (Bay Village) and foreshore head at Edgewater (Cleveland). (The foreshore is a strip of land along a body of water between low and high water marks.)\r\n\r\nThe performance of the nowcast was monitored during 2008. The Huntington nowcast yielded a greater percentage of correct responses (84.9 percent) than did the previous day's E. coli concentration (75.2 percent). In contrast, at Edgewater, the nowcast yielded a slightly higher percentage of correct responses (61.0 percent) as compared to the previous day's E. coli concentration (56.5 percent), but both percentages were relatively low. Lake levels in 2008 were significantly higher than levels in the data used to develop the Edgewater models (2004-7), confounding their abilities to provide correct responses. At Edgewater during 2008, the strongest relation (as measured by Pearson's correlation) was between E. coli concentrations and the difference in foreshore head over the past 24 hours (r=0.48), a variable not included in the models. At Huntington, photosynthetically-active radiation on the previous day showed a significant negative relation to E. coli concentrations (r=-0.33) during 2008.\r\n\r\nRefined models were developed for Huntington and Edgewater using data collected from 2005-8. The refined models included the variables wave height, log turbidity, radar or airport rainfall, and day of the year in various combinations for different dated segments of the recreational season. Water-resource managers will determine which models to apply to the Ohio Nowcast for issuing water-quality advisories in 2009.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091066","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., Bertke, E.E., and Darner, R.A., 2009, Testing and refining the Ohio Nowcast at two Lake Erie beaches— 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1066, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091066.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","temporalStart":"2008-05-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389993,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86751.htm"},{"id":12756,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":196212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.012939453125,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -81.6888427734375,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -81.6888427734375,\n 41.51474739095224\n ],\n [\n -82.012939453125,\n 41.51474739095224\n ],\n [\n -82.012939453125,\n 41.46742831254425\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6849d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bertke, Erin E. eebertke@usgs.gov","contributorId":1934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bertke","given":"Erin","email":"eebertke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Darner, Robert A. 0000-0003-1333-8265 radarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-8265","contributorId":1972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darner","given":"Robert","email":"radarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97611,"text":"sir20095062 - 2009 - Sources and preparation of data for assessing trends in concentrations of pesticides in streams of the United States, 1992-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T12:08:34","indexId":"sir20095062","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5062","title":"Sources and preparation of data for assessing trends in concentrations of pesticides in streams of the United States, 1992-2006","docAbstract":"This report provides a water-quality data set of 44 commonly used pesticides and 8 pesticide degradates suitable for a national assessment of trends in pesticide concentrations in streams of the United States. Water-quality samples collected from January 1992 through August 2006 at stream-water sites of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program and the National Stream Quality Accounting Network Program were compiled, reviewed, selected, and prepared for trend analysis as described in this report. Samples analyzed at the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analytical method were the most extensive in time and space and were selected for national trend analysis. The selection criteria described in the report produced a trend data set of 16,869 pesticide samples at 201 stream and river sites.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095062","usgsCitation":"Martin, J.D., 2009, Sources and preparation of data for assessing trends in concentrations of pesticides in streams of the United States, 1992-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5062, Report: vi, 41 p.; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095062.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 41 p.; Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1992-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5062.jpg"},{"id":12755,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5062/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,23 ], [ -125,50 ], [ -65,50 ], [ -65,23 ], [ -125,23 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D. 0000-0003-1994-5285 jdmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-5285","contributorId":1066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jdmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97615,"text":"sir20095090 - 2009 - Direct-current resistivity profiling at the Pecos River Ecosystem Project study site near Mentone, Texas, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T20:17:13.381656","indexId":"sir20095090","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5090","title":"Direct-current resistivity profiling at the Pecos River Ecosystem Project study site near Mentone, Texas, 2006","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Texas A&M University AgriLife, did a surface geophysical investigation at the Pecos River Ecosystem Project study site near Mentone in West Texas intended to determine shallow (to about 14 meters below the water [river] surface) subsurface composition (lithology) in and near treated (eradicated of all saltcedar) and control (untreated) riparian zone sites during June-August 2006. Land-based direct-current resistivity profiling was applied in a 240-meter section of the riverbank at the control site, and waterborne direct-current continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) was applied along a 2.279-kilometer reach of the river adjacent to both sites to collect shallow subsurface resistivity data. Inverse modeling was used to obtain a nonunique estimate of the true subsurface resistivity from apparent resistivity calculated from the field measurements. The land-based survey showed that the sub-surface at the control site generally is of relatively low resis-tivity down to about 4 meters below the water surface. Most of the section from about 4 to 10 meters below the water surface is of relatively high resistivity. The waterborne CRP surveys convey essentially the same electrical representation of the lithology at the control site to 10 meters below the water surface; but the CRP surveys show considerably lower resistivity than the land-based survey in the subsection from about 4 to 10 meters below the water surface. The CRP surveys along the 2.279-kilometer reach of the river adjacent to both the treated and control sites show the same relatively low resistivity zone from the riverbed to about 4 meters below the water surface evident at the control site. A slightly higher resistivity zone is observed from about 4 to 14 meters below the water surface along the upstream approximately one-half of the profile than along the downstream one-half. The variations in resistivity could not be matched to variations in lithology because sufficient rock samples were not available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095090","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Texas A&M University AgriLife","usgsCitation":"Teeple, A., McDonald, A.K., Payne, J., and Kress, W.H., 2009, Direct-current resistivity profiling at the Pecos River Ecosystem Project study site near Mentone, Texas, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5090, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095090.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2006-06-01","temporalEnd":"2006-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415465,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86731.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20095090.gif"},{"id":12759,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5090/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":327269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5090/pdf/sir2009-5090.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Mentone","otherGeospatial":"Pecos River Ecosystem Project study site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.64298720225229,\n 31.712122261120825\n ],\n [\n -103.64298720225229,\n 31.683489848143097\n ],\n [\n -103.61627904098476,\n 31.683489848143097\n ],\n [\n -103.61627904098476,\n 31.712122261120825\n ],\n [\n -103.64298720225229,\n 31.712122261120825\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Teeple, Andrew 0000-0003-1781-8354 apteeple@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1781-8354","contributorId":1399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teeple","given":"Andrew ","email":"apteeple@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, Alyson K.","contributorId":74835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Alyson","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Payne, Jason 0000-0003-4294-7924 jdpayne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-7924","contributorId":1062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"Jason ","email":"jdpayne@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kress, Wade H.","contributorId":100475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kress","given":"Wade","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97616,"text":"sir20095080 - 2009 - Detection of conveyance changes in St. Clair River using historical water-level and flow data with inverse one-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-06T14:59:33","indexId":"sir20095080","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5080","title":"Detection of conveyance changes in St. Clair River using historical water-level and flow data with inverse one-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling","docAbstract":"St. Clair River is a connecting channel that transports water from Lake Huron to the St. Clair River Delta and Lake St. Clair. A negative trend has been detected in differences between water levels on Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair. This trend may indicate a combination of flow and conveyance changes within St. Clair River. To identify where conveyance change may be taking place, eight water-level gaging stations along St. Clair River were selected to delimit seven reaches. Positive trends in water-level fall were detected in two reaches, and negative trends were detected in two other reaches. The presence of both positive and negative trends in water-level fall indicates that changes in conveyance are likely occurring among some reaches because all reaches transmit essentially the same flow. Annual water-level fall in reaches and reach lengths was used to compute conveyance ratios for all pairs of reaches by use of water-level data from 1962 to 2007. Positive and negative trends in conveyance ratios indicate that relative conveyance is changing among some reaches. Inverse one-dimensional (1-D) hydrodynamic modeling was used to estimate a partial annual series of effective channel-roughness parameters in reaches forming the St. Clair River for 21 years when flow measurements were sufficient to support parameter estimation. Monotonic, persistent but non-monotonic, and irregular changes in estimated effective channel roughness with time were interpreted as systematic changes in conveyances in five reaches. Time-varying parameter estimates were used to simulate flow throughout the St. Clair River and compute changes in conveyance with time. Based on the partial annual series of parameters, conveyance in the St. Clair River increased about 10 percent from 1962 to 2002. Conveyance decreased, however, about 4.1 percent from 2003 to 2007, so that conveyance was about 5.9 percent higher in 2007 than in 1962.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095080","isbn":"9781411324350","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with International Upper Great Lakes Study Board and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D.J., and Hoard, C.J., 2009, Detection of conveyance changes in St. Clair River using historical water-level and flow data with inverse one-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5080, viii, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095080.","productDescription":"viii, 39 p.","temporalStart":"1962-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5080.jpg"},{"id":12760,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5080/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"St. Clair River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.83333333333333,42.416666666666664 ], [ -82.83333333333333,43.083333333333336 ], [ -82.33333333333333,43.083333333333336 ], [ -82.33333333333333,42.416666666666664 ], [ -82.83333333333333,42.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db69722d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holtschlag, David J. 0000-0001-5185-4928 dholtschlag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":5447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"David","email":"dholtschlag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoard, C. J.","contributorId":37436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoard","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97610,"text":"ds451 - 2009 - Local and Cumulative Impervious Cover of Massachusetts Stream Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T10:59:47","indexId":"ds451","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"451","title":"Local and Cumulative Impervious Cover of Massachusetts Stream Basins","docAbstract":"Impervious surfaces such as paved roads, parking lots, and building roofs can affect the natural streamflow patterns and ecosystems of nearby streams. This dataset summarizes the percentage of impervious area for watersheds across Massachusetts by using a newly available statewide 1-m binary raster dataset of impervious surface for 2005. In order to accurately capture the wide spatial variability of impervious surface, it was necessary to delineate a new set of finely discretized basin boundaries for Massachusetts. This new set of basins was delineated at a scale finer than that of the existing 12-digit Hydrologic Unit Code basins (HUC-12s) of the national Watershed Boundary Dataset. The dataset consists of three GIS shapefiles. The Massachusetts nested subbasins and the hydrologic units data layers consist of topographically delineated boundaries and their associated percentage of impervious cover for all of Massachusetts except Cape Cod, the Islands, and the Plymouth-Carver region. The Massachusetts groundwater-contributing areas data layer consists of groundwater contributing-area boundaries for streams and coastal areas of Cape Cod and the Plymouth-Carver region. These boundaries were delineated by using groundwater-flow models previously published by the U.S. Geological Survey.\n\nSubbasin and hydrologic unit boundaries were delineated statewide with the exception of Cape Cod and the Plymouth-Carver Region. For the purpose of this study, a subbasin is defined as the entire drainage area upstream of an outlet point. Subbasins draining to multiple outlet points on the same stream are nested. That is, a large downstream subbasin polygon comprises all of the smaller upstream subbasin polygons. A hydrologic unit is the intervening drainage area between a given outlet point and the outlet point of the next upstream unit (Fig. 1). Hydrologic units divide subbasins into discrete, nonoverlapping areas. Each hydrologic unit corresponds to a subbasin delineated from the same outlet point; the hydrologic unit and the subbasin share the same unique identifier attribute. Because the same set of outlet points was used for the delineation of subbasins and hydrologic units, the linework for both data layers is identical; however, polygon attributes differ because for a given outlet point, the subbasin polygon area is the sum of all the upstream hydrologic units. Impervious surface summarized for a subbasin represents the percentage of impervious surface area of the entire upstream watershed, whereas the impervious surface for a hydrologic unit represents the percentage of impervious surface area for the intervening drainage area between two outlet points.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds451","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Brandt, S.L., and Steeves, P.A., 2009, Local and Cumulative Impervious Cover of Massachusetts Stream Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 451, Available online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds451.","productDescription":"Available online only","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12754,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/451/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":273183,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ds451_hydro_units.xml"},{"id":273185,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ds451_subbasins.xml"},{"id":273182,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ds451_gwcontrib_areas.xml"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b1e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brandt, Sara L.","contributorId":89240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steeves, Peter A. 0000-0001-7558-9719 psteeves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7558-9719","contributorId":1873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeves","given":"Peter","email":"psteeves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198228,"text":"70198228 - 2009 - Continuing inflation at Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA, from GPS, leveling, and InSAR observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-11T10:54:58","indexId":"70198228","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continuing inflation at Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA, from GPS, leveling, and InSAR observations","docAbstract":"Uplift of a broad area centered ~6 km west of the summit of South Sister volcano started in September 1997 (onset estimated from model discussed in this paper) and was continuing when surveyed in August 2006. Surface displacements were measured whenever possible since August 1992 with satellite radar interferometry (InSAR), annually since August 2001 with GPS and leveling surveys, and with continuous GPS since May 2001. The average maximum displacement rate from InSAR decreased from 3–5 cm/yr during 1998–2001 to ~1.4 cm/yr during 2004–2006. The other datasets show a similar pattern, i.e., surface uplift and extension rates decreased over time but deformation continued through August 2006. Our best-fit model to the deformation data is a vertical, prolate, spheroidal point-pressure source located 4.9–5.4 km below the surface. The source inflation rate decreased exponentially during 2001–2006 with a 1/e decay time of 5.3 ± 1.1 years. The net increase in source volume from September 1997 to August 2006 was 36.5–41.9 x 106 m3. A swarm of ~300 small (M max = 1.9) earthquakes occurred beneath the deforming area in March 2004; no other unusual seismicity has been noted. Similar deformation episodes in the past probably would have gone unnoticed if, as we suspect, most are small intrusions that do not culminate in eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-009-0296-4","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Lisowski, M., and Wicks, C., 2009, Continuing inflation at Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA, from GPS, leveling, and InSAR observations: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 71, p. 1091-1110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-009-0296-4.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1091","endPage":"1110","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355871,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.55249023437501,\n 45.62940492064501\n ],\n [\n -123.55224609375,\n 42.39912215986002\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 42.285437007491545\n ],\n [\n -121.14624023437499,\n 45.637087095718734\n ],\n [\n -122.55249023437501,\n 45.62940492064501\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"71","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98b9bbe4b0702d0e8451f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wicks, Charles W. Jr. cwicks@usgs.gov","contributorId":3476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Charles W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"cwicks@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":740655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97609,"text":"ofr20091120 - 2009 - Estimation of Missing Water-Level Data for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:30","indexId":"ofr20091120","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1120","title":"Estimation of Missing Water-Level Data for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN)","docAbstract":"The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) is an integrated network of real-time water-level gaging stations, ground-elevation models, and water-surface elevation models designed to provide scientists, engineers, and water-resource managers with current (2000-2009) water-depth information for the entire freshwater portion of the greater Everglades. The U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystems Science provides support for EDEN and their goal of providing quality-assured monitoring data for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. To increase the accuracy of the daily water-surface elevation model, water-level estimation equations were developed to fill missing data. To minimize the occurrences of no estimation of data due to missing data for an input station, a minimum of three linear regression equations were developed for each station using different input stations. Of the 726 water-level estimation equations developed to fill missing data at 239 stations, more than 60 percent of the equations have coefficients of determination greater than 0.90, and 92 percent have an coefficient of determination greater than 0.70.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091120","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystems Science","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., and Petkewich, M.D., 2009, Estimation of Missing Water-Level Data for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1120, iv, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091120.","productDescription":"iv, 54 p.","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12752,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1120/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbc07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petkewich, Matthew D. 0000-0002-5749-6356 mdpetkew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-6356","contributorId":982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"Matthew","email":"mdpetkew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97593,"text":"ds442 - 2009 - Geochemical data for Upper Mineral Creek, Colorado, under existing ambient conditions and during an experimental pH modification, August 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T08:32:55","indexId":"ds442","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"442","title":"Geochemical data for Upper Mineral Creek, Colorado, under existing ambient conditions and during an experimental pH modification, August 2005","docAbstract":"Mineral Creek, an acid mine drainage stream in south-western Colorado, was the subject of a water-quality study that employed a paired synoptic approach. Under the paired synoptic approach, two synoptic sampling campaigns were conducted on the same study reach. The initial synoptic campaign, conducted August 22, 2005, documented stream-water quality under existing ambient conditions. A second synoptic campaign, conducted August 24, 2005, documented stream-water quality during a pH-modification experiment that elevated the pH of Mineral Creek. The experimental pH modification was designed to determine the potential reductions in dissolved constituent concentrations that would result from the implementation of an active treatment system for acid mine drainage. During both synoptic sampling campaigns, a solution containing lithium bromide was injected continuously to allow for the calculation of streamflow using the tracer-dilution method. Synoptic water-quality samples were collected from 30 stream sites and 11 inflow locations along the 2-kilometer study reach. Data from the study provide spatial profiles of pH, concentration, and streamflow under both existing and experimentally-altered conditions. This report presents the data obtained August 21-24, 2005, as well as the methods used for sample collection and data analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds442","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with San Juan County San Juan Resource Conservation and Development Council U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., Steiger, J.I., and Walton-Day, K., 2009, Geochemical data for Upper Mineral Creek, Colorado, under existing ambient conditions and during an experimental pH modification, August 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 442, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds442.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-08-21","temporalEnd":"2005-08-24","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12737,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/442/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.73333333333333,37.86805555555556 ], [ -107.73333333333333,37.9 ], [ -107.7,37.9 ], [ -107.7,37.86805555555556 ], [ -107.73333333333333,37.86805555555556 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2a59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steiger, Judy I. jsteiger@usgs.gov","contributorId":3689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiger","given":"Judy","email":"jsteiger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":68339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97598,"text":"ds425 - 2009 - Map Database for Surficial Materials in the Conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:55","indexId":"ds425","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"425","title":"Map Database for Surficial Materials in the Conterminous United States","docAbstract":"The Earth's bedrock is overlain in many places by a loosely compacted and mostly unconsolidated blanket of sediments in which soils commonly are developed. These sediments generally were eroded from underlying rock, and then were transported and deposited. In places, they exceed 1000 ft (330 m) in thickness. Where the sediment blanket is absent, bedrock is either exposed or has been weathered to produce a residual soil. For the conterminous United States, a map by Soller and Reheis (2004, scale 1:5,000,000; http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-275/) shows these sediments and the weathered, residual material; for ease of discussion, these are referred to as 'surficial materials'. That map was produced as a PDF file, from an Adobe Illustrator-formatted version of the provisional GIS database. The provisional GIS files were further processed without modifying the content of the published map, and are here published.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds425","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., Reheis, M., Garrity, C.P., and Van Sistine, D., 2009, Map Database for Surficial Materials in the Conterminous United States (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 425, Report: 12 p.; ReadMe; Metadata; GIS Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds425.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; ReadMe; Metadata; GIS Data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":238,"text":"Eastern Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12742,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/425/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aefa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, David R. 0000-0001-6177-8332 drsoller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-8332","contributorId":2700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"David","email":"drsoller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reheis, Marith C. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":101244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"Marith C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrity, Christopher P. 0000-0002-5565-1818 cgarrity@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1818","contributorId":644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrity","given":"Christopher","email":"cgarrity@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Sistine, D. R.","contributorId":48661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Sistine","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97597,"text":"sir20095108 - 2009 - Flood of April 2007 and flood-frequency estimates at streamflow-gaging stations in western Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-14T21:46:03.816285","indexId":"sir20095108","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5108","title":"Flood of April 2007 and flood-frequency estimates at streamflow-gaging stations in western Connecticut","docAbstract":"A spring nor’easter affected the East Coast of the United States from April 15 to 18, 2007. In Connecticut, rainfall varied from 3 inches to more than 7 inches. The combined effects of heavy rainfall over a short duration, high winds, and high tides led to widespread flooding, storm damage, power outages, evacuations, and disruptions to traffic and commerce. The storm caused at least 18 fatalities (none in Connecticut). A Presidential Disaster Declaration was issued on May 11, 2007, for two counties in western Connecticut—Fairfield and Litchfield. This report documents hydrologic and meteorologic aspects of the April 2007 flood and includes estimates of the magnitude of the peak discharges and peak stages during the flood at 28 streamflow-gaging stations in western Connecticut. These data were used to perform flood-frequency analyses. Flood-frequency estimates provided in this report are expressed in terms of exceedance probabilities (the probability of a flood reaching or exceeding a particular magnitude in any year). Flood-frequency estimates for the 0.50, 0.20, 0.10, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, and 0.002 exceedance probabilities (also expressed as 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2- percent exceedance probability, respectively) were computed for 24 of the 28 streamflow-gaging stations. Exceedance probabilities can further be expressed in terms of recurrence intervals (2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence interval, respectively). Flood-frequency estimates computed in this study were compared to the flood-frequency estimates used to derive the water-surface profiles in previously published Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Studies. The estimates in this report update and supersede previously published flood-frequency estimates for streamflowgaging stations in Connecticut by incorporating additional years of annual peak discharges, including the peaks for the April 2007 flood.
In the southwest coastal region of Connecticut, the April 2007 peak discharges for streamflow-gaging stations with records extending back to 1955 were the second highest peak discharges on record; the 1955 annual peak discharges are the highest peak discharges in the station records. In the Housatonic and South Central Coast Basins, the April 2007 peak discharges for streamflow-gaging stations with records extending back to 1930 or earlier ranked between the fourth and eighth highest discharges on record, with the 1936, 1938, and 1955 floods as the largest floods in the station records.
The peak discharges for the April 2007 flood have exceedance probabilities ranging between 0.10 to 0.02 (a 10- to 2-percent chance of being exceeded in a given year, respectively) with the majority (80 percent) of the stations having exceedance probabilities between 0.10 to 0.04. At three stations—Norwalk River at South Wilton, Pootatuck River at Sandy Hook, and Still River at Robertsville—the April 2007 peak discharges have an exceedance probability of 0.02.
Flood-frequency estimates made after the April 2007 flood were compared to flood-frequency estimates used to derive the water-surface profiles (also called flood profiles) in FEMA Flood Insurance Studies developed for communities. In general, the comparison indicated that at the 0.10 exceedance probability (a 10-percent change of being exceeded in a given year), the discharges from the current (2007) flood-frequency analysis are larger than the discharges in the FEMA Flood Insurance Studies, with a median change of about +10 percent. In contrast, at the 0.01 exceedance probability (a 1-percent change of being exceeded in a year), the discharges from the current flood-frequency analysis are smaller than the discharges in the FEMA Flood Insurance Studies, with a median change of about -13 percent.
Several stations had more than + 25 percent change in discharges at the 0.10 exceedance probability and are in the following communities: Winchester (Still River at Robertsville, +50 percent change); Hamden (Mill River near Hamden, +46 percent change); Woodbury (Weekeepeemee River at Hotchkissville, +29 percent change); and Newtown (Pootatuck River at Sandy Hook , +28 percent change). Although the majority of the streamflow-gaging stations had discharges at the 0.01 exceedance probability smaller than in the Flood Insurance Studies, the (2007) flood-frequency estimates were larger than in the Flood Insurance Studies for stations in the following communities: Hamden (Mill River near Hamden, +53 percent change); Thomaston (Naugatuck River at Thomaston, +27 percent change); Newtown (Pootatuck River at Sandy Hook, +18 percent change); and Wallingford (Quinnipiac River at Wallingford, +13 percent change). The 1-percent exceedance probability (100-year flood) elevations at streamflow-gaging stations exceeded the FEMA projected 100-year flood elevations by more than +0.5 feet in two Flood Insurance Studies in the communities of Wallingford (Quinnipiac River at Wallingford, +0.6 feet change) and Hamden (Mill River near Hamden, + 2.3 feet change).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Ahearn, E.A., 2009, Flood of April 2007 and flood-frequency estimates at streamflow-gaging stations in western Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5108, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095108.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-04-15","temporalEnd":"2007-04-18","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12741,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5108/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":430246,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86730.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.75,41 ], [ -73.75,42.05 ], [ -72.5,42.05 ], [ -72.5,41 ], [ -73.75,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eec94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahearn, Elizabeth A. 0000-0002-5633-2640 eaahearn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5633-2640","contributorId":194658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahearn","given":"Elizabeth","email":"eaahearn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97596,"text":"fs20093022 - 2009 - Web-Based Geospatial Tools to Address Hazard Mitigation, Natural Resource Management, and Other Societal Issues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"fs20093022","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3022","title":"Web-Based Geospatial Tools to Address Hazard Mitigation, Natural Resource Management, and Other Societal Issues","docAbstract":"Federal, State, and local government agencies in the United States face a broad range of issues on a daily basis. Among these are natural hazard mitigation, homeland security, emergency response, economic and community development, water supply, and health and safety services. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) helps decision makers address these issues by providing natural hazard assessments, information on energy, mineral, water and biological resources, maps, and other geospatial information.\r\n\r\nIncreasingly, decision makers at all levels are challenged not by the lack of information, but by the absence of effective tools to synthesize the large volume of data available, and to utilize the data to frame policy options in a straightforward and understandable manner. While geographic information system (GIS) technology has been widely applied to this end, systems with the necessary analytical power have been usable only by trained operators. The USGS is addressing the need for more accessible, manageable data tools by developing a suite of Web-based geospatial applications that will incorporate USGS and cooperating partner data into the decision making process for a variety of critical issues. Examples of Web-based geospatial tools being used to address societal issues follow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093022","usgsCitation":"Hearn, 2009, Web-Based Geospatial Tools to Address Hazard Mitigation, Natural Resource Management, and Other Societal Issues: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3022, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093022.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3022.jpg"},{"id":12740,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3022/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad2e4b07f02db681985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hearn, Jr. phearn@usgs.gov","contributorId":1950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","suffix":"Jr.","email":"phearn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208392,"text":"70208392 - 2009 - Review of FEWS NET biophysical monitoring requirements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:14:52","indexId":"70208392","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-12T15:49:57","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1562,"text":"Environmental Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Review of FEWS NET biophysical monitoring requirements","docAbstract":"The Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) provides monitoring and early warning support to decision makers responsible for responding to famine and food insecurity. FEWS NET transforms satellite remote sensing data into rainfall and vegetation information that can be used by these decision makers. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has recently funded activities to enhance remote sensing inputs to FEWS NET. To elicit Earth observation requirements, a professional review questionnaire was disseminated to FEWS NET expert end-users; it focused upon operational requirements to determine additional useful remote sensing data and, subsequently, to assess whether such data would be beneficial as FEWS NET biophysical supplementary inputs. The review was completed by over 40 experts from around the world. Reviewers were asked to evaluate the relative importance of environmental variables and spatio-temporal requirements for Earth science data products, in particular for rainfall and vegetation products. The results showed that spatio-temporal resolution requirements are complex and need to vary according to place, time, and hazard; that high resolution remote sensing products continue to be in demand; and that rainfall and vegetation products are valued as data that provide actionable food security information.
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