This report describes studies of juvenile-salmon dam passage and apparent survival at Cougar Dam, Oregon, during two operating conditions in 2012. Cougar Dam is a 158-meter tall rock-fill dam used primarily for flood control, and passes water through a temperature control tower to either a powerhouse penstock or to a regulating outlet (RO). The temperature control tower has moveable weir gates to enable water of different elevations and temperatures to be drawn through the dam to control water temperatures downstream. A series of studies of downstream dam passage of juvenile salmonids were begun after the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration determined that Cougar Dam was impacting the viability of anadromous fish stocks. The primary objectives of the studies described in this report were to estimate the route-specific fish passage probabilities at the dam and to estimate the survival probabilities of fish passing through the RO. The first set of dam operating conditions, studied in November, consisted of (1) a mean reservoir elevation of 1,589 feet, (2) water entering the temperature control tower through the weir gates, (3) most water routed through the turbines during the day and through the RO during the night, and (4) mean RO gate openings of 1.2 feet during the day and 3.2 feet during the night. The second set of dam operating conditions, studied in December, consisted of (1) a mean reservoir elevation of 1,507 ft, (2) water entering the temperature control tower through the RO bypass, (3) all water passing through the RO, and (4) mean RO gate openings of 7.3 feet during the day and 7.5 feet during the night. The studies were based on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) surgically implanted with radio transmitters and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. Inferences about general dam passage percentage and timing of volitional migrants were based on surface-acclimated fish released in the reservoir. Dam passage and apparent survival probabilities were estimated using the Route-Specific-Survival Model with data from surface-acclimated fish released near the water surface directly upstream of the temperature control tower (treatment group) and slightly downstream of the dam (control group). In this study, apparent survival is the joint probability of surviving and migrating through the study area during the life of the transmitters.
\nTwo rearing groups were used to enable sufficient sample sizes for the studies. The groups differed in feed type, and for the December study only, the rearing location. Fish from each group were divided nearly equally among all combinations of release sites, release times, and surgeons. The sizes, travel times, and survivals of the two rearing groups were similar. There were statistical differences in fish lengths and travel times of the two groups, but they were small and likely were not biologically meaningful. There also was evidence of a difference in single-release estimates of survival between the rearing groups during the December study, but the differences had little effect on the relative survival estimates so the analyses of passage and survival were based on data from the rearing groups pooled.
\nConditions during the December study were more conducive to passing volitionally migrating fish than conditions during the November study. The passage percentage of the fish released in the reservoir was similar between studies (about 70 percent), but the passage occurred in a median of 1.0 day during the December study and a median of 9.3 days during the November study. More than 93 percent of the dam passage of volitionally migrating fish occurred at night during each study. This finding corroborates results of previous studies at Cougar Dam and suggests that the operating conditions at night are most important to volitionally migrating fish, given the current configuration of the dam.
\nMost fish released near the temperature control tower passed through the RO. A total of 92.2 percent of the treatment group passed through the RO during the November study and the RO was the only route open during the December study.
\nThe assumptions of the survival model were either met or adjusted for during each study. There was little evidence that tagger skill or premature failure of radio transmitters had an effect on survival estimates. There were statistically significant differences in travel times between treatment and control groups through several of the river reaches they had in common, but the differences were typically only a few hours, and the two groups likely experienced the same in-river conditions. There was direct evidence of bias due to detection of euthanized fish with live transmitters released as part of the study design. The bias was ameliorated by adjusting the survival estimates for the probability of detecting dead fish with live transmitters, which reduced the estimated survival probabilities by about 0.02.
\nThe data and models indicated that the treatment effect was not fully expressed until the study reach terminating with Marshall Island Park on the Willamette River, a distance of 105.8 kilometers downstream of Cougar Dam. This was the first reach in which the 95-percent confidence interval of the estimated reach-specific relative survival overlapped 1.0, indicating similar survival of treatment and control groups. The median travel time of the treatment group from release to Marshall Island Park was 1.64 days during the November study and 1.36 days during the December study.
\nThe survival probability of fish that passed into the RO was greater during the December study than during the November study. The relative survival probability of fish passing through the RO was 0.4594 (standard error [SE] 0.0543) during the November study and 0.7389 (SE 0.1160) during the December study. These estimates represent relative survival probabilities from release near Cougar Dam to the Marshall Island site.
\nThe estimated survival probability of RO passage was lower than previous studies based on balloon and PIT tags, but higher than a similar study based on radio transmitters. We suggest that, apart from dam operations, the differences in survival primarily are due to the release location. We hypothesize that the balloon- and PIT-tagged fish released through a hose at a point near the RO gate opening experienced more benign conditions than the radio-tagged fish passing the RO volitionally. This hypothesis could be tested with further study. An alternative hypothesis is that some live fish remained within the study area beyond the life of their radio transmitter.
\nThe results from these and previous studies indicate that entrainment and survival of juvenile salmonids passing Cougar Dam varies with dam operating conditions. The condition most conducive to dam passage has been the discharge and low pool elevation condition tested during December 2012. That condition included large RO gate openings and was the condition with the highest dam passage survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141038","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J.W., Evans, S.D., Haner, P.V., Hansel, H.C., Hansen, A.C., Smith, C., and Sprando, J.M., 2014, Passage and survival probabilities of juvenile Chinook salmon at Cougar Dam, Oregon, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1038, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141038.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2012-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-049334","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":283195,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141038.jpg"},{"id":283194,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1038/pdf/ofr2014-1038.pdf"},{"id":283193,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1038/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cougar Dam","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.7449,43.356 ], [ -122.7449,44.9 ], [ -121.768,44.9 ], [ -121.768,43.356 ], [ -122.7449,43.356 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6aa9e4b0b2908510367f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeman, John W. jbeeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"John","email":"jbeeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Scott D. 0000-0003-0452-7726 sdevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-7726","contributorId":4408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Scott","email":"sdevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haner, Philip V. 0000-0001-6940-487X phaner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6940-487X","contributorId":2364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haner","given":"Philip","email":"phaner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansel, Hal C. 0000-0002-3537-8244 hhansel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3537-8244","contributorId":2887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"Hal","email":"hhansel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hansen, Amy C. 0000-0002-0298-9137 achansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-9137","contributorId":4350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Amy","email":"achansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Collin D. 0000-0003-4184-5686 cdsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4184-5686","contributorId":7915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Collin D.","email":"cdsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sprando, Jamie M. jsprando@usgs.gov","contributorId":4005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprando","given":"Jamie","email":"jsprando@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70093762,"text":"ofr20141028 - 2014 - Contaminants of emerging concern in the lower Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington, 2008-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-06T09:02:27","indexId":"ofr20141028","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-03T15:51:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1028","title":"Contaminants of emerging concern in the lower Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington, 2008-11","docAbstract":"A series of discrete water-quality samples were collected in the lower Stillaguamish River Basin near the city of Arlington, Washington, through a partnership with the Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians. These samples included surface waters of the Stillaguamish River, adjacent tributary streams, and paired inflow and outflow sampling at three wastewater treatment plants in the lower river basin. Chemical analysis of these samples focused on chemicals of emerging concern, including wastewater compounds, human-health pharmaceuticals, steroidal hormones, and halogenated organic compounds on solids and sediment. This report presents the methods used and data results from the chemical analysis of these samples
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141028","issn":"2327-638X","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians","usgsCitation":"Wagner, R.J., Moran, P.W., Zaugg, S.D., Sevigny, J.M., and Pope, J.M., 2014, Contaminants of emerging concern in the lower Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington, 2008-11 (Version 1.0: Originally posted March 3, 2014; Version 2.0: June 3, 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1028, Report: vi, 14 p.; 20 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141028.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 14 p.; 20 Tables","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-040609","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":283191,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141028.PNG"},{"id":322167,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_table04.xlsx","text":"Table 4"},{"id":322168,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_table05.xlsx","text":"Table 5"},{"id":322169,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_table06.xlsx","text":"Table 6"},{"id":322170,"rank":9,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_table07.xlsx","text":"Table 7"},{"id":322171,"rank":10,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_table08.xlsx","text":"Table 8"},{"id":322172,"rank":11,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_table09.xlsx","text":"Table 9"},{"id":322173,"rank":12,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_table10.xlsx","text":"Table 10"},{"id":322174,"rank":13,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableA1.xlsx","text":"Table A1"},{"id":322175,"rank":14,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableA2.xlsx","text":"Table A2"},{"id":322176,"rank":15,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableA3.xlsx","text":"Table A3"},{"id":322177,"rank":16,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableA4.xlsx","text":"Table A4"},{"id":322178,"rank":17,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableA5.xlsx","text":"Table A5"},{"id":322179,"rank":18,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableB1.xlsx","text":"Table B1"},{"id":322180,"rank":19,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableB2.xlsx","text":"Table B2"},{"id":322181,"rank":20,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableB3.xlsx","text":"Table B3"},{"id":322182,"rank":21,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableB4.xlsx","text":"Table B4"},{"id":322183,"rank":22,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableB5.xlsx","text":"Table B5"},{"id":322184,"rank":23,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_tableB6.xlsx","text":"Table B6"},{"id":322185,"rank":24,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/versionHist.txt","text":"Revised June 3, 2016"},{"id":283186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/"},{"id":283190,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/pdf/ofr2014-1028.pdf"},{"id":322165,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_table02.xlsx","text":"Table 2"},{"id":322166,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1028/downloads/ofr2014-1028_table03.xlsx","text":"Table 3"}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"Northern American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Stillaguasmish River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.333333,48.0 ], [ -122.333333,48.5 ], [ -121.5,48.5 ], [ -121.5,48.0 ], [ -122.333333,48.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted March 3, 2014; Version 2.0: June 3, 2016","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd52ace4b0b290850f4aba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Richard J. rjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Richard","email":"rjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, Patrick W. 0000-0002-2002-3539 pwmoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2002-3539","contributorId":489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Patrick","email":"pwmoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":490200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sevigny, Jennifer M.","contributorId":36452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sevigny","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pope, Judy M.","contributorId":93377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Judy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70095372,"text":"ofr20141042 - 2014 - Evaluation of juvenile salmonid behavior near a prototype weir box at Cowlitz Falls Dam, Washington, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-04T08:47:56","indexId":"ofr20141042","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-03T15:43:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1042","title":"Evaluation of juvenile salmonid behavior near a prototype weir box at Cowlitz Falls Dam, Washington, 2013","docAbstract":"Collection of juvenile salmonids at Cowlitz Falls Dam is a critical part of the effort to restore salmon in the upper Cowlitz River because the majority of fish that are not collected at the dam pass downstream and enter a large reservoir where they become landlocked and lost to the anadromous fish population. However, the juvenile fish collection system at Cowlitz Falls Dam has failed to achieve annual collection goals since it first began operating in 1996. Since that time, numerous modifications to the fish collection system have been made and several prototype collection structures have been developed and tested, but these efforts have not substantially increased juvenile fish collection. Studies have shown that juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) tend to locate the collection entrances effectively, but many of these fish are not collected and eventually pass the dam through turbines or spillways. Tacoma Power developed a prototype weir box in 2009 to increase capture rates of juvenile salmonids at the collection entrances, and this device proved to be successful at retaining those fish that entered the weir. However, because of safety concerns at the dam, the weir box could not be deployed near a spillway gate where the prototype was tested, so the device was altered and re-deployed at a different location, where it was evaluated during 2013. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted an evaluation using radiotelemetry to monitor fish behavior near the weir box and collection flumes.
\nThe evaluation was conducted during April–June 2013. Juvenile steelhead and coho salmon (45 per species) were tagged with a radio transmitter and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag, and released upstream of the dam. All tagged fish moved downstream and entered the forebay of Cowlitz Falls Dam. Median travel times from the release site to the forebay were 0.8 d for steelhead and 1.2 d for coho salmon. Most fish spent several days in the dam forebay; median forebay residence times were 4.4 d for juvenile steelhead and 5.7 d for juvenile coho salmon. A new radio transmitter model was used during the study period. The transmitter had low detection probabilities on underwater antennas located within the collection system, which prevented us from reporting performance metrics (discovery efficiency, entrance efficiency, retention efficiency) that are traditionally used to evaluate fish collection systems.
\nMost tagged steelhead (98 percent) and coho salmon (84 percent) were detected near the weir box or collection flume entrances during the study period; 39 percent of tagged steelhead and 55 percent of tagged coho salmon were detected at both entrances. Sixty-three percent of the tagged steelhead that were detected at both entrances were first detected at the weir box, compared to 52 percent of the coho salmon. Twelve steelhead and 15 coho salmon detected inside the weir box eventually left the device and were collected in collection flumes or passed the dam. Overall, collection rates were relatively high during the study period. Sixty-five percent of the steelhead and 80 percent of the coho salmon were collected during the study, and most of the remaining fish passed the dam and entered the tailrace (24 percent of steelhead; 13 percent of coho salmon). The remaining 11 percent of steelhead and 7 percent of coho salmon did not pass the dam while their transmitters were operating.
\nWe were able to confirm collection of tagged fish at the fish facility using three approaches: (1) detection of radio transmitters in study fish; (2) detection of PIT-tags in study fish; (3) observation of study fish by staff at the fish facility. Data from all three methods were used to develop a multistate mark-recapture model that estimated detection probabilities for the various monitoring methods. These estimates then were used to describe the percent of tagged fish that were collected through the weir box and collection flumes. Detection probabilities of PIT-tag antennas in the collection flumes were 0.895 for juvenile steelhead and 0.881 for juvenile coho salmon, although radiotelemetry detection probabilities were 0.654 and 0.646 for the two species, respectively. The multistate model estimates showed that all steelhead and most coho salmon (94.5 percent) that were collected at the dam entered the collection system through the flumes rather than through the weir box. None of the tagged steelhead and only 5.5 percent of the tagged coho salmon were collected through the weir box. These data show that juvenile steelhead and coho salmon collection rates were much higher through the collection flumes than through the weir box.
\nLow detection probabilities of tagged fish in the fish collection system resulted in uncertainty for some aspects of our evaluation. Missing detection records within the collection system for fish that were known to have been collected resulted in four tagged steelhead and seven tagged coho salmon being removed from the dataset, which was used to assess discovery rates of the weir box and collection flumes. However, the multistate model allowed us to provide unbiased estimates of the percentage of tagged fish that were collected through each route, and these data showed that few fish were collected through the weir box.
\nOverall, the fish collection system performed reasonably well in collecting juvenile steelhead and coho salmon during the 2013 collection season. Fish collection efficiency estimates from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife showed that steelhead collection efficiency was slightly higher than the 10-year average (46 percent compared to 42 percent), whereas coho salmon collection efficiency was more than twice as high as the 10-year average (63 percent compared to 30 percent). However, the performance of the weir box was poor because most fish were collected through the collection flumes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141042","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Kock, T.J., Liedtke, T.L., Ekstrom, B.K., Tomka, R.G., and Rondorf, D.W., 2014, Evaluation of juvenile salmonid behavior near a prototype weir box at Cowlitz Falls Dam, Washington, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1042, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141042.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052870","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":283189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141042.jpg"},{"id":283185,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1042/"},{"id":283188,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1042/pdf/ofr2014-1042.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cowlitz Falls Dam","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.220474,45.85151 ], [ -123.220474,46.386227 ], [ -122.238731,46.386227 ], [ -122.238731,45.85151 ], [ -123.220474,45.85151 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5868e4b0b290850f8104","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kock, Tobias J. 0000-0001-8976-0230 tkock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-0230","contributorId":3038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kock","given":"Tobias","email":"tkock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liedtke, Theresa L. 0000-0001-6063-9867 tliedtke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-9867","contributorId":2999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"Theresa","email":"tliedtke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ekstrom, Brian K. 0000-0002-1162-1780 bekstrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1162-1780","contributorId":3704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ekstrom","given":"Brian","email":"bekstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tomka, Ryan G. 0000-0003-1078-6089 rtomka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1078-6089","contributorId":3706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomka","given":"Ryan","email":"rtomka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rondorf, Dennis W. drondorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"Dennis","email":"drondorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70093742,"text":"ofr20141027 - 2014 - Monitoring of wild fish health at selected sites in the Great Lakes Basin: methods and preliminary results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T09:56:00","indexId":"ofr20141027","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T09:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1027","title":"Monitoring of wild fish health at selected sites in the Great Lakes Basin: methods and preliminary results","docAbstract":"During fall 2010 and spring 2011, a total of 119 brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), 136 white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), 73 smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and 59 largemouth bass (M. salmoides) were collected from seven Great Lakes Basin Areas of Concern and one Reference Site. Comprehensive fish health assessments were conducted in order to document potential adverse affects from exposure to complex chemical mixtures. Fish were necropsied on site, blood samples obtained, pieces of liver, spleen, kidney, gill and any abnormalities placed in fixative for histopathology. Liver samples were saved for gene expression analysis and otoliths were removed for aging. A suite of fish health indicators was developed and implemented for site comparisons and to document seasonal effects and species differences in response to environmental conditions. Organism level (grossly visible lesions, condition factor), tissue level (microscopic pathology, organosomatic indices, micronuclei, and other nuclear abnormalities), plasma factors (reproductive steroid hormones, vitellogenin), and molecular (gene expression) indicators were included. This report describes the methods and preliminary results.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141027","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Blazer, V., Mazik, P.M., Iwanowicz, L., Braham, R., Hahn, C., Walsh, H.L., and Sperry, A., 2014, Monitoring of wild fish health at selected sites in the Great Lakes Basin: methods and preliminary results: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1027, Report: vi, 31 p.; Appendix 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141027.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 31 p.; Appendix 1","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053600","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282943,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141027.jpg"},{"id":282940,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1027/"},{"id":282941,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1027/pdf/of2014-1027.pdf"},{"id":282942,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1027/appendix/ofr2014-1027_appendix.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.44,39.45 ], [ -94.44,51.54 ], [ -73.25,51.54 ], [ -73.25,39.45 ], [ -94.44,39.45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6823e4b0b29085101d69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blazer, Vicki 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazik, Patricia M. 0000-0002-8046-5929 pmazik@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-5929","contributorId":2318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazik","given":"Patricia","email":"pmazik@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iwanowicz, Luke R.","contributorId":11902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwanowicz","given":"Luke R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braham, Ryan","contributorId":7175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braham","given":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hahn, Cassidy","contributorId":25456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahn","given":"Cassidy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Walsh, Heather L. 0000-0001-6392-4604 hwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6392-4604","contributorId":4696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Heather","email":"hwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sperry, Adam","contributorId":98212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sperry","given":"Adam","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70093901,"text":"ofr20141030 - 2014 - 2013 update on sea otter studies to assess recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:38:53","indexId":"ofr20141030","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T09:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1030","title":"2013 update on sea otter studies to assess recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"On March 24, 1989, the tanker vessel Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling an estimated 42 million liters of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Oil spread in a southwesterly direction and was deposited on shores and waters in western Prince William Sound (WPWS). The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) was one of more than 20 nearshore species considered to have been injured by the spill. Since 1989, the U.S. Geological Survey has led a research program to evaluate effects of the spill on sea otters and assess progress toward recovery, as defined by demographic and biochemical indicators. Here, we provide an update on the status of sea otter populations in WPWS, presenting findings through 2013. To assess recovery based on demographic indicators, we used aerial surveys to estimate abundance and annual collections of sea otter carcasses to evaluate patterns in ages-at-death. To assess recovery based on biochemical indicators, we quantified transcription rates for a suite of genes selected as potential indicators of oil exposure in sea otters based on laboratory studies of a related species, the mink (Mustela vison). In our most recent assessment of sea otter recovery, which incorporated results from a subset of studies through 2009, we concluded that recovery of sea otters in WPWS was underway. This conclusion was based on increasing abundance throughout WPWS, including increasing numbers at northern Knight Island, an area that was heavily oiled in 1989 and where the local sea otter population had previously shown protracted injury and lack of recovery. However, we did not conclude that the WPWS sea otter population had fully recovered, due to indications of continuing reduced survival and exposure to lingering oil in sea otters at Knight Island, at least through 2009. Based on data available through 2013, we now conclude that the status of sea otters—at all spatial scales within WPWS—is consistent with the designation of recovery from the spill as defined by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. The support for this conclusion is based primarily on demographic data, including (1) a return to estimated pre-spill abundance of sea otters at northern Knight Island, and (2) a return to pre-spill mortality patterns. Gene transcription rates in 2012 were similar in sea otters from oiled, moderately oiled and unoiled areas, suggesting abatement of exposure effects in 2012. However, because 2012 gene transcription rates generally were low for sea otters from all areas relative to 2008, we cannot fully interpret these observations without data from a wider panel of genes. This slight uncertainty with respect to the data from the biochemical indicator is outweighed by the strength of the data for the demographic indicators. The return to pre-spill numbers and mortality patterns suggests a gradual dissipation of lingering oil over the past two decades, to the point where continuing exposure is no longer of biological significance to the WPWS sea otter population.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141030","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Ballachey, B.E., Monson, D., Esslinger, G.G., Kloecker, K.A., Bodkin, J.L., Bowen, L., and Miles, A.K., 2014, 2013 update on sea otter studies to assess recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1030, iv, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141030.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051870","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141030.jpg"},{"id":282938,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1030/pdf/ofr2014-1030.pdf"},{"id":282937,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1030/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -148.5,60.0 ], [ -148.5,61.0 ], [ -146.5,61.0 ], [ -146.5,60.0 ], [ -148.5,60.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4928e4b0b290850eeec9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esslinger, George G. 0000-0002-3459-0083 gesslinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-0083","contributorId":131009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esslinger","given":"George","email":"gesslinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kloecker, Kimberly A. 0000-0002-2461-968X kkloecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2461-968X","contributorId":3442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kloecker","given":"Kimberly","email":"kkloecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bowen, Lizabeth 0000-0001-9115-4336 lbowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-4336","contributorId":4539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Lizabeth","email":"lbowen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miles, A. Keith 0000-0002-3108-808X keith_miles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-808X","contributorId":196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"A.","email":"keith_miles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70094491,"text":"ofr20141033 - 2014 - Logs and data from trenches across the Berryessa Fault at the Jerd Creek site, northeastern Napa County, California, 2011-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T08:25:10","indexId":"ofr20141033","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1033","title":"Logs and data from trenches across the Berryessa Fault at the Jerd Creek site, northeastern Napa County, California, 2011-2012","docAbstract":"The primary purpose of this report is to provide drafted field logs of exploratory trenches excavated across the Berryessa Fault section of the northern Green Valley Fault (Lienkaemper, 2012; Lienkaemper and others, 2013) in 2011 and 2012 that show evidence for at least one surface-rupturing earthquake in the past few centuries. The site location and site detail are shown on sheet 1. The trench logs are shown on sheets 1, 2, 3 and 4. We also provide radiocarbon ages used for chronological modeling of the earthquake history and a field description of a soil profile in one trench. A formal report based on these logs and data is in preparation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., Rosa, C.M., Cappelle, I.J., Wolf, E.M., Knepprath, N.E., Piety, L.A., Derouin, S.A., Reidy, L.M., Redwine, J.L., and Sickler, R.R., 2014, Logs and data from trenches across the Berryessa Fault at the Jerd Creek site, northeastern Napa County, California, 2011-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1033, Sheets 1-4: 40.0 x 18.0 inches or smaller; Pamphlet: iii, 6 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141033.","productDescription":"Sheets 1-4: 40.0 x 18.0 inches or smaller; Pamphlet: iii, 6 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-046261","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282931,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141033.jpg"},{"id":282927,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1033/pdf/ofr2014-1033_sheet3.pdf"},{"id":282928,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1033/pdf/ofr2014-1033_sheet4.pdf"},{"id":282925,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1033/pdf/ofr2014-1033_sheet1.pdf"},{"id":282929,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1033/pdf/ofr2014-1033_pamphlet.pdf"},{"id":282918,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1033/"},{"id":282930,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1033/pdf/ofr2014-1033_appendix.pdf"},{"id":282926,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1033/pdf/ofr2014-1033_sheet2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Napa County","otherGeospatial":"Jerd Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.6786,37.1986 ], [ -123.6786,39.1343 ], [ -121.5431,39.1343 ], [ -121.5431,37.1986 ], [ -123.6786,37.1986 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd64f3e4b0b290850ffc4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. 0000-0002-7578-7042 jlienk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7578-7042","contributorId":1941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosa, Carla M. crosa@usgs.gov","contributorId":5306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosa","given":"Carla","email":"crosa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cappelle, Ian J.","contributorId":60531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cappelle","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolf, Evan M.","contributorId":94211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knepprath, Nichole E.","contributorId":34228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepprath","given":"Nichole","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Piety, Lucille A.","contributorId":38892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piety","given":"Lucille","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Derouin, Sarah A.","contributorId":93376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derouin","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reidy, Liam M.","contributorId":105372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reidy","given":"Liam","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Redwine, Joanna L.","contributorId":104581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redwine","given":"Joanna","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sickler, Robert R. 0000-0002-9141-625X rsickler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-625X","contributorId":3235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sickler","given":"Robert","email":"rsickler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70072589,"text":"ofr20141006 - 2014 - Precipitation variability of the Grand Canyon region, 1893 through 2009, and its implications for studying effects of gullying of Holocene terraces and associated archeological sites in Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T13:48:39","indexId":"ofr20141006","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-27T13:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1006","title":"Precipitation variability of the Grand Canyon region, 1893 through 2009, and its implications for studying effects of gullying of Holocene terraces and associated archeological sites in Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"A daily precipitation dataset covering a large part of the American Southwest was compiled for online electronic distribution (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1006/). The dataset contains 10.8 million observations spanning January 1893 through January 2009 from 846 weather stations in six states and 13 climate divisions. In addition to processing the data for distribution, water-year totals and other statistical parameters were calculated for each station with more than 2 years of observations. Division-wide total precipitation, expressed as the average deviation from the individual station means of a climate division, shows that the region—including the Grand Canyon, Arizona, area—has been affected by alternating multidecadal episodes of drought and wet conditions.
\nIn addition to compiling and analyzing the long-term regional precipitation data, a second dataset consisting of high-temporal-resolution precipitation measurements collected between November 2003 and January 2009 from 10 localities along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon was compiled. An exploratory study of these high-temporal-resolution precipitation measurements suggests that on a daily basis precipitation patterns are generally similar to those at a long-term weather station in the canyon, which in turn resembles the patterns at other long-term stations on the canyon rims; however, precipitation amounts recorded by the individual inner canyon weather stations can vary substantially from station to station. Daily and seasonal rainfall patterns apparent in these data are not random. For example, the inner canyon record, although short and fragmented, reveals three episodes of widespread, heavy precipitation in late summer 2004, early winter 2005, and summer 2007. The 2004 event and several others had sufficient rainfall to initiate potentially pervasive erosion of the late Holocene terraces and related archeological features located along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141006","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., Bennett, G., and Fairley, H., 2014, Precipitation variability of the Grand Canyon region, 1893 through 2009, and its implications for studying effects of gullying of Holocene terraces and associated archeological sites in Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1006, Report: iii, 23 p.; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141006.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 23 p.; Database","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1893-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-025450","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282905,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1006/downloads/ofr2014-1006_Database.zip"},{"id":282903,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1006/"},{"id":282904,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1006/pdf/ofr2014-1006.pdf"},{"id":282906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141006.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River;Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.01,32.0 ], [ -119.01,41.01 ], [ -103.77,41.01 ], [ -103.77,32.0 ], [ -119.01,32.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6c54e4b0b290851047c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, Glenn E. gbennett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Glenn E.","email":"gbennett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairley, Helen C.","contributorId":10506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairley","given":"Helen C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70060514,"text":"ofr20141002 - 2014 - Photomosaics and event evidence from the Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site, trench 1, cuts 1–4, San Andreas Fault Zone, southern California (2007–2009)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T11:30:01","indexId":"ofr20141002","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-27T07:19:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1002","title":"Photomosaics and event evidence from the Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site, trench 1, cuts 1–4, San Andreas Fault Zone, southern California (2007–2009)","docAbstract":"The Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site is located at the northwest end of the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault, in a small, closed depression at the base of Frazier Mountain near Tejon Pass, California (lat 34.8122° N., long 118.9034° W.). The site was known to contain a good record of earthquakes due to previous excavations by Lindvall and others (2002). This report provides data resulting from four nested excavations, or cuts, along trench 1 (T1) in 2007 and 2009 at the Frazier Mountain site. The four cuts were excavated progressively deeper and wider in an orientation perpendicular to the San Andreas Fault, exposing distal fan and marsh sediments deposited since ca. A.D. 1200. The results of the trenching show that earthquakes that ruptured the site have repeatedly produced a small depression or sag on the surface, which is subsequently infilled with sand and silt deposits. This report provides high-resolution photomosaics and logs for the T1 cuts, a detailed stratigraphic column for the deposits, and a table summarizing all of the evidence for ground rupturing paleoearthquakes logged in the trenches.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141002","usgsCitation":"Scharer, K.M., Fumal, T.E., Weldon, R.J., and Streig, A.R., 2014, Photomosaics and event evidence from the Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site, trench 1, cuts 1–4, San Andreas Fault Zone, southern California (2007–2009): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1002, Report: ii, 24 p.; Plate 1: 89.25 x 36 inches; Plate 2: 81.05 x 36 inches; Plate 3: 67.77 x 36 inches; Plate 4: 83.63 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141002.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 24 p.; Plate 1: 89.25 x 36 inches; Plate 2: 81.05 x 36 inches; Plate 3: 67.77 x 36 inches; Plate 4: 83.63 x 36 inches","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044918","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282876,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141002.PNG"},{"id":282870,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/"},{"id":282873,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/pdf/ofr2014-1002_sheet2.pdf"},{"id":282874,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/pdf/ofr2014-1002_sheet3.pdf"},{"id":282875,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/pdf/ofr2014-1002_sheet4.pdf"},{"id":282871,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/pdf/ofr2014-1002_pamphlet.pdf"},{"id":282872,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1002/pdf/ofr2014-1002_sheet1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Frazier Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.0,34.0 ], [ -120.0,36.0 ], [ -118.0,36.0 ], [ -118.0,34.0 ], [ -120.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6b61e4b0b29085103e27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scharer, Katherine M. 0000-0003-2811-2496 kscharer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2811-2496","contributorId":3385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scharer","given":"Katherine","email":"kscharer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fumal, Tom E.","contributorId":73090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Streig, Ashley R.","contributorId":103569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Streig","given":"Ashley","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70068441,"text":"ofr20131298 - 2014 - Groundwater quality at Alabama Plating and Vincent Spring, Vincent, Alabama, 2007–2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-26T14:56:57","indexId":"ofr20131298","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-26T14:43:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1298","title":"Groundwater quality at Alabama Plating and Vincent Spring, Vincent, Alabama, 2007–2008","docAbstract":"The former Alabama Plating site in Vincent, Alabama, includes the location where the Alabama Plating Company operated an electroplating facility from 1956 until 1986. The operation of the facility generated waste containing cyanide, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, and other heavy metals. Contamination resulting from the site operations was identified in groundwater, soil, and sediment. Vincent Spring, used as a public water supply by the city of Vincent, Alabama, is located about ½ mile southwest of the site. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, conducted an investigation at Vincent Spring and the Alabama Plating site, Vincent, Alabama, during 2007–2008 to evaluate the groundwater quality and evaluate the potential effect of contaminated groundwater on the water quality of Vincent Spring. The results of the investigation will provide scientific data and information on the occurrence, fate, and transport of contaminants in the water resources of the area and aid in the evaluation of the vulnerability of the public water supply to contamination.
\nSamples were analyzed to evaluate the water quality at the former plating site, investigate the presence of possible contaminant indicators at Vincent Spring, and determine the usefulness of stable isotopes and geochemical properties in understanding groundwater flow and contaminant transport in the area. Samples collected from 16 monitor wells near the plating site and Vincent Spring were analyzed for major constituents, trace metals, nutrients, and the stable isotopes for hydrogen (2H/H) and oxygen (18O/16O).
\nGroundwater collected from Vincent Spring was characterized as a calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water type with total dissolved solids concentrations ranging from 110 to 120 milligrams per liter and pH ranging from about 7.5 to 7.9 units. Groundwater chemistry at the monitor wells at the Alabama Plating site was highly variable by location and depth. Dissolved solids concentrations ranged from 28 to 2,880 milligrams per liter, and the water types varied from calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate-chloride, to calcium-sulfate or calcium-magnesium-sulfate, to sodium-chloride water types. The stable isotope ratios for hydrogen (2H/H) and oxygen (18O/16O) for water from the monitor wells and from Vincent Spring, based on a single sampling event, can be separated into three groups: (1) Vincent Spring, (2) monitor wells MW03 and MW28, and (3) the remaining Alabama Plating monitor wells.
\nThe geochemical and stable isotope analyses indicate that water from Vincent Spring is distinct from water from the Alabama Plating monitor wells; however, this evaluation is based on a single sampling event. Although the water from Vincent Spring, for this sampling event, is different and does not seem to be affected by contaminated groundwater from the Alabama Plating site, additional hydrologic and water-quality data are needed to fully identify flow paths, the potential for contaminant transport, and water-quality changes through time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131298","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4","usgsCitation":"Bradley, M., and Gill, A.C., 2014, Groundwater quality at Alabama Plating and Vincent Spring, Vincent, Alabama, 2007–2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1298, Report: iv, 20 p.; Plate: 17 x 11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131298.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 20 p.; Plate: 17 x 11 inches","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043797","costCenters":[{"id":105,"text":"Alabama Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282860,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131298.jpg"},{"id":282855,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1298/pdf/of2013-1298_Al_plating_plate_1.pdf"},{"id":282853,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1298/"},{"id":282858,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1298/pdf/of2013-1298.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","city":"Vincent","otherGeospatial":"Vincent Spring","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.456545,33.349857 ], [ -86.456545,33.422296 ], [ -86.368698,33.422296 ], [ -86.368698,33.349857 ], [ -86.456545,33.349857 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5fe9e4b0b290850fc98b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Mike 0000-0002-2979-265X mbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-265X","contributorId":582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Mike","email":"mbradley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Amy C. 0000-0002-5738-9390 acgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-9390","contributorId":220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Amy","email":"acgill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073492,"text":"ofr20141007 - 2014 - Capacitively coupled and direct-current resistivity surveys of selected reaches of Cozad, Thirty-Mile, Orchard-Alfalfa, Kearney, and Outlet Canals in Nebraska, 2012-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-26T09:11:38","indexId":"ofr20141007","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-26T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1007","title":"Capacitively coupled and direct-current resistivity surveys of selected reaches of Cozad, Thirty-Mile, Orchard-Alfalfa, Kearney, and Outlet Canals in Nebraska, 2012-13","docAbstract":"Understanding the spatial characteristics of leakage from canals is critical to effectively managing and utilizing water resources for irrigation and hydroelectric purposes. Canal leakage in some parts of Nebraska is the primary source of water for groundwater recharge and helps maintain the base flow of streams. Because surface-water supplies depend on the streamflow of the Platte River and the available water stored in upstream reservoirs, water managers seek to minimize conveyance losses, which can include canal leakage. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Central Platte Natural Resources District and Nebraska Public Power District, used capacitively coupled (CC) and direct-current (DC) resistivity techniques for continuous resistivity profiling to map near-surface lithologies near and underlying the Cozad, Thirty-Mile, Orchard-Alfalfa, Kearney, and Outlet Canals. Approximately 84 kilometers (km) of CC-resistivity data were collected along the five canals.
\nThe CC-resistivity data were compared with results from continuous sediment cores and electrical conductivity logs. Generally, the highest resistivities were recorded at the upstream reaches of the Cozad, Thirty-Mile, and Orchard-Alfalfa canals where flood-plain deposits of silt and clay mantle coarser channel deposits of sand and gravel. The finer grained deposits gradually thicken with increasing distance away from the Platte River. Consequently, for many surveyed reaches the thickness of fine-grained deposits exceeded the 8-meter depth of investigation.
\nA detailed geophysical investigation along a 5-km reach of the Outlet Canal southwest of North Platte, Nebraska, used CC and DC resistivity to examine the condition of a compacted-core bank structure and characterized other potential controls on areas of focused seepage. CC-resistivity data, collected along the 5-km study reach, were compared with continuous sediment cores and DC-resistivity data collected near a selected seep near Outlet Canal mile post 15.55 along 5 separate profiles. DC-resistivity results were compared to a schematic cross section of the Outlet Canal north embankment that include the original surfaces and modifications to the compacted-core bank structure.
\nAlong the canal road south line, there is a transition from high resistivity at land surface to much lower resistivity near the estimated depth of the northern slope of the original compacted-core bank; however, the surveyed elevation of the water surface in the canal also is at this elevation. Along the canal road north line, there is a transition from high resistivity near land surface to lower resistivity at depth. Although the transition is rapid near the estimated depth of the first-modified bank slope, it also is coincident with the groundwater level measured in piezometer PZ-4. Currently (2013), it is unknown if the indicated changes in resistivity at these elevations was the effect of saturation of the underlying sediments or caused by the compacted-core bank.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141007","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central Platte Natural Resources District and Nebraska Public Power District","usgsCitation":"Hobza, C.M., Burton, B., Lucius, J.E., and Tompkins, R.E., 2014, Capacitively coupled and direct-current resistivity surveys of selected reaches of Cozad, Thirty-Mile, Orchard-Alfalfa, Kearney, and Outlet Canals in Nebraska, 2012-13: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1007, Report: vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141007.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 48 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045699","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141007.jpg"},{"id":282794,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1007/downloads/"},{"id":282790,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1007/"},{"id":282793,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1007/pdf/of2014-1007.pdf"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic","datum":"NAD 83","country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","city":"Cozad;Kearney","otherGeospatial":"Orchard Alfalfa Canal;Thirty Mile Canal","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101.0,40.5 ], [ -101.0,41.3 ], [ -99.0,41.3 ], [ -99.0,40.5 ], [ -101.0,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5023e4b0b290850f3273","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobza, Christopher M. 0000-0002-6239-934X cmhobza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-934X","contributorId":2393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobza","given":"Christopher","email":"cmhobza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, Bethany L. 0000-0001-5011-7862 blburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5011-7862","contributorId":1341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Bethany L.","email":"blburton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":488803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucius, Jeffrey E. lucius@usgs.gov","contributorId":817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucius","given":"Jeffrey","email":"lucius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tompkins, Ryan E.","contributorId":20851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tompkins","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70074485,"text":"ofr20141013 - 2014 - Investigations into near-real-time surveying for geophysical data collection using an autonomous ground vehicle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T13:59:21.176192","indexId":"ofr20141013","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-24T07:59:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1013","title":"Investigations into near-real-time surveying for geophysical data collection using an autonomous ground vehicle","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are cooperatively investigating the utility of unmanned vehicles for near-real-time autonomous surveys of geophysical data collection. Initially focused on unmanned ground vehicle collection of magnetic data, this cooperative effort has brought unmanned surveying, precision guidance, near-real-time communication, on-the-fly data processing, and near-real-time data interpretation into the realm of ground geophysical surveying, all of which offer advantages over current methods of manned collection of ground magnetic data. An unmanned ground vehicle mission has demonstrated that these vehicles can successfully complete missions to collect geophysical data, and add advantages in data collection, processing, and interpretation. We view the current experiment as an initial phase in further unmanned vehicle data-collection missions, including aerial surveying.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, GA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141013","collaboration":"In cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.A., Ippolito, C., Lee, R., Spritzer, R., and Yeh, Y., 2014, Investigations into near-real-time surveying for geophysical data collection using an autonomous ground vehicle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1013, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141013.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044480","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282658,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141013.jpg"},{"id":282657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1013/pdf/ofr2014-1013.pdf"},{"id":282652,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1013/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Menlo Park","otherGeospatial":"Flood Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.1751655,37.4732472 ], [ -122.1751655,37.4768635 ], [ -122.1690321,37.4768635 ], [ -122.1690321,37.4732472 ], [ -122.1751655,37.4732472 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6322e4b0b290850fe9c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, Geoffrey A. gphelps@usgs.gov","contributorId":1179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gphelps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ippolito, C.","contributorId":47686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ippolito","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, R.","contributorId":97153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spritzer, R.","contributorId":85497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spritzer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yeh, Y.","contributorId":59345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeh","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70094415,"text":"ofr20141032 - 2014 - Identifying resource manager information needs for the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-21T08:17:46","indexId":"ofr20141032","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-21T08:01:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1032","title":"Identifying resource manager information needs for the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative","docAbstract":"Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) are a network of 22 public-private partnerships, defined by ecoregion, that share and provide science to ensure the sustainability of land, water, wildlife and cultural resources in North America. LLCs were established by the U.S. Department of Interior (DOI) in recognition that response to climate change must be coordinated on a landscape-level basis because important resources, ecosystem processes and resource management challenges extend beyond national wildlife refuges, Bureau of Land Management lands, national parks, and even international boundaries. Therefore, DOI agencies must work with other Federal, State, Tribal (U.S. indigenous peoples), First Nation (Canadian indigenous peoples), and local governments, as well as private landowners, to develop landscape-level strategies for understanding and responding to climate change.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141032","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative","usgsCitation":"Woodward, A., Liedtke, T., and Jenni, K., 2014, Identifying resource manager information needs for the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1032, vi, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141032.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051292","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282610,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141032.GIF"},{"id":282608,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1032/"},{"id":282609,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1032/pdf/ofr2014-1032.pdf"}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"Alaska;British Columbia;California;Oregon;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -152.8,37.0 ], [ -152.8,64.01 ], [ -117.73,64.01 ], [ -117.73,37.0 ], [ -152.8,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61fbe4b0b290850fddf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liedtke, Theresa","contributorId":91763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"Theresa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenni, Karen","contributorId":101520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenni","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70058590,"text":"ofr20131288 - 2014 - Borehole geophysical data for the East Poplar oil field area, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, northeastern Montana, 1993, 2004, and 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-18T14:50:50.90687","indexId":"ofr20131288","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-20T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1288","displayTitle":"Borehole Geophysical Data for the East Poplar Oil Field Area, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Northeastern Montana, 1993, 2004, and 2005","title":"Borehole geophysical data for the East Poplar oil field area, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, northeastern Montana, 1993, 2004, and 2005","docAbstract":"Areas of high electrical conductivity in shallow aquifers in the East Poplar oil field area were delineated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes, in order to interpret areas of saline-water contamination. Ground, airborne, and borehole geophysical data were collected in the East Poplar oil field area from 1992 through 2005 as part of this delineation. This report presents borehole geophysical data for thirty-two wells that were collected during 1993, 2004, and 2005 in the East Poplar oil field study area. Natural-gamma and induction instruments were used to provide information about the lithology and conductivity of the soil, rock, and water matrix adjacent to and within the wells. The well logs were also collected to provide subsurface controls for interpretation of a helicopter electromagnetic survey flown over most of the East Poplar oil field in 2004. The objective of the USGS studies was to improve understanding of aquifer hydrogeology particularly in regard to variations in water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Office of Environmental Protection of the Fort Peck Tribes","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Thamke, J.N, and Tyrrell, Christa, 2014, Borehole geophysical data for the East Poplar oil field area, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, northeastern Montana, 1993, 2004, and 2005 (ver. 1.1, November 2020): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1288, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131288.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 11 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045027","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379880,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1288/pdf/ofr2013-1288_Revised.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.53 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2013–1288"},{"id":379881,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1288/ofr20131288_appendix_1","text":"Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"— Plots of Digital Geophysical Logs"},{"id":282603,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1288/images/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":379882,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1288/versionHist.txt","size":"2.96 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2013–1288 Version History"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Fort Peck Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.0,48.0 ], [ -106.0,48.5 ], [ -105.0,48.5 ], [ -105.0,48.0 ], [ -106.0,48.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0: February 20, 2014; Version 1.1: November 18, 2020","contact":"Director, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 964
Denver, CO 80225
Elevated concentrations of salinity and selenium in the tributaries and main-stem reaches of the Colorado River are a water-quality concern and have been the focus of remediation efforts for many years. Land-management practices with the objective of limiting the amount of salt and selenium that reaches the stream have focused on improving the methods by which irrigation water is conveyed and distributed. Federal land managers implement improvements in accordance with the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act of 1974, which directs Federal land managers to enhance and protect the quality of water available in the Colorado River. In an effort to assist in evaluating and mitigating the detrimental effects of salinity and selenium, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, the Colorado River Water Resources District, and the Bureau of Land Management, analyzed salinity and selenium data collected at sites to develop regression models. The study area and sites are on the Colorado River or in one of three small basins in Western Colorado: the White River Basin, the Lower Gunnison River Basin, and the Dolores River Basin. By using data collected from water years 2009 through 2011, regression models able to estimate concentrations were developed for salinity at six sites and selenium at six sites. At a minimum, data from discrete measurement of salinity or selenium concentration, streamflow, and specific conductance at each of the sites were needed for model development. Comparison of the Adjusted R2 and standard error statistics of the two salinity models developed at each site indicated the models using specific conductance as the explanatory variable performed better than those using streamflow. The addition of multiple explanatory variables improved the ability to estimate selenium concentration at several sites compared with use of solely streamflow or specific conductance. The error associated with the log-transformed salinity and selenium estimates is consistent in log space; however, when the estimates are transformed into non-log values, the error increases as the estimates decrease. Continuous streamflow and specific conductance data collected at study sites provide the means to examine temporal variability in constituent concentration and load. The regression models can estimate continuous concentrations or loads on the basis of continuous specific conductance or streamflow data. Similar estimates are available for other sites at the USGS National Real-Time Water Quality Web page (http://nrtwq.usgs.gov) and provide water-resource managers with a means of improving their general understanding of how constituent concentration or load can change annually, seasonally, or in real time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141015","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, the Colorado River Water Resources District, and the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Linard, J.I., and Schaffrath, K.R., 2014, Regression models for estimating salinity and selenium concentrations at selected sites in the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, 2009-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1015, v, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141015.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-10-01","temporalEnd":"2011-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-051865","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141015.jpg"},{"id":282578,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1015/"},{"id":282584,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1015/pdf/of2014-1015.pdf"}],"datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Dolores River Basin, Lower Gunnison River Basin, Upper Colorado River Basin, White River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.05,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -109.05,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -107.1,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -107.1,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -109.05,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd700de4b0b29085106cd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linard, Joshua I. jilinard@usgs.gov","contributorId":1465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linard","given":"Joshua","email":"jilinard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffrath, Keelin R.","contributorId":7552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffrath","given":"Keelin","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70093657,"text":"ofr20141022 - 2014 - Groundwater level and nitrate concentration trends on Mountain Home Air Force Base, southwestern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-20T09:25:57","indexId":"ofr20141022","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-20T07:33:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1022","title":"Groundwater level and nitrate concentration trends on Mountain Home Air Force Base, southwestern Idaho","docAbstract":"Mountain Home Air Force Base in southwestern Idaho draws most of its drinking water from the regional aquifer. The base is located within the State of Idaho's Mountain Home Groundwater Management Area and is adjacent to the State's Cinder Cone Butte Critical Groundwater Area. Both areas were established by the Idaho Department of Water Resources in the early 1980s because of declining water levels in the regional aquifer. The base also is listed by the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality as a nitrate priority area.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, began monitoring wells on the base in 1985, and currently monitors 25 wells for water levels and 17 wells for water quality, primarily nutrients. This report provides a summary of water-level and nitrate concentration data collected primarily between 2001 and 2013 and examines trends in those data.
\nA Regional Kendall Test was run to combine results from all wells to determine an overall regional trend in water level. Groundwater levels declined at an average rate of about 1.08 feet per year.
\nNitrate concentration trends show that 3 wells (18 percent) are increasing in nitrate concentration trend, 3 wells (18 percent) show a decreasing nitrate concentration trend, and 11 wells (64 percent) show no nitrate concentration trend. Six wells (35 percent) currently exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant limit of 10 milligrams per liter for nitrate (nitrite plus nitrate, measured as nitrogen).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141022","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Williams, M.L., 2014, Groundwater level and nitrate concentration trends on Mountain Home Air Force Base, southwestern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1022, Slide Presentation: 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141022.","productDescription":"Slide Presentation: 49 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044354","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282549,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1022/"},{"id":282551,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1022/pdf/ofr2014-1022.pdf"},{"id":282552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141022.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.2675,42.7677 ], [ -116.2675,43.6015 ], [ -115.397,43.6015 ], [ -115.397,42.7677 ], [ -116.2675,42.7677 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5fe8e4b0b290850fc979","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Marshall L. mlwilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Marshall","email":"mlwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70093835,"text":"ofr20141029 - 2014 - Improving paleoecology studies for future predictions: Role of spatial and temporal scales for understanding ecology of the arid and semiarid landscape of the Southwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T15:34:50.008525","indexId":"ofr20141029","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-18T15:27:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1029","title":"Improving paleoecology studies for future predictions: Role of spatial and temporal scales for understanding ecology of the arid and semiarid landscape of the Southwest","docAbstract":"Paleoecology (or ecological biogeography) describes the past distribution of species or communities and is an informative path used to understand the future in the face of climate change. Paleoecological changes in the Southwest over the past several thousand years happened in the presence of landscape manipulations by humans, a factor that adds relevance but increases difficulty of interpretation. What paleo-records are needed for (1) understanding past climate-driven changes (climate proxies), (2) resolving species sensitivity to and resilience against change (biogeographical data), and (3) understanding past ecosystem function and changes (environmental data)? What information is most urgently needed for ecosystem forecasts, and are there kinds of monitoring we need to start now so that we will have ground truth in the near future? These are major questions. Answering them for the arid and semiarid landscape of the Southwest in part relies on careful thought about the spatial and temporal scales of data needed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141029","usgsCitation":"Miller, D., Ng, G., and Maher, K., 2014, Improving paleoecology studies for future predictions: Role of spatial and temporal scales for understanding ecology of the arid and semiarid landscape of the Southwest: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1029, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141029.","productDescription":"25 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-043597","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282501,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1029/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282507,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141029.jpg"},{"id":282506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1029/pdf/ofr2014-1029.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Southwest United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.73,25.13 ], [ -125.73,44.21 ], [ -94.48,44.21 ], [ -94.48,25.13 ], [ -125.73,25.13 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6231e4b0b290850fe03a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":1707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ng, Gene-Hua Crystal","contributorId":80182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ng","given":"Gene-Hua Crystal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maher, Katharine","contributorId":46004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maher","given":"Katharine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70093887,"text":"ofr20131282 - 2014 - Gravity, aeromagnetic and rock-property data of the central California Coast Ranges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T15:35:53.252188","indexId":"ofr20131282","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-18T12:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1282","title":"Gravity, aeromagnetic and rock-property data of the central California Coast Ranges","docAbstract":"Gravity, aeromagnetic, and rock-property data were collected to support geologic-mapping, water-resource, and seismic-hazard studies for the central California Coast Ranges. These data are combined with existing data to provide gravity, aeromagnetic, and physical-property datasets for this region. The gravity dataset consists of approximately 18,000 measurements. The aeromagnetic dataset consists of total-field anomaly values from several detailed surveys that have been merged and gridded at an interval of 200 m. The physical property dataset consists of approximately 800 density measurements and 1,100 magnetic-susceptibility measurements from rock samples, in addition to previously published borehole gravity surveys from Santa Maria Basin, density logs from Salinas Valley, and intensities of natural remanent magnetization.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131282","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., 2014, Gravity, aeromagnetic and rock-property data of the central California Coast Ranges: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1282, Report: ii, 12 p.; Data; Readme, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131282.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 12 p.; Data; Readme","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-046410","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282485,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131282.jpg"},{"id":417511,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99568.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1282/downloads/ofr2013-1282_data.zip"},{"id":282484,"rank":4,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1282/downloads/readme.txt"},{"id":282482,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1282/pdf/ofr2013-1282.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282480,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1282/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"California Coast Ranges, Salinas Valley, Santa Maria Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.99,34.18 ], [ -122.99,37.07 ], [ -118.72,37.07 ], [ -118.72,34.18 ], [ -122.99,34.18 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5f28e4b0b290850fc244","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70074486,"text":"ofr20141010 - 2014 - Gunnison sage-grouse lek site suitability modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T16:13:06","indexId":"ofr20141010","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-17T09:22:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1010","title":"Gunnison sage-grouse lek site suitability modeling","docAbstract":"In order to better understand and protect species with minimal or decreasing populations, it is imperative to determine their actual existing population size. The focal species for this project is the Gunnison sage-grouse (GUSG), which became a proposed endangered species under the Endangered Species Act, thus confirming the need for better population estimates. Lek site counting during mating season has historically been the primary method for estimating population size since the grouse are very difficult to count at other times of the year. The objective of this project was to use historical data and available technology to identify additional potential lekking sites. This was done by determining areas throughout the study area that have the same landscape characteristics as those where known lekking activities occur. More accurate population counts could be the outcome of locating more lek sites.
\nOne of the remaining seven GUSG populations, the Crawford population (estimated at 128 individuals) exists in an area that includes the Gunnison Gorge National Conservation Area and the northern portion of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park (our study area). While the Crawford population is small, it is still considered a self-sustaining population; the persistence and growth of this population directly contribute to genetic diversity conservation of this declining species. To date, only observational and anecdotal information about the Crawford population’s range, movements, and seasonal habitat use exist.
\nFrom 1978 to the present, GUSG population monitoring has been accomplished through annual lek counts conducted each spring during GUSG mating season. Although this method has provided information on GUSG population trends, it is somewhat limited because counts are based only on known lekking sites and historically minimal efforts have been made to identify additional lek sites. To meet the objective of locating more potential lekking sites, we used a suite of spatial data, geographic information system tools, and maximum entropy species distribution tools. Based on expert knowledge and landscape variables, the modeling process evolved into a hybrid approach for delineating areas that would have a significant probability for supporting GUSG lekking activities. Based on model results, a sampling protocol was developed for model verification. The results of this project provide wildlife managers with a more sophisticated methodology to evaluate GUSG habitat for potential lekking sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141010","issn":"2331–1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Audubon Society, the Bureau of Land Management, the National Park Service, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, and the Habitat Partnership Program","usgsCitation":"Ouren, D.S., Ignizio, D., Siders, M., Childers, T., Tucker, K., and Seward, N., 2014, Gunnison sage-grouse lek site suitability modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1010, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141010.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045621","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282447,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141010.jpg"},{"id":282443,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1010/"},{"id":282446,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1010/pdf/of2014-1010.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Delta County;Gunnison County;Montrose County","otherGeospatial":"Black Canyon Of Gunnison National Park;Gunnison Gorge National Conservation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.0,38.25 ], [ -108.0,38.75 ], [ -107.25,38.75 ], [ -107.25,38.25 ], [ -108.0,38.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6011e4b0b290850fcb08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ouren, Douglas S. ourend@usgs.gov","contributorId":1931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ouren","given":"Douglas","email":"ourend@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":489602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ignizio, Drew A. 0000-0001-8054-5139 dignizio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-5139","contributorId":4822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ignizio","given":"Drew A.","email":"dignizio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siders, Melissa","contributorId":78647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siders","given":"Melissa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Childers, Theresa","contributorId":62139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"Theresa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tucker, Karen","contributorId":50821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Seward, Nathan","contributorId":66599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seward","given":"Nathan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70048968,"text":"ofr20131107 - 2014 - Field manual for the collection of Navajo Nation streamflow-gage data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-14T10:50:00","indexId":"ofr20131107","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-14T10:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1107","title":"Field manual for the collection of Navajo Nation streamflow-gage data","docAbstract":"The Field Manual for the Collection of Navajo Nation Streamflow-Gage Data (Navajo Field Manual) is based on established (standard) U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging methods and provides guidelines specifically designed for the Navajo Department of Water Resources personnel who establish and maintain streamflow gages. The Navajo Field Manual addresses field visits, including essential field equipment and the selection of and routine visits to streamflow-gaging stations, examines surveying methods for determining peak flows (indirect measurements), discusses safety considerations, and defines basic terms.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Navajo Nation’s Department of Water Resources, Water Management Branch","usgsCitation":"Hart, R.J., and Fisk, G.G., 2014, Field manual for the collection of Navajo Nation streamflow-gage data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1107, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131107.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040678","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131107.jpg"},{"id":282386,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1107/"},{"id":282387,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1107/pdf/ofr2013-1107.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona;New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.0,35.0 ], [ -112.0,37.5 ], [ -108.0,37.5 ], [ -108.0,35.0 ], [ -112.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5944e4b0b290850f89ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Robert J. bhart@usgs.gov","contributorId":598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Robert","email":"bhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisk, Gregory G.","contributorId":51728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisk","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70093696,"text":"ofr20131304 - 2014 - Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona: 2011-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-11T13:49:02","indexId":"ofr20131304","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-11T12:43:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1304","title":"Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona: 2011-2012","docAbstract":"The Navajo (N) aquifer is an extensive aquifer and the primary source of groundwater in the 5,400-square-mile Black Mesa area in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in northeastern Arizona because of continued water requirements for industrial and municipal use by a growing population and because of low precipitation in the arid climate of the Black Mesa area. Precipitation in the area typically is between 6 and 14 inches per year.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey water-monitoring program in the Black Mesa area began in 1971 and provides information about the long-term effects of groundwater withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. This report presents results of data collected as part of the monitoring program in the Black Mesa area from January 2011 to September 2012. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) groundwater withdrawals, (2) groundwater levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, and (5) groundwater chemistry.
\nIn 2011, total groundwater withdrawals were 4,480 acre-ft, industrial withdrawals were 1,390 acre-ft, and municipal withdrawals were 3,090 acre-ft. Total withdrawals during 2011 were about 39 percent less than total withdrawals in 2005 because of Peabody Western Coal Company’s discontinued use of water to transport coal in a slurry. From 2010 to 2011 total withdrawals increased by 11 percent; industrial withdrawals increased by approximately 19 percent, and total municipal withdrawals increased by 8 percent.
\nFrom 2011 to 2012, annually measured water levels in the Black Mesa area declined in 8 of 15 wells that were available for comparison in the unconfined areas of the N aquifer, and the median change was -0.1 feet. Water levels declined in 9 of 18 wells measured in the confined area of the aquifer. The median change for the confined area of the aquifer was 0.0 feet. From the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 2012, the median water-level change for 34 wells in both the confined and unconfined areas was -13.4 feet; the median water-level changes were -2.1 feet for 16 wells measured in the unconfined areas and -39.1 feet for 18 wells measured in the confined area.
\nSpring flow was measured at four springs in 2012. Flow fluctuated during the period of record for Burro and Unnamed Spring near Dennehotso, but a decreasing trend was apparent at Moenkopi School Spring and Pasture Canyon Spring. Discharge at Burro Spring has remained relatively constant since it was first measured in the 1980s and discharge at Unnamed Spring near Dennehotso has fluctuated for the period of record. Trend analysis for discharge at Moenkopi and Pasture Canyon Springs yielded a slope significantly different from zero.
\nContinuous records of surface-water discharge in the Black Mesa area were collected from streamflow-gaging stations at the following sites: Moenkopi Wash at Moenkopi 09401260 (1976 to 2010), Dinnebito Wash near Sand Springs 09401110 (1993 to 2010), Polacca Wash near Second Mesa 09400568 (1994 to 2010), and Pasture Canyon Springs 09401265 (2004 to 2010). Median winter flows (November through February) of each water year were used as an index of the amount of groundwater discharge at the above-named sites. For the period of record of each streamflow-gaging station, the median winter flows have generally remained constant, and there are no significant statistical trends in groundwater discharge.
\nIn 2012, water samples collected from 10 wells and 4 springs in the Black Mesa area were analyzed for selected chemical constituents, and the results were compared with previous analyses. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate have varied at all 10 wells for the period of record, but neither increasing nor decreasing trends over time were found. Dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate concentrations increased at Moenkopi School Spring during the more than 12 years of record at that site. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Pasture Canyon Spring have not varied significantly since the early 1980s, and there is no increasing or decreasing trend in those data. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Burro Spring and Unnamed Spring near Dennehotso have varied for the period of record, but there is no increasing or decreasing trend in the data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131304","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Arizona Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Macy, J.P., and Unema, J., 2014, Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona: 2011-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1304, v, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131304.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-045075","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282269,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131304.jpg"},{"id":282267,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1304/"},{"id":282270,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1304/pdf/ofr2013-1304.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.5,35.5 ], [ -111.5,37.0 ], [ -109.5,37.0 ], [ -109.5,35.5 ], [ -111.5,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5ff6e4b0b290850fc9d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macy, Jamie P. 0000-0003-3443-0079 jpmacy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3443-0079","contributorId":2173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macy","given":"Jamie","email":"jpmacy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unema, Joel A.","contributorId":92577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unema","given":"Joel A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70072585,"text":"ofr20131303 - 2014 - Change in the length of the southern section of the Chandeleur Islands oil berm, January 13, 2011, through September 3, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-10T13:33:42","indexId":"ofr20131303","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-10T13:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1303","title":"Change in the length of the southern section of the Chandeleur Islands oil berm, January 13, 2011, through September 3, 2012","docAbstract":"On April 20, 2010, an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig drilling at the Macondo Prospect site in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in a marine oil spill that continued to flow through July 15, 2010. One of the affected areas was the Breton National Wildlife Refuge, which consists of a chain of low-lying islands, including Breton Island and the Chandeleur Islands, and their surrounding waters. The island chain is located approximately 115–150 kilometers (km) north-northwest of the spill site. A sand berm was constructed seaward of, and on, the island chain. Construction began at the northern end of Chandeleur Islands in June 2010 and ended in April 2011 after 14 km of berm had been constructed. The berm consisted of three distinct sections based on where the berm was placed relative to the islands. The northern section of the berm was built in open water on a submerged portion of the Chandeleur Islands platform. The middle section was built approximately 70–90 meters (m) seaward of the Chandeleur Islands. The southern section was built on the islands’ beaches. Repeated Landsat and SPOT satellite imagery and airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) were used to observe the disintegration of the berm over time. The methods used to analyze the remotely sensed data and the resulting, derived data for the southern section are reported.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131303","issn":"2332-1258","usgsCitation":"Plant, N.G., and Guy, K.K., 2014, Change in the length of the southern section of the Chandeleur Islands oil berm, January 13, 2011, through September 3, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1303, iv, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131303.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-01-13","temporalEnd":"2012-09-03","ipdsId":"IP-050824","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131303.jpg"},{"id":282219,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1303/"},{"id":282220,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1303/pdf/of2013-1303.pdf"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Breton Island;Chandeleur Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.5,28.5 ], [ -89.5,30.5 ], [ -88.5,30.5 ], [ -88.5,28.5 ], [ -89.5,28.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd506ae4b0b290850f3524","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guy, Kristy K. kguy@usgs.gov","contributorId":45010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Kristy","email":"kguy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074262,"text":"ofr20141011 - 2014 - Survival of bacterial indicators and the functional diversity of native microbial communities in the Floridan aquifer system, south Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-10T13:19:16","indexId":"ofr20141011","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-10T13:13:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1011","title":"Survival of bacterial indicators and the functional diversity of native microbial communities in the Floridan aquifer system, south Florida","docAbstract":"The Upper Floridan aquifer in the southern region of Florida is a multi-use, regional scale aquifer that is used as a potable water source and as a repository for passively recharged untreated surface waters, and injected treated surface water and wastewater, industrial wastes, including those which contain greenhouse gases (for example, carbon dioxide). The presence of confined zones within the Floridan aquifer that range in salinity from fresh to brackish allow regulatory agencies to permit the injection of these different types of product waters into specific zones without detrimental effects to humans and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The type of recharge that has received the most regulatory attention in south Florida is aquifer storage and recovery (ASR). The treated water, prior to injection and during recovery, must meet primary and secondary drinking water standards. The primary microbiology drinking water standard is total coliforms, which have been shown to be difficult to inactivate below the regulatory standard during the treatment process at some ASR facilities. The inefficient inactivation of this group of indicator bacteria permits their direct injection into the storage zones of the Floridan aquifer. Prior to this study, the inactivation rates for any member of the total coliform group during exposure to native geochemical conditions in groundwater from any zone of the Floridan aquifer had not been derived.\n\nAboveground flow through mesocosms and diffusion chambers were used to quantify the inactivation rates of two bacterial indicators, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, during exposure to groundwater from six wells. These wells collect water from two ASR storage zones: the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) and Avon Park Permeable Zone (APPZ). Both bacterial strains followed a biphasic inactivation model. The E. coli populations had slower inactivation rates in the UFA (range: 0.217–0.628 per hour (h-1)) during the first phase of the model than when exposed to groundwater from the APPZ (range: 0.540–0.684 h-1). The inactivation rates for the first phase of the models for P. aeruginosa were not significantly different between the UFA (range: 0.144–0.770 h-1) and APPZ (range: 0.159–0.772 h-1) aquifer zones. The inactivation rates for the second phase of the model for this P. aeruginosa were also similar between UFA (range: 0.003–0.008 h-1) and APPZ (0.004–0.005 h-1) zones, although significantly slower than the model’s first phase rates for this bacterial species.\n\nGeochemical data were used to determine which dissimilatory biogeochemical reactions were most likely to occur under the native conditions in the UFA and APPZ zones using thermodynamics principles to calculate free energy yields and other cell-related energetics data. The biogeochemical processes of acetotrophic and hydrogenotrophic sulfate reduction, methanogenesis and anaerobic oxidation of methane dominated in all six groundwater sites.\n\nA high throughput DNA microarray sequencing technology was used to characterize the diversity in the native aquifer bacterial communities (bacteria and archaea) and assign putative physiological capabilities to the members of those communities. The bacterial communities in both zones of the aquifer were shown to possess the capabilities for primary and secondary fermentation, acetogenesis, methanogenesis, anaerobic methane oxidation, syntrophy with methanogens, ammonification, and sulfate reduction.\n\nThe data from this study provide the first determination of bacterial indicator survival during exposure to native geochemical conditions of the Floridan aquifer in south Florida. Additionally, the energetics and functional bacterial diversity characterizations are the first descriptions of native bacterial communities in this region of the Floridan aquifer and reveal how these communities persist under such extreme conditions. Collectively, these types of data can be used to develop and refine groundwater models.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141011","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Lisle, J.T., 2014, Survival of bacterial indicators and the functional diversity of native microbial communities in the Floridan aquifer system, south Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1011, vi, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141011.","productDescription":"vi, 72 p.","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050699","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141011.jpg"},{"id":282214,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1011/"},{"id":282215,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1011/pdf/of2014-1011.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Avon Park Permeable Zone;Upper Floridian Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.5,26.5 ], [ -81.5,27.5 ], [ -80.0,27.5 ], [ -80.0,26.5 ], [ -81.5,26.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7612e4b0b2908510aaab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lisle, John T. 0000-0002-5447-2092 jlisle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-2092","contributorId":2944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisle","given":"John","email":"jlisle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}