Transport time scales such as flushing time and residence time are often used to explain variability in phytoplankton biomass. In many cases, empirical data are consistent with a positive phytoplankton‐transport time relationship (i.e., phytoplankton biomass increases as transport time increases). However, negative relationships, varying relationships, or no significant relationship may also be observed. We present a simple conceptual model, in both mathematical and graphical form, to help explain why phytoplankton may have a range of relationships with transport time, and we apply it to several real systems. The phytoplankton growth‐loss balance determines whether phytoplankton biomass increases with, decreases with, or is insensitive to transport time. If algal growth is faster than loss (e.g., grazing, sedimentation), then phytoplankton biomass increases with increasing transport time. If loss is faster than growth, phytoplankton biomass decreases with increasing transport time. If growth and loss are approximately balanced, then phytoplankton biomass is relatively insensitive to transport time. In analyses of several systems, portions of an individual system, or time periods, apparent insensitivity of phytoplankton biomass to changes in transport time could arise due to the superposition of cases with different phytoplankton‐transport time relationships. Thus, in order to understand or predict responses of phytoplankton biomass to changes in transport time, the relative rates of algal growth and loss must be known.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0381","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L.V., Thompson, J.K., and Brown, L.R., 2009, Why are diverse relationships observed between phytoplankton biomass and transport time?: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 54, no. 1, p. 381-390, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0381.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"390","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0381","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":357735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"54","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd70e4b034bf6a7f8b47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, Lisa V.","contributorId":80992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70254206,"text":"70254206 - 2009 - Effects of fish size, habitat, flow, and density on capture probabilities of age-0 rainbow trout estimated from electrofishing at discrete sites in a large river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T21:08:20.015141","indexId":"70254206","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-09T15:50:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":13429,"text":"Transactions of American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of fish size, habitat, flow, and density on capture probabilities of age-0 rainbow trout estimated from electrofishing at discrete sites in a large river","docAbstract":"We estimated size-specific capture probabilities of age-0 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Lee's Ferry Reach of the Colorado River, Arizona, by backpack and boat electrofishing at discrete shoreline sites using both depletion and mark-recapture experiments. Our objectives were to evaluate the feasibility of estimating capture probability for juvenile fish in larger rivers; to determine how it is influenced by fish size, habitat, flow, density, and recovery period; and to test population closure assumptions. There was no mortality among the 351 rainbow trout that were captured by electrofishing, marked, and held for 24 h. Of a total of 2,966 fish that were marked and released, only 0.61% were captured outside of mark-recapture sites, and total emigration from mark-recapture sites was 2.2-2.6%. These data strongly suggest that populations within discrete sites can be treated as effectively closed for the 24-h period between marking and recapture. Eighty percent of capture probability estimates from 66 depletion experiments and 42 mark-recapture experiments ranged from 0.28 to 0.75 and from 0.17 to 0.45, respectively, and the average coefficient of variation of estimates was 0.26. There was strong support for a fish size-capture probability relationship that accounted for the differences in vulnerability across habitat types. Smaller fish were less vulnerable in high-angle shorelines that were sampled by boat electrofishing. There was little support for capture probability models that accounted for within-day and across-month variation in flow. The effects of fish density on capture probability were challenging to discern, variable among habitat types and estimation methodologies, and confounded with the effect of fish size. As capture probability estimates were generally precise and the closure assumption was met, our results demonstrate that electrofishing-based mark-recapture experiments at discrete sites can be used to estimate the abundance of juvenile fish in large rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/T08-025.1","usgsCitation":"Korman, J., Yard, M.D., Walters, C., and Coggins, L., 2009, Effects of fish size, habitat, flow, and density on capture probabilities of age-0 rainbow trout estimated from electrofishing at discrete sites in a large river: Transactions of American Fisheries Society, p. 58-75, https://doi.org/10.1577/T08-025.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"75","costCenters":[{"id":322,"text":"Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Lee's Ferry Reach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n 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myard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6580-6027","contributorId":169281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yard","given":"Michael","email":"myard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walters, Carl","contributorId":66156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Carl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coggins, Lewis G.","contributorId":43249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coggins","given":"Lewis G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207726,"text":"70207726 - 2009 - Radiocarbon ages and age models for the past 30,000 years in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T16:52:42.923987","indexId":"70207726","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-08T11:13:53","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiocarbon ages and age models for the past 30,000 years in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho","docAbstract":"Radiocarbon analyses of pollen, ostracodes, and total organic carbon (TOC) provide a reliable chronology for the sediments deposited in Bear Lake over the past 30,000 years. The differences in apparent age between TOC, pollen, and carbonate fractions are consistent and in accord with the origins of these fractions. Comparisons among different fractions indicate that pollen sample ages are the most reliable, at least for the past 15,000 years. The post-glacial radiocarbon data also agree with ages independently estimated from aspartic acid racemization in ostracodes. Ages in the red, siliclastic unit, inferred to be of last glacial age, appear to be several thousand years too old, probably because of a high proportion of reworked, refractory organic carbon in the pollen samples.
Age-depth models for five piston cores and the Bear Lake drill core (BL00-1) were constructed by using two methods: quadratic equations and smooth cubic-spline fits. The two types of age models differ only in detail for individual cores, and each approach has its own advantages. Specific lithological horizons were dated in several cores and correlated among them, producing robust average ages for these horizons. The age of the correlated horizons in the red, siliclastic unit can be estimated from the age model for BL00-1, which is controlled by ages above and below the red, siliclastic unit. These ages were then transferred to the correlative horizons in the shorter piston cores, providing control for the sections of the age models in those cores in the red, siliclastic unit.
These age models are the backbone for reconstructions of past environmental conditions in Bear Lake. In general, sedimentation rates in Bear Lake have been quite uniform, mostly between 0.3 and 0.8 mm yr‒1 in the Holocene, and close to 0.5 mm yr‒1 for the longer sedimentary record in the drill core from the deepest part of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/2009.2450(05)","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Rosenbauer, R.J., Kaufman, D., Dean, W.E., and McGeehin, J., 2009, Radiocarbon ages and age models for the past 30,000 years in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho: GSA Special Papers, v. 450, p. 133-144, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2450(05).","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Bear Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.44805908203125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -111.2310791015625,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -111.2310791015625,\n 42.14304156290942\n ],\n [\n -111.44805908203125,\n 42.14304156290942\n ],\n [\n -111.44805908203125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"450","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steve M.","contributorId":49807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaufman, Darrell","contributorId":215397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufman","given":"Darrell","affiliations":[{"id":39235,"text":"School of Earth Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McGeehin, John mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":167455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70045981,"text":"70045981 - 2009 - Comparison of groundwater flow in Southern California coastal aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-14T16:59:27.793515","indexId":"70045981","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-07T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Comparison of groundwater flow in Southern California coastal aquifers","docAbstract":"Development of the coastal aquifer systems of Southern California has resulted in overdraft, changes in streamflow, seawater intrusion, land subsidence, increased vertical flow between aquifers, and a redirection of regional flow toward pumping centers. These water-management challenges can be more effectively addressed by incorporating new understanding of the geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical setting of these aquifers.
\nGroundwater and surface-water flow are controlled, in part, by the geologic setting. The physiographic province and related tectonic fabric control the relation between the direction of geomorphic features and the flow of water. Geologic structures such as faults and folding also control the direction of flow and connectivity of groundwater flow. The layering of sediments and their structural association can also influence pathways of groundwater flow and seawater intrusion. Submarine canyons control the shortest potential flow paths that can result in seawater intrusion. The location and extent of offshore outcrops can also affect the flow of groundwater and the potential for seawater intrusion and land subsidence in coastal aquifer systems.
\nAs coastal aquifer systems are developed, the source and movement of ground-water and surface-water resources change. In particular, groundwater flow is affected by the relative contributions of different types of inflows and outflows, such as pump-age from multi-aquifer wells within basal or upper coarse-grained units, streamflow infiltration, and artificial recharge. These natural and anthropogenic inflows and outflows represent the supply and demand components of the water budgets of ground-water within coastal watersheds. They are all significantly controlled by climate variability related to major climate cycles, such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The combination of natural forcings and anthropogenic stresses redirects the flow of groundwater and either mitigates or exacerbates the potential adverse effects of resource development, such as declining water levels, sea-water intrusion, land subsidence, and mixing of different waters. Streamflow also has been affected by development of coastal aquifer systems and related conjunctive use.
\nSaline water is the largest water-quality problem in Southern California coastal aquifer systems. Seawater intrusion is a significant source of saline water, but saline water is also known to come from other sources and processes. Seawater intrusion is typically restricted to the coarse-grained units at the base of fining-upward sequences of terrestrial deposits, and at the top of coarsening upward sequences of marine deposits. This results in layered and narrow intrusion fronts.
\nMaintaining the sustainability of Southern California coastal aquifers requires joint management of surface water and groundwater (conjunctive use). This requires new data collection and analyses (including research drilling, modern geohydrologic investigations, and development of detailed computer groundwater models that simulate the supply and demand components separately), implementation of new facilities (including spreading and injection facilities for artificial recharge), and establishment of new institutions and policies that help to sustain the water resources and better manage regional development.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth science in the urban ocean: The Southern California continental borderland","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2009.2454(5.3)","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Izbicki, J., Reichard, E.G., Edwards, B.D., Land, M., and Martin, P., 2009, Comparison of groundwater flow in Southern California coastal aquifers, chap. of Earth science in the urban ocean: The Southern California continental borderland, v. 454, p. 345-373, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(5.3).","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-002213","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320537,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.55041319190444,\n 35.01486276104701\n ],\n [\n -118.41696759712761,\n 34.83837527904167\n ],\n [\n -119.25040527348904,\n 34.28384187151697\n ],\n [\n -119.32767764083371,\n 34.210842379227316\n ],\n [\n -117.83742484204195,\n 33.58319992884715\n ],\n [\n -117.02606498492199,\n 32.61685755837884\n ],\n [\n -115.82834329107835,\n 32.733007144105244\n ],\n [\n -117.55041319190444,\n 35.01034218480635\n ],\n [\n -117.55041319190444,\n 35.01486276104701\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"454","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571f3fb2e4b071321fe56a0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":627626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307 mtland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":1479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","email":"mtland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70200753,"text":"70200753 - 2009 - New substorm index derived from high-resolution geomagnetic field data at low latitude and its comparison with AE and ASY indices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T16:23:03","indexId":"70200753","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T16:22:55","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New substorm index derived from high-resolution geomagnetic field data at low latitude and its comparison with AE and ASY indices","docAbstract":"High-resolution geomagnetic field data (i.e., ≤5 seconds) have recently become more commonly used by space physicists. The data permit the identification of Pi2 pulsations, having periods of 40-150 seconds and irregular waveforms. Pulsations of this type appear clearly in time series from mid- and low-latitude ground stations on the nightside at substorm onset. Therefore, with data from multiple observatories, substorm genesis and evolution can be monitored. Here we propose a new substorm index, the Wp index (Wavelet and planetary), which measures Pi2 spectral power at low-latitude. This index is derived from geomagnetic field data obtained from observatories arranged in longitude around the Earth’s circumference. Presently, data from 5 ground stations (Fürstenfeldbruck, Iznik, Urumqi, Kakioka, and Teoloyucan) are used, but future work will include data from other sites as well (Honolulu, Tucson, San Juan, Tristan da Cunha, and Ebro). Here we compare substorm occurrence estimated from the Wp index and those from the AE and ASY indices. We show that Wp index is a good indicator of substorm onset.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proc. XIII IAGA Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Nose, M., Iyemori, T., Takeda, M., Toh, H., Ookawa, T., Cifuentes-Nava, G., Matzka, J., Love, J.J., McCreadie, H., Tuncer, M.K., and Curto, J.J., 2009, New substorm index derived from high-resolution geomagnetic field data at low latitude and its comparison with AE and ASY indices, in Proc. XIII IAGA Workshop, p. 202-207.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"202","endPage":"207","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358993,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nose, M.","contributorId":74642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nose","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iyemori, T.","contributorId":78989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyemori","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takeda, M.","contributorId":82584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takeda","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Toh, H.","contributorId":210286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Toh","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ookawa, T.","contributorId":210287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ookawa","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cifuentes-Nava, G.","contributorId":210288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cifuentes-Nava","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matzka, J.","contributorId":11849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzka","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McCreadie, H.","contributorId":210289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCreadie","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tuncer, M. K.","contributorId":210290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tuncer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Curto, J. J.","contributorId":210291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curto","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70200752,"text":"70200752 - 2009 - Absolute Measurement Session XIII IAGA Workshop Boulder Magnetic Observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T16:15:19","indexId":"70200752","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T16:15:11","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Absolute Measurement Session XIII IAGA Workshop Boulder Magnetic Observatory","docAbstract":"The absolute measurement session of the XIII IAGA Workshop was held at the Boulder Magnetic Observatory June 10-13, 2008. Approximately 85 people attended this session. The main focus of the session was for observers to make and compare measurements using DIFlux magnetometers. The session also included absolute measurement training, with lectures and practical training. Also included were data processing training, an introduction to solar observations, and a discussion concerning timing for one-second data collection.
Testing and demonstration of three instruments under development was also carried out during the absolute measurement session. The auto DI Flux was demonstrated by Jean Rasson. A triaxial DI Flux was demonstrated by Uli Auster and Anne Hemshorn. A fast delta Declination/delta Inclination (dIdD) magnetometer was tested by Laszlo Hegymegi. Results from the Auto DI Flux and triaxial DI Flux are included in the workshop results presented below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"XIII IAGA Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"usgsCitation":"Berarducci, A., and Woods, A., 2009, Absolute Measurement Session XIII IAGA Workshop Boulder Magnetic Observatory, in XIII IAGA Workshop, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358992,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berarducci, A.","contributorId":11393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berarducci","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woods, Andy","contributorId":210285,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woods","given":"Andy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043153,"text":"70043153 - 2009 - Optical satellite data volcano monitoring: a multi-sensor rapid response system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T12:21:40","indexId":"70043153","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:24:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Optical satellite data volcano monitoring: a multi-sensor rapid response system","docAbstract":"In this chapter, the use of satellite remote sensing to monitor active geological processes is described. Specifically, threats posed by volcanic eruptions are briefly outlined, and essential monitoring requirements are discussed. As an application example, a collaborative, multi-agency operational volcano monitoring system in the north Pacific is highlighted with a focus on the 2007 eruption of Kliuchevskoi volcano, Russia. The data from this system have been used since 2004 to detect the onset of volcanic activity, support the emergency response to large eruptions, and assess the volcanic products produced following the eruption. The overall utility of such integrative assessments is also summarized.\n\nThe work described in this chapter was originally funded through two National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth System Science research grants that focused on the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument. A skilled team of volcanologists, geologists, satellite tasking experts, satellite ground system experts, system engineers and software developers collaborated to accomplish the objectives. The first project, Automation of the ASTER Emergency Data Acquisition Protocol for Scientific Analysis, Disaster Monitoring, and Preparedness, established the original collaborative research and monitoring program between the University of Pittsburgh (UP), the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), the NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, and affiliates on the ASTER Science Team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) as well as associates at the Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) in Japan. This grant, completed in 2008, also allowed for detailed volcanic analyses and data validation during three separate summer field campaigns to Kamchatka Russia. The second project, Expansion and synergistic use of the ASTER Urgent Request Protocol (URP) for natural disaster monitoring and scientific analysis, has expanded the project to other volcanoes around the world and is in progress through 2011.\n\nThe focus on ASTER data is due to the suitability of the sensor for natural disaster monitoring and the availability of data. The instrument has several unique facets that make it especially attractive for volcanic observations (Ramsey and Dehn, 2004). Specifically, ASTER routinely collects data at night, it has the ability to generate digital elevation models using stereo imaging, it can collect data in various gain states to minimize data saturation, it has a cross-track pointing capability for faster targeting, and it collects data up to ±85° latitude for better global coverage. As with any optical imaging-based remote sensing, the viewing conditions can negatively impact the data quality. This impact varies across the optical and thermal infrared wavelengths as well as being a function of the specific atmospheric window within a given wavelength region. Water vapor and cloud formation can obscure surface data in the visible and near infrared (VNIR)/shortwave infrared (SWIR) region due mainly to non-selective scattering of the incident photons. In the longer wavelengths of the thermal infrared (TIR), scattering is less of an issue, but heavy cloud cover can still obscure the ground due to atmospheric absorption. Thin clouds can be optically-transparent in the VNIR and TIR regions, but can cause errors in the extracted surface reflectance or derived surface temperatures. In regions prone to heavy cloud cover, optical remote sensing can be improved through increased temporal resolution. As more images are acquired in a given time period the chances of a clear image improve dramatically. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) routine monitoring, which commonly collects 4-6 images per day of any north Pacific volcano, takes advantage of this fact. The rapid response program described in this chapter also improves the temporal resolution of the ASTER instrument.\n\nASTER has been acquiring images of volcanic eruptions since soon after its launch in December 1999. An early example included the observations of the large pyroclastic flow deposit emplaced at Bezymianny volcano in Kamchatka, Russia. The first images in March 2000, just weeks after the eruption, revealed the extent, composition, and cooling history of this large deposit and of the active lava dome (Ramsey and Dehn, 2004). The initial results from these early datasets spurred interest in using ASTER data for expanded volcano monitoring in the north Pacific. It also gave rise to the multi-year NASA-funded programs of rapid response scheduling and imaging throughout the Aleutian, Kamchatka and Kurile arcs. Since the formal establishment of the programs, the data have provided detailed descriptions of the eruptions of Augustine, Bezymianny, Kliuchevskoi and Sheveluch volcanoes over the past nine years (Wessels et al., in press; Carter et al., 2007, 2008; Ramsey et al., 2008; Rose and Ramsey, 2009).\n\nThe initial research focus of this rapid response program was specifically on automating the ASTER sensor’s ability for targeted observational scheduling using the expedited data system. This urgent request protocol is one of the unique characteristics of ASTER. It provides a limited number of emergency observations, typically at a much-improved temporal resolution and quicker turnaround with data processing in the United States rather than in Japan. This can speed the reception of the processed data by several days to a week. The ongoing multi-agency research and operational collaboration has been highly successful. AVO serves as the primary source for status information on volcanic activity, working closely with the National Weather Service (NWS), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), military and other state and federal emergency services. Collaboration with the Russian Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS)/Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) is also maintained. Once a volcano is identified as having increased thermal output, ASTER is automatically tasked and the volcano is targeted at the next available opportunity. After the data are acquired, scientists at all the agencies have access to the images, with the primary science analysis carried out at the University of Pittsburgh and AVO. Results are disseminated to the responsible monitoring agencies and the global community through e-mail mailing lists.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoscience and remote sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"inTech","publisherLocation":"Rijeka, Croatia","doi":"10.5772/8303","isbn":"9789533070032","usgsCitation":"Duda, K.A., Ramsey, M., Wessels, R.L., and Dehn, J., 2009, Optical satellite data volcano monitoring: a multi-sensor rapid response system, chap. of Geoscience and remote sensing, p. 473-496, https://doi.org/10.5772/8303.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"473","endPage":"496","numberOfPages":"24","ipdsId":"IP-014609","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5772/8303","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":275643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275642,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/8303"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fa31e5e4b076c3a8d82665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duda, Kenneth A. duda@usgs.gov","contributorId":38039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Kenneth","email":"duda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramsey, Michael","contributorId":83422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wessels, Rick L. rwessels@usgs.gov","contributorId":566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wessels","given":"Rick","email":"rwessels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dehn, Jonathan","contributorId":49322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dehn","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200659,"text":"70200659 - 2009 - Missing data and the accuracy of magnetic-observatory hour means","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T15:21:37","indexId":"70200659","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:21:24","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":780,"text":"Annales Geophysicae","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Missing data and the accuracy of magnetic-observatory hour means","docAbstract":"Analysis is made of the accuracy of magnetic-observatory hourly means constructed from definitive minute data having missing values (gaps). Bootstrap sampling from different data-gap distributions is used to estimate average errors on hourly means as a function of the number of missing data. Absolute and relative error results are calculated for horizontal-intensity, declination, and vertical-component data collected at high, medium, and low magnetic latitudes. For 90% complete coverage (10% missing data), average (RMS) absolute errors on hourly means are generally less than errors permitted by Intermagnet for minute data. As a rule of thumb, the average relative error for hourly means with 10% missing minute data is approximately equal to 10% of the hourly standard deviation of the source minute data.
","language":"English","publisher":"EGU","doi":"10.5194/angeo-27-3601-2009","usgsCitation":"Love, J.J., 2009, Missing data and the accuracy of magnetic-observatory hour means: Annales Geophysicae, v. 27, p. 3601-3610, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3601-2009.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3601","endPage":"3610","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3601-2009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358850,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70058740,"text":"70058740 - 2009 - Fire rehabilitation effectiveness: a chronosequence approach for the Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T15:18:54","indexId":"70058740","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:03:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Fire rehabilitation effectiveness: a chronosequence approach for the Great Basin","docAbstract":"Federal land management agencies have invested heavily in seeding vegetation for \nemergency stabilization and rehabilitation (ES&R) of non-forested lands. ES&R projects are \nimplemented to reduce post-fire dominance of non-native annual grasses, minimize probability \nof recurrent fire, quickly recover lost habitat for sensitive species, and ultimately result in plant \ncommunities with desirable characteristics including resistance to invasive species and resilience \nor ability to recover following disturbance. Land managers lack scientific evidence to verify \nwhether seeding non-forested lands achieves their desired long-term ES&R objectives. The \noverall objective of our investigation is to determine if ES&R projects increase perennial plant \ncover, improve community composition, decrease invasive annual plant cover and result in a \nmore desirable fuel structure relative to no treatment following fires while potentially providing \nhabitat for Greater Sage-Grouse, a species of management concern. In addition, we provide the \nlocations and baseline vegetation data for further studies relating to ES&R project impacts.
\nWe examined effects of seeding treatments (drill and broadcast) vs. no seeding on biotic \nand abiotic (bare ground and litter) variables for the dominant climate regimes and ecological \ntypes within the Great Basin. We attempted to determine seeding effectiveness to provide desired \nplant species cover while restricting non-native annual grass cover relative to post-treatment \nprecipitation, post-treatment grazing level and time-since-seeding. Seedings were randomly \nsampled from all known post-fire seedings that occurred in the four-state area of Idaho, Nevada, \nOregon and Utah. Sampling locations were stratified by major land resource area, precipitation, \nand loam-dominated soils to ensure an adequate spread of locations to provide inference of our \nfindings to similar lands throughout the Great Basin.
\nNearly 100 sites were located that contained an ES&R project. Of these sites, 61 were \nseeded by using a drill, 27 were broadcast aerially, and 12 had a combination of both. We \nrandomly sampled three burned and seeded, burned and unseeded, and unburned and unseeded \nlocations in the vicinity of the fire, each within the same ecological site. We measured foliar \ncover of all plant functional groups (perennial or annual, shrub, grass, forb, native or introduced), \nbiological soil crusts, and abiotic (bare soil and litter) variables using the line-point intercept \nprotocol. Fuel loads and horizontal fuel continuity were measured. We applied linear mixed \nmodels to response variables (cover and density of plant groups) relative to the dependent \nvariables (seeding treatments and precipitation/temperature relationships.
\nPost-fire strengths with native perennial grasses or shrubs in mixes did not increase density or cover of these groups significantly relative to unseeded, burned areas. Seeded non-native perennial grasses and the shrub Bassia prostrata were effective in providing more cover in aerial and drill seedings. Seeded non-native perennial grass cover increased with increased annual precipitation regardless of seeding type. Seeding native shrubs, particularly Artemisia tridentata, did not significantly increase shrub cover in burned areas. Cover of undesirable non-native annual grasses was lower in drill seedings relative to unseeded areas but only at higher elevations. Seeding effectiveness after wildfire is unpredictable in drier, low elevation environments, and our findings indicate management objectives are more likely met when focusing efforts on higher elevation or higher precipitation locations where establishment of perennial grasses is more likely. On sites where potential for invasion and dominance of non-native annuals is high, such as lower and drier sites, intensive methods of restoration that include invasive plant control before seeding may be required. Where establishment of native perennial plants is the goal, managers might consider using native-only seed mixtures, because we found that the non-native perennials typically used in Great Basin restoration efforts are selected for their competitive nature and may reduce establishment of less competitive native species. Although we attempted to include information on livestock grazing history after seedings, we were unable to extract sufficient data from files to address this topic that may play an additional role in understanding native plant abundance post-fire seeding.
\nEvaluation of drill and aerial seeding effects on fuel characteristics focused on two metrics that are standard inputs for fire behavior models, fuel load and fuel continuity. Fuel loads were evaluated separately for total fuel load biomass, and the individual components that sum to total biomass, namely herbaceous, shrub, shrub:herbaceous ratio, litter, 10-hour, and 100-hour fuel biomasses. Fuel continuity was evaluated using the following cover categories, total, annual grass, annual forb, perennial forb perennial grass, shrub, litter, vegetative interspace, and perennial interspace. Drill seeding did not affect fuel loads, except to reduce 10-hour fuels, probably due to mechanical destruction of dead and down fuels by the drill seeding equipment. Drill seeding did affect fuel continuity, specifically decreasing total plant cover by increasing perennial grass cover which suppressed annual grass and litter production resulting in a net decrease in continuity, but only at the elevations above approximately 1500m. Aerial seeding had no effect on any fuel load or fuel continuity category.
\nFor the Greater Sage-Grouse habitat study, we developed multi-scale empirical models of sage-grouse occupancy in 211 randomly located plots within a 40 million ha portion of the species’ range. We then used these models to predict sage-grouse habitat quality at 101 ES&R seeding projects. We compared conditions at restoration sites to published habitat guidelines. Sage-grouse occupancy was positively related to plot- and landscape-level dwarf sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula, A. nova, A. tripartita) and big sagebrush steppe, and negatively associated with non-native grass and human development. The predicted probability of sage-grouse occupancy at treated plots was low on average (0.07–0.09) and was not significantly different from burned areas that had not been treated. Restoration was more often successful at higher elevation sites with low annual temperatures, high spring precipitation, and high plant diversity. No plots seeded after fire (n=313) met all overstory guidelines for breeding habitats, but approximately 50% met understory guidelines, particularly for perennial grasses. This trend was similar for summer habitat. Ninety-eight percent of treated plots did not meet winter habitat guidelines. Restoration actions in burned areas did not increase the probability of meeting most guideline criteria. The probability of meeting guidelines was influenced by a latitudinal gradient, local climate, and topography. Post-fire seeding treatments in Great Basin sagebrush shrublands generally have not created high quality habitat for sage-grouse. Understory conditions are more likely to be adequate than those of overstory, but in unfavorable climates, establishing forbs and reducing cheatgrass dominance is unlikely. Reestablishing sagebrush cover will require more than 20 years using the restoration methods of the past two decades. Given current fire frequencies and restoration capabilities, protection of landscapes containing a mix of dwarf sagebrush and big sagebrush steppe, minimal human development, and low non-native plant cover may provide the best opportunity for conservation of sage-grouse habitats.
\nOur database of ES&R locations has used the Land Treatment Digital Library to archive data and location information regarding our study (see Pilliod and Welty 2013). This has contributed to two additional studies. One examined the potential spread of Bassia prostrata (aka Kochia prostrata; forage kochia) from ES&R project locations (Gray and Muir 2013). The second used remote sensing to determine the phenology of vegetation green-up on post-fire seeded sites (Sankey et al. 2013).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Pyke, D.A., Pilliod, D., Chambers, J., Brooks, M.L., and Grace, J., 2009, Fire rehabilitation effectiveness: a chronosequence approach for the Great Basin, 34 p.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"34","ipdsId":"IP-053168","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286058,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.firescience.gov/JFSP_advanced_search_results_detail.cfm?jdbid=%24%26Z%27%3AT%20%20%20%0A"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Idaho;Oregon;Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.42,34.43 ], [ -121.42,44.82 ], [ -110.78,44.82 ], [ -110.78,34.43 ], [ -121.42,34.43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559437e4b0120853e8bf7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pilliod, David S.","contributorId":101760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chambers, Jeanne C.","contributorId":75889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chambers","given":"Jeanne C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brooks, Matthew L. 0000-0002-3518-6787 mlbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-6787","contributorId":393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Matthew","email":"mlbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grace, James 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":35642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70047651,"text":"70047651 - 2009 - Survival and passage of ingested New Zealand mudsnails through the intestinal tract of rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-16T14:54:07","indexId":"70047651","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T14:03:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2885,"text":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival and passage of ingested New Zealand mudsnails through the intestinal tract of rainbow trout","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory trials to determine the transit time and survival of New Zealand mudsnails Potamopyrgus antipodarum in the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. To assess the rate of snail passage, we force-fed groups of fish a known quantity of snails and then held them in tanks. At selected intervals we removed individual fish from the test tanks and recorded the number of snails, their condition (live or dead), and their location in the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, anterior intestine, and posterior intestine). Feces were removed from tanks and examined for live snails. We repeated evaluations of passage rate and snail survival to determine the effects of varying the number of snails ingested, fish size, snail size, and feeding a commercial diet to fish after snail ingestion. We plotted and modeled gut evacuation using a stochastic model for ordinal data to consider each test variable. Snail passage rates were faster in fish that were fed smaller snails. Surprisingly, fish fed snails and then administered rations of commercial fish feed retained the snails longer in their stomach than did fish that were not administered fish feeds after being fed snails. Increased retention time of snails in the stomach decreased the probability of snail survival when voided in fecal material. Snails that passed through the gastrointestinal tract within 12–24 h of ingestion were often recovered live in fecal samples. However, no live snails were recovered from the posterior intestine or fecal material collected 24 h after ingestion. Using our results we propose potential management options that could reduce the risks of introducing live snails into new locations when stocking fish from infested hatcheries.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/A08-033.1","usgsCitation":"Bruce, R.L., Moffitt, C.M., and Dennis, B., 2009, Survival and passage of ingested New Zealand mudsnails through the intestinal tract of rainbow trout: North American Journal of Aquaculture, v. 71, no. 4, p. 287-301, https://doi.org/10.1577/A08-033.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-007419","costCenters":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276708,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/A08-033.1"},{"id":276710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Hagerman National Fish Hatchery","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.8677085132,42.7500816925 ], [ -114.8677085132,42.7642879509 ], [ -114.8458356777,42.7642879509 ], [ -114.8458356777,42.7500816925 ], [ -114.8677085132,42.7500816925 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"71","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520f49e8e4b0fc50304bc517","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruce, R. Louise","contributorId":59713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Louise","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moffitt, Christine M. 0000-0001-6020-9728 cmoffitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6020-9728","contributorId":2583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffitt","given":"Christine","email":"cmoffitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dennis, Brian","contributorId":76214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennis","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70140581,"text":"70140581 - 2009 - Exploratory and spatial data analysis (EDA-SDA) for determining regional background levels and anomalies of potentially toxic elements in soils from Catorce-Matehuala, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-09T12:57:10","indexId":"70140581","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploratory and spatial data analysis (EDA-SDA) for determining regional background levels and anomalies of potentially toxic elements in soils from Catorce-Matehuala, Mexico","docAbstract":"The threshold between geochemical background and anomalies can be influenced by the methodology selected for its estimation. Environmental evaluations, particularly those conducted in mineralized areas, must consider this when trying to determinate the natural geochemical status of a study area, quantifying human impacts, or establishing soil restoration values for contaminated sites. Some methods in environmental geochemistry incorporate the premise that anomalies (natural or anthropogenic) and background data are characterized by their own probabilistic distributions. One of these methods uses exploratory data analysis (EDA) on regional geochemical data sets coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) to spatially understand the processes that influence the geochemical landscape in a technique that can be called a spatial data analysis (SDA). This EDA-SDA methodology was used to establish the regional background range from the area of Catorce-Matehuala in north-central Mexico. Probability plots of the data, particularly for those areas affected by human activities, show that the regional geochemical background population is composed of smaller subpopulations associated with factors such as soil type and parent material. This paper demonstrates that the EDA-SDA method offers more certainty in defining thresholds between geochemical background and anomaly than a numeric technique, making it a useful tool for regional geochemical landscape analysis and environmental geochemistry studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.022","usgsCitation":"Chipres, J., Castro-Larragoitia, J., and Monroy, M., 2009, Exploratory and spatial data analysis (EDA-SDA) for determining regional background levels and anomalies of potentially toxic elements in soils from Catorce-Matehuala, Mexico: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1579-1589, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.022.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1579","endPage":"1589","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297864,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b9ae4b08de9379b3421","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chipres, J.A.","contributorId":139122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chipres","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castro-Larragoitia, J.","contributorId":139138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castro-Larragoitia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monroy, M.G.","contributorId":139126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monroy","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70140579,"text":"70140579 - 2009 - A water-leach procedure for estimating bioaccessibility of elements in soils from transects across the United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-09T12:48:26","indexId":"70140579","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A water-leach procedure for estimating bioaccessibility of elements in soils from transects across the United States and Canada","docAbstract":"An objective of the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project is to provide relevant data concerning bioaccessible concentrations of elements in soil to government and other institutions undertaking environmental studies. A protocol was developed that employs a 1-g soil sample agitated overnight with 40 mL of reverse-osmosis de-ionized water for 20 h, and determination of 63 elements following three steps of centrifugation by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry the following day. Statistical summaries are presented for those 48 elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Rb, Re, S, Sb, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, and pH) for which <20% of their data were reported as below the detection limit. The resulting data set contains analyses for 161 A-horizon soils collected along two transects, one along the 38th parallel across the USA and the other from northern Manitoba to the USA–Mexico border. The spatial distribution of three selected elements (Ca, Cu, and Pb) along the two transects is discussed in this paper both as absolute amounts liberated by the leach and expressed as a percentage of the total, or near-total, amounts determined for the elements. The Ca data reflect broad trends in soil parent materials, their weathering, and subsequent soil development. Calcium concentrations are generally found to be lower in the older soils of the eastern USA. The Cu data are higher in the eastern half of the USA, correlating with soil organic C, with which it is sequestered. The Pb data exhibit little regional variability due to natural sources, but are influenced by anthropogenic sources. Based on the Pb results, the percentage water-extractable data demonstrate promise as a tool for identifying anthropogenic components. The soil–water partition (distribution) coefficients, Kds (L/kg), were determined and their relevance to estimating bioaccessible amounts of elements to soil fauna and flora is discussed. Finally, a possible link between W concentrations in human urine and water-extractable W levels in Nevada soils is discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.014","usgsCitation":"Garrett, R.G., Hall, G., Vaive, J., and Pelchat, P., 2009, A water-leach procedure for estimating bioaccessibility of elements in soils from transects across the United States and Canada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1438-1453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.014.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1438","endPage":"1453","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b23e4b08de9379b3270","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrett, Robert G.","contributorId":31481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, G.E.M.","contributorId":67671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"G.E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaive, J.E.","contributorId":139136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vaive","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pelchat, P.","contributorId":139137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pelchat","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70004030,"text":"70004030 - 2009 - Extensive coral mortality in the US Virgin Islands in 2005/2006: A review of the evidence for synergy among thermal stress, coral bleaching and disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-23T14:44:34.822986","indexId":"70004030","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:49:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1185,"text":"Caribbean Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extensive coral mortality in the US Virgin Islands in 2005/2006: A review of the evidence for synergy among thermal stress, coral bleaching and disease","docAbstract":"In the summer/fall of 2005, extensive coral bleaching on reefs in the US Virgin Islands (USVI) was associated with sea water temperatures exceeding 30°C. Almost all coral species bleached, including Acropora palmata, which bleached for the first time on record in the USVI. As water temperatures cooled, corals began to regain their normal coloration. However, a severe disease outbreak then occurred on deeper, non-acroporid reefs. The disease demonstrated signs consistent with white plague. Monitoring of coral cover along previously established long-term transects on several reefs in St. John and St. Croix was intensified. Data on bleaching and disease were collected before, during and after this bleaching/disease episode. Average coral cover declined by over 50%, from 21.4% to 10.3% at the long-term study sites, within one year of the onset of bleaching, declining further to 8.3% after two years. This loss of coral cover was greater than from all other stressors affecting the USVI reefs in preceding years, and no significant recovery is evident. Disease prevalence increased on bleached A. palmata colonies that were being monitored as well as on the colonies of other species on the deeper reefs. Bleached A. palmata colonies had more disease (primarily white pox and other un-described diseases) than unbleached colonies. The non-acroporid corals that bleached most severely suffered the highest mortality from disease. Although the research summarized in this paper is not conclusive, the results suggest that high water temperatures lead to bleaching, which weakens corals and makes them more vulnerable to diseases.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.18475/cjos.v45i2.a8","usgsCitation":"Rogers, C., Muller, E., Spitzack, T., and Miller, J., 2009, Extensive coral mortality in the US Virgin Islands in 2005/2006: A review of the evidence for synergy among thermal stress, coral bleaching and disease: Caribbean Journal of Science, v. 45, no. 2-3, p. 204-214, https://doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v45i2.a8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"214","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383600,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Virgin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -65.0665283203125,\n 17.649256706812025\n ],\n [\n -64.3963623046875,\n 17.649256706812025\n ],\n [\n -64.3963623046875,\n 17.853290114098012\n ],\n [\n -65.0665283203125,\n 17.853290114098012\n ],\n [\n -65.0665283203125,\n 17.649256706812025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e45e4b0c8380cd5339b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, C.S. 0000-0001-9056-6961","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-6961","contributorId":37274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muller, E.","contributorId":34645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spitzack, T.","contributorId":54720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitzack","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, J.","contributorId":16939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70203123,"text":"70203123 - 2009 - IPANE: Could New England's Early Detection Network benefit eastern Canada?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-22T13:49:22","indexId":"70203123","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:48:42","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"IPANE: Could New England's Early Detection Network benefit eastern Canada?","docAbstract":"The Invasive Plant Analysis of New England (IPANE: ipane.org) is a multifaceted approach to regional early detection of invasive plants. IPANE, was founded in 2001 to create a comprehensive six state New England regional partnership to: minimize the ecological damage caused by invasive plants; provide reliable and accessible educational material; maintain a network of professional and trained volunteers to gather information and to locate new incursions; provide a web-accessible database and maps of invasive and potentially invasive plants; conduct and encourage research on the biology and ecology of invasive plants; and, use program-generated data to develop predictive distribution models for the region. This program uses the synergy of all the components to create a regional early detection and rapid assessment network to curtail new invasions before they become widespread on the regional landscape. IPANE is a model for the United States Geological Survey National Early Detection Network Toolbox, a compendium of information developed for use by Network partners. In addition, an Early Detection Alert system has been developed to inform key federal and state agency staff, conservation organizations, and those with vegetation management responsibilities about new or potential invaders to the region. These include current and anticipated distribution, diagnostic characters, images, pertinent biological and control information, and key contacts.
Most of the non-native species currently considered invasive by IPANE appear to be spreading into New England from the south or west. IPANE is strategically placed to act as an advanced warning system for the 5 provinces of Eastern and Maritime Canada. At the meeting held in Nova Scotia in September 2007, this idea was suggested to attendees from 4 of these 5 provinces and the Canadian government. By expanding its alert systems, IPANE could serve as a focal point for Early Detection information moving in any direction and tie Eastern Canada into the National Early Detection Network of the United States.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Weeds Across Borders 2008 Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Weeds Across Borders 2008 Conference","conferenceDate":"May 27-30, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Banff, Alberta, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"Alberta Invasive Plants Council","isbn":"978-0-9811963-0-5","usgsCitation":"Mehrhoff, L., and Westbrooks, R.G., 2009, IPANE: Could New England's Early Detection Network benefit eastern Canada?, in Proceedings of the Weeds Across Borders 2008 Conference, Banff, Alberta, Canada, May 27-30, 2008, p. 177-185.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"185","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":363111,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=31658"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehrhoff, Les","contributorId":178749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mehrhoff","given":"Les","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westbrooks, Randy G.","contributorId":147074,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westbrooks","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70140574,"text":"70140574 - 2009 - Soil chemistry in lithologically diverse datasets: the quartz dilution effect","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-09T12:41:17","indexId":"70140574","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil chemistry in lithologically diverse datasets: the quartz dilution effect","docAbstract":"National- and continental-scale soil geochemical datasets are likely to move our understanding of broad soil geochemistry patterns forward significantly. Patterns of chemistry and mineralogy delineated from these datasets are strongly influenced by the composition of the soil parent material, which itself is largely a function of lithology and particle size sorting. Such controls present a challenge by obscuring subtler patterns arising from subsequent pedogenic processes. Here the effect of quartz concentration is examined in moist-climate soils from a pilot dataset of the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project. Due to variable and high quartz contents (6.2–81.7 wt.%), and its residual and inert nature in soil, quartz is demonstrated to influence broad patterns in soil chemistry. A dilution effect is observed whereby concentrations of various elements are significantly and strongly negatively correlated with quartz. Quartz content drives artificial positive correlations between concentrations of some elements and obscures negative correlations between others. Unadjusted soil data show the highly mobile base cations Ca, Mg, and Na to be often strongly positively correlated with intermediately mobile Al or Fe, and generally uncorrelated with the relatively immobile high-field-strength elements (HFS) Ti and Nb. Both patterns are contrary to broad expectations for soils being weathered and leached. After transforming bulk soil chemistry to a quartz-free basis, the base cations are generally uncorrelated with Al and Fe, and negative correlations generally emerge with the HFS elements. Quartz-free element data may be a useful tool for elucidating patterns of weathering or parent-material chemistry in large soil datasets.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.013","usgsCitation":"Bern, C., 2009, Soil chemistry in lithologically diverse datasets: the quartz dilution effect: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1429-1437, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.013.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1429","endPage":"1437","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297858,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c5ce4b08de9379b3754","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bern, Carleton R. cbern@usgs.gov","contributorId":657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bern","given":"Carleton R.","email":"cbern@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":540158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70140570,"text":"70140570 - 2009 - Relative spatial soil geochemical variability along two transects across the United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-09T11:48:24","indexId":"70140570","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relative spatial soil geochemical variability along two transects across the United States and Canada","docAbstract":"To support the development of protocols for the proposed North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes project, whose objective is to establish baselines for the geochemistry of North American soils, two continental-scale transects across the United States and Canada were sampled in 2004. The sampling employed a spatially stratified random sampling design in order to estimate the variability between 40-km linear sampling units, within them, at sample sites, and due to sample preparation and analytical chemical procedures. The 40-km scale was chosen to be consistent with the density proposed for the continental-scale project. The two transects, north–south (N–S) from northern Manitoba to the USA–Mexico border near El Paso, Texas, and east–west (E–W) from the Virginia shore north of Washington, DC, to north of San Francisco, California, closely following the 38th parallel, have been studied individually. The purpose of this study was to determine if statistically significant systematic spatial variation occurred along the transects. Data for 38 major, minor and trace elements in A- and C-horizon soils where less than 5% of the data were below the detection limit were investigated by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A total of 15 elements (K, Na, As, Ba, Be, Ce, La, Mn, Nb, P, Rb, Sb, Th, Tl and W) demonstrated statistically significant (p<0.05) variability at the between-40-km scale for both horizons along both transects. Only Cu failed to demonstrate significant variability at the between-40-km scale for both soil horizons along both transects.
\nThe patterns of relative variability differ by transect and horizon. The N–S transect A-horizon soils show significant between-40-km scale variability for 29 elements, with only 4 elements (Ca, Mg, Pb and Sr) showing in excess of 50% of their variability at the within-40-km and ‘at-site’ scales. In contrast, the C-horizon data demonstrate significant between-40-km scale variability for 26 elements, with 21 having in excess of 50% of their variability at the within-40-km and ‘at-site’ scales. In 36 instances, the ‘at-site’ variability is statistically significant in terms of the sample preparation and analysis variability. It is postulated that this contrast between the A- and C- horizons along the N–S transect, that is dominated by agricultural land uses, is due to the local homogenization of Ap-horizon soils by tillage reducing the ‘at-site’ variability. The spatial variability is distributed similarly between scales for the A- and C-horizon soils of the E–W transect. For all elements, there is significant variability at the within-40-km scale. Notwithstanding this, there is significant between-40-km variability for 28 and 20 of the elements in the A- and C-horizon data, respectively. The differences between the two transects are attributed to (1) geology, the N–S transect runs generally parallel to regional strikes, whereas the E–W transect runs across regional structures and lithologies; and (2) land use, with agricultural tillage dominating along the N–S transect. The spatial analysis of the transect data indicates that continental-scale maps demonstrating statistically significant patterns of geochemical variability may be prepared for many elements from data on soil samples collected on a 40 x 40 km grid or similar sampling designs resulting in a sample density of 1 site per 1600 km2.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.011","usgsCitation":"Garrett, R.G., 2009, Relative spatial soil geochemical variability along two transects across the United States and Canada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1405-1415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.011.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1405","endPage":"1415","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297854,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c44e4b08de9379b36ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrett, Robert G.","contributorId":31481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70140559,"text":"70140559 - 2009 - Environmental mapping of the World Trade Center area with imaging spectroscopy after the September 11, 2001 attack","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-09T10:51:41","indexId":"70140559","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Environmental mapping of the World Trade Center area with imaging spectroscopy after the September 11, 2001 attack","docAbstract":"The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) was flown over the World Trade Center area on September 16, 18, 22, and 23, 2001. The data were used to map the WTC debris plume and its contents, including the spectral signatures of asbestiform minerals. Samples were collected and used as ground truth for the AVARIS mapping. A number of thermal hot spots were observed with temperatures greater than 700 °C. The extent and temperatures of the fires were mapped as a function of time. By September 23, most of the fires observed by AVIRIS had been eliminated or reduced in intensity. The mineral absorption features mapped by AVARIS only indicated the presence of serpentine mineralogy and not if the serpentine has asbestiform.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Urban Aerosols and Their Impacts","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/bk-2006-0919.ch004","isbn":"9780841239166","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Hoefen, T.M., Green, R., Livo, K.E., Meeker, G.P., Sutley, S.J., Plumlee, G.S., Pavri, B., Sarture, C.M., Boardman, J., Brownfield, I., and Morath, L.C., 2009, Environmental mapping of the World Trade Center area with imaging spectroscopy after the September 11, 2001 attack, chap. of Urban Aerosols and Their Impacts, p. 66-83, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2006-0919.ch004.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, Robert O.","contributorId":56271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Robert O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meeker, Gregory P.","contributorId":62974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sutley, Stephen J.","contributorId":60296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Pavri, Betina","contributorId":92916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavri","given":"Betina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sarture, Charles M.","contributorId":65585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarture","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Boardman, Joe","contributorId":30663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boardman","given":"Joe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Brownfield, Isabelle","contributorId":42986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Isabelle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Morath, Laurie C.","contributorId":99225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morath","given":"Laurie","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70047345,"text":"70047345 - 2009 - Applications of a broad-spectrum tool for conservation and fisheries analysis: Aquatic gap analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T13:52:14.791006","indexId":"70047345","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T11:56:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":17176,"text":"Gap Analysis Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of a broad-spectrum tool for conservation and fisheries analysis: Aquatic gap analysis","docAbstract":"Natural resources support all of our social and economic activities, as well as our biological existence. Humans have little control over most of the physical, biological, and sociological conditions dictating the status and capacity of natural resources in any particular area. However, the most rapid and threatening influences on natural resources typically are anthropogenic overuse and degradation. In addition, living natural resources (i.e., organisms) do not respect political boundaries, but are aware of their optimal habitat and environmental conditions. Most organisms have wider spatial ranges than the jurisdictional boundaries of environmental agencies that deal with them; even within those jurisdictions, information is patchy and disconnected. Planning and projecting effects of ecological management are difficult, because many organisms, habitat conditions, and interactions are involved. Conservation and responsible resource use involves wise management and manipulation of the aspects of the environment and biological communities that can be effectively changed. Tools and data sets that provide new insights and analysis capabilities can enhance the ability of resource managers to make wise decisions and plan effective, long-term management strategies. Aquatic gap analysis has been developed to provide those benefits. Gap analysis is more than just the assessment of the match or mis-match (i.e., gaps) between habitats of ecological value and areas with an appropriate level of environmental protection (e.g., refuges, parks, preserves), as the name suggests. Rather, a Gap Analysis project is a process which leads to an organized database of georeferenced information and previously available tools to examine conservation and other ecological issues; it provides a geographic analysis platform that serves as a foundation for aquatic ecological studies. This analytical tool box allows one to conduct assessments of all habitat elements within an area of interest. Aquatic gap analysis naturally focuses on aquatic habitats. The analytical tools are largely based on specification of the species-habitat relations for the system and organism group of interest (Morrison et al. 2003; McKenna et al. 2006; Steen et al. 2006; Sowa et al. 2007). The Great Lakes Regional Aquatic Gap Analysis (GLGap) project focuses primarily on lotic habitat of the U.S. Great Lakes drainage basin and associated states and has been developed to address fish and fisheries issues. These tools are unique because they allow us to address problems at a range of scales from the region to the stream segment and include the ability to predict species specific occurrence or abundance for most of the fish species in the study area. The results and types of questions that can be addressed provide better global understanding of the ecological context within which specific natural resources fit (e.g., neighboring environments and resources, and large and small scale processes). The geographic analysis platform consists of broad and flexible geospatial tools (and associated data) with many potential applications. The objectives of this article are to provide a brief overview of GLGap methods and analysis tools, and demonstrate conservation and planning applications of those data and tools. Although there are many potential applications, we will highlight just three: (1) support for the Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture (EBTJV), (2) Aquatic Life classification in Wisconsin, and (3) an educational tool that makes use of Google Earth (use of trade or product names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government) and Internet accessibility.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Idaho","usgsCitation":"McKenna, J., Steen, P.J., Lyons, J., and Stewart, J.S., 2009, Applications of a broad-spectrum tool for conservation and fisheries analysis: Aquatic gap analysis: Gap Analysis Bulletin, no. 16, p. 44-51.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"51","ipdsId":"IP-006153","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278010,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.gap.uidaho.edu/bulletins/16/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"524162e3e4b0ec672f073ad5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, James E. Jr. 0000-0002-1428-7597 jemckenna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-7597","contributorId":627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"James E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jemckenna@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steen, Paul J.","contributorId":12342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steen","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, John","contributorId":244472,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyons","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":16117,"text":"Wisconsin DNR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":481767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, Jana S. 0000-0002-8121-1373 jsstewar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8121-1373","contributorId":539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Jana","email":"jsstewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70230299,"text":"70230299 - 2009 - Estimating cause-specific mortality rates using recovered carcasses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T16:53:20.787655","indexId":"70230299","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T11:46:59","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating cause-specific mortality rates using recovered carcasses","docAbstract":"Stranding networks, in which carcasses are recovered and sent to diagnostic laboratories for necropsy and determination of cause of death, have been developed to monitor the health of marine mammal and bird populations. These programs typically accumulate comprehensive, long-term datasets on causes of death that can be used to identify important sources of mortality or changes in mortality patterns that lead to management actions. However, the utility of these data in determining cause-specific mortality rates has not been explored. We present a maximum likelihood-based approach that partitions total mortality rate, estimated by independent sources, into cause-specific mortality rates. We also demonstrate how variance estimates are derived for these rates. We present examples of the method using mortality data for California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-45.1.122","usgsCitation":"Joly, D.O., Heisey, D.M., Samuel, M.D., Ribic, C., Thomas, N., Wright, S.D., and Wright, I.E., 2009, Estimating cause-specific mortality rates using recovered carcasses: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 45, no. 1, p. 122-127, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-45.1.122.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"127","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-45.1.122","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":398231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 24.886436490787712\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 24.886436490787712\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 31.090574094954192\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 31.090574094954192\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 24.886436490787712\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.71874999999999,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -117.94921874999999,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -121.11328124999999,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 38.75408327579141\n ],\n [\n -123.662109375,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -125.33203125,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -125.24414062499999,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -121.728515625,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -118.828125,\n 32.91648534731439\n ],\n [\n -117.59765625,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -116.71874999999999,\n 32.62087018318113\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joly, Damien O.","contributorId":9392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joly","given":"Damien","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heisey, Dennis M. dheisey@usgs.gov","contributorId":2455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisey","given":"Dennis","email":"dheisey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samuel, Michael D. msamuel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"Michael","email":"msamuel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ribic, Christine 0000-0003-2583-1778 caribic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":147952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"Christine","email":"caribic@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thomas, Nancy","contributorId":203764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Nancy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wright, Scott D.","contributorId":45006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wright, Irene E.","contributorId":289851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Irene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70148149,"text":"70148149 - 2009 - Use of a fishery-independent trawl survey to evaluate distribution patterns of subadult sharks in Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-22T10:44:14","indexId":"70148149","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2680,"text":"Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a fishery-independent trawl survey to evaluate distribution patterns of subadult sharks in Georgia","docAbstract":"We investigated the utility of a fishery-independent trawl survey for assessing a potential multispecies shark nursery in Georgia's nearshore and inshore waters. A total of 234 subadult sharks from six species were captured during 85 of 216 trawls. Catch rates and size distributions for subadult sharks and the ratio of neonates to juveniles were consistent among areas. The highest concentrations of subadult sharks occurred in creeks and sounds. Species composition varied among areas. The Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae was the most abundant species in sound and nearshore stations, whereas the bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo was the most abundant species in creeks. The aggregate of other species occurred with higher frequency in the sounds and nearshore. Sampling characteristics of the trawl survey were compared with those from a fishery-independent longline survey of subadult sharks to assess the similarity of the two gears. A total of 193 subadult sharks from seven species were captured during 57 of 96 longline sets, whereas 52 subadults from four species were captured during 20 of 48 trawls. Selectivity and efficiency differed between the two gears. The trawl had lower catch rates, caught smaller sharks, and encountered a different suite of species than the longline. General seasonal trends in relative abundance also differed between the two gears; the longline showed an increasing trend in abundance, whereas the trawl showed a stable trend. Although trawls were not found to be efficient for sampling subadult sharks from most species, they can be a useful source of supplemental data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1577/C08-019.1","usgsCitation":"Belcher, C., and Jennings, C.A., 2009, Use of a fishery-independent trawl survey to evaluate distribution patterns of subadult sharks in Georgia: Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science, v. 1, no. 1, p. 218-229, https://doi.org/10.1577/C08-019.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-008043","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577/c08-019.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55605342e4b0afeb70724184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belcher, C.N.","contributorId":56869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A. 0000-0002-6159-6026 jennings@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6026","contributorId":874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil","email":"jennings@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70200675,"text":"70200675 - 2009 - Earth's magnetic field complex: U.S. National activities during the Decade of Geopotential Field Research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T11:04:15","indexId":"70200675","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T11:04:07","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Earth's magnetic field complex: U.S. National activities during the Decade of Geopotential Field Research","docAbstract":"The US geomagnetism community is supported by NASA, NOAA, USGS, NSF, DOD, and US universities. During the Decade of Geopotential Field Research, inaugurated in 1999 with the launch of the Danish satellite Ørsted on a US rocket, the US community has been involved in satellite mission development and analysis, instrument development, model development, and in the discovery and understanding of new processes with satellite magnetic signatures.
The ESA Swarm mission has been a primary focus of the US community, with three US scientists on Swarm's Mission Advisory Group. Swarm will measure, for the first time, the E-W gradient of the magnetic field. One of us (T. Sabaka) is involved with the development of a Comprehensive inversion scheme as part of the SMART consortium. This effort is an outgrowth of the Comprehensive Model [1]. Swarm will also provide valuable observations for ionospheric specification and forecast. The geomagnetism group at NOAA (S. Maus, P. Alken and C. Manoj) has developed algorithms to estimate the strength of the eastward electric field (EEF). As the driver of the equatorial plasma fountain, the EEF is an important space weather parameter. ESA is considering the implementation of the EEF as a dedicated inversion chain in the Level-2 Facility.
In 2006, NASA launched a minisatellite magnetometer constellation mission (ST-5) to test technologies and software. The ST-5 constellation featured the first along-track gradient measurements. NASA has also initiated efforts to study geomagnetism mission concepts after Swarm. One of the ideas under consideration is the systematic measurement of radial field gradients.
Instrument development, and geomagnetic observatories, are also an integral part of the US effort. The past decade has seen significant advances in the development of a self-calibrating vector helium magnetometer, and in the automation of the US observatory network. Working in coordination with Intermagnet, the USGS Geomagnetism Program has made operational 1-second data acquisition at 13 of its magnetic observatories. The Program is also developing a realtime 1-minute and 1-hour Dst service.
Within the past decade, US scientists have been leaders in the development of models that describe the global geomagnetic environment, including comprehensive models (the CM series), maps of the lithospheric field from satellite (MF-series), near surface maps of the lithospheric field (WDMAM-series), models of the thickness of the magnetic crust, the IGRF and World Magnetic Model series, ionospheric models such as the EEJM1, JVDM1, and the IRI, and data assimilation-based models (MoSST-series) that predict the future state of the geomagneic field.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"ESA 2nd Swarm Int. Sci. Meeting","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"usgsCitation":"Purucker, M.E., Sabaka, T., Kuang, W., Maus, S., and Love, J.J., 2009, Earth's magnetic field complex: U.S. National activities during the Decade of Geopotential Field Research, in ESA 2nd Swarm Int. Sci. Meeting, v. 8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":358873,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://core2.gsfc.nasa.gov/research/purucker/purucker_esaconfproc_wfigs.pdf"}],"volume":"8 p.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purucker, Michael E.","contributorId":210176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Purucker","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sabaka, T.","contributorId":12586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabaka","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuang, W.","contributorId":210177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuang","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maus, S.","contributorId":104315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maus","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70230294,"text":"70230294 - 2009 - Approaches to modeling weathered regolith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T16:25:16.225578","indexId":"70230294","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T10:43:06","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approaches to modeling weathered regolith","docAbstract":"Sustainable soils are a requirement for maintaining human civilizations (Carter and Dale 1974; Lal 1989). However, as the “most complicated biomaterial on the planet” (Young and Crawford 2004), soils represent one of the most difficult systems to understand and model with respect to chemical, physical, and biological coupling over time (Fig. 1).
Despite the complexity of these interactions, certain patterns in soil properties and development are universally observed and have been used in soil science as a means for classification. Elemental, mineralogical, or isotopic concentrations in soils plotted versus depth beneath the land surface comprise such patterns. Soil depth profiles are often reported for solid soil materials, and, less frequently, for solutes in soil pore waters. These profiles cross a large range in spatial scales that traditionally have been studied by different disciplines. For example, shallow, biologically active horizons are commonly defined as the soil zone in agronomic studies whereas the mobile layer of the regolith is referred to as soil in geomorphological studies. In contrast, many geochemical studies target chemical weathering to tens or even hundreds of meters in depth, sometimes extending the definition of “soils” to include the entire regolith down to parent bedrock or alluvium.
Soil profiles also exhibit a large range in temporal scales (Amundson 2004; Brantley 2008b). Solid-state profiles document chemical and mineralogical changes integrated over the time scales of evolution of regolith from protolith. This “geologic time” can vary from tens to hundreds of years for weathered material developed on moraines deposited by active glaciers (Anderson et al. 1997), to millions or possibly hundreds of millions of years of regolith evolution as documented in laterites and bauxites on stable cratons (Nahon 1986). In contrast, solute profiles reflect much shorter time scales corresponding to the residence time of the soil water which commonly ranges from days to decades (Stonestrom et al. 1998). Factors impacting soil minerals can therefore be related to geologically old processes while those impacting pore waters are related to contemporary processes.
We first discuss a geochemical frame work for modeling soil profiles, including a simple scheme that depends on the extent of enrichment or depletion. Such profiles are comprised of reaction fronts affected by chemical, hydrologic, geologic and biologic processes that control soil evolution. We then present a hierarchy of models that have been used to interpret both solid state and solute compositions in regolith. The more simple approaches to model depletion in soils, using analytical models, are first described. The most elementary of these is a linear model that calculates rate constants from the slopes of either solid or solute weathering gradients: these rate constants represent lumped parameters that describe weathering in terms of an integrated reaction rate. Two other analytical models are then presented that have been used to fit solid state elemental profiles with exponential and sigmoidal functions. All of these analytical approaches are derived for models of soils as containing a limited number of components, phases, and species.
At a more complex level, numerical models are then presented to elucidate how kinetic and transport parameters as well as chemical, hydrologic, and physical soil data can be incorporated. We consider two forms of these models, first relatively simple spreadsheet calculators and then more sophisticated multi-component, multi-phase reactive-transport numerical codes. Our treatment of reactive transport modeling is relatively cursory, in recognition of the treatment in the chapter by Steefel and Maher (2009, this volume). Because these models incorporate more phases, components, and species than the other approaches and explicitly model the more fundamental reaction mechanisms involved, they generally have a greater need for parameterization. In our conclusion section, we discuss how this hierarchy of approaches can yield generalizations about soils that are often complementary.
Livestock grazing is a common land use across the western United States, but concerns have been raised regarding its potential to affect amphibian populations. We studied the short-term effects of full and partial livestock grazing exclosures on Rana luteiventris (Columbia Spotted Frog) populations using a controlled manipulative field experiment with pre- and posttreatment data (2002–2006). Despite a significant increase in vegetation height within grazing exclosures, we did not find treatment effects for egg mass counts, larval survival, or size at metamorphosis 1–2 years following grazing exclosure installation. Water samples taken in late summer showed concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, and orthophosphate that were low or near detection limits across all ponds and years. The results of this experiment do not support a hypothesis that limiting cattle access to breeding ponds will help conserve R. luteiventris populations in our study area. Further research is needed to evaluate regional variation and long-term effects of grazing exclosures on R. luteiventrispopulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.1670/08-016R2.1","usgsCitation":"Adams, M.J., Pearl, C., McCreary, B., Galvan, S., Wessell, S.J., Wente, W., Anderson, C.W., and Kuehl, A.B., 2009, Short-term effect of cattle exclosures on Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris) populations and habitat in northeastern Oregon: Journal of Herpetology, v. 43, no. 1, p. 132-138, https://doi.org/10.1670/08-016R2.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd72e4b034bf6a7f8b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, M. J. 0000-0001-8844-042X mjadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-042X","contributorId":3133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"mjadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearl, Christopher 0000-0003-2943-7321 christopher_pearl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2943-7321","contributorId":172669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearl","given":"Christopher","email":"christopher_pearl@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCreary, Brome 0000-0002-0313-7796 brome_mccreary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0313-7796","contributorId":3130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCreary","given":"Brome","email":"brome_mccreary@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galvan, Stephanie 0000-0002-9864-3674 stephanie_galvan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9864-3674","contributorId":3135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galvan","given":"Stephanie","email":"stephanie_galvan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wessell, Stephanie J.","contributorId":208552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wessell","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wente, Wendy","contributorId":60497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wente","given":"Wendy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":140160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kuehl, Allison B.","contributorId":208553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuehl","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ]}