During 2007-08 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, evaluated the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aquatic invertebrates and fish from one site in the main body of Lake Worth, two sites in a small inlet in Lake Worth (upper and lower Woods Inlet), and one site in Meandering Road Creek in Fort Worth, Texas. The four sites sampled during 2007-08 were located at or near sites where surficial bed-sediment samples had been collected and analyzed for PCBs during previous U.S. Geological Survey studies so that PCB concentrations in aquatic invertebrates and fish and PCB concentrations in surficial bed-sediment samples could be compared. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes were used to help assess differences in the amount of these isotopes by species and sampling location. The sum of 15 PCB-congener concentrations was highest for aquatic invertebrates and fish from the upper Woods Inlet site and lowest for the same aquatic invertebrates and fish from Lake Worth site, where PCBs historically had not been detected in lake bed sediment. An increase in the ratio of the heavier nitrogen-15 (15N) isotope to the lighter nitrogen-14 (14N) isotope, referred to as enrichment of 15N, was highest in largemouth bass (representing the highest trophic level sampled) at all sites and lowest for true midge larvae inhabiting surficial bed sediment in the lake (representing the lowest trophic level sampled). Enrichment of 15N was less variable in largemouth bass and other fish from the highest trophic level compared with shorter lived, primary consumer invertebrates from lower trophic levels, such as true midge larvae, mayfly nymphs, and zooplankton. The delta carbon-13 (delta13C) values measured in true midge larvae collected at the Lake Worth and upper and lower Woods Inlet sites were more negative compared with the delta13C values measured for all other taxa, indicating true midge larvae were more depleted of carbon-13 (13C) compared with all other aquatic invertebrate and fish. The relative depletion of 13C might indicate the carbon sources consumed by true midge larvae are different from the carbon sources consumed by all other taxon that were sampled. Ratios of stable nitrogen isotopes nitrogen-15 to nitrogen-14 (delta15N) were similar between taxa from the Lake Worth site and Woods Inlet sites. The sum of 15 PCB-congener concentrations, however, was an order of magnitude higher in largemouth bass from the upper Woods Inlet site, indicating that PCB-congener concentrations in lake bed sediment likely controls biomagnification within the lake because of the similarities in trophic structure of the resident aquatic community. The biota at the Lake Worth reference site, where PCBs were not detected in the surficial sediment during previous studies, were less contaminated than the biota at sites where PCBs had been detected in the surficial sediment. The highest trophic-level consumers (as evidenced by the most 15N-enriched delta15N values) showed the maximum bioaccumulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Virginia","doi":"10.3133/sir20105235","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Moring, J., 2010, Polychlorinated biphenyls in aquatic invertebrates and fish and observations about nitrogen and carbon isotope composition in relation to trophic structure and bioaccumulation patterns, Lake Worth and Meandering Road Creek, Fort Worth, Texas, 2007-08: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5235, iv, 23 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105235.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5235.png"},{"id":14445,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5235/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Worth","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.42298126220703,\n 32.79521141367352\n ],\n [\n -97.45216369628906,\n 32.79550001438897\n ],\n [\n -97.46366500854492,\n 32.80358045411563\n ],\n [\n -97.4545669555664,\n 32.80632186501808\n ],\n [\n -97.4513053894043,\n 32.808197518499256\n ],\n [\n -97.44993209838867,\n 32.815988270788054\n ],\n [\n -97.44375228881836,\n 32.81627680405194\n ],\n [\n -97.44237899780273,\n 32.82406684798286\n ],\n [\n -97.4428939819336,\n 32.82954832124184\n ],\n [\n -97.44958877563477,\n 32.836039102026604\n ],\n [\n -97.46160507202147,\n 32.83690450361482\n ],\n [\n -97.46829986572266,\n 32.835462162948076\n ],\n [\n -97.46967315673828,\n 32.83243317127836\n ],\n [\n -97.47053146362305,\n 32.82825010814964\n ],\n [\n -97.470703125,\n 32.82435535500958\n ],\n [\n -97.46435165405273,\n 32.8219030154127\n ],\n [\n -97.45903015136719,\n 32.824932366251716\n ],\n [\n -97.44615554809569,\n 32.82767311846155\n ],\n [\n -97.44770050048828,\n 32.82219152946755\n ],\n [\n -97.45800018310545,\n 32.81685386776874\n ],\n [\n -97.46555328369139,\n 32.81468985950555\n ],\n [\n -97.47928619384766,\n 32.81656533637882\n ],\n [\n -97.49078750610352,\n 32.81483412836281\n ],\n [\n -97.49336242675781,\n 32.81180443317097\n ],\n [\n -97.4901008605957,\n 32.80906319137108\n ],\n [\n -97.48701095581055,\n 32.808197518499256\n ],\n [\n -97.48786926269531,\n 32.80588901628599\n ],\n [\n -97.49181747436523,\n 32.80689899338195\n ],\n [\n -97.49336242675781,\n 32.80271472784453\n ],\n [\n -97.48821258544922,\n 32.79564431439544\n ],\n [\n -97.46572494506836,\n 32.79275826977453\n ],\n [\n -97.4542236328125,\n 32.78510979856056\n ],\n [\n -97.4241828918457,\n 32.784965481461185\n ],\n [\n -97.41680145263672,\n 32.78842902722552\n ],\n [\n -97.41474151611328,\n 32.79261396508479\n ],\n [\n -97.42177963256836,\n 32.79550001438897\n ],\n [\n -97.42298126220703,\n 32.79521141367352\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moring, J. Bruce","contributorId":53372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J. Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":99007,"text":"fs20103121 - 2010 - Water-quality sampling by the U.S. Geological Survey-Standard protocols and procedures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:49","indexId":"fs20103121","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3121","title":"Water-quality sampling by the U.S. Geological Survey-Standard protocols and procedures","docAbstract":"Thumbnail of and link to report PDF (1.0 MB)\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) develops the sampling procedures and collects the data necessary for the accurate assessment and wise management of our Nation's surface-water and groundwater resources. Federal and State agencies, water-resource regulators and managers, and many organizations and interested parties in the public and private sectors depend on the reliability, timeliness, and integrity of the data we collect and the scientific soundness and impartiality of our data assessments and analysis. The standard data-collection methods uniformly used by USGS water-quality personnel are peer reviewed, kept up-to-date, and published in the National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data (http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A/). ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20103121","usgsCitation":"Wilde, F.D., 2010, Water-quality sampling by the U.S. Geological Survey-Standard protocols and procedures: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3121, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103121.","productDescription":"2 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3121.gif"},{"id":14444,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3121/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67afa4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilde, Franceska D. fwilde@usgs.gov","contributorId":92240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilde","given":"Franceska","email":"fwilde@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":99002,"text":"sir20095179 - 2010 - Hydrostratigraphy, soil/sediment chemistry, and water quality, Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Puchack Well Field Superfund site and vicinity, Pennsauken Township, Camden County, New Jersey, 1997-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"sir20095179","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5179","title":"Hydrostratigraphy, soil/sediment chemistry, and water quality, Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Puchack Well Field Superfund site and vicinity, Pennsauken Township, Camden County, New Jersey, 1997-2001","docAbstract":"Drinking-water supplies from the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system at the Puchack well field in Pennsauken Township, Camden County, New Jersey, have been contaminated by hexavalent chromium-the most toxic and mobile form-at concentrations exceeding the New Jersey maximum contaminant level of 100 micrograms per liter. Also, scattered but widespread instances of volatile organic compounds (primarily trichloroethylene) at concentrations that exceed their respective maximum contaminant levels in the area's ground water have been reported. Because inorganic and organic contaminants are present in the ground water underlying the Puchack well field, no water from there has been withdrawn for public supply since 1998, when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) added the area that contains the Puchack well field to the National Priorities List.\r\n\r\nAs part of the USEPA's investigation of the Puchack Well Field Superfund site, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a study during 1997-2001 to (1) refine previous interpretations of the hydrostratigraphic framework, hydraulic gradients, and local directions of ground-water flow; (2) describe the chemistry of soils and saturated aquifer sediments; and (3) document the quality of ground water in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in the area.\r\n\r\nThe four major water-bearing units of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system-the Upper aquifer (mostly unsaturated in the study area), the Middle aquifer, the Intermediate Sand (a local but important unit), and the Lower aquifer-are separated by confining units. The confining units contain areas of cut and fill, resulting in permeable zones that permit water to pass through them. Pumping from the Puchack well field during the past 3 decades resulted in downward hydraulic gradients that moved contaminants into the Lower aquifer, in which the production wells are finished, and caused ground water to flow northeast, locally. A comparison of current (1997-2001) water levels near the site of the former pumping center with data from previous investigations indicates that, since pumping at the Puchack well field ceased, the dominant local ground-water flow direction is to the southeast, aligned with regional flow.\r\n\r\nChromium concentrations were highest (8,010 micrograms per liter in 2000-01) in water from the Middle aquifer immediately downgradient from a possible source; the extent of this chromium plume is unknown but appears to be small. A second, unrelated, localized chromium plume also was identified in the Middle aquifer. The Intermediate Sand was found to contain an areally extensive plume of chromium-contaminated water, with concentrations up to 6,310 micrograms per liter in 2000-01, and another plume of about the same size, with concentrations up to 4,810 micrograms per liter in 2000-01, was identified in the Lower aquifer. The previous USGS investigation indicated the approximate extent of the combined plumes; the current delineation indicates that their locations have shifted slightly to the southeast since 1998.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of chromium in ground water decreased at some well locations by as much as 60 percent between sampling rounds in 1997-98 and 1999-2001. The decrease in chromium concentration at a given well could be the result of the chemical reduction of hexavalent chromium and precipitation of the resulting trivalent chromium, the sorption of hexavalent chromium to aquifer materials, or the physical movement of the plumes. Available data indicate that all three processes likely have affected concentrations. The distribution of hexavalent and total chromium in the soils and sediments of a possible source area indicates that some hexavalent chromium has undergone chemical reduction in the soils, but the degree to which this process takes place in the aquifer currently is not known. Nor is it known whether contaminated soils continue to contribute chromium to the aquifer system.\r\n\r\nContamination by vola","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Barringer, J., Walker, R.L., Jacobsen, E., and Jankowski, P., 2010, Hydrostratigraphy, soil/sediment chemistry, and water quality, Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Puchack Well Field Superfund site and vicinity, Pennsauken Township, Camden County, New Jersey, 1997-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5179, xvi, 123 p.; Appendices; Plate 1: 36 inches x 48 inches; Plate 2: 36 inches x 48 inches; Plate 3: 36 inches x 48 inches;, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095179.","productDescription":"xvi, 123 p.; Appendices; Plate 1: 36 inches x 48 inches; Plate 2: 36 inches x 48 inches; Plate 3: 36 inches x 48 inches;","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1997-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14439,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5179.bmp"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.11666666666666,39.884166666666665 ], [ -75.11666666666666,40.016666666666666 ], [ -74.91666666666667,40.016666666666666 ], [ -74.91666666666667,39.884166666666665 ], [ -75.11666666666666,39.884166666666665 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, Julia L.","contributorId":59419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Julia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, Richard L.","contributorId":38961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jacobsen, Eric jacobsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"Eric","email":"jacobsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":307227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jankowski, Pamela","contributorId":50128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jankowski","given":"Pamela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98994,"text":"ofr20101310 - 2010 - Selected low-flow frequency statistics for continuous-record streamgage locations in Maryland, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T12:41:40.884303","indexId":"ofr20101310","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1310","title":"Selected low-flow frequency statistics for continuous-record streamgage locations in Maryland, 2010","docAbstract":"According to a 2008 report by the Governor's Advisory Committee on the Management and Protection of the State's Water Resources, Maryland's population grew by 35 percent between 1970 and 2000, and is expected to increase by an additional 27 percent between 2000 and 2030. Because domestic water demand generally increases in proportion to population growth, Maryland will be facing increased pressure on water resources over the next 20 years. Water-resources decisions should be based on sound, comprehensive, long-term data and low-flow frequency statistics from all available streamgage locations with unregulated streamflow and adequate record lengths. To provide the Maryland Department of the Environment with tools for making future water-resources decisions, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a study in October 2009 to compute low-flow frequency statistics for selected streamgage locations in Maryland with 10 or more years of continuous streamflow records.\r\n\r\nThis report presents low-flow frequency statistics for 114 continuous-record streamgage locations in Maryland. The computed statistics presented for each streamgage location include the mean 7-, 14-, and 30-consecutive day minimum daily low-flow dischages for recurrence intervals of 2, 10, and 20 years, and are based on approved streamflow records that include a minimum of 10 complete climatic years of record as of June 2010. Descriptive information for each of these streamgage locations, including the station number, station name, latitude, longitude, county, physiographic province, and drainage area, also is presented. \r\n\r\nThe statistics are planned for incorporation into StreamStats, which is a U.S. Geological Survey Web application for obtaining stream information, and is being used by water-resource managers and decision makers in Maryland to address water-supply planning and management, water-use appropriation and permitting, wastewater and industrial discharge permitting, and setting minimum required streamflows to protect freshwater biota and ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101310","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Department of the Environment","usgsCitation":"Doheny, E.J., and Banks, W.S., 2010, Selected low-flow frequency statistics for continuous-record streamgage locations in Maryland, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1310, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101310.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1310.bmp"},{"id":14427,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1310/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80,38 ], [ -80,40 ], [ -75,40 ], [ -75,38 ], [ -80,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f840c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doheny, Edward J. 0000-0002-6043-3241 ejdoheny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6043-3241","contributorId":4495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doheny","given":"Edward","email":"ejdoheny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banks, William S.L.","contributorId":35281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98993,"text":"ofr20101267 - 2010 - Water-quality, bed-sediment, and biological data (October 2008 through September 2009) and statistical summaries of long-term data for streams in the Clark Fork basin, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-08T11:11:37","indexId":"ofr20101267","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1267","title":"Water-quality, bed-sediment, and biological data (October 2008 through September 2009) and statistical summaries of long-term data for streams in the Clark Fork basin, Montana","docAbstract":"Water, bed sediment, and biota were sampled in streams from Butte to near Missoula, Montana, as part of a long-term monitoring program in the upper Clark Fork basin; additional water samples were collected in the Clark Fork basin from sites near Missoula downstream to near the confluence of the Clark Fork and Flathead River as part of a supplemental sampling program. The sampling programs were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to characterize aquatic resources in the Clark Fork basin of western Montana, with emphasis on trace elements associated with historic mining and smelting activities. Sampling sites were located on the Clark Fork and selected tributaries. Water samples were collected periodically at 24 sites from October 2008 through September 2009. Bed-sediment and biota samples were collected once at 13 sites during August 2009.\r\nThis report presents the analytical results and quality-assurance data for water-quality, bed-sediment, and biota samples collected at all long-term and supplemental monitoring sites from October 2008 through September 2009. Water-quality data include concentrations of selected major ions, trace elements, and suspended sediment. Turbidity was analyzed for water samples collected at the four sites where seasonal daily values of turbidity were being determined as well as at Clark Fork above Missoula. Nutrients also were analyzed at all the supplemental water-quality sites, except for Clark Fork Bypass, near Bonner. Daily values of suspended-sediment concentration and suspended-sediment discharge were determined for four sites. Bed-sediment data include trace-element concentrations in the fine-grained fraction. Biological data include trace-element concentrations in whole-body tissue of aquatic benthic insects. Statistical summaries of long-term water-quality, bed-sediment, and biological data for sites in the upper Clark Fork basin are provided for the period of record since 1985.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101267","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Dodge, K.A., Hornberger, M.I., and Dyke, J., 2010, Water-quality, bed-sediment, and biological data (October 2008 through September 2009) and statistical summaries of long-term data for streams in the Clark Fork basin, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1267, vi, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101267.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-10-01","temporalEnd":"2009-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14426,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1267/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.5,45.75 ], [ -115.5,47.75 ], [ -112.16666666666667,47.75 ], [ -112.16666666666667,45.75 ], [ -115.5,45.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668280","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodge, Kent A. kdodge@usgs.gov","contributorId":1036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"Kent","email":"kdodge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446 mhornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":1037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"mhornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dyke, Jessica jldyke@usgs.gov","contributorId":1035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyke","given":"Jessica","email":"jldyke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98992,"text":"fs20113001 - 2010 - How does a U.S. Geological Survey streamgage work?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-05T09:53:42","indexId":"fs20113001","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3001","title":"How does a U.S. Geological Survey streamgage work?","docAbstract":"Information on the flow of rivers and streams is a vital national asset that safeguards lives, protects property, and ensures adequate water supplies for the future. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates a network of more than 9,000 streamgages nationwide with more than 500 in Texas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Virginia","doi":"10.3133/fs20113001","usgsCitation":"Lurry, D.L., 2010, How does a U.S. Geological Survey streamgage work?: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3001, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113001.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3001.bmp"},{"id":14425,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bdd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lurry, Dee L.","contributorId":10766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lurry","given":"Dee","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98987,"text":"ofr20101314 - 2010 - Channel change and bed-material transport in the Umpqua River basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-27T10:14:51","indexId":"ofr20101314","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1314","title":"Channel change and bed-material transport in the Umpqua River basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Umpqua River drains 12,103 km2 of western Oregon, heading in the Cascade Range and draining portions of the Klamath Mountains and Coast Range before entering the Pacific Ocean. Above the head of tide, the Umpqua River, along with its major tributaries, the North and South Umpqua Rivers, flows on a mixed bedrock and alluvium bed, alternating between bedrock rapids and intermittent, shallow gravel bars composed of gravel to cobble-sized clasts. These bars have been a source of commercial aggregate since the mid-twentieth century. Below the head of tide, the Umpqua River contains large bars composed of mud and sand.
Motivated by ongoing permitting and aquatic habitat concerns related to instream gravel mining on the fluvial reaches, this study evaluated spatial and temporal trends in channel change and bed-material transport for 350 km of river channel along the Umpqua, North Umpqua, and South Umpqua Rivers. The assessment produced (1) detailed mapping of the active channel, using aerial photographs and repeat surveys and (2) a quantitative estimation of bed-material flux that drew upon detailed measurements of particle size and lithology, equations of transport capacity, and a sediment yield analysis.
Bed-material transport capacity estimates at 45 sites throughout the South Umpqua and mainstem Umpqua Rivers for the period 1951–2008 result in wide-ranging transport capacity estimates, reflecting the difficulty of applying equations of bed-material transport to a supply-limited river. Median transport capacity values calculated from surface-based equations of bedload transport for each of the study reaches provide indications of maximum possible transport rates and range from 8,000 to 27,000 metric tons/yr for the South Umpqua River and 20,000 to 82,000 metric tons/yr for the mainstem Umpqua River upstream of the head of tide; the North Umpqua River probably contributes little bed material. A plausible range of average annual transport rates for the South and mainstem Umpqua Rivers, based on bedload transport capacity estimates for bars with reasonable values for reference shear stress, is between 500 and 20,000 metric tons/yr.
An empirical bed-material yield analysis predicts 20,000–50,000 metric tons/yr on the South Umpqua River and mainstem Umpqua River through the Coast Range, decreasing to approximately 30,000 metric tons/yr at the head of tide. Surveys of individual mining sites in the South Umpqua River indicate minimum local bed-material flux rates that are typically less than 10,000 metric tons/yr but that range up to 30,600 metric tons/yr in high-flow years.
On the basis of all of these analyses, actual bedload flux in most years is probably less than 25,000 metric tons/yr in the South Umpqua River and Umpqua Rivers, with the North Umpqua River probably contributing negligible amounts. For comparison, the estimated annual volume of commercial gravel extraction from the South Umpqua River between 2001 and 2004 ranged from 610 to 36,570 metric tons, indicating that historical instream gravel extraction may have been a substantial fraction of the overall bedload flux.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101314","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Wallick, J., O'Connor, J., Anderson, S., Keith, M., Cannon, C., and Risley, J.C., 2010, Channel change and bed-material transport in the Umpqua River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1314, viii, 135 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101314.","productDescription":"viii, 135 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1314.bmp"},{"id":14423,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1314/pdf/ofr20101314.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Umpqua River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.68383789062499,\n 42.20817645934742\n ],\n [\n -121.6241455078125,\n 42.20817645934742\n ],\n [\n -121.6241455078125,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -124.68383789062499,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -124.68383789062499,\n 42.20817645934742\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e635c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallick, J. Rose 0000-0002-9392-272X rosewall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-272X","contributorId":3583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallick","given":"J. Rose","email":"rosewall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Scott","contributorId":56997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keith, Mackenzie K. mkeith@usgs.gov","contributorId":4140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Mackenzie K.","email":"mkeith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cannon, Charles ccannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Charles","email":"ccannon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98986,"text":"fs20103110 - 2010 - Streamflow characteristics and benthic invertebrate assemblages in streams across the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T14:49:52","indexId":"fs20103110","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3110","title":"Streamflow characteristics and benthic invertebrate assemblages in streams across the western United States","docAbstract":"Hydrographic characteristics of streamflow, such as high-flow pulses, base flow (background discharge between floods), extreme low flows, and floods, significantly influence aquatic organisms. Streamflow can be described in terms of magnitude, timing, duration, frequency, and variation (hydrologic regime). These characteristics have broad effects on ecosystem productivity, habitat structure, and ultimately on resident fish, invertebrate, and algae communities. Increasing human use of limited water resources has modified hydrologic regimes worldwide. Identifying the most ecologically significant hydrographic characteristics would facilitate the development of water-management strategies.
Benthic invertebrates include insects, mollusks (snails and clams), worms, and crustaceans (shrimp) that live on the streambed. Invertebrates play an important role in the food web, consuming other invertebrates and algae and being consumed by fish and birds. Hydrologic alteration associated with land and water use can change the natural hydrologic regime and may affect benthic invertebrate assemblage composition and structure through changes in density of invertebrates or taxa richness (number of different species).
This study examined associations between the hydrologic regime and characteristics of benthic invertebrate assemblages across the western United States and developed tools to identify streamflow characteristics that are likely to affect benthic invertebrate assemblages.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20103110","usgsCitation":"Brasher, A., Konrad, C.P., May, J., Edmiston, C.S., and Close, R.N., 2010, Streamflow characteristics and benthic invertebrate assemblages in streams across the western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3110, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103110.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3110.bmp"},{"id":14422,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334726,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3110/pdf/fs20103110.pdf"}],"country":"United States","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4e59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brasher, Anne M.D.","contributorId":33686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brasher","given":"Anne M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konrad, Chris P.","contributorId":26666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":14791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edmiston, C. Scott","contributorId":30595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmiston","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Close, Rebecca N.","contributorId":16803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Close","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":9000557,"text":"sir20105108 - 2010 - Assessment of nonpoint source chemical loading potential to watersheds containing uranium waste dumps and human health hazards associated with uranium exploration and mining, Red, White, and Fry Canyons, southeastern Utah, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T10:32:40","indexId":"sir20105108","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5108","title":"Assessment of nonpoint source chemical loading potential to watersheds containing uranium waste dumps and human health hazards associated with uranium exploration and mining, Red, White, and Fry Canyons, southeastern Utah, 2007","docAbstract":"During May, June, and July 2007, 58 solid-phase samples were collected from abandoned uranium mine waste dumps, background sites, and adjacent streambeds in Red, White, and Fry Canyons in southeastern Utah. The objectives of this sampling program were to (1) assess the nonpoint-source chemical loading potential to ephemeral and perennial drainage basins from uranium waste dumps and (2) assess potential effects on human health due to recreational activities on and around uranium waste dumps on Bureau of Land Management property. Uranium waste-dump samples were collected using solid-phase sampling protocols. After collection, solid-phase samples were homogenized and extracted in the laboratory using a leaching procedure. Filtered (0.45 micron) water samples were obtained from the field leaching procedure and were analyzed for major and trace elements at the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Metals Analysis Laboratory at the University of Utah. A subset of the solid-phase samples also were digested with strong acids and analyzed for major ions and trace elements at the U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Division Laboratory in Denver, Colorado. For the initial ranking of chemical loading potential for uranium waste dumps, results of leachate analyses were compared with existing aquatic-life and drinking-water-quality standards. To assess potential effects on human health, solid-phase digestion values for uranium were compared to soil screening levels (SSL) computed using the computer model RESRAD 6.5 for a probable concentration of radium. One or more chemical constituents exceeded aquatic life and drinking-water-quality standards in approximately 64 percent (29/45) of the leachate samples extracted from uranium waste dumps. Most of the uranium waste dump sites with elevated trace-element concentrations in leachates were located in Red Canyon. Approximately 69 percent (31/45) of the strong acid digestible soil concentration values were greater than a calculated SSL. Uranium waste dump sites with elevated leachate and total digestible concentrations may need to be further investigated to determine the most appropriate remediation method.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Beisner, K.R., Marston, T.M., Naftz, D.L., Snyder, T., and Freeman, M.L., 2010, Assessment of nonpoint source chemical loading potential to watersheds containing uranium waste dumps and human health hazards associated with uranium exploration and mining, Red, White, and Fry Canyons, southeastern Utah, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5108, Report: vi, 29 p.; Appendix; XLS Download of Appendix A, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105108.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 29 p.; Appendix; XLS Download of Appendix A","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19184,"rank":200,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5108/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.45083333333334,37.516666666666666 ], [ -110.45083333333334,37.78333333333333 ], [ -110.05083333333333,37.78333333333333 ], [ -110.05083333333333,37.516666666666666 ], [ -110.45083333333334,37.516666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671ee7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beisner, Kimberly R. 0000-0002-2077-6899 kbeisner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-6899","contributorId":2733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beisner","given":"Kimberly","email":"kbeisner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marston, Thomas M. 0000-0003-1053-4172 tmarston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1053-4172","contributorId":3272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marston","given":"Thomas","email":"tmarston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naftz, David L. 0000-0003-1130-6892 dlnaftz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-6892","contributorId":1041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"David","email":"dlnaftz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snyder, Terry","contributorId":30708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Terry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Freeman, Michael L. mfreeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Michael","email":"mfreeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":344211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98982,"text":"ofr20101326 - 2010 - Strontium isotope detection of brine contamination in the East Poplar oil field, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-01T19:43:22","indexId":"ofr20101326","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1326","title":"Strontium isotope detection of brine contamination in the East Poplar oil field, Montana","docAbstract":"Brine contamination of groundwater in the East Poplar oil field was first documented in the mid-1980s by the U.S. Geological Survey by using hydrochemistry, with an emphasis on chloride (Cl) and total dissolved solids concentrations. Supply wells for the City of Poplar are located downgradient from the oil field, are completed in the same shallow aquifers that are documented as contaminated, and therefore are potentially at risk of being contaminated. In cooperation with the Office of Environmental Protection of the Fort Peck Tribes, groundwater samples were collected in 2009 and 2010 from supply wells, monitor wells, and the Poplar River for analyses of major and trace elements, including strontium (Sr) concentrations and isotopic compositions. The ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 (87Sr/86Sr) is used extensively as a natural tracer in groundwater to detect mixing among waters from different sources and to study the effects of water/rock interaction. On a plot of the reciprocal strontium concentration against the 87Sr/86Sr ratio, mixtures of two end members will produce a linear array. Using this plotting method, data for samples from most of the wells, including the City of Poplar wells, define an array with reciprocal strontium values ranging from 0.08 to 4.15 and 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70811 to 0.70828. This array is composed of a brine end member with an average 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70822, strontium concentrations in excess of 12.5 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and chloride concentrations exceeding 8,000 mg/L mixing with uncontaminated water similar to that in USGS06-08 with 18.0 mg/L chloride, 0.24 mg/L strontium, and a 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.70811. The position of samples from the City of Poplar public-water supply wells within this array indicates that brine contamination has reached all three wells. Outliers from this array are EPU-4G (groundwater from the Cretaceous Judith River Formation), brine samples from disposal wells (Huber 5-D and EPU 1-D), USGS92-11 (a well with water that was considerably contaminated in 1992 and becoming less saline with time), and PNR-27 (only slightly below the defined trend with an 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.70793). Water samples from the City of Poplar wells are also enriched in anions and cations that are abundant in oil-field brine.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101326","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Fort Peck Tribes Office of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Peterman, Z., Thamke, J., Futa, K., and Oliver, T.A., 2010, Strontium isotope detection of brine contamination in the East Poplar oil field, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1326, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101326.","productDescription":"20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14416,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1326/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":115903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1326.png"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a49b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell E.","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thamke, Joanna N. 0000-0002-6917-1946 jothamke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6917-1946","contributorId":1012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamke","given":"Joanna N.","email":"jothamke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Futa, Kiyoto 0000-0001-8649-7510 kfuta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-7510","contributorId":619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"Kiyoto","email":"kfuta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oliver, Thomas A. 0000-0002-6455-1114 taoliver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6455-1114","contributorId":2957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"Thomas","email":"taoliver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98985,"text":"sir20105248 - 2010 - Effects of wastewater effluent discharge and treatment facility upgrades on environmental and biological conditions of the upper Blue River, Johnson County, Kansas and Jackson County, Missouri, January 2003 through March 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T19:08:48.94521","indexId":"sir20105248","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5248","title":"Effects of wastewater effluent discharge and treatment facility upgrades on environmental and biological conditions of the upper Blue River, Johnson County, Kansas and Jackson County, Missouri, January 2003 through March 2009","docAbstract":"The Johnson County Blue River Main Wastewater Treatment Facility discharges into the upper Blue River near the border between Johnson County, Kansas and Jackson County, Missouri. During 2005 through 2007 the wastewater treatment facility underwent upgrades to increase capacity and include biological nutrient removal. The effects of wastewater effluent on environmental and biological conditions of the upper Blue River were assessed by comparing an upstream site to two sites located downstream from the wastewater treatment facility. Environmental conditions were evaluated using previously and newly collected discrete and continuous data, and were compared with an assessment of biological community composition and ecosystem function along the upstream-downstream gradient. This evaluation is useful for understanding the potential effects of wastewater effluent on water quality, biological community structure, and ecosystem function. In addition, this information can be used to help achieve National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) wastewater effluent permit requirements after additional studies are conducted.
The effects of wastewater effluent on the water-quality conditions of the upper Blue River were most evident during below-normal and normal streamflows (about 75 percent of the time), when wastewater effluent contributed more than 20 percent to total streamflow. The largest difference in water-quality conditions between the upstream and downstream sites was in nutrient concentrations. Total and inorganic nutrient concentrations at the downstream sites during below-normal and normal streamflows were 4 to 15 times larger than at the upstream site, even after upgrades to the wastewater treatment facility were completed. However, total nitrogen concentrations decreased in wastewater effluent and at the downstream site following wastewater treatment facility upgrades. Similar decreases in total phosphorus were not observed, likely because the biological phosphorus removal process was not optimized until after the study was completed.
Total nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater treatment facility contributed a relatively small percentage (14 to 15 percent) to the annual nutrient load in the upper Blue River, but contributed substantially (as much as 75 percent) to monthly loads during seasonal low-flows in winter and summer. During 2007 and 2008, annual discharge from the wastewater treatment facility was about one-half maximum capacity, and estimated potential maximum annual loads were 1.6 to 2.4 times greater than annual loads before capacity upgrades. Even when target nutrient concentrations are met, annual nutrient loads will increase when the wastewater treatment facility is operated at full capacity. Regardless of changes in annual nutrient loads, the reduction of nutrient concentrations in the Blue River Main wastewater effluent will help prevent further degradation of the upper Blue River.
The Blue River Main Wastewater Treatment Facility wastewater effluent caused changes in concentrations of several water-quality constituents that may affect biological community structure and function including larger concentrations of bioavailable nutrients (nitrate and orthophosphorus) and smaller turbidities. Streambed-sediment conditions were similar along the upstream-downstream gradient and measured constituents did not exceed probable effect concentrations. Habitat conditions declined along the upstream-downstream gradient, largely because of decreased canopy cover and riparian buffer width and increased riffle-substrate fouling. Algal biomass, primary production, and the abundance of nutrient-tolerant diatoms substantially increased downstream from the wastewater treatment facility. Likewise, the abundance of intolerant macroinvertebrate taxa and Kansas Department of Health and Environment aquatic-life-support scores, derived from macroinvertebrate data, significantly decreased downstream from the wastewater treatment facility. Ecosystem functional health, evaluated using a preliminary framework based on primary production and community respiration, downstream from the wastewater treatment facility was mildly impaired relative to the upstream site during summer 2008 but not during other times of the year.
Upgrades to the Blue River Main Wastewater Treatment Facility improved wastewater effluent quality, but the wastewater effluent discharge still had negative effects on the water quality and biological conditions at the downstream sites. Wastewater effluent discharge into the upper Blue River likely contributed to changes in measures of ecosystem structure (streamflow, water chemistry, algal biomass, algal periphyton and macroinvertebrate community composition) and primary production, a measure of ecosystem function, along the upstream-downstream gradient. Because the Blue River Main Wastewater Treatment Facility is located in a rapidly urbanizing area, urbanization effects also may play a role in the decline in environmental and biological conditions along the upstream-downstream gradient. Despite these differences in environmental and biological conditions, ecosystem functional health was not impaired downstream from the WWTF during most times of the year, indicating the declines in environmental and biological conditions along the upstream-downstream gradient were not substantial enough to cause persistent changes in ecosystem function.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105248","usgsCitation":"Graham, J.L., Stone, M.L., Rasmussen, T.J., and Poulton, B.C., 2010, Effects of wastewater effluent discharge and treatment facility upgrades on environmental and biological conditions of the upper Blue River, Johnson County, Kansas and Jackson County, Missouri, January 2003 through March 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5248, ix, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105248.","productDescription":"ix, 59 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431731,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94726.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":14419,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5248/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137666,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Conic Equal-Area projection","country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","county":"Jackson County, Johnson County","otherGeospatial":"Upper Blue River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.833,\n 38.7361\n ],\n [\n -94.833,\n 39.1161\n ],\n [\n -94.4353,\n 39.1161\n ],\n [\n -94.4353,\n 38.7361\n ],\n [\n -94.833,\n 38.7361\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-6420-9335 jlgraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-9335","contributorId":1769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Mandy L. 0000-0002-6711-1536 mstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6711-1536","contributorId":4409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Mandy","email":"mstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rasmussen, Teresa J. 0000-0002-7023-3868 rasmuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-3868","contributorId":3336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Teresa","email":"rasmuss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poulton, Barry C. 0000-0002-7219-4911 bpoulton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-4911","contributorId":2421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulton","given":"Barry","email":"bpoulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70111603,"text":"70111603 - 2010 - Effects of water hardness on size and hatching success of silver carp eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T14:25:21","indexId":"70111603","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-05T14:16:58","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of water hardness on size and hatching success of silver carp eggs","docAbstract":"Eggs of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix absorb water after release from the female, causing them to become turgid and to increase substantially in size. The volume of water that diffuses within an egg is most likely determined by (1) the difference in ionic concentration between the egg and the water that surrounds it and (2) the elasticity of the egg membrane. Prior observations suggest that silver carp eggs may swell and burst in soft waters. If water hardness affects silver carp reproductive success in nonnative ecosystems, this abiotic factor could limit silver carp distribution or abundance. In this study, we tested the effect of water hardness on silver carp egg enlargement and hatching success. Groups of newly fertilized silver carp eggs were placed in water at one of five nominal water hardness levels (50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 mg/L as CaCO3) for 1 h to harden (absorb water after fertilization). Egg groups were then placed in separate incubation vessels housed in two recirculation systems that were supplied with either soft (50 mg/L as CaCO3) or hard (250 mg/L as CaCO3) water to evaluate hatching success. Tests were terminated within 24 h after viable eggs had hatched. Eggs that were initially placed in 50-mg/L water to harden were larger (i.e., swelled more) and had a greater probability of hatch than eggs hardened in other water hardness levels. Unlike the effect of water hardness during egg hardening, the water hardness during incubation appeared to have no effect on egg hatching success. Our research suggests that water hardness may not be a limiting factor in the reproduction, recruitment, and range expansion of silver carp in North America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M09-067.1","usgsCitation":"Rach, J.J., Sass, G., Luoma, J.A., and Gaikowski, M.P., 2010, Effects of water hardness on size and hatching success of silver carp eggs: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 30, no. 1, p. 230-237, https://doi.org/10.1577/M09-067.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"237","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288117,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M09-067.1"}],"country":"United States","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53919163e4b06f80638265c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rach, Jeff J.","contributorId":38875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rach","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sass, Greg G.","contributorId":31281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"Greg G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, James A. 0000-0003-3556-0190 jluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-0190","contributorId":4449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"James","email":"jluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gaikowski, Mark P. 0000-0002-6507-9341 mgaikowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-9341","contributorId":796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaikowski","given":"Mark","email":"mgaikowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":9000532,"text":"sir20105212 - 2010 - Factors Affecting Specific-Capacity Tests and their Application--A Study of Six Low-Yielding Wells in Fractured-Bedrock Aquifers in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:39","indexId":"sir20105212","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5212","title":"Factors Affecting Specific-Capacity Tests and their Application--A Study of Six Low-Yielding Wells in Fractured-Bedrock Aquifers in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report by the U.S. Geological Survey, prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Mining and Reclamation, evaluates factors affecting the application of specific-capacity tests in six low-yielding water wells in areas of coal mining or quarrying in Pennsylvania. Factors such as pumping rate, duration of pumping, aquifer properties, wellbore storage, and turbulent flow were assessed by theoretical analysis and by completing multiple well tests, selected to be representative of low-yielding household-supply wells in areas of active coal mining or quarrying. All six wells were completed in fractured-bedrock aquifers--five in coal-bearing shale, siltstone, sandstone, limestone, and coal of Pennsylvanian and Permian age and one in limestone of Cambrian age. The wells were pumped 24 times during 2007-09 at rates from 0.57 to 14 gallons per minute during tests lasting from 22 to 240 minutes. Geophysical logging and video surveys also were completed to determine the depth, casing length, and location of water-yielding zones in each of the test wells, and seasonal water-level changes were measured during 2007-09 by continuous monitoring at each well. The tests indicated that specific-capacity values were reproducible within about ? 20 percent if the tests were completed at the same pumping rate and duration. A change in pumping duration, pumping rate, or saturated aquifer thickness can have a substantial effect on the comparability of repeated tests. The largest effect was caused by a change in aquifer thickness in well YO 1222 causing specific capacity from repeated tests to vary by a factor of about 50. An increase in the duration of pumping from 60 to 180 minutes caused as much as a 62 percent decrease in specific capacity. The effect of differing pumping rates on specific capacity depends on whether or not the larger rate causes the water level in the well to fall below a major water-yielding zone; when this decline happened at well CA 462, specific capacity was reduced by about 63 percent. Estimates of the maximum yield for low-yielding wells that are computed by multiplying the available drawdown by the specific-capacity value may contain large errors if the wells were pumped at low rates that do not cause much water-level drawdown. The estimates of yield are likely to be too large because the effects of lowering the water level in the well below water-yielding zones have not been incorporated. Better yield estimates can be made by the use of step-drawdown tests or by over-pumping at a rate large enough to dewater most of the wellbore. The maximum well yield, after overpumping, can be estimated from the rate of water-level recovery or by subtracting the incremental rate of change of borehole storage at the end of the test from the pumping rate.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105212","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Mining and Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Risser, D.W., 2010, Factors Affecting Specific-Capacity Tests and their Application--A Study of Six Low-Yielding Wells in Fractured-Bedrock Aquifers in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5212, vi, 44 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105212.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p. ","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5212.bmp"},{"id":14424,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5212/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80,40 ], [ -80,42 ], [ -76,42 ], [ -76,40 ], [ -80,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f881f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risser, Dennis W. 0000-0001-9597-5406 dwrisser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-5406","contributorId":898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"Dennis","email":"dwrisser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}