This paper summarizes Spirit Rover operations in the Columbia Hills, Gusev crater, from sol 1410 (start of the third winter campaign) to sol 2169 (when extrication attempts from Troy stopped to winterize the vehicle) and provides an overview of key scientific results. The third winter campaign took advantage of parking on the northern slope of Home Plate to tilt the vehicle to track the sun and thus survive the winter season. With the onset of the spring season, Spirit began circumnavigating Home Plate on the way to volcanic constructs located to the south. Silica‐rich nodular rocks were discovered in the valley to the north of Home Plate. The inoperative right front wheel drive actuator made climbing soil‐covered slopes problematical and led to high slip conditions and extensive excavation of subsurface soils. This situation led to embedding of Spirit on the side of a shallow, 8 m wide crater in Troy, located in the valley to the west of Home Plate. Examination of the materials exposed during embedding showed that Spirit broke through a thin sulfate‐rich soil crust and became embedded in an underlying mix of sulfate and basaltic sands. The nature of the crust is consistent with dissolution and precipitation in the presence of soil water within a few centimeters of the surface. The observation that sulfate‐rich deposits in Troy and elsewhere in the Columbia Hills are just beneath the surface implies that these processes have operated on a continuing basis on Mars as landforms have been shaped by erosion and deposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2010JE003633","usgsCitation":"Arvidson, R., Bell, J., Bellutta, P., Cabrol, N., Catalano, J., Cohen, J., Crumpler, L., Des Marais, D.J., Estlin, T., Farrand, W., Gellert, R., Grant, J.A., Greenberger, R.N., Guinness, E., Herkenhoff, K.E., Herman, J., Iagnemma, K., Johnson, J.R., Klingelhoefer, G., Lichtenberg, K., Maxwell, S., Ming, D.W., Morris, R., Rice, M., Ruff, S.W., Shaw, A., Siebach, K.L., de Souza, P.A., Stroupe, A., Squyres, S.W., Sullivan, R., Talley, K., Townsend, J., Wang, A., Wright, J., and Yen, A.S., 2010, Spirit Mars Rover Mission: Overview and selected results from the northern Home Plate Winter Haven to the side of Scamander crater: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 115, no. E7, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003633.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010je003633","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":359591,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Scamander crater, Mars","volume":"115","issue":"E7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bf52b6be4b045bfcae2801e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":751584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, J.F. 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Although the regional flow patterns in deeper formations may be adequately represented by such a model, the intricate surface water and groundwater interactions in the shallower layers are not. Several stream reaches and nearby wells may occur in a single cell, precluding any meaningful modeling of the surface water and groundwater interactions between the individual features. We propose to replace the upper MODFLOW layer or layers, in which the surface water and groundwater interactions occur, by an analytic element model (GFLOW) that does not employ a model grid; instead, it represents wells and surface waters directly by the use of point-sinks and line-sinks. For many practical cases it suffices to provide GFLOW with the vertical leakage rates calculated in the original coarse MODFLOW model in order to obtain a good representation of surface water and groundwater interactions. However, when the combined transmissivities in the deeper (MODFLOW) layers dominate, the accuracy of the GFLOW solution diminishes. For those cases, an iterative coupling procedure, whereby the leakages between the GFLOW and MODFLOW model are updated, appreciably improves the overall solution, albeit at considerable computational cost. The coupled GFLOW–MODFLOW model is applicable to relatively large areas, in many cases to the entire model domain, thus forming an attractive alternative to local grid refinement or inset models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2009.00672.x","usgsCitation":"Haitjema, H.M., Feinstein, D.T., Hunt, R.J., and Gusyev, M., 2010, A hybrid finite-difference and analytic element groundwater model: Groundwater, v. 48, no. 4, p. 538-548, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2009.00672.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"538","endPage":"548","ipdsId":"IP-014664","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610abbe4b06e28e9c256cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haitjema, Henk M.","contributorId":74678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haitjema","given":"Henk","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feinstein, Daniel T. 0000-0003-1151-2530 dtfeinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-2530","contributorId":1907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"Daniel","email":"dtfeinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":721735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":721736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gusyev, Maksym","contributorId":200265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gusyev","given":"Maksym","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156662,"text":"70156662 - 2010 - Climate change and climate systems influence and control the atmospheric dispersion of desert dust: implications for human health","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T10:51:29","indexId":"70156662","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Climate change and climate systems influence and control the atmospheric dispersion of desert dust: implications for human health","docAbstract":"The global dispersion of desert dust through Earth’s atmosphere is greatly influenced by temperature. Temporal analyses of ice core data have demonstrated that enhanced dust dispersion occurs during glacial events. This is due to an increase in ice cover, which results in an increase in drier terrestrial cover. A shorter temporal analysis of dust dispersion data over the last 40 years has demonstrated an increase in dust transport. Climate systems or events such as the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Indian Ocean subtropical High, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and El Nino-Sothern Oscillation are known to influence global short-term dust dispersion occurrence and transport routes. Anthropogenic influences on dust transport include deforestation, harmful use of topsoil for agriculture as observed during the American Dust Bowl period, and the creation of dry seas (Aral Sea) and lakes (Lake Owens in California and Lake Chad in North Africa) through the diversion of source waters (for irrigation and drinking water supplies). Constituents of desert dust both from source regions (pathogenic microorganisms, organic and inorganic toxins) and those scavenged through atmospheric transport (i.e., industrial and agricultural emissions) are known to directly impact human and ecosystem health. This presentation will present a review of global scale dust storms and how these events can be both a detriment and benefit to various organisms in downwind environments.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 42nd session","conferenceTitle":"International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 42nd session","conferenceDate":"August 19-24 2009","conferenceLocation":"Erice, Italy","language":"English","publisher":"World Scientific","doi":"10.1142/9789814327503_0046","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D.W., 2010, Climate change and climate systems influence and control the atmospheric dispersion of desert dust: implications for human health, in International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 42nd session, Erice, Italy, August 19-24 2009, p. 503-507, https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814327503_0046.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"507","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-015745","costCenters":[{"id":5052,"text":"FLWSC-Tallahassee","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307448,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe8262e4b0824b2d1485a5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ragaini, Richard C.","contributorId":147012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ragaini","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569850,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Dale W. 0000-0003-1719-5812 dgriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-5812","contributorId":2178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale","email":"dgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189021,"text":"70189021 - 2010 - Microbial carbon cycling in oligotrophic regional aquifers near the Tono Uranium Mine, Japan as inferred from δ13C and Δ14C values of in situ phospholipid fatty acids and carbon sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-28T14:21:18","indexId":"70189021","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Microbial carbon cycling in oligotrophic regional aquifers near the Tono Uranium Mine, Japan as inferred from δ13C and Δ14C values of in situ phospholipid fatty acids and carbon sources","title":"Microbial carbon cycling in oligotrophic regional aquifers near the Tono Uranium Mine, Japan as inferred from δ13C and Δ14C values of in situ phospholipid fatty acids and carbon sources","docAbstract":"Microorganisms are ubiquitous in deep subsurface environments, but their role in the global carbon cycle is not well-understood. The natural abundance δ13C and Δ14C values of microbial membrane phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were measured and used to assess the carbon sources of bacteria in sedimentary and granitic groundwaters sampled from three boreholes in the vicinity of the Tono Uranium Mine, Gifu, Japan. Sample storage experiments were performed and drill waters analyzed to characterize potential sources of microbial contamination. The most abundant PLFA structures in all waters sampled were 16:0, 16:1ω7c, cy17:0, and 18:1ω7c. A PLFA biomarker for type II methanotrophs, 18:1ω8c, comprised 3% and 18% of total PLFAs in anoxic sedimentary and granitic waters, respectively, sampled from the KNA-6 borehole. The presence of this biomarker was unexpected given that type II methanotrophs are considered obligate aerobes. However, a bacterium that grows aerobically with CH4 as the sole energy source and which also produces 56% of its total PLFAs as 18:1ω8c was isolated from both waters, providing additional evidence for the presence of type II methanotrophs. The Δ14C values determined for type II methanotroph PLFAs in the sedimentary (−861‰) and granite (−867‰) waters were very similar to the Δ14C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in each water (∼−850‰). This suggests that type II methanotrophs ultimately derive all their carbon from inorganic sources, whether directly from DIC and/or from CH4 produced by the reduction of DIC. In contrast, δ13C values of type II PLFAs in the sedimentary (−93‰) and granite (−60‰) waters indicate that these organisms use different carbon assimilation schemes in each environment despite very similar
In the late 1990s, we developed digital imaging hardware and software for in-situ mapping of sand-sized bed sediment of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. This new technology enables collection and processing of hundreds of grain-size samples in a day. Bed grain size was mapped using this equipment on 8 surveys of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, for a total of more than 20,000 observations spanning 8 years. These observations document the fining of the bed when fine sand is introduced from tributaries and document the winnowing of that new sediment in the mainstem during intervening periods. The observations show how grain size varies with depth and geomorphic setting (finer in shallow depths and in lateral separation eddies), and how it varies through time. The results document that mean grain size of sand covering much of the riverbed can change substantially through time (a factor of 3). Such changes in bed sediment can be expected to cause suspended sediment concentration and flux to change by an order of magnitude for a constant water discharge.
","conferenceTitle":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference on Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling","conferenceDate":"June 27-July 1, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","publisherLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","usgsCitation":"Rubin, D.M., Topping, D.J., Chezar, H., Hazel, J.E., Schmidt, J.C., Breedlove, M.J., Melis, T., and Grams, P.E., 2010, 20,000 grain-size observations from the bed of the Colorado River, and implications for sediment transport through Grand Canyon, Joint Federal Interagency Conference on Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, June 27-July 1, 2010, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":306880,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":306879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://acwi.gov/sos/pubs/2ndJFIC/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.61960921225933,\n 37.00242330932495\n ],\n [\n -112.11169351051186,\n 36.5006201196431\n ],\n [\n -112.11169351051186,\n 36.3386302325312\n ],\n [\n -112.62614527686698,\n 36.51859813058515\n ],\n [\n -113.4257822615271,\n 36.14469991075475\n ],\n [\n -113.52084400096254,\n 36.06789715646866\n ],\n [\n -114.03529576731734,\n 36.3836613132696\n ],\n [\n -114.28133791644376,\n 36.23495990950833\n ],\n [\n -114.25897044834115,\n 36.6802122123745\n ],\n [\n -114.611258070954,\n 36.59495807863708\n ],\n [\n -114.9970968957201,\n 36.13566819046531\n ],\n [\n -114.751054746594,\n 35.76447373021132\n ],\n [\n -114.1247656397268,\n 35.89141909801751\n ],\n [\n -113.40900666045049,\n 35.596413318253894\n ],\n [\n -113.10704584106819,\n 35.750860400577565\n ],\n [\n -113.07908650594025,\n 36.009114990254616\n ],\n [\n -112.75475821845568,\n 36.12211866070662\n ],\n [\n -112.5031242023036,\n 35.882358307333206\n ],\n [\n -111.56928240902879,\n 35.696383796018736\n ],\n [\n -111.43507760041443,\n 36.02268399976802\n ],\n [\n -111.74822215384805,\n 36.39716555590397\n ],\n [\n -111.03246317457172,\n 36.993491342248575\n ],\n [\n -111.61960921225933,\n 37.00242330932495\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d45729e4b0518e3546948a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":568454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chezar, Henry hchezar@usgs.gov","contributorId":2964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chezar","given":"Henry","email":"hchezar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":568455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hazel, Joseph E. 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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: Existing and emerging issues","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: Existing and emerging issues","conferenceDate":"June 27-July 1 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","usgsCitation":"Griffiths, P.G., Topping, D.J., McDonald, R.R., and Sabol, T., 2010, The use of the multi-dimensional surface-water modeling system (MD-SWMS) in calculating discharge and sediment transport in remote ephemeral streams, in Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: Existing and emerging issues, Las Vegas, NV, June 27-July 1 2010, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-019532","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308287,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fd35c0e4b05d6c4e502c83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":572692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":572693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, Richard R. 0000-0002-0703-0638 rmcd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-0638","contributorId":2428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Richard","email":"rmcd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sabol, Thomas A.","contributorId":67186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabol","given":"Thomas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156726,"text":"70156726 - 2010 - Estimating salinity intrusion effects due to climate change along the Grand Strand of the South Carolina coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-08T17:51:30.62022","indexId":"70156726","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimating salinity intrusion effects due to climate change along the Grand Strand of the South Carolina coast","docAbstract":"The ability of water-resource managers to adapt to future climatic change is especially challenging in coastal regions of the world. The East Coast of the United States falls into this category given the high number of people living along the Atlantic seaboard and the added strain on resources as populations continue to increase, particularly in the Southeast. Increased temperatures, changes in regional precipitation regimes, and potential increased sea level would have a great impact on existing hydrological systems in the region. Six reservoirs in North Carolina discharge into the Pee Dee River, which flows 160 miles through South Carolina to the coastal communities near Myrtle Beach, SC. During the Southeast’s record-breaking drought from 1998 to 2002, salinity intrusions inundated a coastal municipal freshwater intake, limiting water supplies. Salinity intrusion results from the interaction of three principal forces - streamflow, mean tidal water levels, and tidal range. To analyze, model, and simulate hydrodynamic behaviors at critical coastal streamgages along the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIW) near Myrtle Beach, SC, data-mining techniques were applied to over 20 years of hourly streamflow, coastal water-quality, and water-level data. Artificial neural network (ANN) models were trained to learn the variable interactions that cause salinity intrusions. Streamflow from the 12,700 square-mile Pee Dee River Basin that flows into the AIW are input to the model as time-delayed variables and accumulated tributary inflows. Tidal inputs to the models were obtained by decomposing tidal water-level data into a “periodic” signal of tidal range and a “chaotic” signal of mean water levels. The ANN models were able to convincingly reproduce historical behaviors and generate alternative scenarios of interest. To evaluate the impact of climate change on salinity intrusion, inputs of streamflows and mean tidal water levels were modified to incorporate estimated changes in precipitation patterns and sea-level rise appropriate for the Southeastern United States. Changes in mean tidal water levels were changed parametrically for various sea-level rise conditions. Preliminary model results at the U.S. Geological Survey Pawleys Island streamgage (station 02110125) near a municipal freshwater intake indicate that a sea-level rise of 1 foot (ft, 30.5 centimeters [cm]) would double the frequency of water with a specific conductance value of 2,000 microsiemens per centimeter close to 4 percent. A 2 ft (61 cm) sea-level rise would quadruple the frequency to 9 percent.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: Existing and emerging issues","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: existing and emerging issues","conferenceDate":"June 27-July 1 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., Roehl, E.A., Sexton, C.T., Tufford, D.L., Carbone, G.J., Dow, K., and Cook, J., 2010, Estimating salinity intrusion effects due to climate change along the Grand Strand of the South Carolina coast, in Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: Existing and emerging issues, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 27-July 1 2010, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307591,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://acwi.gov/sos/pubs/2ndJFIC/"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Grand Strand of South Carolina coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.21835304633643,\n 33.16973460854814\n ],\n [\n -79.20188347020616,\n 33.137561571781774\n ],\n [\n -79.07561671987806,\n 33.24552433754049\n ],\n [\n -79.04267756761811,\n 33.38086349778773\n ],\n [\n -78.95758475761411,\n 33.58233438561031\n ],\n [\n -78.8395527953508,\n 33.6828939381933\n ],\n [\n -78.74622519728196,\n 33.74682521822022\n ],\n [\n -78.56231493049948,\n 33.83123278611886\n ],\n [\n -78.50192648468993,\n 33.847192422527655\n ],\n [\n -78.30154664177712,\n 33.87910275235373\n ],\n [\n -78.06273778789539,\n 33.88366039726998\n ],\n [\n -77.94745075498663,\n 33.82895259477185\n ],\n [\n -77.920001461437,\n 33.91783497292067\n ],\n [\n -78.57878450662913,\n 34.05667035981206\n ],\n [\n -78.650152669858,\n 34.011175554503\n ],\n [\n -78.63368309372834,\n 33.98386696333009\n ],\n [\n -78.74897012663713,\n 33.88366039726998\n ],\n [\n -78.831318007286,\n 33.90416678640936\n ],\n [\n -78.90817602922519,\n 33.892774956721894\n ],\n [\n -78.90817602922519,\n 33.85859033789821\n ],\n [\n -78.91366588793484,\n 33.83807299524254\n ],\n [\n -78.94660504019477,\n 33.8266723426092\n ],\n [\n -78.99052390987404,\n 33.86314907816619\n ],\n [\n -79.05091235568355,\n 33.817550725835474\n ],\n [\n -79.07561671987806,\n 33.75595437162089\n ],\n [\n -79.05091235568355,\n 33.717148758094865\n ],\n [\n -79.08385150794285,\n 33.66004980518244\n ],\n [\n -79.1854138940765,\n 33.454179847150684\n ],\n [\n -79.2814864215005,\n 33.30977928574498\n ],\n [\n -79.21835304633643,\n 33.16973460854814\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034b7e4b0f42e3d040e01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roehl, Edwin A. Jr.","contributorId":108083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roehl","given":"Edwin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sexton, Charles T.","contributorId":147101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sexton","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tufford, Daniel L. tufford@sc.edu","contributorId":147102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tufford","given":"Daniel","email":"tufford@sc.edu","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carbone, Gregory J. greg.carbone@sc.edu","contributorId":147103,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carbone","given":"Gregory","email":"greg.carbone@sc.edu","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dow, Kristin","contributorId":147104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dow","given":"Kristin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cook, John B.","contributorId":45594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70157573,"text":"70157573 - 2010 - Potential mitigation approach to minimize salinity intrusion in the Lower Savannah River Estuary due to reduced controlled releases from Lake Thurmond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T18:04:54.383559","indexId":"70157573","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Potential mitigation approach to minimize salinity intrusion in the Lower Savannah River Estuary due to reduced controlled releases from Lake Thurmond","docAbstract":"The Savannah River originates at the confluence of the Seneca and Tugaloo Rivers, near Hartwell, Ga. and forms the State boundary between South Carolina and Georgia. The J. Strom Thurmond Dam and Lake, located 187 miles upstream from the coast, is responsible for most of the flow regulation that affects the Savannah River from Augusta to the coast. The Savannah Harbor experiences semi-diurnal tides of two high and two low tides in a 24.8-hour period with pronounced differences in tidal range between neap and spring tides occurring on a 14-day and 28-day lunar cycle. The Savannah National Wildlife Refuge is located in the Savannah River Estuary. The tidal freshwater marsh is an essential part of the 28,000-acre refuge and is home to a diverse variety of wildlife and plant communities. The Southeastern U.S. experienced severe drought conditions in 2008 and if the conditions had persisted in Georgia and South Carolina, Thurmond Lake could have reached an emergency operation level where outflow from the lake is equal to the inflow to the lake. To decrease the effect of the reduced releases on downstream resources, a stepped approach was proposed to reduce the flow in increments of 500 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) intervals. Reduced flows from 3,600 ft3/s to 3,100 ft3/s and 2,600 ft3/s were simulated with two previously developed models of the Lower Savannah River Estuary to evaluate the potential effects on salinity intrusion. The end of the previous drought (2002) was selected as the baseline condition for the simulations with the model. Salinity intrusion coincided with the 28-day cycle semidiurnal tidal cycles. The results show a difference between the model simulations of how the salinity will respond to the decreased flows. The Model-to-Marsh Decision Support System (M2MDSS) salinity response shows a large increase in the magnitude (> 6.0 practical salinity units, psu) and duration (3-4 days) of the salinity intrusion with extended periods (21 days) of tidal freshwater remaining in the system. The Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model predicts increases in the magnitude of the salinity intrusion but only to 2 and 3 psu and the intrusion duration greater than a week. A potential mitigation to the increased salinity intrusion predicted by the M2MDSS would be to time pulses of increase flows to reduce the magnitude of the intrusion. Seven-day streamflow pulses of 4,500 ft3/s were inserted into the constant 3,100 ft3/s streamflow condition. The streamflow pulses did substantially decrease the magnitude and duration of the salinity intrusion. The result of the streamflow pulse scenario demonstrates how alternative release patterns from Lake Thurmond could be utilized to mitigate potential salinity changes in the Lower Savannah River Estuary.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: existing and emerging issues","conferenceTitle":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: existing and emerging issues","conferenceDate":"June 27-July 1 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., and Greenfield, J.M., 2010, Potential mitigation approach to minimize salinity intrusion in the Lower Savannah River Estuary due to reduced controlled releases from Lake Thurmond, in Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: existing and emerging issues, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 27-July 1 2010, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.75765539236411,\n 35.17323528735028\n ],\n [\n -83.47207663625336,\n 35.06535251781659\n ],\n [\n -83.64793417321053,\n 34.62335157507212\n ],\n [\n -82.47188689480815,\n 33.43009230326392\n ],\n [\n -81.6365635942608,\n 32.73017626249711\n ],\n [\n -81.0540355030896,\n 31.632511705952396\n ],\n [\n -80.62538275675567,\n 32.16439163685108\n ],\n [\n -81.1529553676278,\n 33.1176605854625\n ],\n [\n -81.88935880363692,\n 34.09710899144052\n ],\n [\n -82.75765539236411,\n 35.17323528735028\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560a64e0e4b058f706e536ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenfield, James M.","contributorId":148052,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenfield","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168407,"text":"70168407 - 2010 - A chemostratigraphic method to determine the end of impact-related sedimentation at marine-target impact craters (Chesapeake Bay, Lockne, Tvären)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T13:46:47","indexId":"70168407","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A chemostratigraphic method to determine the end of impact-related sedimentation at marine-target impact craters (Chesapeake Bay, Lockne, Tvären)","docAbstract":"To better understand the impact cratering process and its environmental consequences at the local to global scale, it is important to know when in the geological record of an impact crater the impact-related processes cease. In many instances, this occurs with the end of early crater modification, leaving an obvious sedimentological boundary between impactites and secular sediments. However, in marine-target craters the transition from early crater collapse (i.e., water resurge) to postimpact sedimentation can appear gradual. With the a priori assumption that the reworked target materials of the resurge deposits have a different chemical composition to the secular sediments we use chemostratigraphy (δ13Ccarb, %Corg, major elements) of sediments from the Chesapeake Bay, Lockne, and Tvären craters, to define this boundary. We show that the end of impact-related sedimentation in these cases is fairly rapid, and does not necessarily coincide with a visual boundary (e.g., grain size shift). Therefore, in some cases, the boundary is more precisely determined by chemostratigraphy, especially carbonate carbon isotope variations, rather than by visual inspection. It is also shown how chemostratigraphy can confirm the age of marine-target craters that were previously determined by biostratigraphy; by comparing postimpact carbon isotope trends with established regional trends.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01084.x","usgsCitation":"Ormö, J., Hill, A., and Self-Trail, J.M., 2010, A chemostratigraphic method to determine the end of impact-related sedimentation at marine-target impact craters (Chesapeake Bay, Lockne, Tvären): Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 45, no. 7, p. 1206-1224, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01084.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1206","endPage":"1224","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01084.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":317959,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Sweden, United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay, Lockne crater, Tvären crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.146240234375,\n 36.94111143010769\n ],\n [\n -75.970458984375,\n 37.1165261849112\n ],\n [\n -76.014404296875,\n 37.274052809979054\n ],\n [\n -75.970458984375,\n 37.501010429493284\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 37.91820111976663\n ],\n [\n -75.728759765625,\n 37.97884504049713\n ],\n [\n -75.904541015625,\n 37.94419750075404\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -76.13525390624999,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -76.31103515625,\n 38.46219172306828\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 38.66835610151506\n ],\n [\n -76.190185546875,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 39.104488809440475\n ],\n [\n -76.124267578125,\n 39.402244340292775\n ],\n [\n -75.89355468749999,\n 39.410733055084954\n ],\n [\n -75.9375,\n 39.58029027440865\n ],\n [\n -76.0693359375,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 39.42770738465604\n ],\n [\n -76.497802734375,\n 39.29179704377487\n ],\n [\n -76.53076171875,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -76.409912109375,\n 38.98503278695909\n ],\n [\n -76.585693359375,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -76.46484375,\n 38.522384090200845\n ],\n [\n -76.32202148437499,\n 38.16047628099622\n ],\n [\n -76.32202148437499,\n 38.07404145941957\n ],\n [\n -76.22314453125,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -76.31103515625,\n 37.68382032669382\n ],\n [\n -76.2451171875,\n 37.36142550190517\n ],\n [\n -76.37695312499999,\n 37.37888785004527\n ],\n [\n -76.409912109375,\n 37.309014074275915\n ],\n [\n -76.44287109375,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -76.3330078125,\n 37.142803443716836\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -76.146240234375,\n 36.94111143010769\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 14.731292724609375,\n 63.04811334837414\n ],\n [\n 15.003204345703127,\n 63.06118151662527\n ],\n [\n 15.078735351562498,\n 62.940857924728164\n ],\n [\n 14.850769042968748,\n 62.904601509672496\n ],\n [\n 14.710693359374998,\n 63.04437850893178\n ],\n [\n 14.731292724609375,\n 63.04811334837414\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 17.412643432617188,\n 58.75929834805574\n ],\n [\n 17.471694946289062,\n 58.76285934617994\n ],\n [\n 17.480621337890625,\n 58.71083253693014\n ],\n [\n 17.428436279296875,\n 58.7122589658433\n ],\n [\n 17.413330078125,\n 58.754312337652784\n ],\n [\n 17.412643432617188,\n 58.75929834805574\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bdbebae4b06458514aeeba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ormö, Jens","contributorId":166745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ormö","given":"Jens","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Andrew C.","contributorId":166746,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"Andrew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Self-Trail, Jean M. jstrail@usgs.gov","contributorId":2205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self-Trail","given":"Jean","email":"jstrail@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":596,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":619971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70158961,"text":"70158961 - 2010 - Suspended-sediment concentration regimes in Tennessee biological reference streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-08T17:05:10","indexId":"70158961","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Suspended-sediment concentration regimes in Tennessee biological reference streams","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment-concentration (SSC) regimes of five biological reference streams in Tennessee were characterized from 15-minute SSC records spanning 1 to 4 water years (October 1 through September 30) between 2004 and 2008. These streams represent least disturbed conditions for their respective ecoregions and have exceptional biodiversity in terms of fish or aquatic invertebrates. SSC regimes in streams, when plotted in terms of duration above a given SSC at a given annual frequency such as the annual maximum or the annual tenth longest duration, can be compared directly to published biological impairment thresholds derived from experimental trials. Based on such comparison, the SSC regimes of all five reference streams reached published impairment thresholds at least 10 times per water year for all years of record. The results suggest that the published impairment thresholds are not directly applicable to streams in Tennessee and, by extension, the southeastern United States.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: existing and emerging issues","conferenceTitle":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: existing and emerging issues","conferenceDate":"June 27-July 1 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","usgsCitation":"Diehl, T.H., and Wolfe, W., 2010, Suspended-sediment concentration regimes in Tennessee biological reference streams, in Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: existing and emerging issues, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 27-July 1 2010, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.29711914062499,\n 35.074964853989556\n ],\n [\n -88.0389404296875,\n 35.08395557927643\n ],\n [\n -88.05541992187499,\n 34.9805024453652\n ],\n [\n -88.341064453125,\n 35.007502842952896\n ],\n [\n -88.29711914062499,\n 35.074964853989556\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.3360595703125,\n 36.41244153535644\n ],\n [\n -86.3360595703125,\n 36.27085020723905\n ],\n [\n -86.15478515625,\n 36.28413532741724\n ],\n [\n -86.187744140625,\n 36.40802070382984\n ],\n [\n -86.3360595703125,\n 36.41244153535644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.649169921875,\n 36.01356058518153\n ],\n [\n -86.649169921875,\n 35.862343734896484\n ],\n [\n -86.451416015625,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -86.47338867187499,\n 35.98689628443789\n ],\n [\n -86.649169921875,\n 36.01356058518153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.110595703125,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -87.110595703125,\n 35.85343961959182\n ],\n [\n -86.890869140625,\n 35.85343961959182\n ],\n [\n -86.890869140625,\n 35.97800618085568\n ],\n [\n -87.110595703125,\n 35.99578538642032\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"561793d4e4b0cdb063e3fba9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diehl, Timothy H. 0000-0001-9691-2212 thdiehl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9691-2212","contributorId":546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"Timothy","email":"thdiehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, William J. wjwolfe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"William J.","email":"wjwolfe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":577069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156674,"text":"70156674 - 2010 - Discriminating silt-and-clay from suspended-sand in rivers using side-looking acoustic profilers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-09T16:59:09.052305","indexId":"70156674","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Discriminating silt-and-clay from suspended-sand in rivers using side-looking acoustic profilers","docAbstract":"The ability to accurately monitor suspended-sediment flux in rivers is needed to support many types of studies, because the sediment that typically travels in suspension affects geomorphology and aquatic habitat in a variety of ways (e.g. bank and floodplain deposition, bar morphology, light penetration and primary productivity, tidal wetland deposition in the context of sea-level rise, sediment-associated contaminants, reservoir sedimentation and potential erosion during dam removal, among others). In addition, human-induced changes to the landscape have resulted in substantially altered suspended-sediment loads (Syvitski et al., 2005). Thus, accurate monitoring of suspended-sediment flux is necessary for informed resource management of rivers. Because of this need, a variety of techniques have been developed and applied for suspendedsediment monitoring. The traditional approach in the United States, which was developed and has been used extensively by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), is to collect an isokinetic, velocity-weighted sample from a river cross-section, analyze the sample in the laboratory, and use water-discharge records to compute a record of suspended-sediment flux (Guy, 1969, Guy, 1970, Edwards and Glysson, 1999, Porterfield, 1972). The labor and expense associated with this traditional approach is substantial such that the number of USGS gages reporting daily records of suspended-sediment flux decreased from 364 in 1981 to 120 in 2003 (Osterkamp et al., 2004). Also, the traditional sampling approach is limited with respect to the temporal resolution that can be achieved, thus requiring the use of approximate relations between suspended-sediment concentration and water discharge to fill gaps between samples. To address these limitations, several indirect or \"surrogate\" measures have been investigated (see e.g. Gray and Gartner, 2009) most notably optical backscatter (i.e. turbidity), laser-diffraction, and acoustic backscatter. These indirect techniques rely on measurements of ancillary properties that correlate with suspended-sediment concentration and particle size and thus require the collection of traditional samples for calibration. Through in situ deployments, these methods can provide the high temporal resolution that cannot be achieved through traditional sampling. Here we focus on the evaluation of acoustic profiling techniques (e.g. acoustic-Doppler sideways-looking profilers, or ADPs). One major advantage of acoustic profiling is the ability to concurrently measure water velocity (using Doppler-shift methods) and suspended-sediment concentration such that suspended-sediment flux can be directly computed using data from a single instrument. Acoustic-Doppler profilers have become popular for measuring water velocity and discharge in rivers, through both moving-boat operations and from fixed deployments such as bank-mounted sideways-looking instruments (Hirsch and Costa, 2004, Muste et al., 2007). The method presented herein is most suited to sideways-looking applications as a complement to the \"index velocity\" technique, whereby an index velocity from a sideways-looking instrument is related to the cross-section average velocity (determined from moving-boat discharge measurements) as a means for developing a continuous water-discharge record (Ruhl and Simpson, 2005). Topping et al. (2007) presented a method for discriminating silt-and-clay from suspended sand, using single frequency ADPs. This method takes advantage of the relations among acoustic backscatter, sediment-induced acoustic attenuation, suspended-sediment concentration (SSC), and particle size distribution (PSD). Backscatter is the amount of sound scattered back and received at the transducer while sediment-induced attenuation is the amount of sound scattered in other directions and absorbed by the sediment particles. Both of these parameters can be measured with an ADP, and their different dependencies on SSC and PSD allow for the discrimination of suspended silt-and-clay from suspended sand. Topping et al. (2007) describe application of the method at several sites along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, and herein we present an example application of the technique for the Gunnison River, CO. However, the methods general applicability in rivers has yet to be evaluated due to a lack of concurrent acoustic and sediment data at a range of sites. To this end, the objective of the analysis presented herein is to evaluate the potential general applicability of the method, drawing from the extensive USGS database on SSC and PSD. We refer to it as \"potential\" general applicability because it relies on the theory underlying the previous empirical results. Use of the theoretical relations is necessary due to the lack of concurrent ADP and SSC/PSD data, but also serves the additional purpose of providing further justification of the empirical calibrations developed for the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: Existing and emerging issues","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: Existing and emerging issues","conferenceDate":"June 27-July 1 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","usgsCitation":"Wright, S., Topping, D.J., and Williams, C.A., 2010, Discriminating silt-and-clay from suspended-sand in rivers using side-looking acoustic profilers, in Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: Existing and emerging issues, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 27-July 1 2010, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-010590","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307470,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91b1e4b0518e354dd150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Scott 0000-0002-0387-5713 sawright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5713","contributorId":1536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"sawright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178328,"text":"70178328 - 2010 - Delineating a road-salt plume in lakebed sediments using electrical resistivity, piezometers, and seepage meters at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-14T13:05:40","indexId":"70178328","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineating a road-salt plume in lakebed sediments using electrical resistivity, piezometers, and seepage meters at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Electrical-resistivity surveys, seepage meter measurements, and drive-point piezometers have been used to characterize chloride-enriched groundwater in lakebed sediments of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, U.S.A. A combination of bottom-cable and floating-cable electrical-resistivity surveys identified a conductive zone
We used a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model to simulate and compare the hydraulic characteristics in a 74-km reach of the Columbia River (the Bonneville Reach) before and after construction of Bonneville Dam. For hydrodynamic modeling, we created a bathymetric layer of the Bonneville Reach from single-beam and multi-beam echo-sounder surveys, digital elevation models, and navigation surveys. We calibrated the hydrodynamic model at 100 and 300 kcfs with a user-defined roughness layer, a variable-sized mesh, and a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers backwater curve. We verified the 2D model with acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data at 14 transects and three flows. The 2D model was 88% accurate for water depths, and 77% accurate for velocities. We verified a pre-dam 2D model run at 126 kcfs using pre-dam aerial photos from September 1935. Hydraulic simulations indicated that mean water depths in the Bonneville Reach increased by 34% following dam construction, while mean velocities decreased by 58%. There are numerous activities that would benefit from data output from the 2D model, including biological sampling, bioenergetics, and spatially explicit habitat modeling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Northwest Scientific Association","doi":"10.3955/046.084.0301","usgsCitation":"Hatten, J.R., and Batt, T.R., 2010, Hydraulic alterations resulting from hydropower development in the Bonneville Reach of the Columbia River: Northwest Science, v. 84, no. 3, p. 207-222, https://doi.org/10.3955/046.084.0301.","productDescription":"16 p. 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Recent rapid growth in Colorado, USA has stressed groundwater supplies in some areas, thereby increasing scrutiny of approximate methods developed there more than 30 years ago to estimate consumptive use that are still used today. A foothills residence was studied during a 2-year period to estimate direct and indirect water losses. Direct losses are those from evaporation inside the home, plus any outdoor use. Indirect loss is evapotranspiration (ET) from the residential leach-field in excess of ET from the immediately surrounding terrain. Direct losses were 18.7% of water supply to the home, substantially larger than estimated historically in Colorado. A new approach was developed to estimate indirect loss, using chamber methods together with the Penman–Monteith model. Indirect loss was only 0.9% of water supply, but this value probably was anomalously low due to a recurring leach-field malfunction. Resulting drainage beneath the leach-field was 80.4% of water supply. Guidelines are given to apply the same methodology at other sites and combine results with a survey of leach-fields in an area to obtain more realistic average values of ET losses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.05.012","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D., Paul, W.T., Laws, R., and Poeter, E.P., 2010, Consumptive use and resulting leach-field water budget of a mountain residence: Journal of Hydrology, v. 388, no. 3-4, p. 335-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.05.012.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"349","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-011018","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Turkey Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.6884765625,\n 39.35978526869001\n ],\n [\n -105.6884765625,\n 39.918162846609455\n ],\n [\n -105.084228515625,\n 39.918162846609455\n ],\n [\n -105.084228515625,\n 39.35978526869001\n ],\n [\n -105.6884765625,\n 39.35978526869001\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"388","issue":"3-4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575158aee4b053f0edd03c29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":169954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paul, William T.","contributorId":169956,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paul","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":25641,"text":"CSM, Golden, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laws, Roy","contributorId":169955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laws","given":"Roy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25640,"text":"Dept. of Health, Golden, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poeter, Eileen P.","contributorId":78805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179291,"text":"70179291 - 2010 - Sediment management strategies associated with dam removal in the State of Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-03T13:50:46","indexId":"70179291","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sediment management strategies associated with dam removal in the State of Washington","docAbstract":"Different removal strategies are described for dams in three diverse drainage basins (Wind River, White Salmon River, and Elwha River basins) in the State of Washington (USA). The comparisons between the strategies offer the opportunity to track the effects of sediment resulting from dam decommissioning in the Pacific Northwest and to determine possible effects on socio-economically important species of anadromous salmonids. Hemlock Dam, located on Trout Creek and managed by the United States Forest Service, was removed from July to September 2009. To mitigate the effect on fish downstream (specifically, salmonids) and to minimize sediment aggradation downstream in the main-stem Wind River, the Forest Service chose to excavate the approximately 42,000 cubic meters of sediment entrapped behind the dam before removal of the dam. Thus, the reach of Trout Creek downstream of the dam will not be affected by a large, released pulse of accumulated sediment. In contrast, the scheduled removal of Condit Dam, located on the White Salmon River 30 kilometers to the east of Hemlock Dam, involves a different removal strategy. Condit Dam will be breached near its base in order to mobilize the 1.7 million cubic meters of trapped sediment during the reservoir drawdown in an effort to decrease the time needed for the downstream reach to return to normal levels of suspended sediment. Finally, the much-anticipated 2011 removal of two dams on the Elwha River on the Olympic Peninsula in northwestern Washington will take place over 2 years with progressive notches cut into the dams from the top down. Although some portion of reservoir sediment will be carried downstream by the river, the specific timing of notching will be adaptively managed to mitigate the effects of raised sediment concentration on fishes and people living downstream. With improved scientific understanding from these studies, future damremoval projects can be planned and executed with approaches that mitigate deleterious effectson salmonids.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference (9th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference and 4th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference","conferenceDate":" June 27 - July 1, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Magirl, C., Connolly, P., Coffin, B., Duda, J., and Draut, A., 2010, Sediment management strategies associated with dam removal in the State of Washington, in Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference (9th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference and 4th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference), Las Vegas, NV, June 27 - July 1, 2010, 10 p. .","productDescription":"10 p. 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S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connolly, P.J.","contributorId":70141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connolly","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coffin, B.","contributorId":177684,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coffin","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duda, J.J. 0000-0001-7431-8634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":105073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Draut, A.E.","contributorId":50273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98479,"text":"ofr20101133 - 2010 - Evaluation of Water Year 2011 Glen Canyon Dam Flow Release Scenarios on Downstream Sand Storage along the Colorado River in Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"ofr20101133","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1133","title":"Evaluation of Water Year 2011 Glen Canyon Dam Flow Release Scenarios on Downstream Sand Storage along the Colorado River in Arizona","docAbstract":"This report describes numerical modeling simulations of sand transport and sand budgets for reaches of the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam. Two hypothetical Water Year 2011 annual release volumes were each evaluated with six hypothetical operational scenarios. The six operational scenarios include the current operation, scenarios with modifications to the monthly distribution of releases, and scenarios with modifications to daily flow fluctuations. Uncertainties in model predictions were evaluated by conducting simulations with error estimates for tributary inputs and mainstem transport rates. The modeling results illustrate the dependence of sand transport rates and sand budgets on the annual release volumes as well as the within year operating rules. The six operational scenarios were ranked with respect to the predicted annual sand budgets for Marble Canyon and eastern Grand Canyon reaches. While the actual WY 2011 annual release volume and levels of tributary inputs are unknown, the hypothetical conditions simulated and reported herein provide reasonable comparisons between the operational scenarios, in a relative sense, that may be used by decision makers within the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101133","usgsCitation":"Wright, S., and Grams, P.E., 2010, Evaluation of Water Year 2011 Glen Canyon Dam Flow Release Scenarios on Downstream Sand Storage along the Colorado River in Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1133, vi, 18 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101133.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13804,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fafa4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Scott 0000-0002-0387-5713 sawright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5713","contributorId":1536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"sawright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grams, Paul E. 0000-0002-0873-0708 pgrams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0873-0708","contributorId":1830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grams","given":"Paul","email":"pgrams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70154942,"text":"70154942 - 2010 - Upper thermal tolerances of early life stages of freshwater mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-26T10:26:39","indexId":"70154942","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-29T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper thermal tolerances of early life stages of freshwater mussels","docAbstract":"Freshwater mussels (order Unioniformes) fulfill an essential role in benthic aquatic communities, but also are among the most sensitive and rapidly declining faunal groups in North America. Rising water temperatures, caused by global climate change, industrial discharges, drought, or land development, could further challenge imperiled unionid communities. The aim of our study was to determine the upper thermal tolerances of the larval (glochidia) and juvenile life stages of freshwater mussels. Glochidia of 8 species of mussels were tested: Lampsilis siliquoidea, Potamilus alatus, Ligumia recta, Ellipsaria lineolata,Lasmigona complanata, Megalonaias nervosa, Alasmidonta varicosa, and Villosa delumbis. Seven of these species also were tested as juveniles. Survival trends were monitored while mussels held at 3 acclimation temperatures (17, 22, and 27°C) were exposed to a range of common and extreme water temperatures (20–42°C) in standard acute laboratory tests. The average median lethal temperature (LT50) among species in 24-h tests with glochidia was 31.6°C and ranged from 21.4 to 42.7°C. The mean LT50 in 96-h juvenile tests was 34.7°C and ranged from 32.5 to 38.8°C. Based on comparisons of LT50s, thermal tolerances differed among species for glochidia, but not for juveniles. Acclimation temperature did not affect thermal tolerance for either life stage. Our results indicate that freshwater mussels already might be living close to their upper thermal tolerances in some systems and, thus, might be at risk from rising environmental temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"North American Benthological Society","publisherLocation":"Schaumberg, IL","doi":"10.1899/09-128.1","usgsCitation":"Pandolfo, T.J., Cope, W., Arellano, C., Bringolf, R.B., Barnhart, M., and Hammer, E., 2010, Upper thermal tolerances of early life stages of freshwater mussels: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 29, no. 3, p. 959-969, https://doi.org/10.1899/09-128.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"959","endPage":"969","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034110","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307524,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dee336e4b0518e354e0829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pandolfo, Tamara J.","contributorId":146388,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pandolfo","given":"Tamara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cope, W. Gregory","contributorId":70353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"W. Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arellano, Consuelo","contributorId":147044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arellano","given":"Consuelo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bringolf, Robert B.","contributorId":139241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bringolf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barnhart, M. Christopher","contributorId":78061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhart","given":"M. Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hammer, E","contributorId":118928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammer","given":"E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70150460,"text":"70150460 - 2010 - The effects of road crossings on prairie stream habitat and function","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-26T09:18:13","indexId":"70150460","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-29T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of road crossings on prairie stream habitat and function","docAbstract":"Improperly designed stream crossing structures may alter the form and function of stream ecosystems and habitat and prohibit the movement of aquatic organisms. Stream sections adjoining five concrete box culverts, five low-water crossings (concrete slabs vented by one or multiple culverts), and two large, single corrugated culvert vehicle crossings in eastern Kansas streams were compared to reference reaches using a geomorphologic survey and stream classification. Stream reaches were also compared upstream and downstream of crossings, and crossing measurements were used to determine which crossing design best mimicked the natural dimensions of the adjoining stream. Four of five low-water crossings, three of five box culverts, and one of two large, single corrugated pipe culverts changed classification from upstream to downstream of the crossings. Mean riffle spacing upstream at low-water crossings (8.6 bankfull widths) was double that of downstream reaches (mean 4.4 bankfull widths) but was similar upstream and downstream of box and corrugated pipe culverts. There also appeared to be greater deposition of fine sediments directly upstream of these designs. Box and corrugated culverts were more similar to natural streams than low-water crossings at transporting water, sediments, and debris during bankfull flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oikos Publishers","publisherLocation":"La Crosse, WI","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2010.9664398","usgsCitation":"Bouska, W.W., Keane, T., and Paukert, C.P., 2010, The effects of road crossings on prairie stream habitat and function: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 499-506, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2010.9664398.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"499","endPage":"506","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-013445","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":302357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558e77bee4b0b6d21dd6597b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bouska, Wesley W.","contributorId":143724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bouska","given":"Wesley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":556933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keane, Timothy","contributorId":143725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keane","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":556934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paukert, Craig P. 0000-0002-9369-8545 cpaukert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-8545","contributorId":879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"Craig","email":"cpaukert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98478,"text":"sir20105098 - 2010 - Nitrate Loads and Concentrations in Surface-Water Base Flow and Shallow Groundwater for Selected Basins in the United States, Water Years 1990-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:45","indexId":"sir20105098","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5098","title":"Nitrate Loads and Concentrations in Surface-Water Base Flow and Shallow Groundwater for Selected Basins in the United States, Water Years 1990-2006","docAbstract":"Hydrograph separation was used to determine the base-flow component of streamflow for 148 sites sampled as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. Sites in the Southwest and the Northwest tend to have base-flow index values greater than 0.5. Sites in the Midwest and the eastern portion of the Southern Plains generally have values less than 0.5. Base-flow index values for sites in the Southeast and Northeast are mixed with values less than and greater than 0.5. Hypothesized flow paths based on relative scaling of soil and bedrock permeability explain some of the differences found in base-flow index. Sites in areas with impermeable soils and bedrock (areas where overland flow may be the primary hydrologic flow path) tend to have lower base-flow index values than sites in areas with either permeable bedrock or permeable soils (areas where deep groundwater flow paths or shallow groundwater flow paths may occur). \r\n\r\nThe percentage of nitrate load contributed by base flow was determined using total flow and base flow nitrate load models. These regression-based models were calibrated using available nitrate samples and total streamflow or base-flow nitrate samples and the base-flow component of total streamflow. Many streams in the country have a large proportion of nitrate load contributed by base flow: 40 percent of sites have more than 50 percent of the total nitrate load contributed by base flow. Sites in the Midwest and eastern portion of the Southern Plains generally have less than 50 percent of the total nitrate load contributed by base flow. Sites in the Northern Plains and Northwest have nitrate load ratios that generally are greater than 50 percent. Nitrate load ratios for sites in the Southeast and Northeast are mixed with values less than and greater than 50 percent. Significantly lower contributions of nitrate from base flow were found at sites in areas with impermeable soils and impermeable bedrock. These areas could be most responsive to nutrient management practices designed to reduce nutrient transport to streams by runoff. Conversely, sites with potential for shallow or deep groundwater contribution (some combination of permeable soils or permeable bedrock) had significantly greater contributions of nitrate from base flow. Effective nutrient management strategies would consider groundwater nitrate contributions in these areas. \r\n\r\nMean annual base-flow nitrate concentrations were compared to shallow-groundwater nitrate concentrations for 27 sites. Concentrations in groundwater tended to be greater than base-flow concentrations for this group of sites. Sites where groundwater concentrations were much greater than base-flow concentrations were found in areas of high infiltration and oxic groundwater conditions. The lack of correspondingly high concentrations in the base flow of the paired surface-water sites may have multiple causes. In some settings, there has not been sufficient time for enough high-nitrate shallow groundwater to migrate to the nearby stream. In these cases, the stream nitrate concentrations lag behind those in the shallow groundwater, and concentrations may increase in the future as more high-nitrate groundwater reaches the stream. Alternatively, some of these sites may have processes that rapidly remove nitrate as water moves from the aquifer into the stream channel. \r\n\r\nPartitioning streamflow and nitrate load between the quick-flow and base-flow portions of the hydrograph coupled with relative scales of soil permeability can infer the importance of surface water compared to groundwater nitrate sources. Study of the relation of nitrate concentrations to base-flow index and the comparison of groundwater nitrate concentrations to stream nitrate concentrations during times when base-flow index is high can provide evidence of potential nitrate transport mechanisms. Accounting for the surface-water and groundwater contributions of nitrate is crucial to effective management and remediat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105098","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Spahr, N.E., Dubrovsky, N.M., Gronberg, J.M., Franke, O.L., and Wolock, D.M., 2010, Nitrate Loads and Concentrations in Surface-Water Base Flow and Shallow Groundwater for Selected Basins in the United States, Water Years 1990-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5098, vii, 20 p.; Supplemental Information, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105098.","productDescription":"vii, 20 p.; Supplemental Information","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1990-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5098.jpg"},{"id":13803,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db692252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gronberg, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-4822-7434 jmgronbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-7434","contributorId":3548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"JoAnn","email":"jmgronbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Franke, O. Lehn","contributorId":63357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lehn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156409,"text":"70156409 - 2010 - Analyzing turbidity, suspended-sediment concentration, and particle-size distribution resulting from a debris flow on Mount Jefferson, Oregon, November 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-08T20:09:00.146314","indexId":"70156409","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Analyzing turbidity, suspended-sediment concentration, and particle-size distribution resulting from a debris flow on Mount Jefferson, Oregon, November 2006","docAbstract":"A debris flow and sediment torrent occurred on the flanks of Mt Jefferson in Oregon on November 6, 2006, inundating 150 acres of forest. The massive debris flow was triggered by a rock and snow avalanche from the Milk Creek glaciers and snowfields during the early onset of an intense storm originating near the Hawaiian Islands. The debris flow consisted of a heavy conglomerate of large boulders, cobbles, and coarse-grained sediment that was deposited at depths of up to 15 ft and within 3 mi of the glaciers, and a viscous slurry that deposited finer-grained sediments at depths of 0.5 to 3 ft. The muddy slurry coated standing trees within the lower reaches of Milk Creek as it moved downslope.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: Existing and emerging issues","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference on Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling","conferenceDate":"June 27-July 1, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","usgsCitation":"Uhrich, M.A., 2010, Analyzing turbidity, suspended-sediment concentration, and particle-size distribution resulting from a debris flow on Mount Jefferson, Oregon, November 2006, in Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: Existing and emerging issues, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, June 27-July 1, 2010, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-019070","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://acwi.gov/sos/conf/JFIC2010-1st-Announcement-111909-jmb-wTOC.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Mount Jefferson","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.81070796363122,\n 44.66204083521339\n ],\n [\n -121.81116698501239,\n 44.652245428089714\n ],\n [\n -121.79647830081582,\n 44.6555107476556\n ],\n [\n -121.78798640526483,\n 44.653714844646885\n ],\n [\n -121.77903548833267,\n 44.6591023868221\n ],\n [\n -121.77237967830635,\n 44.65975538822363\n ],\n [\n -121.76067463308715,\n 44.669386304644064\n ],\n [\n -121.76067463308715,\n 44.67395634919791\n ],\n [\n -121.7643468041361,\n 44.677057245626\n ],\n [\n -121.76136316515871,\n 44.68276898889019\n ],\n [\n -121.76664191104193,\n 44.68701163367015\n ],\n [\n -121.77582233866491,\n 44.68913283953921\n ],\n [\n -121.77651087073644,\n 44.69745374318174\n ],\n [\n -121.77329772106827,\n 44.70136904885689\n ],\n [\n -121.77169114623439,\n 44.70822019670891\n ],\n [\n -121.79051102286104,\n 44.708546421620326\n ],\n [\n -121.79739634357816,\n 44.707078395041094\n ],\n [\n -121.80313411084256,\n 44.70919886592671\n ],\n [\n -121.80634726051034,\n 44.70381598045478\n ],\n [\n -121.81277355984628,\n 44.70593657085027\n ],\n [\n -121.82677371197087,\n 44.701532180847266\n ],\n [\n -121.84146239616743,\n 44.694027633530965\n ],\n [\n -121.8350360968315,\n 44.68440081211577\n ],\n [\n -121.82585566920898,\n 44.676894044688055\n ],\n [\n -121.81070796363122,\n 44.66204083521339\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d6fa30e4b0518e3546bc2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uhrich, Mark A. 0000-0002-5202-8086 mauhrich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5202-8086","contributorId":1149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uhrich","given":"Mark","email":"mauhrich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156355,"text":"70156355 - 2010 - A preliminary evaluation of Trinity river sediment and nutrient loads into Galveston Bay, Texas, during two periods of high flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-09T15:44:50.757075","indexId":"70156355","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A preliminary evaluation of Trinity river sediment and nutrient loads into Galveston Bay, Texas, during two periods of high flow","docAbstract":"Suspend-sediment and water-quality data were measured during two periods of high flow, one during April 20-23, 2009 and a second during September 22-November 3, 2009. On the basis of streamflow and continuous and discrete water-quality measurements, the two periods of high flow had different flood and nutrient loading characteristics. Some differences in the nature of these two periods of high flow were evident. Preliminary results indicate that it might be possible to better understand the extent of sediment and nutrient loading in Galveston Bay using selected measurements of discrete and continuous water-quality data. An apparent correlation was observed between the concentrations of selected nutrients and suspended sediment, and an apparent correlation was observed between suspended sediment and total nutrient concentration measured with in-situ turbidity measurements during periods of high flow in Trinity River at the Wallisville, Texas gage, about 3.5 miles upstream from where the Trinity River enters Galveston Bay. Additional data are needed to confirm these preliminary results.
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the effect of Tikhonov regularization schemes on predictions in a variable-density groundwater model","docAbstract":"Calibration of highly‐parameterized numerical models typically requires explicit Tikhonovtype regularization to stabilize the inversion process. This regularization can take the form of a preferred parameter values scheme or preferred relations between parameters, such as the preferred equality scheme. The resulting parameter distributions calibrate the model to a user‐defined acceptable level of model‐to‐measurement misfit, and also minimize regularization penalties on the total objective function. To evaluate the potential impact of these two regularization schemes on model predictive ability, a dataset generated from a synthetic model was used to calibrate a highly-parameterized variable‐density SEAWAT model. The key prediction is the length of time a synthetic pumping well will produce potable water. A bi‐objective Pareto analysis was used to explicitly characterize the relation between two competing objective function components: measurement error and regularization error. Results of the Pareto analysis indicate that both types of regularization schemes affect the predictive ability of the calibrated model.
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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"SWIM21 – 21st Salt Water Intrusion Meeting Proceedings Book","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"21st Salt Water Intrusion Meeting (SWIM21 – AZORES 2010)","conferenceDate":"June 21-26, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Azores, Portugal","language":"English","publisher":"Wechselnde Verlagsorte","usgsCitation":"Hughes, J.D., White, J., and Langevin, C.D., 2010, Use of time series and harmonic constituents of tidal propagation to enhance estimation of coastal aquifer heterogeneity, in SWIM21 – 21st Salt Water Intrusion Meeting Proceedings Book, Azores, Portugal, June 21-26, 2010, p. 329-332.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"332","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021172","costCenters":[{"id":286,"text":"Florida Water Science Center-Ft. 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Groundwater level data and well information were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey using standard techniques. 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Data collected by U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management scientists under an intragovernmental order comprise the existing body of hydrochemical information on unsaturated-zone conditions at the site and represent the first effort to characterize the chemistry of the soil pore water surrounding the repository. Analyzed samples showed elevated levels of arsenic, barium, chromium, and strontium, which are typical of acidic mine drainage. The range of major-ion concentrations generally showed expected soil values. 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